2.

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

Single Correct Answer Type

1. Osmoregulation in is a function of
a) Contractile vacuole b) Trichocysts c) Cytopyge d) Cytostome
2. Fungi imperfecti includes
a) Aspergillus and Penicillium b) Alternaria and Trichoderma
c) Ustilago and Puccinia d) Alternaria and penicillium
3. Which of the following is a non-hyphal unicellular fungus?
a) Yeast b) Puccinia c) Ustilago d) Alternaria
4. Auxospores and homocysts are formed, respectively by
a) Several diatoms and a few cyanobacteria b) Several cyanobacteria and several diatoms
c) Some diatoms several cyanobacteria d) Some cyanobacteria and many diatoms
5. HIV is classified as a retrovirus because its genetic information is carried in
a) DNA instead of RNA b) DNA c) RNA instead of DNA d) Protein coat
6. Consider the following statements
I. Mycelium is branched and septate
II. The asexual spores are generally not formed
III. Vegetative reproduction takes place by framentation
IV. Sex organs are absent but sexual reproduction takes place by somatogamy
V. Karyogamy and meiosis takes place in basidium to form haploid four basidiospores
Vi. Basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarp
The above statements are assigned to
a) Sac fungi b) Bracket fungi c) Imperfecti fungi d) Club fungi
7. Aristotle classified the plants on the basis of their morphological characters and categorised them into
a) Tree, shrubs and herbs
b) Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms
c) Embryophytes and tracheophytes
d) Algae and embryophytes
8. Citrus canker is a
a) Viral disease b) Bacterial disease c) Fungal disease d) Protozoan disease
9. Which is correct?
a) RNA is genetic material of bacteria b) RNA is genetic material of all virus
c) DNA is genetic material of some organism d) Some virus has RNA as genetic material
10. African sleeping sickness is caused by
a) b) c) d)
11. Read the following statement about bacteria and select the correct option
a) Bacteria are simple in structure but complex in b) Bacteria are complex in structure but simple in
behavior behavior
c) Bacteria are simple in both structure and behavior d) Bacteria are complex in both structure and
behavior
12. Which of the following is a Gram negative bacterium?
a) b)
c) d)
13. Virus consists of
a) Nucleic acid b) Protein c) Both (A) and (B) d) None of these
14. Parasitic and saprophytic conditions are more familiar in
a) Fungi b) Bacteria c) Algae d) Ferns
15. Bacteriophage releases lysozyme during

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 a) Penetration phase b) Eclipse phase c) Absorption phase d) Maturation phase
16. is a/an
a) Algae b) Lichen c) Fungus d) Angiosperm
17. According to five kingdom classification bacteria belong to
a) Protista b) Monera c) Plantae d) Archaea
18. Which of the following is a free living nitrogen fixing bacterium present in the soil?
a) b) c) d)
19. The genetic material of rabies virus is
a) Double stranded RNA b) Single stranded RNA c) Double stranded DNA d) Single stranded DNA
20. All of the following fungi belongs to Phycomycetes, except
a) Rhizopus b) Mucor c) Albugo d) Agaricus
21. Which is correct for bacteria?
a) They have both cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
b) They absorb light > 900 nm of wavelength
c) They release during photosynthesis
d) They use during photosynthesis
22. Consider the following statements
I. In this group, the differentiates and forms fruiting bodies, bearing spores at their tips
II. Spores possess true walls
III. The spores are dispersed by air currents
IV. The spores are extremely resistant and survive for many years even under adverse conditions
The above statements are assigned to
a) Euglenoid b) Slime moulds c) Dinoflagellates d) Chrysophytes
23. Purified antibiotic penicillin of was discovered by
a) Alexander Fleming b) Howard Floxy c) Robert Hooke d) Carolus Linnaeus
24. and are
a) Archaebacteria having eukaryotic histone homologue
b) Bacteria with cytoskeleton
c) Archaebacteria with negatively supercoiled DNA as eukaryotes but lacking histones
d) Bacteria having positively coiled DNA, cytoskeleton, mitochondria
25. Identify the correct pair of events when temperate phages infect bacteria.
I. No prophages are formed
II. Bacterial cell undergoes many divisions.
III. Bacterial cell undergoes immediate lysis.
IV. Prophages are formed
The correct pair is
a) I and II b) II and III c) III and IV d) II and IV
26. Which of the following is an edible fungi?
a) Mucor b) Penicillium c) Agaricus d) Rhizopus
27. Animal cells do not have
a) Plasma membrane b) Cell wall c) Chloroplast only d) Both (a) and (c)
28. Which group of organisms is represented by the given figure?

a) Dinoflagellates b) Protozoans c) Slime mould d) Euglenoids

29. State whether the given statements are true or false
I. Five kingdom system of classification did not differentiated between the heterotrophic group, fungi and
the autotrophic green plants, through they showed a characteristic difference in their walls composition.
II. Fungi wall contains chitin, while the green plants has a cellulosic cell wall

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 Codes
a) I is true, but II is false b) I is false, but II is true
c) I and II are true d) I and II are false
30. Under favourable conditions slime moulds form
a) Protonema b) Plasmodium c) Mycelium d) Fruiting bodies
31. Which of the following class of fungi helps in mineral cycling?
a) Deuteromycetes b) Basidiomycetes
c) Ascomycetes d) Phycomycetes
32. Teichoic acid is present in
a) Cell wall of Gram positive bacteria b) Cell wall of Gram negative bacteria
c) Capsid of virus d) Protoplasm of mycoplasma
33. Red tide in warms coastal water is caused due to the rapid multiplications of
a) Euglena b) Diatoms c) Gonyaulax d) Paramecium
34. Which of the following groups are placed under the kingdom-Protista?
a) Crysophytes b) Dianoflagellate and euglenoids
c) Slime moulds and protozoans d) All of the above
35. Which of the following statements is correct with respect to
a) The conidia and conidiophores are aseptate mycelium and setae are septate
b) The conidia, conidiophores, mycelium and setae are septate
c) The conidia are aseptate conidiophores, mycelium and setae septate
d) The mycelium is septate conidia, conidiophores and setae are aseptate
36. Ainsworth put in
a) Zygomycotina b) Mastigomycotina c) Myxomycotina d) Ascomycotina
37. The disease caused by virus which is 42 nm in size and contains double stranded DNA is
a) Hepatitis-A b) AIDS c) Hepatitis-B d) Leprosy
38. The disease caused by is
a) Yellow fever b) Sleeping sickness c) Kala azar d) Hey fever
39. In which animal, dimorphic nucleus us found?
a) b)
c) d)
40. Kingdom-Monera consists of
a) Unicellular eukaryotes b) Multicellular eukaryotes
c) Bacteria d) Both (a) and (c)
41. Slimy mass of protoplasm with many nuclei and an like thalloid body is a characteristic feature
of
a) Ascomycetes b) Actinomycetes c) Phycomycetes d) Myxomycetes
42. The bacteria that can reside in extreme salty areas are called as
a) Halophiles b) Methanogens c) Basophiles d) Thermoacidophiles
43. In which of the following patterns of viral replication, viruses enter a cell, replicate and then cause the cell
to burst, releasing new viruses?
a) Lytic b) Lysogenic c) Repreogenic d) Both (a) and (b)
44. Potato leaf roll or leaf curl of papaya are caused by
a) Fungi b) Viruses c) Bacteria d) Nematodes
45. The given statements describes a group of organism
I. Instead of a cell wall, they have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible
II. They have two flagella a short and a long one
III. They are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight, when deprived of sunlight they behave like
heterotrophs by predating on other smaller organism
Which of the following group is referred here?
a) Slime moulds b) Dinoflagellates c) Euglenoids d) Protozoans
46. In the light of recent classification of living organisms into three domains of life (bacteria, archaea and
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 eukarya), which one of the following statement is true about archaea?
a) Archaea resemble eukarya in all respects
b) Archaea have some noble features that are absent in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes
c) Archaea completely differ from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
d) Archaea completely differ from prokaryotes
47. The sexual stages of pathogens of blast of rice and red rot of sugarcane are named respectively as
a) and
b) and
c) and
d) and
48. Substances secreted by bacteria are
a) Proteins b) Toxins c) Interferons d) Antibiotics
49. Which of the following statement is correct?
a) Viruses are obligate parasites b) All fungi are pathogenic
c) All algae are eukaryotes d) Bacteria are always harmful to mankind
50. In five kingdom system of classification of R H Whittaker, how many kingdoms contain eukaryotes?
a) Four Kingdoms b) One Kingdom c) Two Kingdoms d) Three Kingdoms
51. concept of virus was proposed by
a) DJ lvanowsky b) MW Beijerinck c) Stanley d) Robert Hooke
52. Heterothallism was discovered by
a) Blakeslee b) Bessey c) Butler d) A Flemming
53. A place was rocky and barren but now there is a green forest, the sequence of origin is
a) Lichen, moss, herbs, shrubs b) Moss, lichen, herbs, shrubs
c) Lichen, moss, shrubs, herbs d) Shrubs, herbs, moss, lichen
54. The asexual spores formed by and are
a) Many called b) One called c) Pyriform in shape d) Rod shaped
55. Read the following statements regarding archaebacteria and select the correct option
I. Archaebacteria differs from other bacteria in having different cell wall structure
II. Their cell wall is made up of cellulose and contains high amount of unsaturated fatty acid, which is
responsible for their survival in extreme conditions
III. Thermoacidophiles have dual ability to tolerate high temperature as well as high acidity
a) I and II are true b) I and III are true c) II and III are true d) I, II and III are true
56. In addition to absence of chlorophyll, what is the other difference between fungi and higher plants?
a) Type of nutrition and composition of cell wall b) Cell type
c) Nucleus d) Reproduction
57. Identify from the following examples, a fungus, which is of medicinal importance
a) b) c) d)
58. Which one of the following pathogens causes citrus canker disease?
a) b)
c) d)
59. Kingdom-Protista includes
a) Life cycle showing sporic meiosis b) Life cycle showing zygotic meiosis
c) Life cycle showing gametic meiosis d) Both (b) and (c)
60. What is common about and
a) These are all unicellular protists b) They have flagella
c) They produce spores d) These are all parasites
61. Analyse the following statements and identify the correct options given below
I. Two kingdom system of classification did not distinguish between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes,
unicellular and multicellular organism and green algae and fungi.
II. The two kingdom classification used for a long time was found inadequate
a) I is true, but II is false b) I is false, II is true c) I and II are true d) I and II are false
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62. Slime moulds in the division-Myxomycota (true slime moulds) have
a) Pseudoplasmodia
b) Spores that develop into free living amoeboid cells
c) Spores that develop into flagellated warm cells
d) Feeding stages consisting of solitary individual cells
63. The protein coat of a virus/is known as
a) Nucleoid b) Capsid c) Capsomere d) Outer envelope
64. In , which controls the cytoplasmic osmality?
a) Nucleus b) Ectoplasm c) Biurets d) Contractile vacuole
65. The fungus without mycelium is
a) b) c) d)
66. Viroids have
a) ssRNA not enclosed by protein coat b) ssDNA not enclosed by protein coat
c) dsDNA enclosed by protein coat d) dsRNA enclosed by protein coat
67. Which one of the following organisms is scientifically incorrectly named and incorrectly described
a) Plasmodium falciparum-A protozoan pathogen causing the most serious type of malaria
b) Trypanosoma gambiense-The parasite of sleeping sickness
c) Diatoms-Very good pollution indicators
d) Noctiluca-A Chrysophyte, which shows bioluminescence
68. Which one of following has haplontic life cycle?
a) b) c) d) Wheat
69. Analyse the following statements about class-Ascomycetes
I. Mycelium is branched and septate
II. The asexual spores are conidia, produced on the special mycelium called conidiophores
III. Sexual spores are called ascospores which are produced in sac like asci. These asci are arranged in
same types of fruiting bodies called ascocarps
Which of the statements given above are correct
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
70. Which of the given statement best describes the gametophytic in the alternation of generation life cycle?
a) Generation that produces the gametes b) Generation that produces the spores
c) Generation that has xylem and phloem d) The diploid generation
71. Which of the following does not belong to the kingdom-Protista?
a) Chrysophytes b) Euglenoids c) Ascomycetes d) Dinoflagellates
72. Microphagial nutrition occurs in
a) b) Insects c) d)
73. Which of the following organisms completely lack cell wall, they are the smallest living cells known and
can survive without oxygen?
a) Mycoplasma b) Euglenoids c) Slime moulds d) All of these
74. Bacteriophage are
a) Bacteria that attacks viruses b) Viruses that attacks bacteria
c) Free living viruses d) Free living bacteria
75. Which of the following is not a character of Protista?
a) Protists are prokaryotic
b) Some protists have cell walls
c) Mode of nutrition is both autotrophic and heterotrophic
d) Body organization is cellular
76. Which one of the following is a matching pair of certain organism (s) and the kind of association?
a) Shark and sucker fish – Commensalism
b) Algae and fungi in lichens – Mutualism
c) Orchids growing of trees – Parasitism
d) (dodder) growing – Epiphytism
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 On other flowering plants
77. A bacterium divides after every 35 min, if a culture containing cells per mL is grown, then cell
concentration per mL after 175 min will be
a) b) c) d)
78. The fungal partner in lichen is called mycobiont whereas algal partner is called
a) Glycobiont b) Algobiont
c) Phycobiont d) Often referred as algal partner
79. In the table below, some of the crop plants, their diseases and the pathogens are given. Match the three
columns and identify the correct choice.
Crop Disease Pathogen
A. Pigeon I. Root knot 1.
pea
B. Brinjal II. Ear cockle 2.

C. III. Wilt 3.
Sugarcan
e
D. Wheat IV. Red stripe 4.

a) A-III-2 B-I-4 C-IV-1 D-II-3

b) A-I-2 B-III-4 C-II-3 D-IV-3
c) A-IV-3 B-I-2 C-III-1 D-II-3
d) A-II-1 B-IV-3 C-I-2 D-III-4
80. In Basidiomycetes, the vegetative reproduction takes place by
a) Endospore b) Conidia c) Akinetes d) Fragmentation
81. Mention the ‘Incubation Period’ of
a) 10-14 days b) 20-25 days c) 30 days d) 45 days
82. The plant cell have an eukaryotic structure with prominent …A… and cell wall is made up of …B… Identify
the correct options for A and B to complete the given statement
a) A-chloroplast; B-cellulose
b) A-nucleus; B-chitin
c) A-chloroplast; B-lignin
d) A-nucleus; B-polysaccharide
83. Fungi lack
a) Mitochondria b) Ribosomes
c) Chloroplast d) Endoplasmic reticulum
84. Which of the following statements are false about viruses?
I. Viruses are facultative parasites
II. Viruses can multiply only when they are inside the living cells
III. Viruses cannot pass bacterial proof filters
IV. Viruses do not contains proteins DNA and RNA
Code
a) I, II and III b) II, III and IV c) I, III and IV d) I, II, III and IV
85. During unfavorable conditions, reproduces through
a) Binary fission b) Sporulation c) Multiple fission d) Conjugation
86. Lomasomes are found in
a) Algal cell b) Fungal cell c) Bacterial cell d) Cyanobacterial cell
87. The genetic material of viruses consists of
a) ds of ss DNA only b) ds or ss RNA only
c) DNA or RNA (both ds and ss) d) ssDNA or ssRNA and
88. Which one of the following is having ssRNA?
a) TMV b) bacteriophage c) Reovirus d) CMV
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89. F-factor in bacteria is
a) plasmid b) Episome c) Colicin factor d) None of these
90. Viruses have
a) Living characteristics b) Non-living characteristics
c) Both living and non-living characteristics d) Parasitic characteristics
91. If sexual reproduction takes place between the filament of of different strains, one with 80
nuclei and another with 24 nuclei, what would be the total number of spores of different strains put
together?
a) 24 b) 48 c) 96 d) 114
92. Which of the following kingdoms have no well defined boundaries?
a) Plantae b) Protista c) Monera d) Algae
93. In Deuteromycetes, the mycelium is
a) Septate and branched b) Septate and unbranched
c) Coenocytic d) Multinucleated
94. Consider the following statements
I. All prokaryotic organism were grouped together under kingdom-Monera
II. The unicellular eukaryotic organism were placed in kingdom-Protista
III. and , both were having cell walls
IV. and lack cell walls
V. Kingdom-Protista has brought together with and
Which of the statements give above are correct?
a) I, II, III and IV b) II, III, IV and V c) I, II, III and IV d) I, II III, IV and V
95. Regarding sexual reproduction in fungi. Which of the following statement is correct?
a) Plasmogamy followed by karyogamy
b) Karyogamy followed by plasmogamy
c) Karyogamy and plasmogamy occur together
d) Sexual reproduction is absent in fungi
96. Which of the following bacteria plays a main role in recycling the nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron
and sulphur?
a) Chemoheterotrophic bacteria b) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
c) Parasitic bacteria d) Saprophytic bacteria
97. Bacteria differ from plants in that they do not have
a) DNA b) RNA
c) Cell wall d) A well define nucleus
98. Among rust, smut and mushroom, all the three
a) Are pathogens b) Are saprobes c) Bearascocarps d) Bear basidiocarps
99. All the given fungi belongs to Deuteromycetes, except
a) Alternaria b) Colletotrichum c) Trichoderma d) Ustilago
100. The body of a fungus is made up of a number of elongated, tubutar filaments called
a) Hyphae b) Woronin bodies c) Mycelium d) Thallus
101. All monerans
a) Contains DNA and RNA
b) Demonstrate a long circular strand of DNA not found enclosed in a nuclear membrane
c) Are bacteria
d) All of the above
102. Which of the following is not the locomotory organ of protozoa?
a) Cilia b) Flagella c) Parapodia d) Pseudopodia
103. Slime moulds are dependent on
a) Water plants b) Dead and decaying organic matter
c) Plants d) Weeds
104. Which of the following is a bacteriophage?
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 a) Bacteria infecting viruses b) Vibrio bacteria
c) Virus inhabiting in bacteria d) Cyanobacteria
105. Fungi show sexual reproduction by all of the following processes except
a) Oospores b) Ascospores c) Basidiospores d) Zoospores
106. Black rust of wheat is caused by a species of the genus
a) b) c) d)
107. Red tides in warm coastal water develops due to the presence of
a) Dinoflagellates b) Euglenoid farms c) Diatoms and desmids d) Slime moulds
108. Black rust of wheat is a fungal disease caused by
a) b)
c) d)
109. Bacterium having flagella with all over body is known as
a) Peritrichous b) Amphitrichous c) Monotrichous d) None of these
110. In some fungi, two haploid cells results in diploid cells. In some cases, dikaryon stage occurs in which two
nuclei are present within a cell. This phase is known as
a) Monokaryophase b) Dikaryophase c) Plasmogamy d) karyogamy
111. Reproduction in most of the bacteria is by a process known as
a) Binary fission b) Budding c) Sexual d) Sporulation
112. What are episomes?
a) Hereditary DNA of bacterial cell
b) Extrachromosomal hereditary material of bacteria associated with nucleoid
c) Modification of the cell membrane performing respiration
d) None of the above
113. Identify the correct pair that shows the double stranded RNA among the following
a) Cauliflower mosaic virus and dahlia mosaic virus
b) Polio virus and wound tumour virus
c) Wound tumour virus and reovirus
d) Tobacoo mosaic virus and reovirus
114. All of the following statements concerning the actinomycetous filamentous soil bacterium are
correct, except that
a) Can induce root nodules on many plant species
b) Can fix nitrogen in the free-living state
Like , it usually infects its host plant through root hair deformation and simulates cell
c)
proliferation in the host’s cortex
d) Forms specialized vesicles, in which the nitrogenase is protected from oxygen by a chemical barrier
involving triterpene hopanoids
115. Soft-rot disease of sweet potato is caused by
a) b)
c) d)
116. Chromosomes in a bacterial cell can be 1-3 in number and
a) Can be either circular or linear, but never both within the same cell
b) Can be circular as well linear within the same cell
c) Are always circular
d) Are always linear
117. The cells of the body of a multicellular fungus are organised into rapidly growing individual filament called
a) Mycelium b) Rhizoids c) Hyphae d) Fibrins
118. The non-living characteristic of viruses is
a) Ability to multiply only inside the host b) Ability to cause diseases in the host
c) Ability to undergo mutation d) Ability to be crystallize
119. Which of the following bacteria are responsible for the production of biogas from the dung of cows and
buffaloes?
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 a) Thermoacidophiles b) Halophiles
c) Methanogen d) Cyanobacteria
120. In , the contractile vacuole is present
a) Near the trailing end b) Near the advancing end
c) At the middle of the body d) Anywhere inside the body
121. Which of the following environmental conditions are essential for optimum growth of on a piece of
bread?
I. Temperature of about
II. Temperature of about
III. Relative humidity of about 5%
IV. Relative humidity of about 95%
V. A shady place
VI. A brightly illuminated place
a) I, III and V b) I, IV and V c) II, IV and V d) II, III and VI
122. Which one is the free-living, anaerobic nitrogen-fixer?
a) b) c) d)
123. Edible part of mushroom is
a) Basidiocarp b) Primary mycelium
c) Fungal hyphae d) Basidiospores
124. Which of the following is a symbiotic nitrogen fixer?
a) b) c) d)
125. Viruses contain
a) Only RNA b) Only DNA c) Either DNA or RNA d) Neither DNA nor RNA
126. In the five kingdom classification, and are included in
a) Plantae b) Algae c) Protista d) Monera
127. The accumulated food reserve in fungi is
a) Protein b) Starch c) Glycogen d) Fat
128. Yeast is not included in protozoans but in fungi because
a) It has no chlorophyll
b) Some fungal hyphae grow in such a way that they give the appearance of psuedomycelium
c) It has eukaryotic organisation
d) Cell wall is made up of cellulose and reserve food material as starch
129. The genetic material of AIDS virus is
a) Double stranded DNA b) Double stranded RNA c) Single stranded RNA d) Single stranded DNA
130. The benefit of algae in lichen is
a) Food for fungi b) Shelter
c) Mineral absorption d) Protection
131. Which of the following groups belongs to protozoans?
a) Amoeboid, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans
b) Diatoms, amoeboid, ciliates, sporozoans
c) Desmids, ciliates, flagellates, amoeboid
d) Dinoflagellates, ciliates, Plasmodium, amoeboid
132. A virus differs from a bacterium as it contains
a) A cell wall b) Cytosol
c) DNA as genetic material d) DNA or RNA as genetic material with no
ribosomes
133. Viral genome incorporated into host DNA is called
a) Prophase b) Prophage c) Bacteriophage d) None of these
134. Maximum number of antibiotics are obtained from
a) Fungi b) Bacteria c) Virus d) Plants
135. Animals reserve food material in the form of
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 a) Glycogen or animal fat
b) Glucose
c) Cellulose
d) Chitin
136. Which of the following protects the bacteria from the enzymes present in the external medium?
a) Slime layer b) S-layer c) Flagella d) Cell wall
137. Concerning general characteristic of plants, which statement is correct
I. Some of these may be partially heterotrophic as in case of insectivorous plants line Venus fly trap
II. They have distinct nucleus, chloroplast and chitinous cell wall
a) Only I b) Only II c) I and II d) None of these
138. The smallest free-living organism is
a) Virus b) Mycoplasma c) Diatom d) Cyanobacterium
139. The symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae is called
a) Lichen b) Mycorrhiza c) Helotism d) Mutualism
140. A term ‘helotism’ is used for the symbiosis of
a) Algae and fungi b) Algae and c) Algae and bacteria d) and fungi
141. Chitin is present in the cell wall of
a) Fungi b) Bacteria c) Yeast d) Algae
142. St Anthony’s fire disease is caused by
a) Bacteria b) Fungus c) Nematodes d) Polychaete
143. In , signet ring stage us formed during
a) Exo-erythrocytic schizogony b) Erythrocytic schizogony
c) Sporogony d) Gamogony
144. Common cold is a
a) Bacterial disease b) Viral disease c) Protozoan disease d) Fungal disease
145. Viroids were discovered by
a) TO Diener b) DJ Ivanowsky c) MW Beijerinck d) WM Stanley
146. Plants provide protection from fungal disease by producing
a) Protoxins b) Prolectins c) Phytoalexins d) All of these
147. Who crystallised and isolated viruses for the first time?
a) WM Stanley b) FC Bawden c) KM Smith d) DJ lvanowsky
148. Heating milk at followed by sudden cooling is known as
a) Sterilization b) Preservation c) Pasteurization d) Fermentation
149. Select incorrect pair.
a) Porifera – choanocytes b) Coelenerata – eukaryote
c) Annelida– segmentation d) Monera – eukaryote
150. Who proposed five kingdom classification and named kingdoms as Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and
Animalia?
a) Herbert Copeland b) R H Whittaker c) Carl Woese d) Carolus Linnaeus
151. Analyse the following statements regarding cyanobacteria and identify the correct option given below
I. The cyanobacteria are unicellular, colonial or filamentous, marine or terrestrial algae
II. The colonies of cyanobacteria are generally surrounded by gelatinous sheath
Codes
a) Only I b) Only II c) I and II d) None of these
152. Some bacteria utilises inorganic substances like nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, etc., for the oxidation and
release of energy for ATP production. These are known as
a) Cyanobacteria b) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
c) Heterotrophic bacteria d) Saprophytic bacteria
153. VAM is
a) Symbiotic bacteria b) Saprophytic bacteria
c) Saprophytic fungi d) Symbiotic fungi
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154. Ascomycetes is commonly known as
a) Toad stool b) Sac fungi
c) Imperfect fungi d) Bracket fungi
155. Protozoans are
a) Heterotrophs b) Autotrophs c) Producer d) Saprophytes
156. The parthenospores of are
a) Uninucleate b) Binucleate c) Trinucleate d) Multinucleate
157. Bacteria do not have
a) Ribosome b) Protein synthesizing apparatus
c) Mitochondria d) Cell wall
158. Viruses and viroids are the non-cellular organisms, which are not characterised in the classification of
a) Whittaker b) Aristotle c) Linnaeus d) Watson
159. Which of the following is correct matched?
a) Humus – Abiotic component b) – Free-living nitrogen fixer
c) Phosphorus cycle – Sedimentary d) – Tropical deciduous forest
160. Which of these best describes the saprophytic generation in plant’s life cycle?
a) The haploid generation b) Generation that produces the gametes
c) Generation that produces spores d) Generation that has xylem and phloem
161. The type of nutrition, where organisms engulf food materials, is?
a) Saprozoic b) Autotrophic c) Holozoic d) Saprophytic
162. Fruiting body of is
a) Cleistothecium b) Pycniophysis c) Sterigmata d) None of these
163. Which statement is correct for bacterial transduction?
a) Transfer of some genes from one bacteria to another bacteria through virus
b) Transfer of genes from one bacteria to another bacteria by conjugation
c) Bacteria obtain DNA directly
d) Bacteria obtain DNA from other external source
164. Contractile vacuole is absent in
a) Sporozoa b) Sarcodina c) Zooflagellate d) Slime moulds
165. Mycorrhiza are mutualistic and have symbiotic associations between
a) Fungi and vascular plants
b) fungi and non-vascular plants
c) Fungi and roots of higher plants
d) Fungi and bryophytes
166. Lichen are mutualistic and have symbiotic associations between
a) Fungi and virus b) Fungi and algae
c) Fungi and root of higher plants d) Fungi and mosses
167. An eukaryote, which causes disease comes under
a) Moneran b) Fungus c) Virus d) None of these
168. Curing of tea is brought about by the activity of
a) Bacteria b) Mycorrhiza c) Viruses d) Fungi
169. The first attempt to classify organisms on scientific basis was done by
a) Copeland b) Aristotle c) Linnaeus d) Whittaker
170. Plants have a/an…… in their life cycle
a) Sexual phase only b) Asexual phase only
c) Alternation of generations d) Haplontic
171. Bacterial flagella is made up of
a) Protein b) Amines c) Lipids d) Carbohydrates
172. Consider the following statements and place them into true and false category
I. The fungi constitutes a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms

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 II. The common mushroom and toad stools are fungi
IIII. White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to presence of parasitic fungus
IV. Some unicellular fungi ( ) are used to make bread and beer
V. is responsible for yellow rust of wheat
VI. yields the antibiotic penicillin
True False
a) I, II, III IV, V, VI b) I, II, III,VI IV, V
c) II, III, VI I, IV, V d) IV, V I, II, IIII, VI
173. There exists a close association between the alga and the fungus withina lichen. The fungus
a) Fixes the atmospheric nitrogen for the alga
b) Provides protection, anchorage and absorption for the alga
c) Provides food for the alga
d) Releases oxygen for the alga
174. Which is false for nutrition in ?
a) Omnivorous b) Pseudopodia feeder c) Holozoic nutrition d) Photoautotroph
175. Bacterial flagella do not show ATPase activity and 9+2 organization. These are chemically formed of
a) Flagellin b) Pilin c) Tubulin d) Bacterin
176. Viruses did not find a place in classification since
a) They are not truely living b) They are non-cellular
c) They are obligate parasite d) They are pathogenic
177. Certain bacteria living in the soil poor in oxygen, convert nitrates into nitrites and then to free nitrogen
and such bacteria are termed as
a) Nitrogen fixing bacteria b) Denitrifying bacteria
c) Ammonifying bacteria d) Saprophytic bacteria
178. All are the viral diseases except
a) AIDS and mumps b) Smallpox and herpes
c) Influenza d) Anthrax
179. …… give the name virus which means venom or poisonous fluid
Fill in the blank
a) Pasteur b) MW Beijerinck c) Stanley d) Robert Hook
180. Which is correct?
a) Slime moulds are haploid. b) Protozoans lack cell wall.
c) Dinoflagellates are immotile. d) Pellicle is absent in
181. Which one of the following does not grow in artificial media?
a) TMV b) Bacteria c) Yeast d)
182. Silica gel is obtained by
a) Red algae b) Diatoms c) Euglena d) Mycoplasma
183. Which pair of the following belongs to Basidiomycetes?
a) Birds nest fungi and puffballs b) Puffballs and
c) and stink horns d) and mushrooms
184. In which of the following kingdoms, diatoms are placed?
a) Plantae b) Fungi c) Protozoa d) Protista
185. The wall of bacteria consist of
a) N-acetylglucosamine b) N-acetyl muramic acid
c) Both (a) and (b) d) Cellulose
186. I. is a colourless dinoflagellates, which is an important constituent of coastal plankton of both
temperate and tropical seas
II. The cellular slime moulds have the characters of both plants and animals
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
a) Only I b) Only II c) I and II d) None of the above
187. VAM is useful for
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 a) Phosphate nutrition b) Breaking of dormancy
c) Decrease in diseases d) Retarding flowering
188. Which of the following group always produce an infectious spore like stage in their life cycle?
a) Amoebiod protzoans b) Ciliated protozoans
c) Flagellated protozoans d) Sporozoans
189. Which mushroom contains muscarine?
a) Agaricus bisporus b) Volveriella volvacea
c) Pleurotus sojar d) Amanita virosa
190. Consider the following statements
I. Fruce discovered that the parasite of sleeping sickness is transmitted by tse-tse fly
II. Sleeping sickness of is also called Gambian trypanoomiasis, which is found in
western and central parts of Africa
III. inhabits vagina of women and causes the disease leucorrhoea
IV. resides in the upper part of the human large intestine and cause the disease
known as amoebic dysentery
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I, II and III b) II, III and IV c) I, II and IV d) All of these
191. Protozoans are divided into…… groups Most suitable word to fill the blank is
a) Three b) Four c) Two d) Eight
192. Fungi differs from slime moulds by lacking of
a) Flagellated spores b) Ascospores c) Basidiospores d) Zygospores
193. Isogamous means
a) Similar in morphology
b) Similar in anatomy
c) Similar in morphology female gamete is bigger than male gamete
d) Similar in morphology male gamete is bigger than male gamete
194. Viruses posses
a) DNA only b) Nucleic acid, DNA or RNA
c) Protein only d) Nucleic acid and protein
195. Members of Ascomycetes are
a) Sporophytic b) Decomposers
c) Parasitic or coprophilous d) All of these
196. A bacterium is capable of with standing extreme heat, dryness and toxic chemicals. This indicates that it is
probably above to form
a) A thick peptidoglycan wall b) Endospores
c) Endotoxins d) Endogenous buds
197. Bacterial blight of rice is caused due to
a) b)
c) d)
198. In the following table, identify the correct matching of the crop, its disease and the corresponding
pathogen.
Crop - Disease - Pathogen
a) Citrus - Canker -
b) Potato - Late blight -
c) Brinjal- Root knot -
d) Pigeon pea - Seed gall -
199. Which of the following pairs of bacteria is involved in two step conversion of into nitrate?
a) and b) and
c) and d) and
200. Insectivorous plants are principally
a) Autotrophic b) Heterotrophic c) Parasitic d) Pathogenic
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201. Bacteria with single flagella at one end is called
a) Monotrichous b) Lophotrichous c) Amphitrichous d) Peritrichous
202. Passive food ingestion in is known as
a) Import b) Invagination c) Circumfluence d) Circumvallation
203. Which one of the following combinations of microbes is responsible for the formation and flavor of
yoghurt?
a) and
b) and sp
c) and
d) and
204. Which of the following is an unicellular sac-fungus?
a) b) c) d)
205. Find out the correct statement
a) In lichens, the algal components is called phycobiont and fungal component is known as mycobiont,
which are heterotrophic and autotrophic respectively
b) Viroid contains RNA of low molecular weight and protein coat
c) A virus contains both RNA and DNA
d) Viruses are obligatory parasites
206. In which of the following groups, the cell wall has stiff cellulose plate on the outer surface?
a) Diatoms b) Red algae c) Dinoflagellates d) Slime moulds
207. Which one of the following are intracellular obligate parasites?
a) Bacteria b) Viruses c) Slime moulds d) Blue-green algae
208. Lichen is the association of
a) Protista and algae b) Fungi and bacteria c) Protista and fungi d) Algae and fungi
209. A type of life cycle in which plasmogamy, karyogamy, haplodization takes place but not at specific place in
life cycle of an organism is called as
a) Parasexuality b) Heterozygosity c) Homozygosity d) Asexuality
210. Which of the following statements about plant is false?
a) Plants are heterotrophic
b) Plants have an alternation of generation life cycle
c) Plants are multicellular eukaryotes
d) Plants are non-motile
211. Consider the following statements
I. Biological classification is the scientific ordering of organisms in a hierarchial series of groups on the
basis of their relationships, ., morphological, evolutionary and others
II. Whittaker classified organisms on the basis of autotrophic and heterotrophic mode of nutrition
III. In five kingdom system of classification, living organisms can be divided into prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells on the basis of cell structure
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
212. ds RNA is found in
a) Reovirus b) TMV c) d) None of these
213. Fungi in a forest ecosystem is
a) Producer b) Decomposer c) Top consumer d) Autotroph
214. Lysozyme that is present in saliva and tears destroys
a) Certain fungi b) Certain types of bacteria
c) All viruses d) Most virus infected cells
215. Which of the following statement is correct?
a) In megasporophyll produce pollen grains
b) In gills produce basidiospores
c) In fruiting body is perithecium
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 d) In capsule represents gametophytic generation
216. Which of the following are the commonly known forms of Basidiomycetes?
a) Mushrooms b) Puffball c) Bracket fungi d) All of these
217. Fungus/lichen, which grows on wood is
a) Terricolous b) Saxicolous c) Lignocolous d) Corticolous
218. Given below is the diagram of a virus. In which one of the options, all the three and (name of the
virus) are correct?

a) A-RNA, B-Capsomere, C-TMV b) A-DNA, B-Capsid, C-Bacteriophage

c) A-RNA, B-Capsid, C-Tobacco mosaic virus d) A-DNA, B-Capsid, C-Bacteriophage
219. Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their shape. Study the given figure and identify
and

a) A-Vibrio, B-Cocci, C-Bacilli, D-Spirilla b) A- Cocci, B-Bacilli, C-Spirilla, D-Vibrio

c) A-Bacilli, B-Spirilla, C-Vibrio, D-Cocci d) A-Spirilla, B-Vibrio, C-Cocci, D-Bacilli
220. Which of the following fungus is used extensively in biochemical and genetic work?
a) Neurospora b) Mucor c) Rhizopus d) Aspergillus
221. Which is the hereditary material in bacteria?
a) Nucleic acid b) Nucleic acid and cytoplasm
c) Nucleic acid and histone d) None of the above
222. Which statement is incorrect?
a) Plant virus contains RNA b) Animal virus contains DNA
c) contains dsDNA d) TMV contains dsRNA
223. Identify the fungus, which produces chlamydospores from dikaryotic mycelium.
a) b)
c) d)
224. Litmus is obtained from
a) Bacteria b) Fungi c) Algae d) Lichen
225. Genophore term was coined by Hans Ris for
a) Genetic material of virus b) Stack on which spore originated
c) Bacterial chromosome d) Fungal chromosome
226. Identify the label and in the following figures

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 Codes
a) A-Head, B-collar, C-Sheath, D-Tail fibres
b) A-Collar, B-Head, C-Sheath, D-Tail fibres
c) A-Head, B-Collar, C-Tail fibres, D-Sheath
d) A-Collar, B-Tail fibres, C-Head, D-Sheath
227. Cell wall of fungi is made up of
a) Fungal cellulose b) Hemicellulose c) Fungal chitin d) Both (a) and (c)
228. The cell wall of bacterium is made up of
a) Cellulose b) Hemicellulose c) Lignin d) Peptidoglycan
229. Which of the following do not secrete toxins during the storage conditions of crop plants?
a) Aspergillus b) Penicillium
c) Fusarium d)
230. Which of the following processes needs bacteriophage?
a) Transduction b) Translation c) Transformation d) Conjugation
231. Bacteria are found in
a) Soil b) Hot springs
c) Desert and snow d) Everywhere
232. Eubacteria have rigid cell wall made up of
a) Murein b) Peptidoglycan c) Cellulose d) Chitin
233. Cell wall of Gram positive bacteria is made up of
a) Murein b) Cellulose c) Lipid and protein d) Cellulose and lipid
234. Which of the following are symbiotic bacteria?
a) b) c) d)
235. Bacterium which reduces nitrates in soil to nitrogen is
a) b) c) d)
236. Nitrifying bacteria are able to
a) Convert atmospheric nitrogen into soluble forms
b) Convert ammonia to nitrate
c) Ammonia to nitrogen
d) Nitrate to nitrogen
237. Dinoflagellates are mostly … A… and …B… ere A and B refers to
a) A-freshwater, B-chemosynthetic b) A-marine, B-photosynthetic
c) A-terrestrial; B-photosynthetic d) A-marine; B-chemosynthetic
238. Consider the following statements
I. Diatomite is porous and chemically inert. It is therefore, used in filtration of sugar, alcohols, oils, syrups
and antibiotics
II. Diatomite deposits are often accompanied by petroleum fields
III. Desmids are mainly found in dirty water and are, usually indication of polluted water
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
239. The deadliest mushroom is
a) b) c) d)
240. Arrange the following in correct sequence with reference to sexual reproduction in .
I. Formation of germ tube

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 II. Formation of zygophores
III. Formation of warty wall layer of zygospore
IV. Secretion of trisporic acid
a) IV, III, II and I b) IV, II, III and I c) II, I, IV and III d) I, III, II and IV
241. Virus envelope is known as
a) Capsid b) Virion c) Nucleoprotein d) Core
242. The chief advantages of encystment of an is
a) Protection from parasites and predators
b) The chance to get rid of accumulated waste products
c) The ability to survive during adverse physical conditions
d) The ability to live sometime without ingesting food
243. Bacteria are helpful in
a) Making curd from milk b) Production of antibiotics
c) Fixing nitrogen in legume roots d) All of the above
244. Zygospore is
a) Give rise to zoospores on meiosis b) Equivalent of Ascus,
c) Dormant stage d) Give rise to asexual spore
245. Pigment present in cyanobacteria is
a) - phycocyanin b) -phycocerythrin c) -phycocyanin d) Anthocyanin
246. The Gram negative bacteria detect and respond to chemicals in their surrounding by
a) Lipopolysaccharide b) Muramic acid c) Porins d) Volutine granules
247. Which of the following combinations of characters is true for slime moulds?
a) Parasitic, plasmodium with true walls, spores dispersed by air currents
b) Saprophytic, plasmodium without walls, spores dispersed by water
c) Parasitic, plasmodium without walls, spores dispersed by water
d) Saprophytic, plasmodium without walls, spores dispersed by air currents
248. During unfavourable conditions, slime mould forms …A… which are …B… and survive for many years
Identify A and B to complete the given statement
a) A-zoospores; B-round is shape b) A-endospores; B-hexagonal in shape
c) A-akinetes; B-highly resistant d) A-spores; B-highly resistant
249. erm ‘virus’ means
a) Cellular b) Pathogen
c) Parasite d) Venom or poisonous fluid
250. Protein coat of a virus enclosing nucleic acid is called
a) Plasmid b) Capsid c) Vector d) Genome
251. Which of the following is not matched correctly
a) – Cyanobacteria b) Protozoa
c) Dinoflagellated d) Chrysophytes
252. Which of the following unicellular organism has a macro-nucleus for trophic function and one or more
micro-nuclei for reproduction?
a) b) c) d)
253. In Phycomycetes, asexual reproduction takes place by zoospores or by aplanospores. Regarding these
spores, consider the following statements and choose the correct option
I. Zoospores are motile and aplanospores are non-motile in nature
II. These spores are endogenously produced in sporangium
Which of the statements are true and false?
a) I is true, but II is false b) I is false, but II is true c) I and II are true d) I and II are false
254. Dikaryophase of fungus occurs in
a) Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes b) Phycomycetes and Acomycetes
c) Phycomycetes and Basidiomycetes d) Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycete
255. The infective stage of , is
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 a) Trophozoite stage b) Binucleated cyst stage
c) Tetranucleated cyst stage d) None of the above
256. Which of the following class consists of coenocytic, multinucleate and aseptate mycelium?
a) Basidiomycetes b) Ascomycetes c) Phycomycetes d) Deuteromycetes
257. The basic unit of chitin is
a) N-acetylglucosamine b) Glucose c) Galactose d) Fructose
258. Heterotrophic bacteria are dependent on other organism for
a) Excretion b) Nutrition c) Digestion d) Fission
259. Sexual reproduction is present in all fungi classes, except
a) Ascomycetes b) Phycomycetes
c) Basidiomycetes d) Deuteromycetes
260. Free living, aerobic, non-photosynthetic, nitrogen fixing bacterium is
a) b) c) d)
261. Kingdom-Animalia includes
a) Heterotrophic organisms b) Eukaryotic organisms
c) Multicellular organism d) All of these
262. Black stem rust of wheat is caused by
a) Fungi b) Protozoa c) Algae d) Bacteria
263. Which one is wrong pairing for the disease and its casual organism?
a) Late blight of potato – b) Black rust of wheat –
c) Loose smut of wheat – d) Root knot of vegetables – sp.
264. A ‘ -series bacteriophage’ can be recognized by its
a) Tadpole shape b) Rounded shape c) Irregular shape d) Rhomboidal shape
265. Which of the following is a bacterial disease?
a) Rust of wheat b) Potato leaf roll c) Sugarcane mosaic d) Brown rot of potato
266. Slime moulds are
a) Phathogenic b) Parasite c) Saprophytic protists d) Autotrophic
267. Mode of feeding in free living protozoan, is
a) Holozoic b) Saprozoic c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these
268. The protein coat of virus is called capsid, which is made up of small sub-units called …A… which protects
the …B…
Identify A and B and complete the given statement
a) A-capsomeres, B-nucleic acid b) A-collar, B-cytoplasm
c) A-outer envelope, B-nucleus d) A-inner envelope, B-nucleic acid
269. In Whittaker’s system of classification prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom
a) Protista b) Monera c) Plantae d) Animalia
270. Which of the following animals is having longitudinal binary fission?
a) b) c) d)
271. Select the incorrect match
a) Morels and truffle – Phycomycetes
b) Mushrooms and puffballs – Basidiomycetes
c) Smut and rust – Basidiomycetes
d) Bread mould – Phycomycetes
272. Chloromycetin is obtained from
a) b)
c) d)
273. I. Commonly known as sac-fungi
II. Mycelium is branched and septate
III. Conidiophore produces conidia exogenously in chain
IV. The fructifications are edible and considered delicacies
V. is often employed in studies conducted in experimental genetics
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 The above statements are assigned to
a) Ascomycetes b) Phycomycetes c) Basidiomycetes d) Deuteromycetes
274. Sac fungi includes
a) Penicillium and yeast b) Ustilago and Puccinia
c) Alternaria and Trichoderma d) Colletotrichum and yeast
275. An example for plant growth promoting rhizobacterium, which produces iron chelating substances, is
a) b)
c) d)
276. The protistan cell body contains
I. a well defined nucleus
II. membrane bound cell organelles
III. flagella or cilia
Correct statement among those written above is
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
277. Membrane-bound organelles are absent in
a) b) c) d)
278. Lactic acid formation is a two steps anaerobic process. Both steps are carried at one stage by
a) b) c) d)
279. In protozoans like and which of the following organelle is found for
osmoregulation?
a) Contractile vacuole b) Mitochondria c) Nucleus d) Food vacuole
280. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
a) Is caused by a variant of
b) Is caused by a variant of the common cold virus (corona virus)
c) Is an acute form of asthma
d) Affects non-vegetarians much faster than the vegetarians
281. Type of sexual reproduction in protists, bearing diploid chromosome is
a) Zygotic meiosis b) Binary fission
c) Cyst formation d) Gametangial meiosis
282. Which is responsible for recycling of material?
a) Bacteria b) Algae c) Protista d) Virus
283. Which is correct for the structure of cell wall of bacteria and fungi?
a) Both are made up of cellulose b) Both have mucopeptide
c) Both are made up of N-acetylglucosamine d) None of the above
284. Some hyperthermophilic organisms that grow in highly acidic (pH2) habitats belong to the two groups
a) Eubacteria and archaea b) Cyanobacteria and diatoms
c) Protists and mosses d) Liverworts and yeasts
285. In plants, mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling yellowing and vein clearing are the symptoms of
a) Viral diseases b) Bacterial diseases
c) Protozoan diseases d) Fungal diseases
286. Early leaf spot disease in is caused due to infection of
a) b)
c) d)
287. Which of the following are correct to describe viruses?
I. Simple and unicellular organism.
II. Contain DNA or RNA and enclosed by protein coat.
III. Possess own metabolic system and respond to stimuli.
IV. Maintain genetic continuity and undergo mutations.
The correct combination is
a) I and II b) II and IV c) II and III d) I and III
288. Which of the following correctly represents the type of life cycle patterns from the options given?
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 a) A-Diplontic B-Haplodiplontic C-Haplontic
b) A-Haplodiplontic B-Haplontic C-Diplontic
c) A-Haplontic B-Diplontic C-Haplodiplontic
d) A-Diplontic B-Haplontic C-Haplodiplontic
289. is a
a) Ciliated protozoans b) Sporozoan
c) Flagellated protozoans d) Amoeboid protozoans
290. Life cycle of is
a) Monogenetic b) Digenetic c) Trigenetic d) Polygenetic
291. Contractile vacuole in protozoan is ment for
a) Respiration b) Excretion c) Locomotion d) Osmoregulation
292. Some bacteria thrive extreme environment conditions such as absence of oxygen, high salt concentration,
high temperature and acidic pH. Identify the type of bacteria
a) Cyanobacteria b) Eubacteria c) Archaebacteria d) Mycobacteria
293. causes
a) Sleeping sickness b) Cholera c) Malaria d) Food poisoning
294. Secondary mycelium of mushroom produces umbrella like structure called as
a) Primary mycelium b) Tertiary mycelium c) Pileus d) Gills
295. Assign the following substances to the cell wall flagella ‘S’ layer and pilli of bacteria in correct sequence
I. Glycoprotein II. Fimbrilin
III. Teichoic acid IV. Flagellin
The correct sequence is
a) III, I, IV, II b) III, IV, I, II c) II, IV, III, I d) III, IV, II, I
296. Covered smut of barley is caused by
a) b)
c) d)
297. The latest view for the origin of viruses is
a) These have arisen from nucleic acid and protein found in primitive soup
b) These arose from some bacteria as a result of the loss of cell wall, ribosome, etc
c) These arose from some bacteria, which had developed a nucleus only
d) These are modified plasmids, which are infact the fragments of the nucleic acids of the host
298. Mesosome in a bacterial cell is
a) Plasmid b) Connection between two cells
c) Plasma membrane infolded for respiration d) None of the above
299. Provirus is
a) A free virus b) Primitive virus
c) Integrated viral genome d) A free DNA
300. is a
a) Parasite b) Pathogen c) Saprophytic d) Fungus
301. Single stranded nucleic acid is found in
a) b) c) d)
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302. Mushroom belongs to
a) Ascomycetes b) Basidiomycetes c) Phycomycetes d) Zygomycetes
303. In cyanobacteria, which of the following is present?
a) Chlorophyll- b) Chlorophyll- c) Chlorophyll-a d) Chloropyll-
304. Which of the following group is considered to be primitive relatives of animals?
a) Chrysophytes b) Protozoans c) Euglenoids d) Slime moulds
305. Which is not related with -fixation?
a) b) c) d)
306.
a) Is a malarial parasite b) Is a filarial parasite
c) Causes sleeping sickness d) Causes food poisoning
307. Bakanae disease is caused by
a) Fungus b) Alga c) Bacterium d) Virus
308. The common nitrogen-fixer in paddy fields is
a) b) c) d)
309. Man in the life cycle of is
a) Primary host b) Secondary host c) Intermediate host d) None of these
310. Fungi show asexual reproduction by all of the following kinds of spores except
a) Conidia b) Oospore c) Sporangiospore d) Zoospores
311. The genome of bacteriophage can be
a) DNA only b) RNA only
c) Both DNA and RNA d) Either DNA or RNA
312. Mycorrhiza promotes plant growth by
a) Absorbing inorganic ions from soil
b) Helping the plant in utilizing atmospheric nitrogen
c) Protecting the plant from infection
d) Serving as plant growth regulator
313. Ergot of rye is caused by a species of
a) b) c) d)
314. Flagellate protozoans are
a) Free living only b) Parasites only
c) Either free living or parasites d) Saprophytes
315. Pasteurization is
a) Heating of liquid at
b) Heating of liquid between to followed by rapid cooling
c) Heating of solid at
d) None of the above
316. A bacterium which is capable of utilizing the most abundantly available gas in the atmosphere for one of
its metabolic pathways, but cannot utilize the second most abundantly available for its another metabolic
pathway is
a) b) c) d)
317. In fungi, the various types of spores are produced in distinct structures known as
a) Fruiting body b) Spore sac c) Peristome d) Pollen sac
318. Which one of the following is wrongly matched?
a) – Smut b) Root – Exarch protoxylem
c) – Imbricate aestivation d) Root pressure – Guttation
319. Mosaic disease in tobacco is due to
a) Bacteria b) Virus c) Mycoplasma d) Algae
320. Mushroom belongs to class
a) Phycomycetes b) Zygomycetes c) Basidiomycetes d) Deuteromycetes
321. Which of the following pair belongs to the class-Basidiomycetes?
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 a) Birds nest fungi and puffballs b) Puffballs and Claviceps
c) Peziza and stink horns d) Morchella and mushrooms
322. Chief producers in oceans are
a) Golden brown algae b) Diatoms
c) Dinoflagellates d) Eugleoids
323. Bacteria are considered plants because they
a) Are green in colour b) Have rigid cell wall c) Have chlorophyll d) Have stomata
324. Red rot of sugarcane is caused by
a) b)
c) d)
325. In fungi, the network of hyphae is known as
a) Hypha b) Fibrins c) Mycelium d) Plasmodium
326. Red rot of sugarcane and white rust of radish are respectively caused by
a) and b) and
c) and d) and
327. Identify the diseases that are caused by the organisms of the same sub-division of Eumycota.
I. Citrus canker
II. Red rot of sugarcane
III. Grain smut of sorghum
IV. Black neck of rice
a) I and IV b) I and III c) II and III d) II and IV
328. Bacteria which survive in marshy areas and also present in the gut of many ruminant animals like cows
and buffaloes are
a) Halophiles b) Basophiles
c) Thermoacidophiles d) Methanogens
329. In which of the following organisms the cell wall is composed of two thin overlapping shells which fits
together like a soap case
a) Diatoms b) Golden algae c) Slime moulds d) Gonyaulax
330. Which of the following statements about is true?
a) Euglenoids bear flagella
b) Euglena when placed in continuous darkness, losses their photosynthetic activity and die
c) The pigments of Euglena are quite different from those of green plants
d) Euglena is a marine protist
331. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?
a) – Parasite in the roots of leguminous plants.
b) Mycorrhizae – Mineral uptake from soil
c) Yeast – Production of biogas
d) Myxomycetes – The disease ringworm
332. Transformation experiment was first performed on which bacteria?
a) b)
c) d)
333. Fungi are classified on the basis of
a) Sexual reproduction b) Asexual reproduction
c) Vegetative reproduction d) None of these
334. Deuteromycetes is commonly known as imperfect fungi because
a) Only the asexual phase of these fungi is known b) Only the vegetative phase of these fungi is known
c) Only the asexual or vegetative phases of these d) Only sexual phase of these fungi are known
fungi are known
335. Read the statements given below. Which of these is wrong?
a) Sporangiospores borne in the sporangium of are diploid structures
b) belong to the class-Zygomycetes
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 c) Dominant phase in the life cycle of is haploid
d) Zoospores of are haploid
336. Leprosy occurs due to
a) TMV b) c) d)
337. Viruses are non-cellular organisms but replicate themselves once they infect the host cell. To which of the
following kingdom viruses belong to?
a) Monera b) Protista c) Fungi d) None of these
338. Which of the following phenomenon proves that viruses are living?
a) They carry metabolic activity b) They carry anaerobic respiration
c) They multiply in host cells d) They cause infection
339. I. DJ Ivanowsky (1892) recognised certain microbes as causal organisms of the mosaic disease of tobacco
II. MW Beijerinck (1898) demonstrated that the extract of infected plants of tobacco could cause infection
in healthy plants and called the fluid as
III. WM Stanley (1935) showed that these microbes could be crystallised and crystals consist largely of
protein
The above statements are assigned to
a) Bacteria b) Virus c) Prions d) Lichens
340. Bacteria that fix by using chemical energy as source, are
a) Photoautotrophs b) Photoheterotrophs c) Chemoautotrophs d) Chemoheterotrophs
341. Baker’s yeast is
a) b)
c) d)
342. All of the following fungi belongs to Basidiomycetes, except
a) Agaricus b) Ustilago c) Puccinia d) Alternaria
343. in is excreted by
a) Food vacuole b) Contractile vacuole c) Plasma membrane d) All of the above
344. An example for symbiotic bacteria
a) b)
c) d)
345. Which of the following are the common parasite of class-Basidiomycetes?
a) Ustilago and Puccinia b) Agaricus and Trichoderma
c) Alternaria and Colletotrichum d) Colletotrichum and puccinia
346. In Basidiomycetes, the mycelium is
a) Branched and aseptate b) Branched and septate
c) Unbranched and septate d) Coenocytic
347. Virus multiplies in
a) Soil b) Dead tissue c) Living tissue d) Culture medium
348. As a fungus completes its life cycle on two hosts, it is termed as
a) Heteroecious b) Autoecious c) Heterothallic d) Monothallic
349. Helical contractile sheath occurs in
a) Bacteria b) Bacteriophage c) Retroviruses d) Fungi
350. Which one of the following statements about mycoplasma is wrong?
a) They are also called PPLO b) They are pleomorphic
c) They are sensitive to penicillin d) They cause disease in plants
351. Plasmid is
a) Fungus b) Plastid
c) Part of plasma membrane d) Extrachromosomal DNA in bacterialcell
352. The RNA like particle, which causes disease is
a) Virion b) Viroid c) Prion d) Mycoplasma
353. Members of Protista are primarily
a) Terrestrial b) Aquatic c) Phathogenic d) Photosynthetic
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354. Protista includes
a) Unicellular eukaryotes b) Multicellular prokaryotes
c) Unicellular prokaryotes d) All of the above
355. The infective stage of to man, is
a) Trophozoite b) Sporozoite c) Merozoite d) None of these
356. Tobacco mosaic virus is
a) Spherical-shaped b) Rod-shaped c) Cuboidal d) Oval-shaped
357. HIV has a protein coat and genetic material
a) ssRNA b) dsRNA c) ssDNA d) dsDNA
358. Which of the following is a nitrogen fixing organism?
a) BGA b) c) Both (a)and (b) d)
359. In mushroom, gills are meant for
a) Respiration b) Nutrition
c) Bears spores which help in reproduction d) Enhancing buoyancy
360. Which one of the following viruses contains both DNA and RNA?
a) Cyanophage b) Herpes virus c) Leuko virus d) Polio virus
361. State whether the given statements are true or false
I. Bacteria shows both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition
II. Some of the bacteria are autotrophic. They may be photosynthetic autotrophic or chemosynthetic
autotrophic
III. Heterotrophic nutrition involves the obtaining of readymade organic nutrients from outside sources
a) I and II are true b) I is true, II and III is false
c) I, II and III are true d) I, II and III
362. Mycoplasmas are classified under which of the following kingdoms?
a) Animalia b) Protista c) Monera d) Fungi
363. Which of the following is the site f respiration in bacteria?
a) Episome b) Ribosome c) Mesosome d) Microsome
364. In which genera, endospores are formed for reproduction?
a) and b) and
c) and d) None of the above
365. Nitrates are converted to nitrogen by
a) Nitrogen fixing bacteria
b) Ammonification bacteria
c) Denitrifying bacteria
d) Nitrifying bacteria
366. In which kingdom, would you classify the archaea and nitrogen-fixing organisms, if the five kingdom
system of classification is used
a) Protista b) Monera c) Plantae d) Fungi
367. Which of the following are the indicators of pollution?
a) Lichen b) Fungi c) Algae d) None of these
368. Viruses are also known as
a) Nucleoprotein particle b) Virion
c) Lipoprotein particles d) Core
369. Streptomycin is obtained from
a) b)
c) d)
370. Which of the following is photoautotrophic bacteria?
a) Nostoc and Anabaena b) Clostridium c) Salmonelia d) Escherichia coli
371. Protists are
I. Unicellular and prokaryote
II. Unicellular and eukaryote
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 III. Multicellular and eukaryote
IV. Autotroph or heterotroph
a) I, II and III b) II, III and IV c) III and IV d) II and IV
372. Tobacco mosaic virus is a tubular filament of size
a) nm b) nm c) nm d) nm
373. A teacher was explaining about a constant physical contact involving almost equal physiological
interdependence in two different thalloid forms. He was trying to explain
a) Mycorrhizal association b) Establishment of heterothallism
c) Operation of heterothallism d) Advent of lichen formation
374. Which of the following bacteria fixes nitrogen without any plant association?
a) b) c) d)
375. Crown gall disease in plants is caused by
a) Ti-plasmid b) Pi-plasmid c) Mycoplasma d) Virus
376. Which of the following does not secrete toxins during storage conditions of crop plants?
a) b) c) d)
377. Analyse the following statement and identify the correct option given below
I. In diatoms the walls are embedded with silica and thus, the walls are indestructible
II. Diatoms have left behind large amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat, this accumulation over
billions of year is referred to as diatomaceous deposition or diatomaceous earth
a) I is true, but II is false b) I is false, but II is true
c) I and II are true d) I and II are false
378. In fungi, the fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes is called
a) Plasmogamy b) Plasmokinesis c) Karyogamy d) Cytokinesis
379. Which one of the following helps in absorption of phosphorus from soil by plants?
a) b) c) d)
380. Diatomaceous earth is used for all except
a) Filtration of oils b) Filtration syrups
c) Polishing d) Gobar gas production
381. Fungal spores produced extremely at the top of hyphae are
a) Conidia b) Oidia c) Aplanospore d) Sporangiophore
382. Which is a fungal disease?
a) Athlete’s foot b) Kala-azar c) Typhus fever d) Chicken pox
383. The free living thalloid body of the slime mould is known a
a) Protonema b) Plasmodium c) Fruiting body d) Mycelium
384. Which of the following statement is not true for retroviruses?
a) DNA is not present at any stage in the life cycle of retroviruses
b) Retroviruses carry gene for RNA dependent DNA polymerase
c) The genetic material in mature retroviruses is RNA
d) Retroviruses are causative agents for certain kinds of cancer in man
385. Chrysophytes are
a) Planktons b) Nektons
c) Benthic organisms d) Active organism
386. Among plants ‘pheromones’ are secreted by the cells of the following plants for given function
a) All plants for growth and development b) Yeast for facilitating mating
c) All fungi for sexual reproduction d) for formation of zygospore
387. differs form in having
a) Contractile vacuole b) Pseudopodia c) Ectoplasm d) Cytostome
388. Single-celled eukaryotes are included in
a) Protista b) Fungi c) Archaea d) Monera
389. Plasmids are mostly found in
a) Virus b) Bacteria c) Fungi d) Viroid
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390. Consider the following statements about sexual reproduction
I. In class-Phycomycetes, sexual reproduction produces a resting diploid spore called zygospore
II. Zygospores are formed by the fusion of two gametes
III. These gametes are similar in morphology or dissimilar
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
391. does not evolved in photosynthesis of
a) BGA b) Green algae c) Bacteria d) Autotrophic plant
392. Fungi that absorbs soluble organic matter from dead substrates are called
a) Saprophytes b) Parasites c) Obligate parasite d) Lichens
393. genes occur in
a) b) c) d)
394. A free living nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium which can also form symbiotic association with the water
fern is
a) b) c) d)
395. Which is correct for the structure of cell wall of bacteria and fungi?
a) Both are made up of cellulose b) Both have mucopeptide
c) Both are made up of N-acetylgucosamine d) None of the above
396. Consider the following statements about Deuteromycetes
I. Some members are saprophytes or parasites
II. A large number of members are decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling
III. and are examples of Deuteromycetes
Which of the above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
397. Smut and rust belongs to class
a) Basidiomycetes b) Deuteromycetes c) Phycomycetes d) Ascomycetes
398. The advantage of fungus in lichen is
a) Food b) Shelter c) Mineral absorption d) Both (b) and (c)
399. Find out the pairs, which are correctly matched?
I. Cyanobacteria –Biopesticides
II. Mycorrhiza – Solubilization of phosphate
III. – protein
IV. Single cell protein – Rhizobia
a) I and II b) II and III c) III and IV d) I and III
400. Which type of DNA is found in bacteria?
a) Helical DNA b) Membrane bound DNA
c) Straight DNA d) Circular free DNA
401. Fungi are divided into four classes on the basis of
a) Morphology of the mycelium b) Mode of spore formation
c) Fruiting bodies d) All of the above
402. Infectious proteins are present in
a) Gemini viruses b) Prions c) Viroids d) Satellite viruses
403. In Phycomycetes, asexual repdocution takes place by
a) Zoospores b) Aplanospores c) Both (a) and (b) d) Conidia
404. and exemplify
a) Archaebacteria that contain protein homologous to eukaryotic core histones
b) Archaebacteria that lack any histones resembling those found in eukaryotes but whose DNA is
negatively supercoiled
c) Bacteria whose DNA is relaxed or positively supercoiled but, which have a cytoskeleton as well as
mitochondria
d) Bacteria that contain a cytoskeleton and ribosomes
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405. Alexander Fleming in 1929 discovered
a) Penicillin b) Streptomycin c) Tetracyclin d) Chloromycetin
406. Transverse binary fission is found in
a) b) c) d)
407. Virus was discovered by whom?
a) Stanley b) Ivanowski c) Herelle d) Beijerinck
408. VAM are
a) Saprophytic bacteria b) Saprophytic fungi c) Symbiotic fungi d) Symbiotic bacteria
409. What are the successive structure formed in course of sexual reproduction of
a) Zygospore, progametangium, gametangium, zygophore
b) Progametangium, zygophore, gametangium, zygospore
c) Progametangium, gametangium, zygospore, zygophore
d) Zygophore, progametangium, gametangium, zygospore
410. Consider the following statement about plants
I. Kingdom-Plantae includes eukaryotic autotrophic, chlorophyll containing organisms
II. It includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms but not angiosperms
III. Plants shows alternation of generation [between haploid gametophytic ( ) phase and diploid
sporophytic ( ) phase]
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
411. Branched, aseptate, coenocytic mycelium present in
a) b) c) d)
412. The structure in functionally similar to human kidney is
a) Nucleus b) Plasmodesmata c) Plasma membrane d) Contractile vacuole
413. Which one is the most abundant microorganism?
a) Algae b) Viruses c) Protists d) Bacteria
414. The process which cannot take place in the absence of virus is
a) Transformation b) Conjugation c) Translocation d) Transduction
415. Parasexuality was first discovered in
a) Bacteria b) Virus c) Fungi d) None of these
416. Viroids differ from viruses in having
a) Naked RNA molecules only b) Naked DNA molecules only
c) Naked DNA packed with viral genome d) Satellite RNA packed with viral genome
417. Consider the following statements about mycoplasma
I. It is pleuomorphic bacteria, which lacks cell wall
II. Mycoplasma is the smallest living organism
III. They can not survive without oxygen
IV. Many mycoplasma are pathogenic in animals and plants
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I, II and III b) II, III and IV c) I, II and IV d) I, II, III and IV
418. Which one of the following does not belong to kingdom-Monera?
a) Mycoplasma b) Achaebacteria c) Slime mould d) Eubacteria
419. Which of the following causes disease in human beings?
a) b) c) d)
420. Pasteurization temperature is
a) for 20 minutes b) for 15 seconds c) for 15 seconds d) for 30 minutes
421. AIDS in human is caused by
a) Virus b) Bacteria c) Protozoan d) Bacteriophage
422. Cell wall of all fungi are composed of
a) Chitin + polysaccharides b) Cellulose + chitin
c) Pectin + starch d) Silica + lipids
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423. Prions are
a) Infectious nucleic acids b) Infectious lipids
c) Infectious proteins d) Infectious nucleoproteins
424. You might find methanogens
a) In a cow’s stomach b) In marshy area
c) Both (a) and (b) d) In sulphur spring
425. Which of the following group of diseases is caused by viruses?
a) Mumps, smallpox, herpes, influenza b) AIDS, diabetes, herpes, tuberculosis
c) Anthrax, cholera, tetanus, tuberculosis d) Cholera, tetanus, smallpox, influenza
426. The cyanobacteria are
a) Unicellular b) Colonial c) Filamentous d) All of these
427. Which one of the following is correctly matched?
a) National Institute of Virology – Pune
b) National Institute of Communicable Diseases – Lucknow
c) Central Drug Research Institute – Kasauli
d) National Institute of Nutrition – Mumbai
428. Which of the following groups of organisms are placed under the group chrysophytes?
a) Diatoms only b) Desmids only
c) Diatoms and golden algae d) Desmids and Paramecium
429. The association mycorrhiza is
a) Relationship of algae and fungi b) Relationship of fungi and higher plants
c) Relationship of algae and higher plants d) None of these
430. Who proposed two kingdom system of classification and named kingdoms as Plantae and Animalia?
a) Carolus Linnaeus b) RH Whittaker c) Carl Woese d) Herbert Copeland
431. Consider the following statements about slime moulds
I. is found in acellular slime moulds
II. Pseudoplasmodium is found in cellular slime moulds
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) Only I b) Only II c) I and II d) None of these
432. Which of the following options describes the coenocytic condition in fungus?
a) Uninucleate hypha without septum
b) Multinucleate hypha without septum
c) Multicellular hypha
d) Multiciliate hypha
433. Parasexuality is involved with fusion of
a) Gamete and protoplast b) Male gamete with secondary nucleus
c) Protoplast d) Male and female gamete
434. Consider the following statements about class-Oomycetes?
I. Member may be obligate parasite on plants
II. The mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic
III. Asexual reproduction involves the formation of spore containing sac or sporangia. In aquatic
conditions, the sporangia produces zoospores
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
435. Which one of the following is a characteristics feature of Chrysophytes?
a) They are parasitic forms which cause diseases in animals
b) They have a protein rich layer called pellicle
c) They have indestructible wall layer deposited with silica
d) They are commonly called dinoflagellates
436. In microbial genetics, which one is referred to as Griffith effect?
a) Conjugation b) Transduction c) Transformation d) Sexduction
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437. Potato spindle tuber diseases is caused by a
a) Nematode b) Virus c) Bacterium d) Viroid
438. Viruses are no more ‘alive’ than isolated chromosomes because
a) They both require oxygen for respiration
b) Both require the environment of a cell to replicate
c) They require both RNA and DNA
d) They both need food molecules
439. Fungi causing hair loss are
a) Keratophilous b) Pyrophilous c) Coprophilous d) None of these
440. The hyphae of are
a) Unbranced, aseptate and uninucleate b) Branched, aseptate and multinucleate
c) Branched, septate and uninucleate d) Unbranched, septate and coenocytic
441. Deuteromycetes is also known as
a) Sac fungi b) Club fungi c) Imperfect fungi d) Bracket fungi
442. Retroviruses have genetic material
a) DNA only b) RNA only
c) DNA or RNA only d) Either DNA or RNA only
443. Bacteriophages kill
a) Fungi b) Parasites c) Bacteria d) Viruses
444. Asexual reproduction in fungi occurs by
a) Ascospores b) Conidia c) Basidiospores d) Oospores
445. Lichens show
a) Mutualism b) Commensalism c) Parasitism d) Saprophytism
446. Ringworm in humans is caused by
a) Bacteria b) Fungi c) Nematodes d) Viruses
447. Which of the following are the examples of insectivorous plant?
a) Bladder wort b) Venus fly trap c) Nepenthes d) All of these
448. Which of the following characters served as the criteria for five kingdom system of classification as used
by Whittaker?
a) Cell structure b) Body organization and mode of nutrition
c) Reproduction and phylogenetic relationships d) All of the above
449. Some of the cyanobacteria blue green algae can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called
a) Akinetes b) Heterocyst c) Endospores d) Homocyst
450. Eubacteria is also known as
a) False bacteria b) True bacteria
c) Archaebacteria d) Heterotrophic bacteria
451. Basidiospores are produced by
a) Yeasts b) Diatoms c) d) Bacteria
452. Which of the following in the correct sequence of three steps in the sexual cycle of fungi?
a) Mitosis fusion of two nuclei meiosis
b) Meiosis fusion of two nuclei fusion of protoplasms
c) Fusion of two nuclei meiosis fusion of protoplasm
d) Fusion of protoplasm fusion of two nuclei meiosis
453. and belongs to
a) Eubacteria b) Archaebacteria c) Cyanobacteria d) Coccibacteria
454. Cyanobacteria is also known as
a) Blue-green algae
b) Heterotrophic bacteria
c) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
d) Chemosynthetic bacteria
455. Size of TMV is
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 a) 300 nm long and 18 nm diameter b) 100 nm long and 20 nm diameter
c) 50 nm long and 10 nm diameter d) 500 nm long and 300 nm diameter
456. Specialized cells called heterocysts are present in
a) Dinoflagellates b) Chrysophytes c) Euglenoids d) Cyanobacteria
457. Cellulose is the major component of cell wall of
a) b) c) d)
458. is a member of
a) Ascomycetes b) Basidiomycetes c) Zygomycetes d) Phycomycetes
459. Mycorrhiza is found in
a) Oligotrophic soil b) Eutrophic soil c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these
460. Which of the following is a flagellated protozoan?
a) b) c) d)
461. Smallest bacteria is
a) b) c) d)
462. Slipper animalcule is
a) b) c) d) Protozoa
463. A female mosquito can be recognized by
a) Proboscis and palpi are long and more or less of equal length
b) Proboscis long and palpi short
c) Proboscis short and palpi long
d) Both proboscis and palpi are short
464. Highest number of antibiotics are produced by
a) b) c) d)
465. Who proposed five kingdom classification and named kingdoms as Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and
Animalia?
a) Herbert Copeland b) R H Whittaker c) Carl Woese d) Carolus Linnaeus
466. Which one the following is a red dinoflagellate?
a) Euglena b) Diatoms c) Gonyaulax d) Plasmodium
467. Phytotoxins are secreted by plants in response to fungal reaction. These compounds are generally
a) Proteins b) Glycoproteins c) Phenolic compounds d) Lipids
468. In many bacteria, the cell membrane becomes invaginated and folded to form
a) Pili b) Cristae c) Fimbriae d) Mesosomes
469.
I. is a ciliated protozoan
II. has a cavity that opens to the outside the cell surface
III. shows water current maintained by cilia which helps the food to be steared into gullet
Which of the statement given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
470. Identify the label and in the following figures

a) A-Plasma membrane, B-Cell wall, C-RNA, D-Spore b) A-Cell wall, B-Cell membrane, C-DNA, D-Binary
formation fission
c) A-Mucilaginous, B-Cell membrane, C-RNA, D- d) A-Plasma membrane, B-Mucilaginous, C-DNA, D-
Conjugation Transformation
471. Select the false statement
a) Scientists who study and contribute to the classification of organisms are known as systematic

P a g e | 30
 b) Carolus Linnaeus developed the first scientific system of naming species
c) A five kingdom arrangement of organisms was introduced by R H Whittaker
d) Phycomycetes are called club fungi because of a club-shaped end of mycelium known as basidium
472. The respiratory process of yeast is
a) Rarely anaerobic b) Anaerobic c) Purely aerobic d) Both (a) and (b)
473. Viruses that infect bacteria, multiply and cause their lysis are
a) Lysozymes b) Lipolytic c) Lytic d) Lysogenic
474. The fungus used for the commercial production of SCP is
a) b)
c) d)
475. In , the total number of micronuclei formed at the end of pre-zygotic nuclear division in female
gamete is
a) 4 b) 6 c) 8 d) 5
476. Consider the following statement about kingdom-Animalia
I. They are heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular organisms
II. Cells do not have cell walls
III. Mode of nutrition is holozoic
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
477. Consider the following statements
I. Kingdom-Protista forms a link between monerans and the other organisms like plants, animal and fungi
II. Protists reproduce asexually and sexually by a process involving cell fusion and zygote formation
III. Being eukaryotes, the protistan cell body contains a well defined nucleus and other membrane-bound
organelles
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
478. Cyanobacteriun is an
a) Alga having blue-green pigment b) Alga having red pigment
c) Alga having brown pigment d) Alga having yellow-brown pigment
479. Which will you look for the sporozoites of the malarial parasite?
a) Red blood corpuscles of human suffering from malaria
b) Spleen of infected humans
c) Salivary glands of freshly moulted female mosquito
d) Saliva of infected female
480. During unfavorable conditions, reproduces through
a) Binary fission b) Sporulation c) Multiple fission d) Conjugation
481. he ‘witches broom’ is caused by a
a) Virus b) Mycoplasma c) Bacterium d) Fungus
482. Deuteromycetes reproduces only by asexual spores known as
a) Conidia b) Endospores c) Zoospores d) Heterocyst
483. Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (algae), growing
together in a symbiotic relationship
Consider the following statements about lichens
I. Lichen are very good air pollution indicators
II. Algal partner and fungal partner live mutually
III. Algae prepares food for fungi
IV. Fungi provides shelter and absorbs water and minerals for algal partner
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I, II and III b) II, III and IV c) I, II and IV d) I, II, III and IV
484. Mycorrhiza is an example of
a) Symbiosis b) Parasitism c) Saprophytism d) None of these
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485. Murein is not found in the cell wall of
a) b) Eubacteria c) Cyanobacteria d) Diatoms
486. Which one of the following forms of the bloom is present in polluted water?
a) Blue-green algae b) Red algae c) Blue algae d) Brown algae
487. Which of the following is a parasitic fungi of mustard?
a) Rhizopus b) Albugo c) Agaricus d) Neuropora
488. Which of the following protist release toxins that may even kill fishes and other marine animal?
a) Euglena b) Gonyaulax c) Paramecium d) Plasmodium
489. is the intermediate host in the life cycle of
a) b)
c) d)
490. Members of Phycomycetes are found
I. In aquatic habitats
II. on decaying wood
III. in moist and damp places
IV. as obligate parasite on plants
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I, II and III c) II, III and IV d) I, II, III and IV
491. Outer covering of virus made up of protein is
a) Capsid b) Coat c) Virion d) Viriod
492. is an
a) Endoparasite b) Ectoparasite c) Intercellular parasite d) Both (a) and (b)
493. In which year, Ronald Ross found malaria parasite infection in mosquito?
a) 1897 b) 1850 c) 1835 d) 1859
494. and are included in class
a) Ascomycetes b) Phycomycetes c) Basidiomycetes d) Deuteromycetes
495. On the basis of their shape, bacteria are grouped under…categories
a) Three b) Four c) Five d) Six
496. Plasmogamy is the fusion of
a) Two haploid cells including their nuclei
b) Two haploid cells without nuclear fission
c) Sperm and egg
d) Sperm with two polar nuclei
497. Given figure is of a filamentous blue-green algae. Identify the algae name and in the following
figures

a) A-Gelidium, B-Vegetative cell, C-Heterocyst

b) A-Volvox, B-Somatic cell, C-Mucilaginous sheath
c) A-Chara, B-Mucilaginuous sheath, C-Heterocyst
d) A-Nostoc, B-Heterocyst, C-Mucilaginous sheath

P a g e | 32
498. Diatoms and desmids are found in
a) Freshwater b) Marine environments
c) Both (a) and (b) d) Terrestrial environments
499. In , ookinete is formed by
a) Trophozoite b) Zygote c) Sporozoite d) Merozoite
500. Late blight of potato is caused by
a) b) c) d)
501. is an aquatic and actively moving organism due to the presence of
a) Pseudopodia b) False feet c) Thousands of cilia d) Flagella
502. Phage genome site on bacterial chromosome resulted in the structure
a) Nucleic acid b) Heterocyst c) Prophage d) None of these
503. Enveloped virus enters into host cells by
a) Injecting own nucleic acid inside host cells b) By contact with cell receptor and endocytosis
c) By phagocytosis d) Fusion with the plasma membrane of host
504. In the diagram, which of the following process is/are shown in ?

a) Exocytosis b) Phagocytosis c) Pinocytosis d) All of these

505. What is haemozoin?
Undigested part of blood in trophozoite
a) b) Blood pigment of
of .
c) Decomposed blood in merozoites. d) Granules in the blood of infected person.
506. is found in
a) Fresh and running water b) Fresh and stagnant water
c) Marine water d) Both (a) and (c)
507. Five kingdom classification was given by
a) Huxley b) Hooker c) Whittaker d) Linnaeus
508. The bacteria is useful because of its ability to
a) Transfer genes from one plant to another b) Decompose variety of organic compounds
c) Fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil d) Produced a wide variety of antibiotics
509. In fungi, the fusion of two nuclei is called
a) Plasmogamy b) Karyogamy c) Plasmokinesis d) Cytokinesis
510. Euglenoid species that have chlorophyll are
a) Facultative autotrophs b) Facultative heterotrophs
c) Obligate heterotrophs d) Obligate autotrophs
511. Where the members of Basidiomycetes are grown
a) In soil b) On logs
c) On tree stumps and in living plant bodies d) All of the above
512. Plasmids occur in
a) Viruses b) Chromosomes c) Bacteria d) Chloroplasts
513. The fruiting body formed from a filamentous heterotrophic organism, which is known for its nutritive
value for the humanity, is
a) Cremocarp b) Acervulus c) Basidiocarp d) Akinete
514. Phycomycetes is a class in kingdom
a) Protista b) Fungi c) Plantae d) Animalia
515. Viral genome, incorporated and integrated with bacterial genome is referred to as

P a g e | 33
 a) Prophages b) RNA c) DNA d) Both (a) and (c)
516. The slime moulds are characterized by the presence of
a) Elaters b) Pseudoelaters c) Capillitium d) Capitulum
517. Spirochaetes is/are
a) A class of insects b) A class of viruses c) Bacteria d) Fungi
518. Which one is correctly matched?
a) Oncogenes – ageing b) Replication fork – A
c) AIDS virus – reverse transcriptase d) Initiation factors – amino acid activation
519. Myxomycetes are
a) Saprobes or parasites having mycelia, asexual reproduction by fragmentation and sexual reproduction
by fusion of gametes
b) Slimy mass of multinucleate protoplasm, having pseudopodia like structures for engulfing food,
reproduction through fragmentation or zoospores
c) Prokaryotic organisms, cellular or acellular, saprobes or autotrophic, reproduce by binary fission
d) Eukaryotic, single-celled or filamentous, saprobes or autotrophic, asexual reproduction by division of
haploid individuals, sexual reproduction by fusion of two cells or their nuclei
520. Sol-gel theory, for the first time, was given by
a) Pantin b) Hyman c) Best d) Mast
521. In AIDS, HIV kills
a) Antibody molecule b) T-helper cell c) Bone marrow cells d) T-cytotoxic cell
522. Gene regulation in bacteria is shown by
a) Jacob and Monod b) Beadle and Tatum c) Temin and Baltimore d) Kornberg
523. Consider the following statements
I. Bacteria reproduce only by binary fission
II. Under unfavourable conditions, bacteria produce several types of spores
III. Bacteria reproduce by a sort of sexual reproduction by adopting a primitive type of RNA transfer from
one bacterium to other
Which of the statements given below are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) All of these
524. is a/an
a) Unicellular animal b) Octacellular animal
c) Multicellular animal d) All of these
525. Amoeboid protozoans
I. live in freshwater, sea water or moist soil
II. has pseudopodia for locomotion and capturing prey
III. have silica shells on their surface in marine forms
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
526. Colourless, unicellular, cell wall bound spherical or rod-shaped microorganism and lacking organized
nucleus is called
a) Mycoplasma b) Virus c) Bacteria d) Cyanobacteria
527. Which stain shows Gram negative bacteria during bacterial staining?
a) White b) Red c) Black d) Purple
528. Encysted, non-motile and non-feeding infectious stage of is called
a) Schizont b) Zygote c) Minuta form d) Abiotic form
529. TO Diener (1971) discovered a new infections agent that was smaller than viruses
Consider the following statements about this infectious agent
I. It cause pototo spindle tuber disease
II. These are infectious RNA particles
III. It lacks the protein coat
IV. The molecular wt of its RNA is low
P a g e | 34
 The above statements are assigned to
a) Viruses b) Viroids c) Prions d) Lichen
530. Consider the following statements about Ascomycetes
I. They are saprophytic, decomposer, coprophilous and parasitic
II. Includes unicellular and multicellular forms
III. Mycelium is coenocytic and aseptate
IV. are important examples of Ascomycetes
Which of the statements given above is/are false?
a) Only I b) Only II c) Only III d) I and III
531. What happens in anterior part of at the time of formation of pseudopodia?
a) Plasma gel is converted into plasma sol.
b) Plasma sol is converted into plasma gel.
c) Ectoplasm is converted into endoplasm.
d) Endoplasm is converted into ectoplasm.
532. Fungi shows vegetative reproduction by all of the following except
a) Fragmentation b) Fission c) Budding d) Akinetes
533. Most abundant bacteria are
a) Chemosynthetic bacteria b) Heterotrophic bacteria
c) Heterotrophic decomposers d) Archaebacteria
534. The replacement of two kingdom grouping by five kingdom classification was proposed in the year
a) 1859 b) 1758 c) 1862 d) 1969
535. Which part of an animal virus is not reproduced in multiple copies?
a) Capsid b) Proteins c) Envelope d) Ribosomes
536. How many young amoebae hatch out from a cyst of
a) One b) Two c) Four d) Six
537. Difference between virus and viroid is
a) Absence of protein coat in viroid and its presence in viruses
b) Presence of low molecular weight RNA in virus but absent in viroid
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the above
538. The thalloid body of a slime mould (Myxomycetes) is known as
a) Protonema b) Plasmodium c) Fruiting body d) Mycelium
539. Powdery mildews of crops are caused by
a) Basidiomycetes b) Phycomycetes c) Ascomycetes d) Eucomycetes
540. Galic acid used in making ink is obtained with the help of
a) b)
c) d)
541. Enzymes are absent in
a) Algae b) Plants c) Virus d) Bacteria
542. Virion is a
a) Bacterium b) Blue-green algae c) Simple virus particle d) None of these
543. Which of the following is an edible ‘fungi’
a) b) c) d)
544. Halophilic archaebacterium, found in great salt lake and dead sea cannot
live in
a) Less than 3M NaCl concentration b) Less than 5M NaCl concentration
c) More than 4M NaCl concentration d) More than 3M NaCl concentration
545. Cosmid is
a) Extragenetic material in mycoplasma
b) Circular DNA in bacteria
c) Extra DNA in bacteria
P a g e | 35
 d) Fragment of DNA inserted in bacteria for forming copies
546. Name the fungus that is edible.
a) b) c) d)
547. T O Diener discovered a
a) Free infectious RNA b) Free infectious DNA c) Infectious protein d) Bacteriophage
548. All eubacteria have
a) Rigid cell wall b) Flagellum c) Silica d) Both (a) and (b)
549. Which of the following plant virus has DNA in it?
a) Tobacco mosaic virus b) Potato mosaic virus
c) Tomato mosaic virus d) Cauliflower mosaic virus
550. Regarding plants, choose the correct statement
a) All are eukaryotes chlorophyll containing b) All are unicellular prokaryotes chlorophyll
organism containing organism
c) All are multicellular eukaryotes that are d) All are unicellular prokaryotes that are
photosynthetic heterotrophs photosynthetic heterotrophs
551. During conjugation in
a) Out of the four micronuclei formed, three degenerate
b) Out of six macronuclei formed, four degenerate
c) Zygote nucleus undergoes eight successive division in each conjugant
d) Out of 16 nuclei, only 4 degenerate
552. Identify the edible and delicate Ascomycetes members
a) Agaricus and Puccinia b) Morels and truffles
c) Puffball and Agaricus d) Puffball and mushrooms
553. Clamp connections are found in
a) Phycomycetes b) Ascomycetes c) Basidiomycetes d) Deuteromycetes
554. Carries of are
a) Mosquito of genus- b) Cattle
c) (housefly) d) Healthy human host
555. Nutrition of is
a) Sporophytic b) Autotrophic c) Chemotrophic d) Parasitic
556. Chlorophyll- absent, in which of the following photosynthetic organisms?
a) Cyanobacteria b) Red algae c) Brown algae d) Bacteria
557. ame the class of the Mycota which is commonly called ‘fungi imperfecti’
a) Deuteromycota b) Ascomycota c) Zygomycota d) Basidiomycota
558. Yeast and are the example of class
a) Phycomycetes b) Ascomycetes c) Deuteromycetes d) Basidiomycetes
559. A plasmid
a) Cannot replicate b) Can replicate independently
c) Shows independent assortment d) Lies together with chromosomes
560. … include blue-green algae, which have chlorophyll- similar to green plants.
Complete the given sentence with an appropriate option
a) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria b) Photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
c) Protista d) Saprophytic
561. When a freshwater protozoan, possessing a contractile vacuole, is placed in a glass containing marine
water, the vacuole will?
a) Increase in number b) Disappear c) Increase in size d) Decrease in size
562. A kingdom common to unicellular animals and plants is
a) Monera b) Plantae c) Fungi d) Protista
563. The given statements describes a group of organisms
I. The pellicle is composed of fibrous elastic protein lipid or carbohydrates and maintains a definite shape
II. They have two flagella, short and a long one. Each flagellum arises from a basal granule
P a g e | 36
 III. They are connecting link between plants and animals
Which of the following group is referred here?
a) Euglenoids b) Diatoms c) Slime moulds d) Protozoans
564. Plant like nutrition is present in
a) b) c) d)
565. Which of the following statement is false?
a) TMV has a double-stranded RNA molecule
b) Most plant viruses are RNA viruses
c) The bacteriophage has a double-stranded DNA molecule
d) Most animal viruses are DNA viruses
566. The main difference between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria is
a) Cell membrane b) Cell wall c) Ribosome d) Mitochondria
567. Plant virus contains
a) DNA b) RNA c) Both (a) and (b) d) Plasmids
568. A new infectious agent that is smaller than virus is
a) Prions b) Viroids c) bacteria d) Mycoplasma
569. The agents which are known to cause CJD are
a) Protein particles b) A class of bacteria c) A class of viruses d) Fungi
570. Eubacteria includes
a) Blue-green algae b) Archaebacteria and blue-green algae
c) Cyanobacteria and prokaryotes d) Bacteria and eukaryotes
571. Kingdom-Animalia organisms
I. are capable of Iocomotion
II. have specialised sensory and neuromotor system
III. shows sexual mode of reproduction
IV. show the sexual reproduction by copulation of male and female followed by embryological
development
Which of the statements given above are correct
a) I and II b) I and III c) II, III and IV d) I, II, III and IV
572. Which of the following is not characteristic of Gram positive bacteria?
a) Cell wall is smooth b) Mesosomes are distinctive prominent
c) Basal body of flagellum contains two rings d) Murein content of cell wall is 70-80%
573. Which of the following provided to plant by fungi present in mycorrhiza?
a) Phosphate b) Nitrate c) Carbonate d) Chloride
574. Multinucleated filament of is
a) Coenocytic b) Conidia c) Heterothallus d) Homothallus
575. Yeast belongs to
a) Zygomycetes b) Basidiomycetes c) Ascomycetes d) Phycomycetes
576. Choose the correct sequence of stages of growth curve for bacteria
a) Lag, log, stationary, decline phase b) Lag, log, stationary phase
c) Stationary, lag, log, decline phase d) Decline, lag, log phase
577. Dinoflagellates have
a) Two flagella which lies longitudinally
b) Only one flagellum in the transverse groove between the cell plates
c) Only one flagellum in the longitudinal groove between the cell plates
d) One flagella lies longitudinally and the other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates
578. The sub-unit of capsid is called
a) Capsomere b) Core c) Nucleoside d) Nucleotide
579. Which one of the following is not commercially produced by yeast?
a) Enzyme b) Vitamin c) Hormone d) Riboflavin
580. Industrial production of ethanol from starch is brought about by certain species of
P a g e | 37
 a) b) c) d)
581. Which of the following groups of organisms are ecological similar?
a) Producer protists and consumer protists b) Monerans and producer protists
c) Consumer protists and fungi d) Monerans and fungi
582. The autonomously independent self-replicating extra nuclear DNA imparting certain factors to some
bacterium is called
a) Plastid b) Plasmid c) Phagemid d) Cosmid
583. The bacterium ( ) that causes botulism is
a) A facultative anaerobe b) An obligate anaerobe
c) A facultative aerobe d) An obligate aerobe
584. The kingdom of prokaryotes is
a) Protista b) Monera c) Fungi d) Plantae
585. Heterocysts present in are specialised for
a) Photosynthesis b) Food storge c) Nitrogen fixation d) Fragmentation
586. A peculiar odour that prevails in marshy areas and cow-sheds is on account of a gas produced by
a) Mycoplasma b) Archaebacteria c) Slime moulds d) Cyanobacteria
587. ‘Foolish seedling disease’ of rice in Japan was caused by
a) The deficiency of nitrogen b) A bacterium
c) A fungus d) A virus
588. IV virus affect … In AIDS patient.
a) Cytotoxic T-cell b) M-N cell c) Suppressor cell d) Helper T-Cells
589. Which of the following diseases are caused by bacteria?
I. Flu II. Cholera
III. Typhoid IV. Tetanus
Codes
a) I, II and III b) II, III and IV c) I, III and IV d) I, II, III and IV
590. Botanical name of species, which causes white rust of crucifers?
a) b)
c) d)
591. Fungi that absorbs nutrients directly from the living host cytoplasm are called
a) Saprophytes b) Parasites c) Symbionts d) Mycorrhiza
592. Which of the following is a slime mould?
a) b) c) d)
593. Analyse the following statements and identify the correct option given below.
I. Viruses that infects plants have single-stranded RNA and viruses that infects animals have either single
or double-stranded RNA or double stranded DNA
II. Bacterial viruses or bacteriophase are usually single-stranded RNA viruses
Codes
a) I is true, but II is false b) I is false, but II is true
c) I and II are true d) I and II are false
594. Lichen is the pioneer vegetation on which succession?
a) Hydrosere b) Lithosere c) Psammosere d) Xerosere
595. Which of the following conditions would be favoured by thermoacidophiles?
a) Hot and alkaline b) Snow and acidic
c) Hot and sulphur spring d) Gut of cows

P a g e | 38
 2.BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

: ANSWER KEY :
1) a 2) b 3) a 4) a 189) d 190) d 191) b 192) a
5) c 6) b 7) a 8) b 193) a 194) d 195) d 196) b
9) d 10) a 11) a 12) a 197) a 198) c 199) b 200) a
13) c 14) a 15) a 16) b 201) a 202) a 203) a 204) b
17) b 18) c 19) b 20) d 205) d 206) c 207) b 208) d
21) b 22) b 23) a 24) c 209) a 210) a 211) d 212) a
25) d 26) c 27) d 28) d 213) b 214) b 215) b 216) d
29) c 30) d 31) a 32) a 217) c 218) c 219) b 220) a
33) c 34) d 35) a 36) a 221) a 222) d 223) a 224) d
37) c 38) b 39) d 40) c 225) c 226) a 227) d 228) d
41) d 42) a 43) a 44) b 229) d 230) a 231) d 232) b
45) c 46) b 47) a 48) b 233) a 234) a 235) b 236) b
49) a 50) a 51) b 52) a 237) b 238) a 239) b 240) b
53) a 54) b 55) b 56) a 241) a 242) c 243) b 244) c
57) c 58) c 59) d 60) a 245) c 246) c 247) d 248) d
61) c 62) c 63) b 64) d 249) a 250) b 251) d 252) c
65) d 66) a 67) d 68) c 253) c 254) a 255) c 256) c
69) d 70) a 71) c 72) c 257) a 258) b 259) d 260) a
73) a 74) b 75) a 76) b 261) d 262) a 263) a 264) a
77) d 78) c 79) a 80) d 265) d 266) c 267) a 268) a
81) a 82) a 83) c 84) c 269) b 270) a 271) a 272) b
85) c 86) b 87) c 88) a 273) a 274) a 275) a 276) d
89) b 90) c 91) c 92) b 277) b 278) b 279) a 280) b
93) a 94) b 95) a 96) b 281) d 282) a 283) c 284) a
97) d 98) d 99) d 100) c 285) a 286) a 287) b 288) d
101) d 102) c 103) b 104) c 289) b 290) b 291) d 292) c
105) d 106) d 107) a 108) d 293) a 294) c 295) c 296) a
109) a 110) b 111) a 112) b 297) d 298) c 299) d 300) a
113) c 114) b 115) a 116) c 301) b 302) b 303) c 304) b
117) c 118) d 119) c 120) a 305) c 306) a 307) a 308) b
121) b 122) b 123) a 124) c 309) a 310) b 311) d 312) a
125) c 126) a 127) c 128) b 313) d 314) c 315) b 316) b
129) c 130) a 131) a 132) d 317) a 318) a 319) b 320) c
133) b 134) b 135) a 136) a 321) a 322) b 323) b 324) a
137) a 138) b 139) a 140) a 325) c 326) d 327) d 328) d
141) a 142) b 143) b 144) b 329) c 330) a 331) b 332) b
145) a 146) c 147) a 148) c 333) a 334) c 335) a 336) d
149) d 150) b 151) c 152) b 337) d 338) c 339) b 340) c
153) d 154) b 155) a 156) d 341) a 342) d 343) b 344) b
157) c 158) a 159) c 160) c 345) a 346) b 347) c 348) a
161) c 162) a 163) a 164) a 349) b 350) c 351) d 352) b
165) c 166) b 167) b 168) a 353) b 354) a 355) b 356) b
169) b 170) c 171) a 172) b 357) a 358) b 359) c 360) c
173) b 174) d 175) a 176) a 361) c 362) c 363) c 364) b
177) b 178) d 179) a 180) b 365) c 366) b 367) a 368) a
181) a 182) b 183) a 184) d 369) a 370) a 371) d 372) a
185) c 186) c 187) a 188) d 373) d 374) d 375) a 376) d
P a g e | 39
377) c 378) a 379) d 380) d 489) b 490) a 491) a 492) a
381) a 382) a 383) a 384) a 493) a 494) b 495) b 496) b
385) a 386) b 387) a 388) a 497) d 498) c 499) b 500) b
389) b 390) d 391) c 392) a 501) c 502) c 503) d 504) d
393) a 394) d 395) c 396) d 505) a 506) b 507) c 508) b
397) a 398) d 399) b 400) d 509) b 510) a 511) d 512) c
401) d 402) a 403) c 404) a 513) c 514) b 515) a 516) c
405) a 406) a 407) b 408) c 517) c 518) c 519) b 520) b
409) d 410) b 411) b 412) d 521) b 522) a 523) c 524) a
413) d 414) d 415) c 416) a 525) d 526) c 527) b 528) c
417) c 418) c 419) c 420) d 529) b 530) c 531) b 532) d
421) a 422) a 423) c 424) c 533) c 534) d 535) d 536) a
425) a 426) d 427) a 428) c 537) c 538) b 539) c 540) a
429) b 430) a 431) c 432) b 541) c 542) c 543) c 544) a
433) c 434) d 435) c 436) c 545) d 546) d 547) a 548) d
437) d 438) b 439) a 440) b 549) d 550) a 551) a 552) a
441) c 442) b 443) c 444) b 553) c 554) c 555) d 556) d
445) a 446) b 447) d 448) d 557) a 558) b 559) b 560) b
449) b 450) a 451) c 452) d 561) b 562) d 563) a 564) c
453) c 454) a 455) a 456) d 565) a 566) b 567) b 568) b
457) a 458) a 459) a 460) d 569) a 570) a 571) d 572) d
461) c 462) a 463) a 464) c 573) a 574) a 575) c 576) a
465) b 466) c 467) c 468) d 577) d 578) a 579) c 580) c
469) d 470) c 471) d 472) d 581) d 582) b 583) b 584) b
473) c 474) b 475) a 476) d 585) c 586) b 587) c 588) d
477) d 478) a 479) d 480) c 589) b 590) d 591) b 592) b
481) d 482) a 483) d 484) a 593) a 594) b 595) c
485) d 486) a 487) b 488) b

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 2.BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :

1 (a) Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more
Osmoregulation in is a function of scientific basis for classification. He used simple
contractile vacuole. contains two morphological characters to classify plants into
contractile vacuoles, which have fixed positions trees, shrubs and herbs. He also divided animals
near the body ends in ectoplasm of aboral side. into two groups, those which had red blood and
Each vacuole contains a definite unit membrane those that did not
covering called vacuolar condensation membrane. 8 (b)
2 (b) Citrus canker is a disease affecting citrus species
Fungi imperfecti includes Alternaria, Tricoderma that is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas
and Colletotrichum axonopodis
3 (a) 9 (d)
Yeast are unicellular, degenerated, non-mycelial, Some viral families (Picornaviridae, Togaviridae,
saprophytic fungi possessing no hyphae. But Rhabdoviridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, etc)
sometimes, chain of buds is formed during rapid contain RNA (either single or double stranded) as
growth, which may give false appearance of a their genetic material.
mycelium and called as pseudomycelium 10 (a)
4 (a) The genus is parasitic in the blood
The bacillariophycean members (diatoms) are of most of the vertebrates.
microscopic, eukaryotic, unicellular or colonial causes African sleeping
coccoid algae. These algae are sexually sickness.
reproduced by the formation of auxospores in 11 (a)
most cases. Homocysts are formed by few Bacteria are simple in structure but complex in
cyanobacteria. behaviour
5 (c) 12 (a)
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a The Gram stain is named after the developer
retrovirus. The name retrovirus comes from the Christian Gram. About 75% of known bacteria are
fact that it has two single strands of genomic RNA Gram negative
and enzymereverse transcriptase which converts
virus RNA into a single strand of DNA.
6 (b) 13 (c)
Commonly known forms of class-Basidiomycetes Structurally, viruses are very diverse, varying
are mushroom, bracket fungi or puffballs. The widely in size, shape and chemical composition.
mycelium is branched and septate. The nucleic acid of the virus is always located
The asexual spores are generally not found, but within the virion particle and is surrounded by a
vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is protein shell called the capsid. The complete
common. Sex organs are absent, but plasmogamy complex of nucleic acid and protein, packaged in
is brought about by the fusion of two vegetative the virion is called the virus nucleocapsid.
or somatic cell of different strains or genotypes. 14 (a)
The resultant structure is dikaryotic, which The fungi are achlorophyllous, heterotrophic
ultimately gives rise to basidium. Karyogamy and organisms, which cannot prepare their own food.
meiosis take pleace in the basidium producing They live as either parasites or saprophytes.
four basidiospores. The basidiospores are However, some forms live symbiotically with
exogenously produced on the basidium. The other green forms. So, parasitic and saprophytic
basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called conditions are more familiar in fungi.
basidiocarps 15 (a)
7 (a) Bacteriophage is the virus which causes infection
Tree, shrubs and herbs. of bacteria. It releases lysozyme during
P a g e | 41
 penetration phase. Temperate phages are the avirulent lysogenic
16 (b) phages whose nucleic acids get incorporated in
is reindeer moss. It is a the bacterial DNA (lysogenization). When these
furticose lichen. It is used as food for reindeer, phages infect bacteria, the phage genome
musk, ox and other wild animals of the Arctic interated tobacterial chromosome and bacterial
Tundra zone. cell undergoes many divisions.
17 (b) 26 (c)
Bacteria are prokaryotes. In five kingdom system Mushrooms (Agaricus sp.) are common edible
of classification of R H Whittaker, all prokaryotes fungi. Their fruiting bodies are used for eating
are included in kingdom-Monera. 27 (d)
18 (c) Animal cells do not have cell walls. Plants contains
The genus- comprises large, free- chloroplast (cholrophyll) and can make their own
living, Gram negative, obligately aerobic, rod- food. Animals cannot make their own food and are
shaped bacteria which are capable of fixation of dependent on plants and other animals for food
nitrogen non-symbiotically. 28 (d)
is a symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria, Euglenoids
is a nitrifying bacteria, while 29 (c)
sp. is denitrifying bacteria. Five kingdom classification is proposed by RH
19 (b) Whittaker. The classification did not
In rhabdoviruses (rabies, virus, wheat mosaic differentiated between the heterotrophic group
virus), para myxoviruses (mumps virus, sendai fungi and the autotrophic green plants, through
virus), picornaviruses (polio virus), they also showed a characteristic differences in
orthomyxovirus (influenza virus), the genetic their walls composition-the fungi had chitin, while
material is single stranded RNA (ssRNA). the green plants had cellulose
20 (d) 30 (d)
Agaricus belongs to class-Basidiomycetes. Slime mould forms an aggregation called
Agaricus is a genus of mushrooms containing both Plasmodium, which may grow and spread over
edible and poisonous species several feets. During unfavourable conditions, the
21 (b) Plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting
Photosynthetic bacteria contain bacterial bodies bearing spores at their tips. Spores are
chlorophyll as a light trapping pigment molecule extremely resistant and survive for many years
that absorbs light between 800 to 925 nm, 31 (a)
depending on the species of bacteria. In Deuteromycetes, some members are
22 (b) saprophytes or parasites, while a large number of
Slime moulds are saprophytic protists. In slime them are decomposers of litter and help in
moulds, spores possess true walls. The spores are mineral cycling
dispersed by air. They are extremely resistant and 32 (a)
survive for many years even under adverse Teichoic acid is present in cell wall of Gram
conditions positive bacteria. It is acidic polymer consisting of
23 (a) carbohydrate, phosphate and an alcohol. It binds
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming metals, acting as receptor sites for some viruses
from fungus. is and maintaining cells at low pH to prevent
called green mould, which belongs to class- degradation of cell walls by self-produced
Ascomycetes. Today, penicillin is also obtained enzymes.
from . 33 (c)
24 (c) Gonyaulax.
Thermococcus, Methanococcus and Some dinoflagellates, such as Gymnodinium and
Methanobacterium are archaebacteria with Gonyaulax grows in large number in the seas and
negatively supercolled DNA as in eukaryotes but make the water look red and causes the red tides
lacking histones 34 (d)
25 (d) Kingdom-Protista includes all unicellular
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 eukaryotic organisms like crysophytes, 44 (b)
dinoflagellates, euglenoids, slime moulds, Potato leaf roll and leaf curl of papaya caused by
protozoans, etc viruses.
35 (a) 45 (c)
The conidia and conidiophores are aseptate while Euglenoids are unicellular flagellate protists.
mycelium and setae are septate. Their cell wall do not contain cellulose. The body
36 (a) is covered by thin and flexible pellicle. The pellicle
As per Ainsworth’s system of classification is composed of fibrous elastin protein, small
comes under class-Zygomycetes (sub- amount of lipid or/and carbohydrate. The
division-Zygomycotina). euglenoids have two flagella, usually one long and
37 (c) one short. They are photosynthetic in the
Hepatitis-B virus contains double stranded DNA, presence of sunlight. In dark even photosynthetic
while Hepatitis-C, Hepatitis-E, Hepatitis-A and forms can behave like heterotrophic, predating on
HIV contain single stranded RNA. smaller organisms (holozoic) or feeding on
38 (b) organic remains (saprobic)
causes west and 46 (b)
central African sleeping sickness or Gambian All archaebacteria share certain key
fever. It is a fatal infection of the nervous and characteristics:
lymphatic systems that is endemic in certain parts (i) Their cell wall lack peptidoglycan (important
of Africa. The vector of the flagellate is the tse-tse component of cell wall of eubacteria).
fly (ii) Lipids in cell membrane of archaebacteria
39 (d) have different structure than those in all other
contains a smaller organisms
diploid micro-nucleus for reproduction and a (iii) Archaebacteria has distinct ribosomal RNA
large polyploid macro-nucleus which leads to sequence.
metabolism. (iv) Some genes of archaebacteria possess,
40 (c) introns unlike those of other bacteria.
The kingdom-Monera includes all prokaryotes, 47 (a)
mycoplasma, bacteria, Actinomycetes and Blast of rice or paddy is caused by the fungus
cyanobacteria of blue-green algae of class-Deuteromycetes.
41 (d) is perfect stage of .
The members of fungal class-Myxomycetes are Red rot of sugarcane is caused by fungus
called slime moulds. In the vegetative phase of and its perfect stage is
their cycle, these are devoid of cell wall and are .
either a free living, multinucleate, amoeboid, 48 (b)
slimy mass of protoplasm ( , Plasmodium) or an Some bacteria like
aggregation of (Pseudoplasmodium).
42 (a) etcsecr
Halophiles are named so because they usually et endotoxins which
occur in salt rich substrata like salt pans, salt beds spoil food stuff and cause food poisoning.
and salt marches, e.g., Halobacterium and 49 (a)
Halococcus All viruses are obligate parasites, as these are
43 (a) active, can multiply and show the living
In the lytic cycle, a virus enters a cell and causes it properties only when they have entered their host
to produce viral nucleic acid and protein coats. cell. The term obligate indicates some type of
After this viral parts are assembled, the new virus restriction in an organism’s way of life from which
particles may burst from the host cell or may it cannot depart and survive ( a virus and its
leave the host cell by budding. In the lysogenic host).
cycle, viruses enter into a long-term relationship 50 (a)
with the cells they infect, their nucleic acid R H Whittaker (1969, an American taxonomist
replicate as the cells multiply. divided all the organisms into five kingdoms.
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 These are kingdom-Monera, Protista, Fungi, 58 (c)
Plantae and Animalia. Of these only kingdom- Citrus canker is caused by an aerobic rod-shaped
Monera contains prokaryotic organisms, whereas monotrichous bacterium,
rest four kingdoms contain eukaryotic organisms. (now known as ).
51 (b) 59 (d)
MW Beijerink (1898) demonstrated that the Protista shows gametic and zygotic meiosis not
extract of the infected plants of tobacco could sporic meiosis.
cause infection in healthy plants and called the 60 (a)
fluid as Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious and
living fluid) are all unicellular protists.
52 (a) 61 (c)
Blakeslee (1904), while working with sp Two kingdom system of classification was used
observed the heterothalism. till very recently. This system did not distinguish
53 (a) between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
The rocky and barren place is deficient in water Unicellular and multicellular organisms and
and lacks any organic matter, having only photosynthetic (green algae) and non-
minerals in disintegrated or weathered state, the photosynthetic (fungi) organisms. Classification
pioneer to colonies this primitive substration are of organisms into plants and animals was easily
crustose types of lichen. done and was easy to understand, inspite, a large
rustose lichens Foliose lichens Moss erbs number of organisms did not fall into either
Shrub tree category. Hence, the two kingdom of classification
54 (b) used for a long time, was found inadequate
Asexual spores formed by 62 (c)
(fungi imperfacti), The slime moulds are included in the division-
(Ascomycetes) and Myxomycota by mycologist. The spores of slime
(Zygomycetes), all are moulds (acellular) germinate to produce
unicellular, uninucleate, rounded to oval biflagellates warm cells, which function as
structures. gametes.
55 (b) 63 (b)
Bacterial cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan, Capsid is the protein coat that surrounds the
protein, non-cellulosic carbohydrates, lipids, central portion of nucleoid and enzymes. The
amino acid, etc. capsid consists of a specific number and
Archaebacteria are characterised by the absence arrangement of small subunits called capsomeres.
of peptidoglycan in their wall. Instead, the wall These capsomeres possess antigenic properties
contains proteins and no-cellulosic 64 (d)
polysaccharides. In , osmoregulation takes place by
Thermoacidophiles have duel ability to tolerate contractile vacuole by removing extra water from
high temperature as well as high acidity. They cytoplasm.
often live in hot sulphur springs, where the 65 (d)
temperature may be as high as and pH as Yeast ( ) are unicellular,
low as 2, Thermoplasma, Thermoproteus degenerated, non-mycelial, saprobic fungi
56 (a) possessing no hyphae. But sometimes, chain of
Fungi are very large and divergent group of buds is formed during rapid growth, which may
organisms. They lack chlorophyll, therefore, give false appearance of a mycelium and called as
heterotrophic in nature. Their cell wall is formed pseudomycelium.
of chitin (fungus cellulose). 66 (a)
57 (c) Viroids are small, single stranded, circular RNA
Many fungi secrete antibiotics. The first antibiotic molecules not enclosed by protein coat. They
penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in were discovered by T O Diener in 1971. Viroid
1929 from . Now, penicillin replication requires host encoded RNA
is also extracted from . polymerase.
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67 (d) 74 (b)
All are correct except (d). Noctiluca is a colourless Bacteriophages is a virus that infects and
dinoflagellate. This alga is famous for replicates within bacteria. Bacteriophages are
bioluminescence. composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or
Noctiluca (the night light) is a colourless RNA genome and may have relatively simple or
dinoflagelate, which is an important constituent of elaborated structure
coastal plankton of both temperature and tropical 75 (a)
seas. This alga is famous for bioluminescence as it Kingdom-Protista includes all unicellular
was the first dinoflagellate where eukaryotic organisms like flagellates, diatoms,
bioluminescence was reported dinoflagellates, slime moulds, sarcodina etc.
The cellular slime moulds have the characters of 76 (b)
both plants and animals. The reproductive phase Symbiosis (living together) is a special condition
is plant-like, as the spores have a cell wall of mutualism, in which both the organisms
composed of cellulose. However, vegetative phase (forming association) have close, permanent
is animal like having no cell wall and feeding like physical association, lichens, in which fungi
Amoeba and algae form a close physical association.
68 (c) 77 (d)
has haplontic life cycle. In their sexual As we know that bacterium divided after every 35
phase, only zygospore is diploid structure. All minutes through simple mitotic division
others are haploid, such a sexual cycle is termed therefore, number of divisions are Since,
as haploid or haplontic.
one bacterium on division produces two cells so,
69 (d)
concentration after 175 minutes will be
In Ascomycetes, the mycelium is branched and
septate. Yeast are an exception in that they are
basically unicellular. In majority of Ascomycetes,
78 (c)
the common mode of asexual reproduction is
Phycobiont.
through the formation of conidia. Conidia are
A lichen is structurally organized entity,
produced exogenously from the tips and sides of
consisting of the permanent association of a
hyphae called conidiophores. Sexual spores are
fungus and alga. The fungal component of a lichen
called ascospores which are produced
is called mycobiont and the algal component is
endogenously in a sac like asci (sing. ascus).
called phycobiont
Ascospores are produced internally in each ascus.
79 (a)
The asci may occur freely or get aggregated with
Crop Disease Pathogen
dikaryotic mycelium to form fructification called
Brinjal Root knot
ascocarps
70 (a) Sugarcane Red
Gametophyte stage The gamete producing phase stripe
in a plant characterised by alternation of Wheat Earcockle
generations Pigeon Wilt
71 (c) pea
80 (d)
Ascomycetes belong to kingdom-Fungi.
In Basidiomycetes, the vegetative reproduction
72 (c)
takes place by fragmentation.
is filter feeder, nutrition is holozoic.
Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction,
It feeds on small Protozoa, unicellular plants
where a new organism grows from a fragment of
(algae), diatoms, yeast, etc, and small bits of
the parent
animals and vegetables.
81 (a)
73 (a)
Incubation period of is 10-14
Mycoplasmas are organisms that completely lack
days.
cell wall. They are the smallest living cells that can
82 (a)
survive without oxygen. Many of them are
The plant cell have an eukaryotic structure with
pathogenic in plants and animals.
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 prominent chloroplast (A) and cell wall is made 92 (b)
up of cellulose (B) Protista.
83 (c) The kingdom- Protista was proposed by Ernst
Fungi are achlorophyllous, eukaryotic Haeckel (1866). Although all single celled
organisms, they lack chloroplast and, hence eukaryotes are placed in kingdom-Protista yet its
obtain their food as parasite or saprophyte. boundaries are not well defined
84 (c) 93 (a)
Viruses are obligate parasites. If a mixture of In Deuteromycetes, the mycelium is septate and
viruses and bacteria are filtered through a branched. Coenocytic forms are not known
bacterial proof filter, the viruses will pass through 94 (b)
into the filtrate in the flask. The kingdom-Monera includes all prokaryotes-
Virus were found to be smaller than bacteria mycoplasma, bacteria, Actinomycetes and
because they passed through bacteria proof cyanobacteria or blue-green algae. All unicellular
filters. Viruses are made up of proteins and DNA eukaryotic organisms were placed in kingdom-
or RNA Protista. Kingdom Protista has brought together
85 (c) Chlmydomonas, Chlorella (earlier placed in algae
During unfavorable conditions, within plants and both having cell walls) with
reproduced by forming a protective covering or Paramecium and Amoeba, which were earlier
cyst wall around it and multiple fission. placed in the animal kingdom, which lacks cell
86 (b) wall. It has put together organisms, which, in
Lomasomes are the invagination either in the earlier classification were placed in different
form of an infolded convoluted pocket or pouch kingdoms. This happened because the criteria for
enclosing granular or vesicular material. These classification changed. This kind of changes will
structures are found in fungal membrane and take place in future too depending on the
named lomasomes by Moore and McLear (1961). improvement in our understanding of
87 (c) characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
Viruses are nucleoproteins having one or more Overtime, an attempt has been made to evolve a
nucleic acid molecule, either double stranded or classification system which reflects not only the
single stranded DNA or RNA, encased in a morphological, physiological and reproductive
protective coat of protein or lipoprotein similarities, but is also phylogenetic, i.e., is based
88 (a) on evolutionary relationships
TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) contains single 95 (a)
stranded RNA. The sexual reproduction in fungi completes in
89 (b) three phases
As F-factor can remain in integrated form with (i) Plasmogamy (ii) Karyogamy (iii) Meiosis
main bacterial genome, so it is an episome. Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or
90 (c) non-motile gametes is called plasmogamy
Viruses are so primitive that many scientists 1. Fusion of two nuclei is called karyogamy
consider them to be both living and non-living 2. Meiosis in zygote results in the formation
things. By itself, a virus is a lifeless particle that of haploid spores
cannot reproduce. But inside a living cell, a virus 96 (b)
becomes an active organism that can multiply Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidises
hundreds of times various inorganic substances such as nitrates,
91 (c) nitrites and ammonia and use the released energy
Sexual reproduction in takes place by for their ATP production. They plays a great role
gametangial capulation. in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus,
iron and sulphur
97 (d)
Prokaryotic cell is found in bacteria. These cells
lack nucleus and membrane bound cell organelles,
which are present in plant ceill (eukaryotic type).
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98 (d) Basidiomycetes. It causes black rust of wheat.
Basidiomycetes include not only the mushrooms, 109 (a)
toadstools, puffballs, jelly fungi and shelf fungi, When the flagella are found on whole body of the
but also many important plant pathogens among bacterium, they are called peritrichous,
the groups called rusts and smuts. All these fungi
bear characteristic fruiting bodies called 110 (b)
basidiocarps. In fungi, at the time of sexual reproduction, the
99 (d) cytoplasms of two sex cells fuses with each other.
Ustilago belong to class-Basidiomycetes The nuclei of two sex cells come close to each
100 (c) other but do not fuse. Thus, the resulting cell
The body of a fungus (except yeast) is made up of becomes binucleate or dikaryon. The
number of elongated, tubular filaments known as phenomenon is sometimes termed as
hyphae. The mass of network of hyphae is called dikaryotisation
mycelium 111 (a)
101 (d) Bacteria are prokaryotic microscopic, unicellular
Monerans include prokaryotic bacteria and cell wall bearing organisms, which contain
cyanobacteria which lack nuclear membrane and bacteriochloropyll. Majority of the bacteria
membrane bound cell organelles but have DNA multiply by transverse binary fission, in which a
and RNA. single cell is divided into two equal sized cells by
102 (c) developing a cell wall.
The main types of locomotary organs in Protozoa 112 (b)
are pseudopodia flagella Episome is an extrachromosomal hereditary
and cilia material of bacteria incorporated into the
while parapodium are bacterial chromosomes or nucleoid. Hereditary
found in polychaete annelid worms. DNA of bacterial cell is known as nucleoid.
103 (b) 113 (c)
Slime moulds are commonly found on dead and Wound tumour virus is a double stranded RNA
decaying leaves, twigs, logs of wood and the other (dsRNA) containing plant infecting virus.
decaying vegetable matter Reovirus also contains double stranded RNA
104 (c) molecule.
Viruses inhabiting in bacteria. 114 (b)
Bacteriophages is a virus that infects and cannot fix nitrogen in the free living state.
replicates within bacteria. Bacteriophages are 115 (a)
composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or Soft-rot disease of sweet potato is caused by
RNA genome and may have relatively simple or . This is a very destructive
elaborated structure disease. It is prevalent in almost all sweet potato
105 (d) growing states of India, such as Uttar Pradesh,
Fungi shows sexual reproduction by oospores, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and
ascospores and basidiospores. The various spores Kerala.
are produced in distinct structures called fruiting 116 (c)
bodies Bacterial chromosomes are circular DNA
106 (d) molecules.
Black rust of wheat is caused by 117 (c)
Hyphae.
107 (a) The body of a fungus (except yeast) is made up of
Dinoflagellates. number of elongated, tubular filaments known as
Some dinoflagellates, such as Gymnodinium and hyphae. The mass of network of hyphae is called
Gonyaulax grows in large number in the seas and mycelium
make the water look red and causes the red tides 118 (d)
108 (d) Viruses are known as a connecting link between
belongs to class- non-living and living beings. These are thought to
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 be non-living as they do not show any sign of life In the five-kingdom classification,
outside the host and are able to be crystallized but Chlamydomonas and Chlorella have been
they show the characters of living beings as they included kingdom-Plantae
are able to multiply (only inside the host), can 127 (c)
cause disease in host and undergo mutation. The accumulated food reseve in fungi is glycogen.
119 (c) 128 (b)
Methanogens occurs in marshy areas where they Yeast ( ) is an
convert formic acid and carbon dioxide into unicellular fungus because some fungal hyphae of
methane with the help of hydrogen. This grow in such a way that they give the
capability is commercially exploited in the appearance of Pseudomycelium.
production of methane (biogas) from the dung of 129 (c)
cows and buffaloes Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS) is
120 (a) caused due to the infection of Human
Contractile vacuole in is concerned with Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This virus belongs
osmoregulation, removal of excess of water. It to retroviral family and contains two single
is present in the endoplasm of in the strands of RNA as genetic material.
posterior part (near the trailing end) and seen as 130 (a)
a clear single rounded and pulsating vacuole, The algal or cyanobacterial cells are
which is enclosed by unit membrane. photosynthetic, and possess the green pigment,
121 (b) chlorophylls enabling them to use sunlight’s
is a saprophytic fungus belonging to the energy to make their own food from water and
order-Mucorales and family-Mucoraceae and through photosynthesis. They also provides
grows on decaying dung and on some food stuffs. vitamins to the fungus
shows the best growth on a piece of bread 131 (a)
at a temperature of about relative humidity Amoeboid, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans.
of about 95% in a moist and shady place. On the basis of locomotory organelles, the
122 (b) protozoans are divided into four groups
is a free-living, anaerobic, Flagellated protozoans, amoeboid protozoans,
nitrogen fixer. Both and sporozoans and ciliated protozoans
are free-living, nitrogen-fixing, 132 (d)
aerobic microbes. is a symbiotic, In addition to proteins, viruses also contain
nitrogen-fixer. genetic material that could be either RNA or DNA,
123 (a) not the both. They have no cell wall, cytosol,
Morchella Commonly known as sponge ribosomes, etc. Bacteria have cell wall, cytosol,
mushroom is a saprophytic fungus. The edible ribosomes and both DNA and RNA.
part of mushroom is the fruiting body 133 (b)
basidiocarp. The common mushroom are Agaricus Viral genome incorporated into host DNA is called
bisporus.Lentinus, Volvariella, Pleurotus, etc. prophage. Most of the prophage genes are
124 (c) repressed by two repressor proteins that are the
tree has nitrogen fixing root nodules product of phage genes.
that harbor a filamentous streptomycete like 134 (b)
symbiotic nitrogen fixing organism, called Maximum number of antibiotics are obtained
from bacteria. About 2100 antibiotics have been
125 (c) isolated from Actinomycetes (mycelial bacteria),
The genomes of viruses can be composed of either while a single species of
DNA or RNA. Usually plant viruses contain RNA is known to form
but there are many plant viruses, which contain more than 40 antibiotics. Bacteria like
DNA as genetic material. Similarly, animal viruses alone produce around 60
usually contain DNA but there are many animal antibiotics.
viruses, which contain RNA as genetic material. 135 (a)
126 (a) Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals
P a g e | 48
 and humans. Glycogen is synthesised and stored stream and each enters the red blood corpuscles
mainly in the liver and the muscles. Excess of and assumes rounded disc-like shape with single
glucose in body gets converted into fats nucleus.
136 (a) 144 (b)
Many Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria Common cold is a viral disease. Influenza virus is
have a regular structured layer called slime-layer rounded or oval in shape, contains RNA in an
on their surface. It may protect the cell against ion inner helical core of ribonucleoprotein
and pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, enzymes etc. surrounded by mucoprotein
137 (a) 145 (a)
Some plants may be partially heterotrophic as in OT Diener.
the case of insectivorous plants like Drocera, Viroid were discovered by TO Dianer in 1971 as a
Nepenthes and venus fly trap. new infectious agent that was smaller than
Insectivorous plants can capture and digest live viruses. Viroids lack capsid and have not proteins
prey, to obtain nitrogen compounds that are associated with them
lacking in its usual marshy habitat. 146 (c)
The plant cell have an eukaryotic structure with Phytoalexins are phenolic compounds, which are
distinct nucleus, prominent chloroplast and cell not present in healthy plants but are produced
well is made up of cellulose upon stimulation of a plant by pathogen or by a
138 (b) mechanical or chemical injury. These are
Mycoplasmas are the smallest known anaerobic, fungitoxic substances and inhibit the growth of
Gram negative prokaryotes without a cell wall. microorganisms pathogenic to plants.
These are also known as Pleuro Pneumonia Like 147 (a)
Organisms (PPLOs). These cause Viruses are obligate parasite. They are inert
pleuropneumonia in humans and cattles. outside the specific host cell and exists in
139 (a) crystalline forms as demonstrated by WM Stanley
A lichen is structurally organised entity, 148 (c)
consisting of the permanent association of a Pasteurization is a method of partial sterilization
fungus and alga. The fungal component of a lichen which involves heating of milk at for 30 min
is called mycobiont and the algal component is or at for atleast 15sec followed by rapid
called phycobiont cooling or at for at least 1sec. This
140 (a) technique is widely used to kill all pathogenic
Lichen is a symbiotic association of algae and bacteria in food without achieving complete
fungi. According to a view for the nature of sterility
association in lichen, the relationship between 149 (d)
fungus and the algal partner, is an example of Kingdom-Monera includes all prokaryotes
symbiosis but fungus in his partnership has an (autotrophic or heterotrophic) mycoplasmas,
important role. The algal partner lives as a bacteria,Actinomycetes (mycelia bacteria) and
subordinate partner the association between the photosynthetic cyanobacteria, while all
two partners is thus, described as beneficial unicellular eukaryotic organisms like flagellates,
salavary for the alga. A term helotism is used for diatoms, dinoflagellates, slime moulds, sarcodina,
this kind of association. etc, are included in kingdom-Protista.
141 (a) 150 (b)
The cell wall of fungi is made up of chitin instead In 1969, American biologist, Robert H Whittaker
of cellulose as found in higher plants. proposed five kingdom classification. The main
142 (b) criteria for classification used by him include cell
St Anthony’s fire disease is caused by ingesting structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition
rye flour containing poisons produced by a and reproduction.
fungus . 151 (c)
143 (b) Cyanobacteria may be unicellular, colonial or
During erythrocytic schizogony, micro filamentaous. Each filament consists of a sheath of
metacryptomerozoites enter into the blood mucilage and one or more cellular strands called
P a g e | 49
 trichomes subsequently digested and absorbed. This type of
152 (b) nutrition is seen in
Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria. chordates, etc.
Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidises 162 (a)
various inorganic substances such as nitrate, A closed fruit or ascocarp is called the
nitrites and ammonia and use the released energy cleistothecium. The cleistothecium of
for their ATP production. They plays a great role repesents parent haplophase, dikaryophase and
in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, future haplophase.
iron and sulphur 163 (a)
153 (d) Transduction involves the picking up of DNA by
The symbiotic relationship between fungal hyhae bacteriopage from one bacterial cell and carrying
and root of higher plant is known as mycorrhiza. in to another where the DNA fragment may get
Endomycorrhiza (also called VAM) occurring in incorporated into the bacterial host’s genome
about 80% of vascular plants. In this association 164 (a)
the penetrating hyphae form finely branched Contractile vacuoles and food vacuoles are absent
haustorial branches or coils vesicles. in the class-Sporozoa.
154 (b) 165 (c)
Ascomycetes are commonly known as sac fungi, The mutually beneficial or symbiotic association
due to their sac-like appendage that holds the of a fungus with the root of a higher plants is
spores. known as mycorrhiza. The fungus is dependent
The Ascomycetes are unicellular, yeast or upon the higher plants for shelter and food
multicellular, e.g., penicillium 166 (b)
155 (a) A lichen is structurally organised entity consisting
All protozans are heterotrophs and live as the of a permanent association of a fungus and an
perdators or parasites alga. The fungal component of a lichen is called
156 (d) mycobiont and the algal component is called
In , sexual reproduction takes place by phycobiont
the fusion of two multinucleate gametangia. 167 (b)
Occasionally, fusion does not take place between Fungi is a group of eukaryotic, achlorophyllous,
gametangia and these gametangia are surrounded non-photosynthetic heterotrophic organisms of
by a many layered wall and then develop into diverse forms, size and mode of reproduction.
multinucleate azygospores (parthenospore). Fungicause a number of plant and animal
157 (c) diseases, black rust of wheat, red rot of
Bacteria represent a prokaryotic cell, i.e., lacks sugarcane, late blight of potato, etc.
nuclear membrane and membrane bound cell 168 (a)
organelles like mitochondria, chloroplast, Curing of tea leaves is brought about by the
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, etc. activity of bacteria. It is essentially an oxidation
158 (a) dry fermentation process, during which water is
In his five kingdom classification, Whittaker driven, the green colour is lost and the leaves
excluded viruses, viroids and lichens assume a tougher texture and undergo chemical
159 (c) changes.
Sulphur and phosphorus cycle are sedimentary 169 (b)
cycle. Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more
160 (c) scientific basis for classification. He used simple
Sporophyte stage The spore producing phase in morphological characters to classify plants into
the life cycle of a plant that exhibits alternation of trees, shrubs and herbs. He also divided animals
generations into two groups, those which had red blood and
161 (c) those that did not
he term ‘holozoic nutrition’ refers to the type of 170 (c)
nutrition in which organisms feed by engulfing or Life cycle of plants has two distinct phase, the
ingesting complex organic food material, which is haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte
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 generations that alternates with each other of is covered with pellicle.
171 (a) 181 (a)
Bacterial flagellum us made up of protein called TMV is a plant virus and viruses can grow only in
flagellin. These protein molecules are globular living host, not in artificial media.
and are arranged in 3-8 spiral rows. 182 (b)
172 (b) The siliceous cell walls of diatoms are
All are correct except IV and V indestructible (i.e., do not decay easily). They
Some unicellular fungi like yeast, are used to were collected over millions of years on the sea
make bread and beer, Ustilago is responsible for floors, called diatomite or diatomaceous earth or
smut disease silica gel. These deposits may extends for several
Puccinia graminis tritici is responsible for black hundred metres in certain areas
rust of wheat 183 (a)
173 (b) The common example of class-Basidiomycetes are
In lichens, the fungal partner provides protection, smut, rusts, mushrooms, toad stools, puff balls
anchorage and absorption for the alga. and pore fungi.
174 (d) 184 (d)
is not a photoautotrophic animal instead Kingdom-Protista includes a wide variety of
it takes food from their surroundings. is unicellular, mostly aquatic eukaryotes. There are
an omnivorous animals because it takes algae, believed to evolved from prokaryotic monerans
bacteria and other similar microorganisms. It and are the precursors from which higher
takes food with the help of pseudopodia. Food organisms evolved.
particles are taken by endocytosis process, 185 (c)
holozoic nutrition. The bacterial cell wall contains peptidoglycan or
175 (a) mucopeptide or murein with diaminopimelic acid,
The bacterial flagellum is long, filamentous and lipid and protein. Chemically, peptidoglycan is
protoplasmic appendage, arise in the cell composed of N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) and N-
envelope. In the bacterial flagella, instead of 9+2 acetyl muramic acid (NAM).
arrangement of tubulin there is simply a single 186 (c)
filament of globular protein called flagellin. Noctiluca (the night light) is a colourless
176 (a) dinoflagelate, which is an important constituent of
Viruses did not find a place in classification since coastal plankton of both temperature and tropical
they are not truly living seas. This alga is famous for bioluminescence as it
177 (b) was the first dinoflagellate where
The denitrifying bacteria reduce the nitrates and bioluminescence was reported.
the ammonium salts to free nitrogen which The cellular slime moulds have the characters of
escapes into the atmosphere. both plants and animals. The reproductive phase
. This process is plant-like, as the spores have a cell wall
decreases fertility of the soil. composed of cellulose. However, vegetative phase
178 (d) is animal like having no cell wall and feeding like
Anthrax is an acute disease caused by the Amoeba
bacterium Bacillus anthracis 187 (a)
179 (a) VAM is Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza, a
The name virus that means venous or poisonous symbiotic association of roots of higher plants
fluid was given by Pasteur. DJ Ivanowsky (1892) with fungi, usually give benefit to plant by
recognised certain microbes as causal organism of providing phosphorus.
the mosaic disease of tobacco 188 (d)
180 (b) Sporozaons includes diverse organisms that have
Protozoans lack cell wall. Cell wall is the an infectious spore like stage in their life cycle
characteristic feature of plant cells. Slime moulds 189 (d)
are diploid, . Dinoflagellates are Muscarine poisoning is caused by
motile, etc. The body varieties. Early symptoms after injection of this
P a g e | 51
 chemical, within two hours include increased Brinjal Root knot
respiration, salvation, nausea, vomiting, abnormal
pair, thirst and mucous. Citrus Canker
190 (d)
Potato Late blight
All are correct. The members of flagellated
protozoans are either free living or parasitic. They Pigeon pea Seed gall
bears flagella. The parasitic forms of flagellated
protozoans causes diseases such as sleeping 199 (b)
sickness, Trypanosoma converts into nitrite and then,
191 (b) converts nitrite into nitrate.
On the basis of locomotory organelles, the 200 (a)
protozoans are divided into four groups. In plants, nutrition is typically autotrophic.
Flagellated protozoans, amoeboid protozoans, Parasite forms are heterotrophic. A few plants,
sporozoans and ciliated protozoans such as Drocera and Nepenthes, are insectivorous
192 (a) to get additional nitrogen. Otherwise there
Myxomycota constitutes first division of the principal nature as autotrophic
kingdom fungi. These are distinguished from 201 (a)
other fungi by the presence of a vegetative phase Bacteria with one flagella attached at one end is
in their life cycle, which is devoid of cell wall and called monotrichous. In lophotrichous, two or
is either a free-living, multinucleate, amoeboid more flagella are attached at one end. In
mass of protoplasm (Plasmodium) or an peritrichous, flagella are distributed all over the
aggregation of amoebae in the form of slimy mass surface of the bacteria.
(during the vegetative phase), these are also 202 (a)
called slime moulds. The spores are biflagellate in Import is the process in which food is sucked by
slime moulds. depression into the body and there is no active
193 (a) role or movement of takes place.
Isogamous means similar in morphology 203 (a)
194 (d) Yoghurt consists of pasteurized homogenized
Viruses consist of nucleoprotein, nucleic whole milk that is incubated with
acid+protein.
195 (d) or
Members of Ascomycetes are saprophytic, 204 (b)
decomposers, parasitic or ceprophilous (growing The members of class-Ascomycetes are called sac
on dung) fungi. Yeast ( is an unicellular
196 (b) ascomycetous fungus.
Endospores are highly resistant, physiologically 205 (d)
dormant, single called structures formed usually Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. They
inside a bacterium mother cell. The mature are intermediates between living and non-living
endospore is highly dehydrated, shows no entities.
metabolic activity and is resistant to heat, 206 (c)
radiations or attack by enzymatic or chemical In dinoflagellates, cells are generally covered by a
agents. Under favorable environmental rigid coat, the theca or lorica of articulated and
conditions, the endospore germinates and sculptured plates formed of cellulose. Because of
vegetative cell comes out and grows. the presence of sculptured plates, these protists
197 (a) are of ten types known as armoured
Bacterial blight of paddy or rice caused dinoflagellates
by . It is a rod-shaped, 207 (b)
aerobic, non-capsulated, non-spore forming, Gram Viruses are non-cellular, infectious, obligate
negative bacterium. It has a single polar flagellum. intracellular parasites. These are genetic elements
198 (c) (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a protein coat and are
Crop Disease Pathogen
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 not considered to be living organisms, as they 215 (b)
cannot reproduce independently. It is correct that in , gills produce
208 (d) basidiospores, whereas in
Lichen is a composite organism formed by the megasporophylls produce megaspores and
symbiotic association of a green alga or a microsporophylls pollen grains. In ,
cyanobacterium and a fungus, usually from the fruiting body (ascocarp) is ball like
Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. ‘cleistothecium’ and in , capsule
209 (a) represents the sporophytic generation.
Parasexuality is a type of life cycle in which 216 (d)
plasmogamy, karyogamy and haplodization takes Basidiomycetes includes mushroom/bracket
place but not at specific place, it was discovered in fungi/ puffballs.
fungi ( ) by Pontecarvo and The class-Basidiomycetes includes those
Roper in (1952). members that produce their basidia and
210 (a) basidiospores on or in a basidiocarp
Plants are not heterotrophic, these are autotrapic 217 (c)
and make their own food through photosynthesis Fungus or lichen which grows on wood is called
211 (d) lignocolous.
Biological classification is the scientific procedure 218 (c)
of arranging organisms, into groups and sub-
groups on the basis of their similarities and
dissimilarities and placing the groups in a
hierarchy of categories
Whittaker has used five criteria for delimiting the
different kingdoms
(i) Complexity of cell structure, i.e., prokaryotic
and eukaryotic
A-RNA, B-Capsid, C-Tobacco mosaic virus
(ii) Complexity of body structure or structural
220 (a)
organisation of unicellular and multicellular
Neurospora is widely used in genetics as a model
(iii) Mode of nutrition, which is divergent in
organism because it is quickly reproducing, easy
multicellular kingdoms, photoautotrophy in
to culture and can survive on minimal media
Plantae, absorptive heterotrophy in Fungi and
221 (a)
ingestive heterotrophy in Animalia
In bacteria, the genetic material (hereditary
(iv) Ecological life style like producers (Plantae)
material) is DNA, which lacks histone proteins but
decomposers (Fungi) and consumer (Animalia)
contains some basic proteins.
(v) Phylogenetic relationships
222 (d)
212 (a)
The plant viruses– Tobamo viruses (tobacco
AIDS virus also called reovirus has two single
mosaic virus, tomato mosaic virus); Potex viruses
strands of RNA associated with the enzymes
(potato virus-X, papaya mosaic virus); yellow
reverse transcriptase.
mosaic virus, tobacco necrosis virus alpha mosaic
213 (b)
virus; satellite tobacco necrosis virus and some
Fungi are the achlorophyllous, heterotrophic
animal viruses- Togaviruses, Picornaviruses
thallophytes, which act as decomposers (
(Poliovirus), etc, contain single stranded RNA.
saprotrophs, which decompose the organic
223 (a)
remains by secreting extracellular digestive
Chlamydospore is a specially modified thick-
enzymes) in forest ecosystems.
walled resting cell. The sporidia of
214 (b)
fuse in pair and form dikaryotic mycelium.
Lysozyme is an enzyme that breaks down
Individual cells of the hypae round off, nuclei of
bacterial cell walls and provides protection
the cell fuse and the cell develop a thick wall
against bacterial invasion in the skin, mucus
around them like chlamydospore.
membrane and many body fluids. It is found in
224 (d)
tears sweat and saliva.
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 Litmus is obtained from lichen species like cell wall is four layered with peptidoglycans
and present in the second layer
. 233 (a)
225 (c) Cell wall of almost all eubacteria is made up of
Genophore term was coined by Hans Ris for murein (or mucopeptide) consisting of peptide
bacterial chromosome. portion and a sugar portion.
227 (d) 234 (a)
The fungal cell wall contains glucons that is also is a nitrogen fixing bacterial symbiont
found in plants and also found in plants and also of leguminous roots. It fixes the atmospheric
chitin (a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine) that nitrogen into nitrate as to make the soil
does not found in the plant kingdom. In contrast rich.
to plants and oomycetes, fungal cell wall do not 235 (b)
contain cellulose. However, a type of fungal Formation of nitrogen from nitrate is known as
cellulose may preset in fungal cell walls. denitrification. This process is carried out by
228 (d) some members of genera .
The cell wall of bacterium is made up of Denitrification results in the loss of soil nitrogen
peptidoglycan (murein, mucopeptide). thus, adversely affects soil fertility.
Peptidoglycan is formed of heteropolysaccharide 236 (b)
chains cross-linked by short peptides (generally Most of the ammonia produced in the soil is acted
tetrapeptides). upon by nitrifying bacteria and ammonia is
229 (d) changed to nitrate The reaction occurs in two
Column I Column II steps nitrite formation and
Plague nitrate formation
237 (b)
Syphilis The dinoflagellates are important component of
phytoplankton. Most of them are marine but some
Actinomycosis of
occur in freshwater. Nutrition is photosynthetic in
cattle, cats and
dogs dinoflagellates
Angular leaf spot 238 (a)
disease of All are correct except III. Desmids are mainly
Cotton found in freshwater and are usually indication of
clean (unpolluted) water
239 (b)
The fungus produces toxins
230 (a) like -aminitin, phalloidin, etc, which is deadly
Transduction is a process, in which a poisonous. Hence, this fungus is considered as
bacteriophage (virus) takes part in genetic deadliest mushroom.
recombination in bacteria. 240 (b)
231 (d) During sexual reproduction in , (+) and
Bacteria are ubiquitous being found in all places (-) strains of mycelia simulate each other through
where organic matter is present in water, air, soil, pheromone like trisporic acid to form zygophores.
over and inside the bodies of various organisms. Zygophores of two strains come in contact to form
They can tolerate extreme environments like hot progametangia then coenogametangia. Then after
springs, frozen waters, deserts, deep oceans, gametangial copulation, zygospores with warty
acidic, alkaline and saltish conditions wall layer are formed which germinate in
232 (b) favorable conditions and form a germ tube.
Cyanobacterial cells are larger and more 241 (a)
elaborate than bacteria. Cell structure is typically Structurally viruses are very diverse, varying
prokaryotic one, envelope organisation with widely in size, shape and chemical composition.
peptidoglycan wall, naked DNA 70S ribosomes The nucleic acid of virus is always located within
and absence of membrane bound structures. The the virion particle and surrounded by a protein
P a g e | 54
 shell called capsid. The nucleic acid of virus is surrounded by a
242 (c) protein shell, called capsid.
Encystment of is occurred regularly to 251 (d)
tide over unfavorable conditions like drought and is a phycomycetous fungus. Chrysophytes
extreme temperature, etc. include diatoms and golden algae (demids).
243 (b) 252 (c)
Bacteria are helpful in making curd from milk, has micro-nucleus for trophic
production of antibiotic, fixing nitrogen in legume function and one or more micro-nuclei for
roots, etc. Some bacteria are pathogens, causing reproduction.
damage to human being, crops, farm animals and 253 (c)
pets. Cholera typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker are Asexual reproduction takes place by zoospores
well known diseases caused by different bacteria (motile) or by aplanospores (non-motile). These
244 (c) spores are endogeneously produced in
Zygospore is a dormant stage. It is formed due to porangium. Spores are single-celled propagules,
fusion of two gametangia. The zygospore, so which separates from the parent organism and
formed develops a dark coloured thick wall and get dispersed
undergoes rest, dormancy. 254 (a)
245 (c) Dikaryophase of fungus occurs in Ascomycetes
Cyanobacteria are members of Cyanophyceae or and Basidiomycetes
Myxophyceae, which are commonly called blue- 255 (c)
green algae and have pigment -phycocyanin, - In , the tetranucleate cysts
phycoerythrin alongwith chlorophyll- - constitute the transmissive or infective stage,
carotene and myxoxanthin. which do not develop further but pass out from
246 (c) the host in faeces. These are highly resistant to
Porins are the protein trimers with central desiccation and survive for about 12 days. Their
channels. These occur in the outer wall layer or infection depends upon the intake of
outer membrane in Gram negative bacteria. The contaminated food or water.
Gram negative bacteria detect and respond to 256 (c)
chemicals in their surroundings by porins. Coenocytic, multinucleat and aseptate mycelium
247 (d) is present in class-Phycomycetes, Albugo
The members of fungal class-Myxomycetes are 257 (a)
commonly called true slime moulds. These are The chitin (polyglycosamine) is an acetate of
saprophytic and their vegetative phase is mucopolysaccharide called glycosamine, which is
represented by a free living irregularly shaped formed by the combination of polysaccharide
mass of protoplasm without walls and having with small peptide molecules. The basic unit
several diploid nuclei embedded in it. It is called (monomer) of chitin is N-acetyl glucosamine.
plasmodium. During reproduction, slime moulds Monomers are joined by linkages.
produce haploid spores, which are dispersed by 258 (b)
air currents, rain and mites. Heterotrophic bacteria are dependent on other
248 (d) organisms for nutrition. Heterotrophic nutrition
A-spores; B-highly resistant. involves obtaining of ready-made organic
Slime mould forms an aggregation called nutrients from outside sources. It is of further
Plasmodium, which may grow and spread over three types; saprotrophic, symbiotic and parasitic
several feets. During unfavourable conditions, the 259 (d)
Plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting Class-Deuteromycetes have no sexual
bodies bearing spores at their tips. Spores are reproduction and are consequently called the
extremely resistant and survive for many years fungi imperfecti
249 (a) 260 (a)
The name virus that means venom or poisonous is free-living, aerobic non-
fluid was given Pasteur photosynthetic nitrogen fixing bacterium.
250 (b) is free living and symbiotic photosynthetic
P a g e | 55
 nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. kingdoms. Out of these, Monerainclude
261 (d) prokaryotes (bacteria, archaebacteria and
The kingdom-Animalia includes sponge, corals, cyanobacteria.
worms, insects, snails, star fishes, bony fishes, 270 (a)
frogs, lizards, snakes, twitles, crocodiles, birds and In asexual reproduction occurs by
mammals. longitudinal binary fission.
These organisms are heterotrophic, multicellular, 271 (a)
eukaryotes without chlorophyll. Heterotrophic Morels and truffles belongs to Ascomycetes. The
organisms cannot synthesise its own food and is ascocarps of some Ascomycetes are edible, .,
dependent on complex organic substances for morels and truffles
nutrition 272 (b)
262 (a) Chloromycetin is an antibiotic, which obtained
The members of order-Uridinales from .
(Basidiomycetes) are known as rust fungi. Black 273 (a)
stem rust of wheat is caused by Ascomycetes (Gk. askos=sac; mycete=fungus)
. are a large group with over 30,000 species,
263 (a) includes diverse types such as brown, green, blue
The causative agent of late blight of potato is and pink moulds, powdery mildews, yeast, morels
fungus class- and truffles.
Oomycetes, order-Peronosporales, and family- The mycelium is well developed and branched.
Pythiaceae. In India, the late blight of potato is a The hyphae are septate and multicellular.
seed borne disease. Majority of Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by
264 (a) the formation of conidia. Conidia are borne on
T-series bacteriophages, in their appearance special hyphae, called conidiophores.
resemble a tadpole or spermatozoid and are The fructification of some Ascomycetes are edible
differentiated into a head and a tail. and considered as delicacies e.g., morels, truffles.
265 (d) Neurospora crassa is often employed in studies
Plant Disease Casual Organism conducted in experimental genetics. It is often
Brown rot of called Drosophila of plant kingdom
potato 274 (a)
Rust of wheat Penicillium and yeast.
Potato leaf roll Potato leaf roll virus
Ascomycetes are commonly known as sac fungi,
Sugarcane mosaic Sugarcane virus-I
due to their sac-like appendage that holds the
266 (c)
spores.
Slime moulds lacks chlorophyll and are
The Ascomycetes are unicellular, yeast or
heterotrophic in their mode of nutrition. They
multicellular, e.g., penicillium
generally, lives as saprotophs except a few, which
275 (a)
are parasites on algae, other fungi and flowering
is an example for plant
plants
growth promoting rhizobacterium, which
267 (a)
produces iron chelating substance.
Free living protozoan has holozoic mode of
276 (d)
nutrition. They have no specific organ for intake
Protists are distinctly microscopic unicellular
of food. Holozoic nutrition involves engulfment of
organisms. The cell structure is typically
the whole or a part of a plant or animal, either in
eukaryotic. Internally, the cells have distinct
solid or in liquid state.
membrane bound organelles like nucleus with
268 (a)
chromosome, mitochondria, Golgi bodies,
The protein coat of virus is called capsid which is
endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes (80S), etc. The
made up of small subunits called capsomeres (A),
nucleus consists of chromatin, nucleolus and
which protects the nucleic acid (B)
nucleoplasm surrounded by porous nuclear
269 (b)
envelope. Some motile protists may have flagella
R H Whittakerdivided living organisms into five
or cilia for locomotion
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277 (b) Tikka disease of
is a spherical, Gram positive groundnut
bacteria (prokaryote). Membrane bound Crown gall disease
organelles are absent in prokaryotes. of grapes
287 (b)
278 (b)
Viruses are acellular, non-cytoplasmic structures
Lactic acid formation is carried at one stage by
and do not have own metabolic system because
.
enzymes are absent. These have DNA or RNA and
279 (a)
use host metabalic system.
Unicellular organisms such as
288 (d)
use organelles called
A – Diplontic (gametogenic meiosis and diploid
contractile vacuoles for osmoregulation.
adult)
280 (b)
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) B – Haplontic (zygotic meiosis and haploid adult)
spreads recently in China, Hongkong and
Singapore, is a viral disease caused by paramyxo C – Haplodiplontic (alternation of gametophyte
virus. and sporophyte generation, meiosis occur during
281 (d) spore formation).
Diploid protists undergo meiosis to form four
289 (b)
haploid gametes and the type of meiosis which
Sporozoan.
occur in diploid protiss is gametic meiosis.
Plasmodium is a sporozoan and a causative agent
282 (a)
of malarian diseases. It is an endoparasite
The element and compounds from the body of
(present with in the body) and intercullar
organisms constantly move back into the non-
parasite
living world during the life and death of the
290 (b)
organisms. This recycling of materials is done by
(Malaria parasite) is digenetic,
microorganisms (bacteria).
completed life cycle on two hosts (man and
283 (c)
mosquito).
N-acetylglucosamine is found in the inner layer of
291 (d)
both bacterial and fungal cell wall and it is
Contractile vacuole is the clear rounded pulsating
commonly known as chitin.
body present in the posterior part of endoplasm
284 (a)
of . It ais found only in fresh water forms
Thermophiles live in very hot places, typically
and is mainly concerned with osmoregulation,
from to many thermophiles (some
removal of excess of water.
eubacteria and archaebacteria) are autotrophs
292 (c)
and have metabolism of sulphur. Some
Archaebacteria is a primitive group of bacteria
thermophilic archaebacteria from the basis of
The three main groups of archaebacteria are
food webs around deep-sea thermal vents, where
methanogens, halophiles and thermoacidophiles.
they must withstand extreme temperature and
Methanogens are found in the musk of swamps
pressures. Archaebacteria can grow in highly
and marshes, the rumen of cattle, sewage, sludges
acidic (pH=0.7) and very basic (pH=17)
and gut of termites
environments.
Halophiles are named so because they usually
285 (a)
occur in salt rich substrata like salt pans, salt beds
In plants mosaic formation, leaf rolling and
and salt marshes
curling, yellowing and vein clearing are the
Thermoacidophiles have dual ability to tolerate
symptoms of viral diseases
high temperature as well as high acidity. They
286 (a)
often live in hot sulphur springs where the
Causing Organism Diseases
Late blight of temperature may be as high as . and pH as
potato low as 2
Foolish seedling 293 (a)
disease of rice Trypanosome gambiense was first observed by

P a g e | 57
 Forde in 1901. Fruce discovered that the parasite Protozoans are believed to be the primitive
of sleeping sickness is transmitted by tse-tse fly. It relatives of animals
causes gambian sleeping sickness 305 (c)
294 (c) species appears to be most
In mushroom, aggregation of secondary mycelium important group of bacteria in denitrification in
produces fruiting body called pileus. soils.
295 (c) 306 (a)
Column I Column II Plasmodium is a sporozoan and a causative agent
Fimbrillin Pili of malarian disease. It is an endoparasite (present
Flagellin Flagella with in the body) and intercullar parasite
Teichoic acid Cell wall 307 (a)
Glycoprotein S layer Bakanae disease or foolish seedling disease is
296 (a)
caused by the fungus
Covered smut of barley is caused by
308 (b)
297 (d)
is a nitrogen fixing bacterium for
Many scientists believed that viruses are modified
paddy fields. It is very useful soil and root
plasmids, which are the fragments of the nucleic
bacterium. It is an associative symbiotic fixing
acids of the host. These genome fractions escaped
bacteria.
and got inducted into new host cells.
309 (a)
298 (c)
is a digenetic protozoan, which
The plasma membrane of bacteria becomes
requires two hosts, primary (man), definitive
infolded at some places, theseare known as
or principal host and a secondary (mosquito),
mesosomes and are considered the sites of
intermediate or vector host.
respiration.
310 (b)
299 (d)
In fungi, asexual reproduction occurs through the
Provirus is the free double stranded DNA
formation of spores, zoospores,
structure formed by reverse transcription of
sporangiospores, chlamydospores, oidia, conidia,
retrovirus.
etc.
300 (a)
311 (d)
Cuscuta is a parasitic plant. It has no chlorophyll
Either DNA or RNA.
and cannot make its own food by photosynthesis.
Bacteriophages is a virus that infects and
Instead, it grows on other plants using their
replicates within bacteria. Bacteriophages are
nutrients for its growth and weakening the host
composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or
plant
RNA genome and may have relatively simple or
301 (b)
elaborated structure
The nucleic acid found in a virus can be DNA or
312 (a)
RNA Single stranded DNA is found in the
The fungal mycelium of mycorrhiza in soil plays a
bacteriophage , coliphage S13.
highly important role in absorbing and
302 (b)
transferring inorganic (mineral) ions, especially
Mushrooms ( sp) are edible fungus,
phosphorus and nitrogen from the soil to the
which belong to class-Basidiomycetes, also called
plant.
club fungi.
313 (d)
303 (c)
The fungus is responsible for
Cyanobacteria are Gram (+) photosynthetic
ergot disease of rye, which lowers the yield of rye
prokaryotes, which preforms oxygenic
plant.
photosynthesis. Photosynthetic pigments includes
314 (c)
chloropyll-a, carotenoid and phycobilins. Food is
Flagellated protozoans may be free living, aquatic
stored in the form of cyanophycean starch, lipid
parasitic, commensals or symbionts
globules and protein graules
315 (b)
304 (b)
Pasteurization is the method of partial
P a g e | 58
 sterilization. In older method of milk hyphae. The mass of network of hyphae is called
pasteurization, milk is heated at for 30 mycelium
minutes and in HTST or flash pateurization 326 (d)
method, milk is heated at for at least 15 Red rot of sugarcane, is caused by the pathogen
seconds followed by rapid cooling. ; a fungus of class-
316 (b) Deuteromycetes. White rust of radish or white
Atmosphere contains rust of crucifers is caused by or
(most abundant available gas) , which is an algal fungi
(second most abundant gas) (Phycomycetes or Oomycetes).
is an anaerobic bacterium, which 327 (d)
does not require for respiration but it can fix Disease Casual Organism
atmospheric nitrogen (most available Citrus canker
atmospheric gas) (bacteria)
317 (a) Grain smut
(sub-division-
In fungi, the various types of spores are produced
Basidiomycotina)
in distinct structure called fruiting body Red rot of
318 (a) sugarcane
is commonly called rust fungus. Smut is Black neck or (sub-
. Both rust and smut belong to the class- blast division-Deuteromycotina)
Basidiomycetes. Disease of rice
319 (b) 328 (d)
The Russian Biologist Ivanowsky Methanogens occurs in marshy areas. Some of the
(1892)demonstrated the occurrence of methanogen archaebacteria lives as symbionts
microorganisms smaller than bacteria in tobacco inside the rumen or first chamber in the stomach
leaves suffering from mosaic disease. of herbivorous animals that chew their cud
320 (c) (ruminants. e.g., cow, buffalo)
Agaricales is the order of Basidiomycetes with These bacterias are helpful to the ruminants in
which most of us are familiar. This is the order the fermentation of cellulose
that is commonly referred to as mushrooms 329 (c)
321 (a) The cell wall is composed of two thin overlapping
The common example of class-Basidiomycetes are shells, which fit together like a soap case, in
smut, rusts, mushrooms, tood stools, puff balls diatoms
birds nest fungi and pore fungi 330 (a)
322 (b) Euglenoids are unicellular flagellate protists.
Diatoms are very important photosynthesisers. Euglenoids occurs in freshwater habitats. They
About half of all the organic matter synthesised in contains the photosynthetic pigments, chorophyll-
the world is believed to be produced by them. a, chlorophyll-b, -carotene and xanthophylls
Though microscopic, diatoms are an important 331 (b)
source of food to aquatic animals Mycorrhizaeis a mutualistic relationship between
323 (b) some soil fungi with the roots of higher plants.
Presence of cell wall is the chief characteristic of The higher plants provide carbohydrate to the
plant cell. All bacteria have rigid cell wall. fungi and in return the fungi provide to the plants
324 (a) minerals (especially phosphorus), which the
Red rot of sugarcane. plants cannot absorb from soil.
Late blight of potato. 332 (b)
Loose smut of wheat. Griffith (1928) discovered the phenomenon of
Early blight of potato. transformation, while working on
325 (c) for developing a
Mycelium. vaccine against it. In transformation, the naked
The body of a fungus (except yeast) is made up of DNA is taken up by a competent bacterial cell
number of elongated, tubular filaments known as from their surrounding medium.
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333 (a) 342 (d)
Fungi are classified primarily on the basis of The Alternaria sp. are imperfect filamentous fungi
particular life cycle involved, sexual belonging to the class-Deuteromycetes
reproduction. Characteristics of the sexual spores 343 (b)
and fruiting bodies are mainly considered. Contractile vacuoles are osmoregulatory organs
334 (c) in for the elimination of excess water
Deuteromycetes are commonly known as from the body and excretory by-product,
imperfect fungi because only the sexual or ammonia.
vegetative phases of these fungi are known 344 (b)
is a small, flagellate
335 (a) Gram negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. It
The young sporangium of contains persists saprophytically in the soil until it infects a
certain amount of cytoplasm and many nuclei. root hair or damaged epidermal cell. After
The sporangium is divided into the denser, infection, establishes a symbiotic
peripheral soporiferous zone and the central relationship with legumes living inside the root
dome-shaped zone the columella. The protoplast nodules and fixes large amount of nitrogen, much
of the columella is continuous with that of of which is made available to the plant.
sporangiophore. The sporiferous zone undergo 345 (a)
cleavage and form haploid sporangiospores. Ustilago and Puccinia are the common parasites
336 (d) of Basidiomycetes.
causes leprosy. Puccinia graminis tritici belongs to class-
337 (d) Basidiomycetes. It causes black rust of wheat.
Viruses and viroids are the non-cellular Ustilago is an economically important member as
organisms which are not characterised in the it causes destructive smut diseases in most of the
classification of Whittaker cereal plants
338 (c) 346 (b)
They multiply in host cells. The class-Basidiomycetes includes those
Viruses are so primitive that many scientists members that produce their basidia and
consider them to be both living and non-living basidiospores on or in a basidiocarp. In
things. By itself, a virus is a lifeless particle that Basidiomycetes, the mycelium is branched and
cannot reproduce. But inside a living cell, a virus septate
becomes an active organism that can multiply 347 (c)
hundreds of times Virus is made up of RNA or DNA and protein,
339 (b) nucleoproteins. They are obligate parasites,
Mosaic disease of tobacco was found to be caused virus multiplies only in living cells or body of
by a filterable agent present in the extract of organism, Retrovirus.
diseased tobacco plant by lvanowsky (1892). 348 (a)
Beijerinck (1896) called it Contagium vivum Heteroecious fungus completes its life cycle on
fluidum (living infectious fluid). Stanley (1936) two hosts.
crystallised Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) for the 349 (b)
first time Bacteriophage is a virus which infects bacteria.
340 (c) 350 (c)
Chemoautotrophs (chemosynthetic) use chemical Penicillin acts on cell wall and mycoplasma lacks
energy released by biological oxidation of certain cell wall.
inorganic substances for the synthesis of food, 351 (d)
and some Plasmids are small, circular extragenomic DNA
other nitrogen cycle bacteria. segments found in bacteria and yeast. It was
341 (a) discovered by Lederberg in the year 1952.
(yeast) is commonly 352 (b)
known as baker’s yeast or brewer’s yeast because Viroids are extremely simple infectious agents
it is widely used in baking and brewing industries. consisting of only very small RNA genomes,
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 discovered in 1967 by Diener and Raymer. performing these modes of nutrition are
353 (b) respectively called chemoautotrophs and
Kingdom-Protista includes a wide variety of photoautotrophs. The vast majority of bacteria
unicellular organisms, mostly aquatic eukaryotes. are heterotrophs, i.e., they do not synthesise their
There are believed to be evolved from prokaryotic own food but depends on other organism or on
monerans and are the precursors from, which dead organic matter for food
higher organisms are evolved 362 (c)
354 (a) There are two major group of monerans,
Protista includes unicellular eukaryotes. archaebacteria and eubacteria. Some other groups
355 (b) of monerans are mycoplasma, rickettsiae and
The infective stage of to man is actinomycetes. Mycoplasmas or mollicutes are the
sporozoite. The sporozoites are small, spindle- simplest and smallest free living prokaryotes
shaped, slightly curved and uninucleate 363 (c)
organisms. contains the infective stage Mesosomes are folding of plasma membrane
in its salivary glands. These are transmitted inside cytoplasm in certain bacteria. They have
during the blood meal feeding of a enzymes, which are useful for respiration.
mosquito on a human. Mitochondria and other membrane bound
356 (b) organelles are absent in bacteria.
The tobacco mosaic virus is long, slender and rod- 364 (b)
shaped. It is a complex structure made up of Some species of bacteria reproduce sexually with
nucleoprotein (the protein and nucleic acid). The the help of endospores. Endospores are thick
central core of ribonucleic acid is surrounded by walled spores formed singly in a bacterial cell.
virus protein These are commonly seen in the species of
357 (a) and .
HIV is enveloped within a membrane, which is 365 (c)
made up of several Gp-120 and Gp-41 Denitrifying bacteria likePseudomonas
glycoprotein. Both of these glycoproteins denitrificans, Thiobacillus denitrificans utilize
resemble spiked ‘dots’ which give the IV the look nitrates and other oxidized ion as source of
of a horse chestnut. The central part called core of oxygen. They undergo denitrification, in which
HIV contains two single strands of RNA. nitrates are reduced to gaseous compounds of
358 (b) nitrogen and depletion of an important nutrient
The organisms involved in nitrogen fixing are occurs from the soil.
called nitrogen fixing organisms.Generally, these 366 (b)
are bacteria or cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). - fixing organisms (eubacteria/cyanobacteria)
and are the symbiotic as well as Archea are prokaryotes, hence
nitrogen fixing bacteria. classified among Monera of five kingdom concept
359 (c) proposed by Whittaker.
In mushroom, gills are concerned with 367 (a)
reproduction. The edges of the gills are made up Lichens are extremely sensitive to pollutants in
of a fertile layer, the hymenium. The hymenium the atmosphere and thus they can be used as bio-
consists of club-shaped basidia, which bear indicators of air quality. Their sensitivity results
basidiospores. from their ability to absorb substances dissolved
360 (c) in rain and dew.
Leuko virus contains both DNA and RNA. 368 (a)
361 (c) The nucleic acid of virus is surrounded by a
Bacteria shows both autotrophic and protein shell called capsid
heterotrophic nutrition. Autotrophic nutrition 369 (a)
involves manufacturing of organic materials from Streptomycin is obtained from
inorganic raw materials with the help of energy
obtained from outside. It is of two types, Auromycin (tetracyclin) is obtained from
chemosynthesis and photosynthesis. The bacteria
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 Chloromycetin is obtained from Plasmogamy is the first stage of sexual
reproduction in which the cytoplasms of two sex
Terramycin is obtained from cells fuse with each other
379 (d)
370 (a) is a genus of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)
Nostoc and Anabaena fungi. It helps in nutrient uptake mainly the
Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll-a, similar to absorption of phosphorus.
green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs. 380 (d)
Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric Diatomite or diatomaceous earth is used as a
nitrogen in toe specialized cells called cleaning agent in tooth pastes, metal polishes,
heterocysts, Nostoc and Anabaena filtration of oil and syrups, added to paints for
371 (d) enhancing night visibility, to make sound proof
A five kingdom division oforganisms was rooms, as insulating material in refrigerators and
proposed by Whittaker. Protista is one of that furnaces and employed as a source of water glass
division. It is a kingdom of unicellular, eukaryotic or sodium silicate
organisms. Many of them are photosynthetic 381 (a)
autotrophs, unicellular algae and diatoms. Some Conidium is asexual spore of certain fungi, cut off
protists are heterotrophic, Protozoa. externally at the apex of specialized hyphae
372 (a) (conidiophore), while sporangiophores produced
TMV is elongated rod-like, (300 nm) long inside the sporangium.
and (18nm) in diameter. 382 (a)
373 (d) Athlete’s food is a fungal disease kala-azar is a
Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between algae protozoan disease, typhus fever is a rickettsial
(phycobiont) and fungi (mycobiont). Both the disease and chicken pox is a viral disease.
partners are in a constant physical contact and 383 (a)
have almost equal physiological interdependence. A free living thalloid body of the acellular slime
The fungal partner takes part in reproduction, and moulds is called Plasmodium. The Plasmodium is
protection while algae synthesize food through wall less mass of multinucleate protoplasm,
photosynthesis. covered by slime
374 (d) 384 (a)
and are aerobic free Retroviruses are so named because they contain
living, saprotrophic (heterotrophic), nitrogen enzyme reverse transcriptase or RNA dependent
fixing bacteria. sp (aerobic) are the DNA polymerase. The genetic material of these
main nitrogen fixing free living bacteria. viruses is RNA, Rous sarcoma virus.
375 (a) 385 (a)
Crown gall disease in plants is caused by Ti- Chrysophytes are microscopic and float passively
plasmid (Tumour inducing plasmid). in water current (Plankton). Chrysophytes
376 (d) (diatoms) constitutes an important producer in
and are quite the form of phytoplanktons in aquatic ecosystem.
common fungi infesting food and food stuffs and They are the main source of food to aquatic
secrete toxins. animals
377 (c) 386 (b)
I and II are true. Pheromone is a substance secreted to outside by
The siliceous cell walls of diatoms are an individual and received by a second individual
indestructible (i.e., do not decay easily). They of the same species in which it induces a specific
were collected over millions of years on the sea reaction, fusion of two yeast cells during
floors, called diatomite or diatomaceous earth or sexual reproduction.
silica gel. These deposits may extends for several 387 (a)
hundred metres in certain areas Contractile vacuoles are required foe
378 (a) osmoregulation, maintenance of water
balance within the body. These are found in the
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 cytoplasm of those organisms, which live in Deuteromycetes are saprotrophs in soil and on
hypotonic water. is a good example of decaying organic matter. Most of them become
such type of organisms. , an parasites and cause serious diseases in plants,
endoparasite, lives in the large intestine where animals and human beings. A large number of
the surrounding is isotonic. The osmotic Deuteromycetes are decomposers of litter and
concentration of its body protoplasm equals to help in mineral cycling. Some common examples
that of the intestinal fluid of the host and hence no of Deuteromycetes are; Alternaria, Colletotricum,
water enters the parasite by osmosis. So, this Fusarium, Trichoderma, Cercospora, etc
organism does not require contractile vacuoles. 397 (a)
388 (a) Basidiomycota comprises the most
Kingdom-Protista includes all unicellular morphologically complex group of macrofungi.
eukaryotic organisms. They include mushrooms and toad stools and rust
389 (b) and smut parasites of plants
Plasmid is an extrachromosomal genetic element 398 (d)
present in bacterial cells and consists of DNA that The fungal partner protects the alga by retaining
can exist and replicate independently of the water, serving as a larger capture area for mineral
chromosome. Plasmids are widely used as nutrients and, in some cases, provides minerals
vectors to produce recombinant DNA for gene obtained from the substrate
cloning. 399 (b)
390 (d) Fungus of mycorrhiza helps in solubilization of
In Phycomycetes, zoospores are formed by the phosphate. has gene
fusion of two gametes. These gametes are similar responsible for synthesis of cry protein.
(isogamous) or dissimilar (anisogamous or 400 (d)
oogamous) in morphology Bacteria are prokaryotic in nature, in which
391 (c) typical chromosomes are lacking. DNA is circular
Like cyanobacteria algae, autotrophic plants and and naked as it is not surrounded by histones
photoautotrophic, bacteria also use light energy (basic proteins).
for reducing to organic compounds but water 401 (d)
is never used as a source of electrons in bacteria. The morphology of the mycelium, mode of spore
Hence, oxygen is never evolved during bacterial formation and fruiting forms, the basis for the
photosynthesis. division of the kingdom into four classes
392 (a) (i) Phycomycetes (ii) Ascomycetes (iii)
Fungi absorbs soluble organic matter from dead Basidiomycetes (iv) Deuteromycetes
substrates are called saprophytes 402 (a)
393 (a) Prions have a distinct extracellular form but the
is a nitrogen fixing extracellular form is entirely protein. The prion
bacterium found symbiotically within the root particle does not contain any nucleic acid.
nodules of leguminous plants. In However, it is infectious and prions are known to
genesare present, which are cause a variety of diseases in animals.
responsible for the synthesis of enzymes 403 (c)
nitrogenous and has the capability of fixing Asexual reproduction takes place through
atmospheric nitrogen. zoospores, which are motile or through non-
394 (d) motile aplanospores
is a free-living nitrogen fixing 404 (a)
cyanobacterium which can form symbiotic Inspection of domain Archaea shows that two
association with water fern sub-divisions exist; the Euryarchaeota and the
395 (c) Crenarchaeota. The Euryarchaeota includes
N-acetylglucosamine is found at the inner layer of
bacterial and fungal cell wall and it is commonly .
known as chitin. 405 (a)
396 (d) Penicillin was the first known antibiotic or an
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 antimicrobial agent produced by A handful of soil may contain hundreds and
and discovered by A thousands of them
Fleming (1929). 414 (d)
406 (a) The transfer of bacterial genes from one
If the plane of cytoplasmic division coincides with bacterium to another through virus is called
the transverse axis of the individual, then the transduction. This process cannot take in the
fission is called transverse binary fission, absence of virus.
415 (c)
407 (b) Parasexual cycle was first discovered by
The credit for the discovery of virus goes to D J Pontecarvo and Roper in 1952 in
Ivanowski (1892), a Russian botanist, who . It is also known as somatic
prepared an extract of tobacco mosaic diseased recombination.
plant which when passed through bacteria filter, 416 (a)
filtrate was still infectious. Wendell Stanley Viroids were first studied in potato spindle tuber
(1933) purified TMV in crystal form. disease. Viroids have no protein coat and contain
408 (c) circular RNA only.
VAM (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae) is the 417 (c)
mutually beneficial or symbiotic association of a Mycoplasmas are the simplest and the smallest of
fungus with the root of a higher plant is known as the free living prokaryotes. Due to the absence of
mycorrhiza. cell wall, the organisms can change their shape
409 (d) and are pleomorphic. They can survive without
Zygophores are the special branches develop oxygen. Many mycoplasma are pathogenic in
from the somatic hyphae. Each zygophore bears animals and plants. They mostly produce
progametangium and terminal protein of pleuropneumonia in domestic animals, a typical
progametangium is called gametangium. pneumonia and mycoplasmal urethritis in
Protoplasts of two opposite strained gametangia humans, little leaf disease of brinjal and witches
become fuse and form diploid mass called broom in plants
zygospore. 418 (c)
410 (b) Slime mould do not belong to kingdom-Monera.
The plant cell have an eukaryotic structure with These belong to kingdom-Fungi and division-
prominent chloroplast. Chloroplast contains Myxomycota.
chlorophyll which is responsible for the plant’s 419 (c)
green colour and imparts the ability to absorb ‘Aspergillosis’ is a lung disease in human beings
energy from sunlight. This energy is used to caused by a fungus .
convert water plus atmospheric carbon dioxide 420 (d)
into metabolisable sugars by the biochemical Pasteurization involves the treatment of milk to
process of photosynthesis. destroy disease causing organisms. Milk is heated
Kingdom includes algae, bryophytes, to for 30 minutes or to for 15 seconds
pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. followed by rapid cooling to below in
Life cycle consists of alternating haploid pasteurization.
gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations 421 (a)
411 (b) AIDS is a disease of the human immune system
The mycelium of is intercellular, which is caused by an infection with Human
branched, aseptate, eucarpic and multinucleate Immune deficiency Virus (HIV)
(coenocytic). 422 (a)
412 (d) Cell wall of all fungi contains chitin of fungal
has only one contractile vacuole. This cellulose along with other polysaccharids,
vacuole regularly pumps out excess water like proteins, lipids and a number of the substance
human kidney. 423 (c)
413 (d) The causal agent of two human diseases called
Bacteria are the most abundant microorganisms. kuru disease and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease and
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 that of sheep called scrapie disease is the ‘Prion’ 432 (b)
It was first reported by Pruisner (1982). It is an Continued nuclear division makes the hyphae
infectious proteinaceous particle. multinucleate. It the whole mycelium is without
424 (c) septum, the same is called coenocytic
Both (a) and (b). 433 (c)
Methanogens occurs in marshy areas. Some of the Parasexuality is related with protoplast fusion
methanogen archaebacteria live as symbionts and found in fungus.
inside the ruman or first chamber in the stomach 434 (d)
of herbivorous animals that chew their cud Members of class-Oomycetes are found in aquatic
(ruminants. e.g., cow, buffalo) habitats and on decaying wood in moist and damp
These bacterias are helpful to the ruminants in places or as obligate parasites on plants. Thallus is
the fermentation of cellulose mycelial. The hypae are coenocytic (i.e., aseptate
425 (a) and multinucleate). Asexual reproduction occurs
In human, virus causes various disease like AIDS by the formation of spores produced inside the
(HIV Virus), mumps (paramyxovirus), smallpox sac-like sporangia. Terrestrial species produces
(variola virus). Herpes (HSVI) and influenza (RNA aplanospores and aquatic species produces
viruses of the family-Orthomyxoviridae). Diabetes zoospores
and cholera are not the viral diseases 435 (c)
426 (d) In chrysophytes the cell walls form two thin
Cyanobacteria may be unicellular, colonial or overlapping shells, which fit together as in a soap
filamentous. Each filament consists of a sheath of box. The walls are embedded with silica and thus,
mucilage and one or more cellular strands called the walls are indestructible.
trichomes 436 (c)
427 (a) Transformation is a process by which free DNA is
National Institute of Virology is situated at Pune. incorporated into a recipient bacterial cell and
428 (c) brings about genetic change. During the process
Chrysophytes include diatoms and desmids of transformation, genes are transferred from one
(golden algae). They belong to the division- bacterium to another as ‘naked D A’ in solution
Chrysophyta/Bacillariophyta The first evidence of bacterial transformation was
429 (b) obtained by the British scientist Fredrick Griffith
Mycorrhiza is the symbiotic association between in the late 1920s while working on
fungus and root of higher plants. The mycorrhizal
roots are usually covered with fungal wooly . Hence, transformation is also
outgrowth. Fungus growth does not cause any referred to as ‘Griffith effect’
harm to the plant. Along with water phosphones 437 (d)
and nitrogen are also absorbed. Viroids are small, circular, single-stranded RNA
430 (a) molecules that are the smallest known pathogens.
Traditionally, all the organisms of the world used A few well studied viroids include coconut
to be divided into two kingdoms, i.e., plant cadang-cadang viroid, citrus exocortis viroid and
kingdom and animal kingdom. This system was potato spindle tuber viroid.
given by Carolus Linnaeus in the book Systema 438 (b)
Naturae (1735) Viruses are noncellular obligate parasites. In the
431 (c) free state, they are just like the particles. They do
Plasmodium is a free-living multinucleate not have their own metabolic machinery. They
amoeboid mass of protoplasm. It is found in use host’s machinery for multiplication
acellular slime moulds. 439 (a)
Pseudoplasmodium is an aggregated mass of Keratophilous fungi are responsible for hair loss.
amoeboid cells where each cell maintains its 440 (b)
separate identify. The plant body of the is mycelium
Pseudoplasmodium is found in cellular slime which is eucarpic. The mycelium is
moulds distinguishable into three types of hyphae namely
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 rhizoidal hyphae, stolons and sporangiophores. phylogenetic relationships. The five kingdom as
The mycelium is aspetate, branched and given by Whittakaer are
multinucleate (coenocytic). (i) Monera (ii) Protista (iii) Fungi (iv) Plantae (v)
441 (c) Animalia
Class-Deuteromycetes This class of artificially 449 (b)
grouped fungi have no sexual reproduction and Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll-a, similar to
are consequently called the fungi imperfecti green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs.
because their life cycles are imperfect Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric
442 (b) nitrogen in to specialised cells called heterocysts,
Retrovirus is the RNA virus that infects animal Nostoc and Anabaena
cells and replicates by first being converted to 450 (a)
double stranded DNA, with the enzyme reverse Eubacteria is also called true bacteria. They are
transcriptase. characterised by the presence of a rigid cell wall
443 (c) and if motile, a flagellum
Bacteriophages are viruses that kill bacteria. 451 (c)
Bacteriophages are much smaller the bacteria Basidiospores are produced by the members of
they destroy. class-Basidiomycetes, , toadstools
444 (b) and bracket fungi.
Conidia are the means of asexual reproduction in 452 (d)
fungi. In some fungi, the spores are not formed Fusion of protoplasms Fusion of two nuclei
inside a sporangium. They are born freely on the Meiosis
tips of special branches called conidiophores. The The sexual reproduction in fungi completes in
spores thus formed are called conidia. On the three phases
basis of development, two types of conidia are (i) Plasmogamy (ii) Karyogamy (iii) Meiosis
recognized, thallospores and blastospores or Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or
true conidia. non-motile gametes is called plasmogamy
445 (a) 3. Fusion of two nuclei is called karyogamy
Mutualism is a type of association, where both the 4. Meiosis in zygote results in the formation
partners are benefitted. Lichens show a of haploid spores
permanent and obligatory associations between 453 (c)
algae and fungi involving physiological Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria are often used for
interdependence. reclaiming USAR soils, Nostoc, Anabaena.
446 (b) These cyanobacteria produce acidic chemicals for
Ringworm refers to fungal infections that is on the counteracting alkalinity of the soil and
surface of the skin. Although the world is full of nitrogenous compounds, which are generally
yeasts, moulds and fungi, only a few cause skin deficient in these soils
problems. These agents are called the 454 (a)
dermatophytes. Some common dermatophytic Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are Gram (+)
fungi are Trichophyton rubrum, T.tonsucans, T. photosynthetic prokaryotes, which performs
interdigitale, T.mentagrophytes, Microsporum oxygenic photosynthesis
canis and Epidermophyton floccosum. 455 (a)
447 (d) TMV is a single stranded RNA molecule containing
Insectivorous plants can capture and digest live plant virus. It is an elongated rod like (300
prey, to obtain nitrogen compounds that are nm) long and (18 nm) in diameter.
lacking in its usual marshy habitat, ., bladder 456 (d)
wort, venus fly trap, Nepenthes Heterocysts are specialized cells responsible for
448 (d) nitrogen fixation in certain cyanobacteria.
All of the above. 457 (a)
RH Whittaker divided living organisms into five Fungal cell wall contains 80-90% carbohydrates,
kingdoms based on their cell structures, body the remainder being proteins and lipids. The
structure, nutrition, reproduction and
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 typical feature of fungal cell wall is presence of The phenolic compounds secreted by the plants in
chitin but cellulose does occur in cell walls of response to fungal reaction are called
Oomycetes and phytoalexins.
Hyphochytridiomycetes. 468 (d)
458 (a) Mesosomes are extensions of the plasma
is a member of class-Ascomycetes. The membrane within the bacterial cell (cytoplasm),
Ascomycetes have a multicellular mycelium involving complex whorls of convoluted
(except yeast) with septal pore and chitinous membranes.
wall. The sexual reproduction produces 469 (d)
dikaryophase Other examples are: Paramecium are aquatic, actively moving
organism because of the presence of cilia.
, etc Paramecium have a cavity (gullet) that opens to
459 (a) the outside of the cell surface. The coordinated
Mycorrhiza is an association between a fungus movement of rows of cilia causes the water laden
and the root of a higher plant, , with food to be steared into the cavity (gullet)
pine, etc. It is found in oligotrophic soil. 471 (d)
460 (d) ‘ lub Fungi’ is the common name given to the
is the parasitic, zooflagellate fungi of class-Basidiomycetes because of club-
protozoan. It is an endoparasite, blood parasite, shaped end of mycelium knows as basidium.
extracellular parasite. 472 (d)
461 (c) Yeast is a facultative aerobe. When yeast is grown
is the smallest bacterium, in a well aerated (Aerobic) nutrient medium, the
long. sugar is completely oxidized in normal
462 (a) respiration.
Due to resemblance with slipper of shoe, the nergy
(a protozoan) is known as slipper But in anaerobic condition, sugar is converted
animalcule. into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol
463 (a) within the cytoplasm.
Female mosquitoesare blood suckers
of vertebrates. These have long proboscis and
palpi of equal length. 473 (c)
464 (c) Viruses that infect bacteria, multiply and cause
Antibiotics are the substances that destroy or their lysis are called lytic.
inhibit the growth of microorganisms particularly 474 (b)
disease producing bacteria and fungi. They are Single Cell Proteins (SCP) are the proteins
obtained from microorganisms. is produced by microorganisms (bacteria,
the largest genus of actinobacteria unicellular alga, yeast, etc) that are extracted for
(Streptomycetaceae). They produce over two- use as a component of human or animal food.
thirds of the clinically useful antibiotics of natural The fungi used for the commercial production of
origin, neomycin, chloramphenicol. SCP are (yeast),
465 (b) etc.
In 1969, American biologist, Robert H Whittaker 475 (a)
proposed five kingdom classification. The main In , in macroconjugant, micronucleus
criteria for classification used by him include cell undergoes two divisions forming 4 nuclei (or
structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition micronuclei), 3 of which disintegrate and the
and reproduction. remaining one becomes the female pronucleus.
466 (c) 476 (d)
Some dinoflagellates, such as Gymnodinium and Animals are heterotrophic, eukaryotic,
Gonyaulax grows in large number in the seas and multicellular organism. Animal cells do not have
make the water look red and causes the red tides cell walls. Nutrition is typically holotrophic.
467 (c) Digestion occurs within specialised cavities

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477 (d) 486 (a)
Phylogenetically the kingdom-Protista acts as a Cyanobacteria produces water blooms, imparting
connecting link between the prokaryotic bad odour and colour to water bodies
kingdom-Monera on one hand and the complex 487 (b)
multicellular kingdoms-Fungi, Plantae and White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to a
Animalia on the other hand. Protists reproduce parasitic fungus Albugo
asexually and sexually by a process involving cell 488 (b)
fusion and zygote formation. Eukaryotes means Some dinoflagellates ( ., Gonyaulax catenella)
true nucleus bearing organisms are poisonous to vertebrates. When they are in
478 (a) large number, they produce the toxin called
Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic blue-green algae saxitoxin into the sea water, which kills fishes and
belonging to the class-Cyanophyceae or other marine animals
Myxophyceae. These contain chlorophyll- 489 (b)
carotenoids and three phycobiliproteins (blue- is the digenetic parasite
green pigments) -phycocyanin, allophycocyanin its life cycle is completed into two hosts. The
and -phycoerythrin. primary host is man, cat, dog or monkey and
479 (d) secondary or intermediate host of this parasite is
Sporozoites are the infective stage of malarial .
parasite. They are present in the saliva of infected 490 (a)
female mosquito. This infective stage Members of Phycomycetes are found in aquatic
is directly goes to parenchyma cells of liver. habitats and on decaying wood in moist and damp
480 (c) places or as obligate parasites on plants
During unfavorable conditions, 491 (a)
reproduces by encystment and multiplefission. A virus consist of:
481 (d) Core: Genetic material either DNA or RNA.
Witches broom is a disease of cherries caused by Capsid: A protective coat of protein surrounding
a member of fungal class- the core.
Ascomycetes. Nucleocapsid: Combined structure formed by the
482 (a) core and capsid.
Deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual Capsomeres: Capsids are often built up of identical
spores known as conidia. Most of the 17,000 repeating sub-units called capsomeres.
species reproduce by conidia. Conidia are non- 492 (a)
motile fungal mitospores which are produced is a causative agent of malaria
exogenously from the tips and sides of the hyphae disease. It is an endoparasite (present within the
called conidiophores body) and interacellular parasite.
483 (d) 493 (a)
A lichen is structurally organised entity consisting Dr. Ronald Ross (20th August, 1897) discovered
of the permanent association of a fungus and an the oocyte of parasite on the outside of midgut or
alga. Algae prepare food for fungi. Fungi provides stomach of female and found out that
shelter and absorbs water and minerals for algal the malaria is transmitted by the bite of
partner. Lichens are very sensitive to air mosquitoes. For this discovery, he was awarded
pollution, particularly to S concentration in the Nobel Prize in 1902.
atmosphere. They die at higher levels of S 494 (b)
484 (a) Mucor (dung mould) and Rhizopus (black bread
Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic relationship between mould) are included in class-Phycomycetes. Both
fungi and roots of higher plants. are the common saprotrophic fungi, that attack a
485 (d) variety of food stuffs
Murein or mucopeptide or peptidoglycan is found 495 (b)
in the bacterial cell wall including eubacteria and Bacteria are grouped under four categories based
cyanobacteria. Diatoms are algae and lack murein on their shape. The spherical coccus, the rod-
in cell wall. shaped bacillus, the comma-shaped vibrium and
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 the spiral spirillum Haemozoin is an undigested part of blood (RBCs
496 (b) break down into haematin and protein, protein is
Plasmogamy is the fusion of two haploid cells digested by and haematin is
without nuclear fission modified into haemozoin pigment) in trophozoite
498 (c) of . Haemozoin is toxic material
Diatoms and desmids are found in freshwater as pigment, which causes chill, body pain and fever.
well as in marine environments. They are 506 (b)
microscopic and float passively in water currents Euglena is found in fresh and stagnant water
499 (b) 507 (c)
The motile zygote formed by fertilization R H Whittaker (1969) classified living organisms
(anisogamy) of macrogamete by a microgamete is into five kingdoms based on cell structure, body
called ookinete. organization, nutrition and life style. The five
500 (b) kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and
causes late blight Animalia.
disease of potato. The disease is widely spread in 508 (b)
the hilly areas of India during rainy season. Low The bacteria is useful because of
temperature and humid atmosphere favor the its ability to decompose a variety of organic
spread of the disease. compounds. Prof. Anand Mohan Chakraworty (an
501 (c) Indian born Molecular Biologist) developed a
The most characteristic feature of Paramecium is super strain of , which can degrade
the presence of a large number of cilia on the oil. It is known as hakraworty’s superbug
whole body surface. Paramecium uses cilia for 509 (b)
locomotion and capturing food Karyogamy is the fusion of two compatible nuclei
502 (c) brought together as a result of plasmogamy
Prophage is the DNA of a bacteriophage that is 510 (a)
repressed for lytic functions and that is Facultative autotrophs are basically heterotrophs,
maintained in the host bacterium in a stable state. which also have chlorophyll and make food
The phage genome may be integrated into the through photosynthesis.
DNA of its bacterial host and may be replicated 511 (d)
along with the host DNA, as is the case for Members of Basidiomycetes are grown in soil, on
bacteriophage lambda or may be maintained as logs, on tree stumps and in living plant bodies
extrachromoromal-DNA, as in the case for 512 (c)
bacteriophage P . Plasmid is an extrachromosomal, closed circular
503 (d) DNA molecule existing only in the cytoplasm of
Some viruses have a lipid bilayer membrane bacteria.
around them enveloped viruses, while the 513 (c)
other viruses are naked. During penetration Basidiocarp or sporocarp is a fruiting body of the
within a host, fusion with the host membrane is members of fungal family-Agaricaceae. Members
preferred and endocytosis is preferred by naked of Agaricaceae are filamentous and heterotrophic,
viruses. cannot prepare food for their own.
504 (d) 514 (b)
The mode of nutrition in is holozoic and Phycomycetes is a class of kingdom-Fungi.
involves the following processes: 515 (a)
(a) Phagocytosis, intake of food in solid form. Prophage is the non-infectious phage DNA, which
(b) Pinocytosis, intake of food in liquid or is integrated into a bacterial chromosome and
solution form. multiplying with the dividing bacterium.
(c) Exocytosis, egestion of residual 516 (c)
undigested food. Slime moulds are protists, unicellular
Figure in the question shows all the three process eukaryotic organisms. They are characterized by:
stated above. (i) Absence of chlorophyll so, mode of nutrition is
505 (a) heterotrophic.
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 (ii) Naked myxamoebae, Plasmodium or protozoan found in ponds, drains ditches and
pseudoplasmodium springs, etc.
(iii) Capillitium. 525 (d)
517 (c) Amoeboid protozoans lives in freshwater, sea
Spirochaetes are slender, flexuous and helically water moist soil, They move and capture their
coiled bacteria verying in length from 3-500 m. prey by putting out pseudopodia. Marine
Some of them are saprophytes and the other are amoeboid protozoans have silica shells on their
parasites. The spirochaete surface
causes syphilis disease. 526 (c)
518 (c) Bacteria are the omnipresent, heterotrophic
AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is sometimes parasitic saprophytic, symbiotic or
caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). autotrophic unicellular, generally colourless and
HIV contains single stranded RNA (two copies) as morphologically least complex prokaryotes. These
genetic material and reverse transcriptase are bound by rigid cell wall of mucopeptide.
enzyme. 527 (b)
519 (b) During bacterial staining (Gram staining), Gram
Myxomycetes are known as cellular slime moulds, positive bacteria stained purple, while Gram
they grow in damp places, soil and rotting negative stained red or pink.
trees trunk. Myxomycetes are slimy mass of the 528 (c)
multinucleated protoplasm that has pseudopodia Encysted, non-feeding and non-motile infectious
like structure for engulfing foods. Reproduction in stage of
them takes place through fragmentation or is called minuta form.
zoospores. 529 (b)
520 (b) Viroid was discovered by TO Diener in 1971 as a
Sol-gel theory was first proposed by Hyman new infectious agent that was smaller than
(1917). Later it was supported by Pantin and viruses. Viroids lacks capsid and have not
Mast. According to this theory, the pseudopodia proteins associated with them. The nucleic acid
are formed by change of cytoplasm from gel to sol that they infects is a free RNA with low molecular
and sol to gel. weight. They have been identified as causes
521 (b) responsible for some very important plant
AIDA is caused due to infection of Human diseases such as, potato spindle tuber,
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). AIDS is chrysanthemum stunt
characterized by reduction in the number of D 530 (c)
of helper –lymphocytes, as HIV kills these cells. All are correct except III. In Ascomycetes, the
522 (a) mycelium is well developed and branched. The
Two French scientist Jacob and Monod (1961) hyphae are septate and multicellular
proposed operon model for gene regulation in 531 (b)
prokaryotes. At the time of formation of pseudopodia in
523 (c) anterior part of , plasma sol is converted
Binary fission is the common method of bacterial into plasma gel.
multiplication under favourable conditions. 532 (d)
Bacteria produces several types of spores called In fungi, vegetative reproduction occurs by
gonidia, sporangiophores, arthrospores, canidia, fragmentation, budding, fission, sclerotia and
cysts and endospores. rhizomophs
Bacteria also reproduce by a sort of sexual 533 (c)
reproduction by adopting a primitive type of DNA Heterotrophic bacteria are the most abundant in
transfer from one bacterium to the other nature. The majority are important decomposers.
524 (a) Many of them have a significant impact on human
is an unicellular, microscopic organism affairs
measuring . It is a free living 534 (d)
An American taxonomist, Robert H Whittaker has
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 proposed a five kingdom classification of living to produce copies for gene library.
organisms in the year 1969. 546 (d)
535 (d) is an edible fungus grown in
Envelopes of animal virus usually arise from host Punjab and Kashmir. Mushrooms are preferred
cells nuclear or plasma membrane. Viruses do not for food, as these have a large amount of protein
have ribosomes. Proteins of envelope and capsid (21-30%) and are also rich in vitamins,
however, coded by viral genes. carbohydrates, minerals and amino acids.
536 (a) 547 (a)
In the new host, after 5-6 hours, cyst wall is Viroids were discovered by T O Diener, a plant
digested releasing the tetranucleate pathologist in 1971. Viroids are small, circular,
called excystic or metacyst. single-stranded RNA molecules that are the
537 (c) smallest pathogens.
Protein coat is present in virus but absent in 548 (d)
viroids. Viroids are the infectious agents which Rigid cell wall and flagellum.
have naked nucleic acid (mainly RNA) Eubacteria is also called true bacteria. They are
538 (b) characterized by the presence of a rigid cell wall
The members of Myxomycetes are called slime and if motile, a flagellum
moulds because they contain and secrete slime. 549 (d)
They are included in lower fungi. Their somatic Cauliflower mosaic virus is one of only a few
phase is a multinucleate, diploid holocarpic double-stranded DNA plant viruses and as such it
Plasmodium (a product of syngamy). is a potential vector for the introduction of foreign
539 (c) DNA into plants
Powdery mildew diseases are characterized by 550 (a)
the presence of fungal mycelium, conidiophores The kingdom-Plantae are multicellular eukaryotes
and conidia as white powdery patches on the with chlorophyll in the photosynthetic regions.
host. Powdery mildew is caused by fungus, which The kingdom-Plantae includes green, brown and
belongs to Ascomycetes. red algae, liverworts, mosses, ferns and seed
540 (a) plants with or without flower
Galic acid, used in making ink is obtained with the 551 (a)
help of . During conjugation in , the
541 (c) micronucleus undergoes successive divisions one
Viruses are without necessary metabolic of which is meiosis. The four haploid daughter
enzymes, hence free viruses are inert particles nuclei are formed out of them three degenerate
incapable of any vital activities and use host and one divides from them and form two gametic
machinery regarded as obligate parasite and have nuclei one male and one female.
characteristic of both living and nonlivings. 552 (a)
542 (c) Morels and truffles differ widely in their form and
The crystal of viruses are actually composed of behavior. The morels resembles mushrooms to
many individual complex units known as virions. the extent that they have a cap borne upon a
The virion is now described as the basis structural central stem, while the truffles forms solid, round
unit of virus particle capable of infecting a specific balls, which grows underground. These are the
host. edible Ascomycetes. Both morels and truffles,
543 (c) represents some of the most highly prized edible
Mushrooms ( sp) are common edible mushroom in the world
fungi. Their fruiting bodies are used for eating. 553 (c)
544 (a) In all Basidiomycetes, except the rusts, a
Archaebacterium cannot live in less than 3M NaCl specialised hyphal structure known as clamp
concentration. connection (or lamp) is formed on the secondary
545 (d) mycelium. It ensures the maintenance of a
Cosmid is a fragment of DNA of about 40,000 base dikaryon.
pairs, inserted in bacteria along with foreign DNA 554 (c)
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 is a microscopic eukaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic or
endoparasite of man. It is commonly found in the heterotrophic organisms (both plants and
upper part of large intestine and is very often animals) like flagellates, diatoms, dinoflagellates,
lodged in liver, lungs, brain and testes. It invades slime moulds, sarcodina, etc. Themajor groups of
the mucosa and submucosa of the intestinal wall Protista are photosynthetic protists (algae),
and causes amoebic dysentery or amoebiasis. consumer-decomposer protists (slime moulds)
Infection depends upon intake of food or water and protozoan protists.
contaminated with faecal matter. Houseflies 563 (a)
sitting on faecal matter of hosts containing cysts Euglenoids are unicellular flagellate protists. They
may transfer them to food stuff. are without cellulosic cell wall. The body is
555 (d) covered by thin and flexible pellicle. The pellicle is
is a microscopic endoparasite found composed of fibrous elastin protein, small amount
in the lumen of upper part of large intestine, of lipid or/and carbohydrates.
colon. Parasitologists believe that this this The euglenoids have two flagella, usually one long
parasite lives there as harmless commensal but and one short. Each flagellum arises from a basal
due to unknown reasons they invade the mucosa granule (blepharoplast). The flagella bear hairs
and submucosa of the intestinal wall and cause (=tinsels). They are photosynthetic in the
amoebic dysentery or amoebiasis. presence of sunlight. They are considered as
556 (d) connecting link between plants and animals
The photosynthetic bacteria contain 564 (c)
bacteriochlorophyll but lack chlorophyll- Plant like nutrition is found in .
557 (a) 565 (a)
Deuteromycota is commonly called as fungi Usually plant viruses contain RNA but some plant
imperfecti. This includes all those fungi in which viruses contain DNA as genetic material. Most
sexual or perfect stage is not known. animal viruses contain DNA but there are some
558 (b) exceptions (with RNA as genetic material) also. In
Morels, truffles, yeast and Penicillium are all tobacco mosaic virus and tomato mosaic virus,
examples of class-Ascomycetes. Yeast is single cell genetic material is ss-RNA, while bacteriophage
member of class-Ascomycetes. lambda and bacteriophage possess a linear ds-
Penicillium is a genus of fungi, commonly growing DNA molecule as genetic material.
as green or blue moulds on decaying food, used in 566 (b)
making medicine (antibiotics) The main difference between Gram positive and
559 (b) Gram negative bacteria is due to cell wall. The cell
Plasmids are small extrachromosomal or wall of Gram negative bacteria contain
extranuclear, circular, double stranded DNA Peptidoglycan (10%), lipopolysaccharides
molecules that are separate from main bacterial lipoprotein and phospholipid, while cell wall of
chromosome and replicate independently. Gram positive bacteria contain peptidoglycan (60-
560 (b) 90%) , teichoic acid and lipids.
Photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria includes 567 (b)
blue-green algae, which have chlorophyll-a Plant virus contains RNA mostly as genetic
similar to the green plants materials. Plasmids are found in bacteria and
561 (b) yeasts.
When freshwater protozoans are placed in marine 568 (b)
water, hypertonic water, the contractile Viroid were discovered by TO Diener in 1971 as a
vacuoles disappear because the process of new infectious agent that was smaller than
endosmosis does not happen and thus, water does viruses. Viroids lack capsid and have not proteins
not come in the protoplasm. associated with them
562 (d) 569 (a)
R H Whittakerdivided living organisms into five Prions have a distinct extracellular form made up
kingdoms , monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae of protein. The prion particle does not contain any
and Animalia. Kingdom-Protista includes nucleic acid. However, it is infectious and known
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 to cause a variety of diseases in animals such as (heterodont), one transverse flagellum and other
scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform longitudinal flagellum. The longitudinal flagellum
encephalopathy in cattle (BSE or mad cow is narrow, smooth, directed posteriorly and lies in
disease), chronic wasting disease in deer, elk and the sulcus.
kuru and a form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease The transverse flagellum is ribbon like and lies in
(CJD) in humans. cingulum or annulus. The two types of flagella
570 (a) beats in different directions
Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are Gram 578 (a)
positive photosynthesis prokaryotes, which Protein coat is present in virus but absent in
performs oxygenic photoynthesis viroids. Viroids are the infectious agent, which
571 (d) have naked nucleic acid (mainly RNA)
Most animals have the ability to move fairly 579 (c)
freely. Animals have specialised sensory and Yeasts are used for producing enzyme invertase
neuromotor system. Reproduction is generally and vitamin riboflavin.
sexual. Gamates are formed, mostly in 580 (c)
multicellular organs called gonads (ovaries or Yeast ( ) produces enzymes
testes). amylase, maltase and zymase. Amylase breaks
Lower forms performs asexual reproduction also. down starch into maltose; maltase converts
The sexual reproduction takes place by copulation maltose into glucose and the glucose is converted
of male and female followed by embryological by zymase to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
developement
572 (d)
In 1884, a Danish Biologist, Christian Gram
developed a stain, which revealed that bacteria
can be divided into two natural groups, Gram
positive and Gram negative due to differences in
their cell wall structure. The outer membrane is
present in Gram positive bacteria.
573 (a)
Mycorrhiza is an association between a fungus 581 (d)
and root of higher plant. The plants provide a Most of the monerans and fungi are decomposers,
source of carbon used by the fungus and the biotic component of the ecosystem.
fungus absorbs phosphorus or other minerals the 582 (b)
plant might not otherwise obtain from soil. Plasmid is a small, autonomously independent,
574 (a) self-replicating extranuclear DNA, imparting
The species of may be heterothallic or certain factors to some bacterium. It is carried by
homothallic. The mycelium is aseptate and the bacterium in addition to its genomic DNA.
multinucleate called coenocytic. 583 (b)
575 (c) The bacterium , causing
Class Example botulism (a form of food poisoning) is an obligate
Ascomycetes Yeast, anaerobic endospore forming, Gram positive, rod-
Basidiomycetes shaped bacterium found in soil and in many fresh
Zygomycetes water sediments.
Phycomycetes 584 (b)
576 (a) Kingdom-Monera includes all prokaryotic
When microbes are grown in a closed system or autotrophic or heterotrophic organisms
batch culture, the resulting growth curve has mycoplasms, bacteria, Actinomycetes (mycelia
usually four phases : lag phase, exponential (log bacteria) and photosynthetic cyanobacteria. On
phase), stationary phase and death phase. the other hand, all unicellular eukaryotic
577 (d) organisms like flagellates, diatoms,
In dinoflagellates the two flagella are different dinoflagellates, slime moulds, sarcodina, etc, are

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 grouped under kingdom-Protista. , which is mycelial and eucarpic,
585 (c) mycellium intercellular, branched, asepatate and
Nitrogen fixation multinucleate (coenocytic).
Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll-a, similar to 591 (b)
green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs. Fungi absorbs nutrients directly from the living
Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric host cytoplasm are called parasites
nitrogen in toe specialized cells called 592 (b)
heterocysts, Nostoc and Anabaena The genus with about 100 species is
586 (b) the largest and best-studied slime mould in the
Archaebacteria is primitive group of bacteria. The class-Myxomycetes.
three main groups of archaebacteria are 593 (a)
methanogens, halophiles and thermoacidophiles. Statement I is true, but II is false.
Methanogens are obligate, anaerobic Bacterial viruses or bacteriophase have
archaebacteria which oxidize during cellular commonly double stranded DNA but all the other
respiration to produce methane as a waste genome types also occur in them
product. They are found in the musk of swamps 594 (b)
and marshes, the rumen of cattle sewage sludges Lithosere is a type of xerosere originating on bare
and gut of termites, rock surfaces. The original substratum is deficient
in water and lacks any organic matter having only
minerals in disintegrated unweathered state. The
587 (c) pioneer vegetation is, therefore, lichens.
The foolish seeding disease of rice was caused by 595 (c)
perfect fungus . It is an Hot sulphur spring.
ascomycetous fungus. Archaebacteria is a primitive group of bacteria
588 (d) The three main groups of archaebacteria are
HIV virus reduces the numbers of helper T-cells in methanogens, halophiles and thermoacidophiles.
AIDS patients. Methanogens are found in the musk of swamps
589 (b) and marshes, the rumen of cattle, sewage, sludges
Cholera, typhoid and tetanus. and gut of termites
Bacteria are helpful in making curd from milk, Halophiles are named so because they usually
production of antibiotic, fixing nitrogen in legume occur in salt rich substrata like salt pans, salt beds
roots, etc. Some bacteria are pathogens, causing and salt marshes
damage to human being, crops, farm animals and Thermoacidophiles have dual ability to tolerate
pets. Cholera typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker are high temperature as well as high acidity. They
well known diseases caused by different bacteria often live in hot sulphur springs where the
590 (d) temperature may be as high as . and pH as
White rust of crucifers is caused by a fungus low as 2

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