PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL: AS VIEWED BY THE

STUDENTS OF IBN SIENA INTEGRATED SCHOOL

FOUNDATION (ISISF)

Members:

 Guimba, Tahara Zainab

 Abduljalil, Samiha

 Pananggilaan, Johannah

 Aboutier, Roqayah

 Camama, Azharie

 Bacarat, Boroden

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 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

The most common natural calamity that is mostly to happen is what we called Flood.

Flood can affect one’s daily routine. It is a challenge to everyone. We all know that the main

cause of it is the improper waste disposal. Solid Waste Management is one of the most

challenging issue nowadays which faces a serious pollution problem due to the generation of

huge quantities of solid waste. The researchers observe that most of the people are not aware

about the state of their environment especially in disposing their garbages. This idea motivates

the researchers to conduct an examination about Proper Waste Disposal.

According to the World Bank (2014), waste generation rates are rising. In 2012, the

world’s cities generated 1.3 billion tonnes of solid waste per year, amounting to a foot print of

1.2 kilogram per person per day. With rapid population growth and urbanization, Municipal

Waste generation is expected to rise to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025.

This study has a lot of contribution to the society. Through this, people especially the

students will know the importance of their role in protecting their environment. They will be

aware about the state of their environment. By conducting this study, students will have an idea

on how to make their environment sanitize and clean. This will help in minimizing the improper

waste disposal which is the main reason for the frequent flooding. Through this study, students

will learn that every action, no matter how small or big it is, matters. The result of this

examination can be valuable to understand the youth’s perception on Proper Waste Disposal.

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 The purpose of the researchers in this study is to investigate and know the level of

knowledge of the students Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation (ISISF) about Proper Waste

Disposal. This is to examine the awareness of the Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation

(ISISF) Students about Waste Management. This study also aims to highlight and provide insight

of the Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation (ISISF) Students about Proper Waste Disposal.

Theoretical framework

The Theory of Waste Management is founded on the expectation that waste

management is to prevent waste causing harm to human health and the environment. It

represents a more in-depth account of the domain and contains conceptual analyses of waste. The

activity upon waste, and a holistic view of the goals of waste management. Waste is crucial to

constructing a sustainable agenda of waste management. It is largely the case that current

legislation attends to existing waste.

Definitions emerging from this condition may, however, conflict with the goals of waste

prevention, because something that already exists cannot be prevented from arising. When

material is assigned the label of ‘waste’, it will be treated as such; consequently, despite its

explicit wish of waste prevention, implicitly, legislation essentially amasses waste. The inherent

philosophical implication of such definitions is that they are not able to facilitate a sustainable

waste management system. Therefore, new, dynamic definitions for waste and waste

management must be sought, which can explain why waste is created and can offer an intrinsic

solution for the problem. (E. Pongracz, P.S. Philip & R.L. Keiski).

The Theory of Planned Behavior was developed by Icek Azjen. As its name suggests,

the theory of planned behavior was developed to predict deliberative and thoughtful behavior.

According to this model, the most immediate predictor (or determinant) of a person’s behavior is

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his or her intention. Put simply, if you intend to recycle glass bottles, you are likely to engage in

this behavior. Within the theory of planned behavior, a person’s intentions are determined by

three factors: attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The attitude

component refers to the individual’s attitude toward the behavior—whether the person thinks

that performing the behavior is good or bad. If you think that recycling glass is good, you should

have a positive intention to carry out this behavior. Subjective norms refer to people’s beliefs

about how other people who are important to them view the relevant behavior. If your family and

close friends believe that recycling glass is good, and you are motivated to comply with their

expectations, you should have a positive intention to carry out this behavior.

Of course, people’s behavior is also influenced by whether they feel they can perform the

behavior. For example, if an individual wanted to eat a healthier diet, a positive attitude and

positive subjective norms are unlikely to produce the desired behavior change if the person is

unable to restrain him- or herself from eating French fries and chocolates. As a result, the Theory

of Planned Behavior includes the idea that behavior is affected by whether people believe that

they can perform the relevant behavior. This is captured by the concept of perceived behavioral

control.

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Scope and Limitation

The coverage of this research is only for the Junior High school and Senior High school

students of Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation who are inside the campus. This study would

be hard if the researchers will conduct a study to all students in Ibn Siena Integrated School

Foundation. The researchers will conduct an interview in each selected grade level in Junior

High school and also the Senior High school so that this research will be more accurate and

reliable. In this study, the researchers will seek information the best way they can for this

research to be more effective.

Statement of the Problem

1. What are the proper ways in disposing wastes?

2. What are the importance of Proper Waste Disposal?

3. What are the factors that affect students in practicing Proper Waste Disposal?

Significance of the Study

School. This study will provide the school a relevant information on the current condition

of the school which could be the best way to implement some programs and rules concerning in

Proper Waste Disposal within the school.

Students. This study will also serves as a source of information of the students on the

current environmental condition of their school that will motivate them to participate to any kind

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of programs concerning to the healthy environment and encourage the others to practice the

Proper Waste Disposal.

Teachers. This study will provide the teachers a relevant information about the practices

of the students of Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation in disposing their wastes. Thus,

educating the students about the practices with regards to Proper Waste Disposal.

Future Researchers. This study also serves as a source of information and ideas for the

further studies in the future about the Proper Waste Disposal.

Definition of Terms

Waste. This term refers as a wide ranging term encompassing as a most unwanted

materials. These are normally solid, and are materials that are useless and unwanted. (FCC

environment, n.d) this refers to the materials that are discarded and thrown away because it is

useless.

Solid waste. It is generally made up of solid objects, particles, materials and

containerized gaseous materials that are discarded (Al-Khatib et al.). This refers to the wastes or

garbages that are solid.

Waste Management. This term refers as a systematic administration of activities that

provide for the collection, source separation, storage, transportation, transfer, processing,

treatment and disposal of solid waste. (Alemayeho, 2004). It refers to the goal of reducing wastes

and ensure that the wastes will be reused and recycled.

Waste Disposal. This term refers as an act, process, or action of disposing wastes.

(Zajoksnis, n.d). It refers to the process of disposing garbages.

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 Recycle. This term refers as the processing of used materials into new useful products.

(Zajoksnis, 2010). It refers to the process of converting the used wastes or

materials into new products.

Reuse. This term refers as the reintroduction of waste materials used as an input into

manufacturing processes in order to use it again. (Yoada, 2014). It refers to the use of wastes or

materials more than once.

Segregation. This term refers as the sorting out of garbage as to biodegradable, non-

biodegradable and hazardous. (Alemayeho, 2004). It refers to the process of separating wastes

or garbages into biodegradable, non-biodegradable and hazardous.

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 CHAPTER 2

Literature Review

In this chapter, the researchers have given detailed review of the related literatures and

the related studies. The researchers have given theories and definitions that corresponds to

Proper Waste Disposal.

2.0 Overview about the solid wastes

Human activities generate waste materials that are often discarded because they are

considered useless. These wastes are normally solid, and the word waste suggests that the

material is useless and unwanted. (Williams, n.d).

The Environmental Protection Act (1990) define waste as a wide ranging term

encompassing most unwanted materials. Waste is not about what is thrown into a rubbish bin

under a desk or at home (FCC environment, n.d)

According to the Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply (n.d), the true cost of

waste is not simply the cost of discarded materials. It encompasses inefficient use of raw

materials, unnecessary use of energy and water, faulty products, waste disposal of by products,

waste treatment and waste labour.

The perception of waste as an unwanted material with no intrinsic value has dominated

attitudes towards disposal (Yoada, 2014).

According to (Alemayeho, 2004), waste in general terms is defined as an unwanted as it

is obviously undesirable. It is inevitable and inherent product of social, economic, and cultural

life.

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(Alemayeho, 2004) classified the solid waste into two. These are:

Organic Solid Waste. Wastes that are generally biodegradable and decompose in the

process of which emits offensive and irritating smell when left unattended. Biodegradable waste

is a type of waste, typically originating from plant or animal sources, which maybe degraded by

other living organisms. Other biodegradable wastes include human waste, manure, sewage,

slaughterhouse waste.

Inorganic Solid waste. Solid matter that does not decompose at any rate. It is the

category of waste matter may be combustible depending on the type of the nature of the material

they constitute. Waste that cannot be broken down by other living organisms are called non-

biodegradable (Zajoksnis, n.d). The sources of the Solid Wastes include organic household

waste, toxic chemicals from industrial plants, agricultural waste and medical waste. (Douglas,

2004).

Kelaniya (2010) stated the rate of generation of solid waste in the society is increasing

because of the increase of population, technological development, and the chances in the life

styles of the people. Family size and income are the most significant factors affecting the

quantity of solid waste from household consumption.

2.1 Solid Waste management

Ejaz et al., (1990) says that Solid Waste management systems cover all actions that seek

to reduce the negative impacts on health, environment, and economy.

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 Solid waste management is a systematic administration of activities that provide for the

collection, source separation, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment and disposal

of solid waste (Alemayeho, 2004).

The aim of sustainable waste management is to reduce waste formation and to use resources

more efficiently and rationally, ensuring that the waste of one sector is used as a raw material in

another sector. (Zajoksnis, n.d).

According to Sarker et al. (n.d), Developing countries are seriously facing the associated

problems in collection, transportation and disposal of communal solid waste. The management of

solid waste continues to be a major challenge in urban areas throughout the world particularly in

the rapidly growing cities of the developing world (FOO, 1997)

(Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2008) also suggested that solid waste management has become one of

major concern in environmental issues. The waste management system should be dynamic and

continuous based on insights and experiences (Klundert, 1999).

According to (Morra et al., 2009), the main purpose in implementing the best practice for

solid waste management is to prevent pollution which is a threat to the mankind and other living

organisms.

2.2 Practices in Proper Waste Disposal

Due to the excessive production of wastes, researchers cited some practices with regards

to proper waste disposal to help the people manage their wastes. Krieth (n.d) outlined the

functional elements of a solid waste management system. These are:

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 Waste generation. It encompasses those activities in which materials are identified as

no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposal. What is

important in waste generation is to note that there is an identification step and that this step

varies with each individual.

Waste handling and separation, storage, and processing at the source. According to

(Downmore et al., 2011), due to the irregular generation of waste and in some cases not so

efficient infrastructure in place for solid waste collection, it is essential for waste to be stored

temporarily prior to collection. The storage of wastes generated by households before collection

and transportation to the dump site involves the use of various receptacles. These receptacles

include polythene bags, propylene sacks, metal bins, and disposing waste into pits dug at the

back of the house. Home owners should be aware of separation of Newspaper, and cardboard,

bottles, yard wastes, aluminium cans, ferrous materials and especially the hazardous wastes

(Alemayeho, 2004).

Collection. Includes both the gathering of solid wastes and recyclable materials and the

transports of these materials, after collection, to the location where the collection vehicle is

emptied, such as a materials-processing facility, a transfer station, or a landfill.

According to (Yoada, 2014), local governments usually lack the authority and resources

to provide a satisfactory and economically viable service. (Alemayeho, 2004) also says that

Collection is provided under various management pattern/arrangements.

Garbage should be collected at least two times/ week in residential areas. Rubbish waste

should be collected weekly in residential areas. And Mixed Refuse at least two times/ week in

Residential areas. All waste should be collected daily in commercial areas. (Alemayeho, 2004).

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 Transfer and transport. Transfer and transports involves two steps, these are:

1. The transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport

equipment.

2. The subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long distances, to a processing or

disposal sites. The transfer usually takes place at a transfer station. Although motor

vehicle transport is most common, rail cars and barges are also used to transport wastes.

According to Ejaz et al. (1990) in Rawalpindi City, solid waste is being collected through

the deployment of sweepers and sanitary crew. These workers are collecting the solid waste from

the streets with the help of wheel barrows and hand carts.

The Types of transportation can be divided into three categories, these are (Downmore et al.,

2011):

1. Human-powered. It includes all open hand-cart, hand-cart with bins, wheel barrow, and

tricycle.

2. Animal-powered. Donkey-drawn cart.

3. Motorised. Tractor and trailer, standard truck, tipper-truck.

Separation, processing, and transformation of solid waste. The means and facilities

that are not used for the recovery of waste materials that have been separated at the source

include curb side collection and drop-off and buy pack centres. The separation and processing of

wastes that have been separated at the source and the separation of commingled wastes usually

occurs at materials recovery facilities, transfer stations, combustion facilities, and disposal sites.

Transformation processes are used to reduce the volume and weight of waste requiring disposal

and to recover conversion products and energy.

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 Disposal. Disposal by landfilling or land spreading is the ultimate fate of all solid

wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site,

residual materials from MRF’s, residue from the combustion of solid waste, compost, or other

substances from various solid waste processing facilities. A modern sanitary landfill is not a

dump. It is a method of disposing of solid wastes on land or within the Earth’s mantel without

creating public health hazards or nuisances.

According to (Alemayeho, 2004), Controlled Tipping is a simple, effective and

relatively cheaper method of refuse disposal. It is a way of isolating any type of waste without

bothering to sort or separate.

There are a lot of practices with regards to the proper waste disposal. One of these is the

Recycling and Reuse. (Alemayeho, 2004) define Reuse and Recovery/ recycling of waste as a

practice that conserves energy and a friendly to the environment.

Reuse is to use an item more than once. This include conventional reuse where the item is

used again for the same function, and new life resource where it is used for a different function.

(Zajoksnis, n.d).

Waste materials can be reused, and thus they can become a resource for industrial

production or energy generation, if managed properly. (Williams, n.d).

Recycling means reusing some components of the waste that may have some economic

value. It prevents the emission of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants, save energy,

supplies valuable raw materials to industry, and conserves resources for the future (Zajoksnis,

n.d).

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 Recycling of materials and substances contained in solid waste is very simple in theory but

extremely hard in practice. It is the breaking down of the used item into raw materials which are

used to make new items. It is also helpful to separate cheap materials from waste because they

still have some value. (Zajoksnis, n.d).

Waste Minimization

Waste Hierarchy refers to the 3(or 4) R’s of reduce, reuse, and recycle, (recovery) which

classify waste management strategies according to their desirability. The aim of the Waste

Hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the

minimum amount of waste. (Zajoksnis, n.d).

(Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 1988) suggests that waste minimization is a

process of elimination that involves reducing the amount of waste produced in society and helps

eliminate the generation of harmful and persistent wastes, supporting the efforts to promote a

more sustainable society. “Pollution prevention” may refer to source reduction. (Zajoksnis, n.d).

According to Zajoksnis (n.d), Waste minimization is the process and the policy of

reducing the amount of waste produced by a person or a society.

According to (Yire, 2012), waste minimization is an excellent opportunity for all

countries. Educating the people about waste minimization is the solution to reduce the

production of wastes.

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 Composting is one of the means of waste minimization (Alemayeho, 2004). It is not a

final disposal method but converting waste into a useful products.

2.3 Improper waste Disposal

Pollution and health risks generated by improper solid waste management are important

issues concerning environmental management in developing countries. According to (Elsevier,

2008) the use of open dumped is common for the disposal of wastes, resulting in soil and water

resource contamination.

(Yoada, 2014) suggests that waste poses a threat to public health and environment if it is

not stored, collected, and disposed properly. According to (Elsevier, 2008), the causes and

effects of improper waste disposal are as follows:

Waste Generation. According to (United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP],

2009), waste generation rates have been increasing rapidly due to urbanization. Furthermore, due

to improve living standards, improved healthcare and due to globalization, a number of new

waste streams have emerged, especially e-waste and hazardous waste.

Urban areas where population is rapidly growing and amount of waste generated is

increasing like never before (Kathiravale & Mohd Yunus, 2008). Waste generation increase

proportionally to this population number and income, creating the needs of effective

management (Mazzanti & Zoboli). According to Sujauddin et al. (2008), the generation of waste

is influenced by family size, their education level, and the monthly income. The home waste

generated is based on the number of family members who contributed wastes, the more people

contributed the more waste generated.

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 According to (Alemayeho, 2004), the main source of solid waste generation are the

Residential (domestic or house hold), commercial, Institutional, Construction Demolition,

treatment plant sites, industrial, and agricultural.

According to the Environmental Guidelines for Small-Scale Activities in Africa

(EGSSAA) (2009), in several parts of Africa, thousands of tons of solid waste are generated

daily. Most of this waste ends up in open dumps and wetlands, thereby contaminating surface

and ground water and posing major health hazards. (Yoada, 2014) suggests that globally,

millions of tons of municipal solid waste are generated every day.

Pet waste. According to Trial (1993), Pet waste can be a significant source of organic

pollutants and pathogens. When pet waste is left on yards, sidewalks and streets and is not

properly disposed of, it can be carried into storm drains by rain during storm events. Most storm

drains are not connected to sewage treatment plants, but drain directly to local water bodies. Pet

waste uses up oxygen in the decay process, which in turn can harm aquatic animals and degrade

overall water quality.

Litter. Litter is a significant pollutant, especially in urban area where large volumes of

trash are generated. “Litter” as defined in New Jersey Statutes Annotated (N.J.S.A.) means any

used or unconsumed substance or waste material which has been discarded, whether made of

aluminium, glass, plastic, rubber, paper, or other natural or synthetic materials. Litter is a serious

problem in many states, but even more so in a state as densely populated.

Litter not only poses a threat to public health and safety but also plays a large role in a

municipality’s aesthetic appearance, which in turn can play a part in the economics of that

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municipality. An attractive community creates an environment in which people will want to live,

work, and visit. (Elsevier, 2008)

According to Al-Khatib et al. (n.d), littering can significantly impact in receiving waters.

Litter, such as fast food wrappers, soda cans and bottles, and other trash, if not properly

disposed, it could eventually end up in our lakes, streams, and oceans which can also have a

negative impact on marine and other wild life.

Alemayeho (2004) enumerate some effects of improper waste disposal, he says that open

dump can contaminate water sources, can contaminate food supply and cause food borne disease,

hospital and pathological wastes and potential disease carrying waste products, radioactive

wastes are highly dangerous, and it can create nuisance: bad odor, smoke, dust Aesthetical

problem, an discomfort: sneezing, and coughing.

There are multitude of causes that can contribute to an increase in public littering rates,

such as a lack of social pressure to prevent littering, absence of realistic penalties or consistent

enforcement, and lack of knowledge of the environmental effects of littering ( Al-Khatib et al.,)

Decomposing organic waste. Decomposing organic waste attracts animals, vermin and

flies. Flies may play a major role in the transmission of faecal-oral diseases. Rodents may

increase the transmission of diseases such as leptospirosis and salmonella, and attract snakes to

waste heaps. (John, 1990).

Poor management of wastes. Due to the poor management of the collection and disposal

of solid waste may lead to leachate pollution of surface water and groundwater. This may cause

significant problems if the waste contains toxic substances, or if nearby water sources are used

for water supplies. (John, 1990).

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2.4 Factors that affect Proper Waste Disposal

Lack of education. A lot of researchers have argued that the problem about waste is

caused by human behaviour and therefore the solution lies in changing that behaviour (Milea,

2009). The attitude and the awareness of every person about proper waste disposal can affect the

whole Solid Waste management system (Zhu et al., 2008).

(Moore, 2012) suggests that waste can mean many things to different people. Some

people believe that waste is their source of income while others believe that waste is a burden

and a problem that needs to be addressed.

Awareness towards Solid Waste Management can affect the population’s willingness to

cooperate and adequately participate in waste management practices (Mlozi, 2011). According to

Jaworski & Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2002), having a low level of

literacy about environment and awareness of the public, partly contributed to the difficulties in

implementing environmental laws and policy, particularly, laws on cleanliness and sanitation.

According to Bakhtiar (2016), Education awareness and environmental problems and

solutions can be increased through education, particular skills and knowledge gained from

environmental education would help in changing human behaviour towards the environment.

Lack of governance. People keep on throwing their wastes in some streets and other

places because there is no formal system for sorting and disposal in their community, so when

changes are implemented, people are not changing their disposal behaviour out of pure habit and

custom (Scott & Yousif, 2007).

(Hardin, 1969) suggests that people who own a property have the incentive to take care of

it, unlike the one owned by a large number of people or where there is non-ownership like public

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places. According to (Al-Khatib et al., 2015), there was a positive relationship between the level

of education and the participatory behaviour of the people in recycling activities.

Lack of Participation. Public awareness and community participation would assist in

obtaining guidance in carrying out strategic planning of Solid Waste Management and to

enhance appropriate community participation (World Bank, 2004)

Awareness towards Solid Waste Management can affect the population’s willingness to

cooperate and adequately participate in waste management practices (Mlozi, 2011). According to

Jaworski & Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2002), having a low level of

literacy about environment and awareness of the public, partly contributed to the difficulties in

implementing environmental laws and policy, particularly, laws on cleanliness and sanitation.

According to Bakhtiar (2016), Education awareness and environmental problems and

solutions can be increased through education, particular skills and knowledge gained from

environmental education would help in changing human behaviour towards the environment.

2.5 Related Studies on Proper Waste Disposal

The excessive production of different wastes in the world lead the researchers to conduct

various studies. Some of these related studies will be presented in this paper.

The study of Halkos & Petrou (2016) regarding with the efficient waste management

practices stated that waste is an issue that has been raising awareness in the past years. They also

suggested that new and improved technologies are emerging which can help manage the waste in

a more efficient way which is more beneficial in the long run as well.

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 In the study of Salam (2010), he stated that the current solid waste management depends

greatly on energy recovery and recycling. He indicated that the waste management is more

concerned with institutional feasibility rather than environmental necessity.

In some line, in the study of Atienza (2011), there are several factors that contributed to

the increased generation of waste particularly in urban cities. These are the rapid population

growth, urbanization, and modernization. He also reviewed the different policies that are related

to waste management and identifies some of the portable reason why these previous policies

seemed to fail to address the various problems on waste management.

Thus, he said that despite of the opportunities given to the LGU’s to improve the lives of

their constituents and to protect the environment, the people remain a challenge. The policies are

good but it failed to get the cooperation of the community and various stakeholders because the

laws were all “command and control” in the nature.

In the study of McAllister (2015) in which she study the factors influencing Solid-Waste

Management in the developing World. She stated that there are three factors that contribute to

the mismanagement of solid waste. These are the Culture, knowledge and macroeconomics,

infrastructure, social provisions and technology, policy, institutions, and macroeconomics.

She also stated that due to the lack of education and awareness of a person, people tend to

not embrace waste management.

Same study conducted by Raghavan et al., (2013) on Proper Waste Disposal focused on

the Awareness, Attitude, and Practice of School Students towards Household Waste

Management. The study found-out that Students with better awareness towards social duty are

more aware towards environmental awareness.

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 In the study of Sarker (2012), he also found out that there is a significant difference in

awareness with regards to proper waste disposal among various level of occupation. He also

suggests in his study to improve the present solid waste management system and the

management of disposal facility should be increased to a satisfactory level and awareness must

be developed among all classes of people so that the negative consequences of wastes can be

reduced at a large extent.

Another study conducted by Al-khatib et al., (2009) highlighted the effects of gender,

income, marital status, and religious convictions on attitudes and practices related to street

littering. They also enumerated the several causes that can contribute to an increase in public

littering rates, such as the lack of social pressure to prevent littering, absence of realistic

penalties or consistent enforcement, social rebellion, and lack of knowledge of the environmental

effects of littering.

In the case study of Ejaz et al., (2010) concerning the environmental impacts of improper

solid waste management in the city of Rawalpindi, in his investigation, it was concluded that

improper solid waste management system in city of Rawalpindi are resulting following negative

impacts on the environment:

 Dispersed solid waste from the illegal open dumps often blocks the drains and sewers

which creates flooding and unhygienic condition in the city.

 Flies breeding are directly linked with open solid waste dumps which spread different

diseases in the community like the malaria and dengue.

 During rainy seasons, production of leachate from the open dumped sites is causing

serious pollution to water bodies in Rawalpindi City.

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 This was supported by the study of Abdul (2010) in which he focus on the three factors

that can affect the human. These are health, location, and the environment. In order to achieve

this objectives, a comparison between the nearby residents and far away residents from the

location of a dumpsite. The result of his study proved that as you move away from the dumpsite

the impact is not as severely affected as those who are closer to the dumpsite. It was also

discovered the residents located less than 200 meters from the dumpsite are most affected by the

dumpsite.

He also enumerate some diseases acquired by the people living near in the dumpsite like

Malaria, Chest pain, Cholera, and diarrhoea. However, the result of his study states that even the

waste thrown into municipal waste collection from where the wastes are collected by the area

municipalities to be thrown into the landfill or dumps, can also cause serious impacts on health

problems to the surrounding environment. Since the waste are not properly managed.

And finally, the study of Banga (2011), she highlighted some practices that pollutes the

environment and has severe health implications. She cited that wastes that are either buried or

burnt pollutes the environment and has a severe health implications. She suggested that waste

management programmes should discourage this polluting practice and highlight its health

implications.

The above presented studies highlight the importance of studying the proper waste

Disposal. These studies emphasize the relevance of disposing wastes into its proper disposal. The

ideas of the presented studies support the framework of the current study.

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 Chapter III

Research Design

This study is a type of qualitative research because its purpose is to gather an in-depth

understanding of human behaviour and the reasons that govern such behaviour. This also

provides a descriptions of the basic nature or the characteristics of the phenomenon. This study

also investigate and understand the people’s experiences and feelings towards a particular issue.

In addition, this study is also a phenomenology type of Qualitative Research since its

objective is to understand how one or more individuals experience a phenomenon.

Research Locale

The researcher will conduct this study at Marawi City particularly in the institution

named Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation (ISISF) located at Biyaba Damag, Marawi City.

Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation (ISISF) is just one of the madaris operated by the

Markozoshabab Al Muslim Filibbin, Inc., (Markaz) in Marawi City and the Lanao provinces.

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The school, however; is different from all the others for while it still retains some of the

important features of the madaris system, it meets and satisfies the curricular requirements of the

DepEd. It is a school that emerged out of the Islamic (madaris) and secular system of education.

In the truest sense the school is an effort at upgrading the madaris system making it more

responsive to the true needs of the Muslim Filipino.

Cognizant of their limitations and the felt need to tap the technical resources of Muslim

academicians, the Markazos Shabab collaborated with and joined efforts with Ranao Council

Inc., another civic-oriented organization whose members are mostly academicians from the

Mindanao State University in lying down the basic foundation of the school. The emerging

school was therefore a result of the collaborative efforts between the two organizations.

The ISISF was a product of a series of joint sessions and meetings between the

representatives of the Ranao Council and the Markazoshabab. When finally organized in May,

1995 and started classes in the following month, vision and goals were clear among the founding

members who were from the two organizations. The following are the cornerstones of the

establishment of the ISISF which has been used as benchmarks in this assessment:

1. Da'wah

The main reason for the cooperation between the Shabab and the RC was for Da'wah.

Although focused on education the guiding principle for the working team that eventually

organized the ISISF was Da'wah.

2. Islamic Education in the Philippines - the integrated curriculum

The initial plan of the team was to plan for an International Islamic University in the

Philippines - following the example of the IIUs in Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan and South

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Africa. Such Universities are implementing integrated higher education curricula based on the

concept of the Islamization of Knowledge.

Philippines government has been trying to integrate the Madaris into the Philippine

educational system but there has not been tangible results. The ISISF phenomenon may be

considered the first venture to implement a curriculum on integrated education.

The integrated curriculum as implemented in the ISISF is inspired by the global trend on

the Islamization of Knowledge. Islam as a religion, and way of life must be made integral part of

all subjects taught in all levels of education - irrespective of dialect or language used in

instruction.

3. Reforms for Quality Educational

The poor quality of education of the Muslims in the Philippines has been seriously

affecting their quality of life and general stature in the Philippine socio-political life and

beaurocracy. The ARMM has been considered the poorest region in the Philippines - especially

in education.

Among the visions for the ISISF is to act as model for quality education within the

Philippine standards. It is likewise intended to actively play a significant role in the quest for

peace and global competitiveness.

4. Business

The ISISF does not receive government subsidy nor from other external funding agencies

and organization hence its operation and management strictly follows the rudiments of formal

business organization - in a form of foundation. While it has receive occasional donations on

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infrastructures its annual operating budget comes from its own direct earnings- mostly from the

tuition and other fees of pupils and students.

The school opened on June, 1995, with only 143 pupils in the kindergarten and grade 1

levels. The plan was for establishment of ladderized school with one level added each year. The

public response was overwhelming and very encouraging. By the twenty-first year of operation it

has about 4,063 pupils and students with its six pioneering teachers growing to more than a

hundred employees.

The ISISF is one of the integrated school in Marawi City that integrated combined the

English standard and Islamic standard, this school is one of the most standard school in Marawi

city and it is the school where the faculties and officials are teaching a good manner to their

students and the other school are giving some respect to this school because the students are

well-disciplined and also some of the students who came from this school are now successful.

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Map of the Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation

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Respondents of the study

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 The respondents of this study are the Junior High school students particularly the Grade

7, Grade 8, Grade 9, and Grade 10 students. In addition, the researchers also include the Senior

High school students particularly the STEM 11-1 and STEM 12, ABM 12, and HUMMS 12 as

one of the researcher’s respondents. In each level of Junior High School, Out of more than forty

students, the researchers only pick one student as a respondent of this study. And in the STEM

11-1, out of more than forty students, only three students are the respondents. On the other hand,

In STEM 12, ABM 12, and HUMMS 12, only one student is the respondent of each of these

strand. Furthermore, the researchers don’t have any basis in picking a respondents since the aim

of this study is to know the idea, opinion, as well as the knowledge of the students of Ibn Siena

Integrated School Foundation for this research to be more accurate and reliable

Research Instrument

In this study, the data will be gathered through one-on-one interview with the chosen

student of the Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation. The researchers will provide an Interview

Guide Questions with regards to the Proper Waste Disposal. The guide questions will be written

in English Language as the interviewees understand it. The researchers will bring recorder, paper

and ballpen to fully document the response or the answer of each of the respondents.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will gather the data by doing a one-on-one interview. Since this study has

several respondents, the interview is expected to last from five (5) to ten (10) minutes. The

researchers will go to the respondents’ respective rooms to conduct the in-depth interview. The

researchers’ questions to the respondents should be based on the Interview Guide Questions

prepared by the researchers. The respondents can freely use any language they are comfortable

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with in answering the researchers’ questions for them to express their thoughts, opinions, and

ideas properly. Furthermore, the answers of the interviewees will be documented and interpreted

for this research to be more reliable.

Chapter 4

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 DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION

This chapter will contain the presentation of the data gathered through the interview with

the selected students from Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation (ISISF) and its discussion.

I. The Proper Ways of Disposing Wastes

According to the interview conducted by the researchers with the selected students from

Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation (ISISF), the proper ways of disposing wastes are

throwing wastes in its right place, Segregating the biodegradable from non-biodegradable

materials, Recycling of material, and Reusing of material.

The responses of the interviewees revealed that the proper ways of disposing wastes are

diverse, first is disposing wastes into its right place. The interviewees were all students of Ibn

Siena Integrated School Foundation, as they throw their garbage, they throw it on its proper

place like trash cans or trash bins. If there is an absence of trash bins, they put their trash in their

pocket or bag rather than throwing it anywhere. This is connected to the study of Downmore et

al. (2011) in where they said that “it is essential for waste to be stored temporarily prior to

collection. The storage of wastes generated by households before collection and transportation to

the dump site involves the use of various receptacles. These receptacles include polythene bags,

propylene sacks, metal bins, and disposing waste into pits dug at the back of the house.”

Second is segregating the biodegradable materials from non-biodegradable materials. The

interviewees segregate their garbage by identifying the biodegradable materials from non-

biodegradable materials. By doing this, it might prevent air pollution since wastes produced bad

odor when not properly disposed. As what Alemayeho (2004) have said, “Wastes that are

generally biodegradable and decompose in the process of which emits offensive and irritating

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smell when left unattended.” He also said, “Home owners should be aware of separation of

Newspaper, and cardboard, bottles, yard wastes, aluminium cans, ferrous materials and

especially the hazardous wastes”. Those materials that do not decompose, they burn it or recycle

it while those materials that decompose, they use it as an organic fertilizers. This response is

contrast to the study of Banga (2011) where he said, “Wastes that are either buried or burnt

pollutes the environment and has a severe health implications. She suggested that waste

management programmes should discourage this polluting practice and highlight its health

implications.”

Third is recycling of materials. The respondents recycled those materials that can be

recycled in order for them to produce another materials that would be useful. Zajoksnis (n.d)

said, “The aim of sustainable waste management is to reduce waste formation and to use

resources more efficiently and rationally, ensuring that the waste of one sector is used as a raw

material in another sector.”

Lastly, Reusing of materials. Those materials that can be used again, they recover it and

use it for another purpose. Zajoksnis (n.d) said, “Recycling and reusing of materials prevents the

emission of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants, save energy, supplies valuable raw

materials to industry, and conserves resources for the future”

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II. Importance of Proper Waste Disposal

Based on the interview conducted with the selected students from Ibn Siena Integrated

School Foundation (ISISF), the importance of proper waste disposal are clean environment,

prevents the risk of developing Health diseases, Human discipline, it prevents flooding , and it

prevents water pollution.

The responses of the interviewees revealed that the importance of Proper Waste Disposal

are diverse, Clean environment is one of the importance of practicing proper waste disposal. It is

important since it makes the environment more sanitize and clean. It affects cleanliness of the

environment. This is somehow connected to the study of Yoada (2014) in where she cited that

“Waste poses a threat to the environment if it is not stored, collected, and disposed properly” and

the study of Elsevier (2008) in where he cited that “Proper waste disposal also plays a large role

in a municipality’s aesthetic appearance” and the study of Alemayeho (2004) in where he also

cited that “Improper waste disposal can create nuisance: bad odor, smoke, dust aesthetical

problem, and discomfort”.

Another importance of it is it prevents the risk of developing Health diseases. Practicing

proper waste disposal is important since it avoids people from acquiring diseases. The responses

of the interviewees were consistent to the case study of Ejaz et al., (2010) in where they said,

“Flies breeding are directly linked with open solid waste dumps which spread different diseases

in the community like the malaria and dengue.” And the study of Alemayeho (2004) in where he

cited that “Open dump can contaminate water sources, can contaminate food supply and cause

food borne disease, hospital and pathological wastes and potential disease carrying waste

products, radioactive wastes and are highly dangerous”.

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 The responses of the interviewees also revealed that throwing wastes properly is

important since it can contribute to Human discipline. Proper waste disposal is one of the steps

on how to become a disciplined human being. It teaches people on how to follow rules and help

the community as what Milea (2009) said, “A lot of researchers have argued that the problem

about waste is caused by human behaviour and therefore the solution lies in changing that

behaviour”

Prevention of the human kind from natural calamity called flooding is one of its

importance. If people throw their wastes on its proper place like trash cans or trash bins, it might

prevent flooding. The wastes will no longer block the drainage during rainy days. Their

responses were also consistent to the case study of Ejaz et al., (2010) in where he cited,

“Dispersed solid waste from the illegal open dumps often blocks the drains and sewers which

creates flooding and unhygienic condition in the city”.

Another importance is, it prevents water pollution. By disposing waste on its proper

place, the bodies of water would not be polluted nor contaminated. Since if people throw their

garbages to some bodies of water, the water will be polluted and the marine lives would be at

risk as well as people. The response of the interviewees were consistent to the study of Al-Khatib

et al. (n.d) in where he said, “Litter, such as fast food wrappers, soda cans and bottles, and other

trash, if not properly disposed, it could eventually end up in our lakes, streams, and oceans which

can also have a negative impact on marine and other wild life” and the study of John (1990) in

which he also stated that “Due to the poor management of the collection and disposal of solid

waste may lead to leachate pollution of surface water and groundwater. This may cause

significant problems if the waste contains toxic substances, or if nearby water sources are used

for water supplies”.

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III. Factors That Affect Students in Practicing Proper Waste Disposal

According to the interview conducted by the researchers with the selected students from

Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation (ISISF), the Factors that affect students in practicing

Proper Waste Disposal are the Presence of trash bins, Parents guidance, Awareness on Proper

Waste Disposal, and Effective Implementation of rules by the government.

Lot of responses of the interviewees that revealed some of the factors that affect students

in practicing Proper Waste Disposal. One of these was the presence of trash bins, it was said by

the interviewees that having trash cans or trash bins can affect a student from throwing garbage

on its proper place. Without trash can around, students tend to throw their garbage anywhere

since they do not see any trash bins where they can properly dispose their wastes. Yoada (2014)

said, “Local governments usually lack the authority and resources to provide a satisfactory and

economically viable service.”

Another factor is Parents guidance, one of the selected interviewees said that he dispose

his garbage properly because he was well raised by his parents. His parents teaches him since he

was young how to dispose wastes properly. The response of the interviewees were consistent to

the study of Zhu et al. (2008) in where he said that “The attitude and the awareness of every

person about proper waste disposal can affect the whole Solid Waste management system”.

Another factor is when a student is aware about Proper waste disposal. They know how

bad it is not to dispose it properly. Unlike those people who are lack of education about it, they

tend to throw their wastes anywhere. They do not care about the impact of improper waste

disposal. The response of the interviewees were consistent to the study of Jaworski &

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Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2002) in where he also cited that “having a

low level of literacy about environment and awareness of the public, partly contributed to the

difficulties in implementing environmental laws and policy, particularly, laws on cleanliness and

sanitation.” McAllister (2015) also said that “Due to the lack of education and awareness of a

person, people tend to not embrace waste management”.

Another factor is Effective Implementation of rules by the government.. Government

plays an important role in proper disposing of wastes. They established some rules about solid

waste management. Students tend to throw their wastes on its proper place because of the

established rules that they cannot revoke. However if there is no much established rules about

practicing proper waste disposal, people might do improper waste disposal. This is somehow

connected to the study of Yoada, 2014 in where he said that “Local governments usually lack the

authority and resources to provide a satisfactory and economically viable service which leads

people to do improper waste disposal.” and the study of Al-khatib et al. (2009) he said, “Several

causes that can contribute to an increase in public littering rates, such as the lack of social

pressure to prevent littering, absence of realistic penalties or consistent enforcement, social

rebellion, and lack of knowledge of the environmental effects of littering.”

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 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter contains the conclusions and recommendations from the data gathered and

discussions of the study.

5.1 CONCLUSION

The study focused on the awareness of the students from Ibn Siena Integrated School

Foundation on Proper Waste Disposal. Based on the different data gathered and the discussions

of the study, the researchers have come up to a better conclusion.

1. The students of Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation have different ways in practicing

Proper Waste Disposal. Based on the data gathered, some students said that proper way

of disposing wastes is throwing garbage on its proper place like trash cans or trash bins.

2. Some said that segregating biodegradable materials from non-biodegradable materials is

one of its proper ways.

3. The students also practice the 3Rs which are the Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.

4. The students of Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation believed that practicing proper

waste disposal is very important in their lives. Students have different insights about the

importance of proper waste disposal. One of their insights is concerned about health

problems in a way that it can prevent people from acquiring diseases like Malaria.

5. Students suggests that practicing proper waste disposal makes the environment clean and

sanitize, it encourages human discipline, it prevents flooding, and water pollution.

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 6. In this study, the researchers also found out in their study based on the response of the

students, the factors that can affect a students in practicing Proper Waste Disposal are the

Presence of trash bins, Parents guidance, Awareness on Proper Waste Disposal, and

Effective Implementation of rules by the government.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

For future researchers that would like to study the same topic, the researchers suggests

some recommendation for them to have an easier way of finding data so that they could develop

a good result of their research.

1. An extended study should be conducted to cover more students of Ibn Siena Integrated

School Foundation since the limitation of this study are that the results cannot be

generalized on all students of ISISF.

2. A similar study should be conducted in the whole Marawi City to gather more data about

proper waste disposal.

3. Those future researchers that would like to study this topic, it is best to have a lot of

Review of Related Literature and the Review of Related Studies for it to be easier to

support your discussion.

4. A similar study should prepare more than three questions to gather more data about the

study.

5. Choose a respondents that will give you the best answers and for you to have a variety of

results from your interview because it can help you in creating the best answers to your

research problems.

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 5.2 RECOMMENDATION

For future researchers that would like to study the same topic, the researchers suggests

some recommendation for them to have an easier way of finding data so that they could develop

a good result of their research.

1. It is evident that further assessment of students of Ibn Siena Integrated School

Foundation need an improved learning to raise their awareness and knowledge on

proper waste disposal.

2. The Ibn Siena Integrated School Foundation should have lot of trash bins where the

students could throw and segregate their garbage properly to attain clean

environment.

3. Proper parenting the children should be encouraged since it plays an important role in

Proper Waste Disposal. Parents should educate their children in practicing Proper

Waste Disposal.

4. The rules and laws concerning Proper Waste Disposal should be implemented

properly.

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