Motion
->An object is said to be in motion when its position changes with respect to time and observer.
->An object is said to be at rest when it does not change its position with respect to time and
observer.
->The place or point used for comparison to determine if something is in motion is called Point of
Reference, or it is the point from which we are starting to observe an object.
->To describe the position of an object we need a reference point or origin.
Example:movement of dust,leaves and branches.
-phenomena of sunrise,sunset and changing seasons are the result of Earth’s motion.
Motion Is Relative
A body can be moving for one observer, and at the same time at rest for another observer.
Example:For example, a person sitting in an airplane is at zero velocity relative to the airplane, but it
is moving at the same velocity as the airplane with respect to the ground.
Physical Quantity:
A physical quantity is a property of a material or system that can be measured and quantified.
For example: mass, represented by the symbol m, can be quantified as m = n kg, where n is the
numerical value which is called magnitude and kg is the unit of symbol.
->Scalar:A physical quantity having magnitude and no direction are called vector quantities,eg:
distance,speed,mass,and work.
->Vector:A physical quantity having both magnitude and direction are called vector quantities, eg:
displacement,velocity,weight,force and acceleration.
Distance and Displacement:
Distance:The length of the path covered by an object in a given interval of time during motion is
called distance, its SI unit is metre(m), it's a scalar quantity.
->Distance travelled by the object in a given interval of time is always positive.
->Distance travelled by the object depends upon the path followed by the object from the initial to
final point.
->Displacement: Is the shortest straight line distance between initial and final position of an object
in a particular direction during motion.
->Displacement of the object in a given interval of time may be positive, negative or zero.
->The displacement of an object between its initial and final position does not depend on the path
followed by it.
->Displacement is a vector quantity, unit metre(m).
displacement,velocity,weight,force and acceleration.
Displacement=final-initial
Speed:
->Speed is the distance traveled by an object in unit time.
->Is the rate of change of distance,”in simple how fast or slow an object moves”.
-> Speed= Distance/Time
->Average Speed: The Speed of an object in a complete journey is expressed in average speed, it is a
ratio of total distance covered by the object to total time taken
->Average Speed = Total Distance traveled/Total time taken
->Instantaneous Speed: Speed of an object at a particular instant.
-Speedometer of a vehicle measures instantaneous speed.
->Odometer of a vehicle measures the total distance travelled by that vehicle.
Simple Trick: km/h conversion to m/s = multiply km/h into 5/18.
Velocity: The rate of change of displacement is velocity or Velocity is the speed of an object moving
in a definite direction.
->SI unit m/s
->Vector Quantity
->Displacement/Time
->Velocity changes when speed or direction changes.
->Average Velocity = initial velocity + final velocity/2 = u+v/2
Speed Vs Velocity
Speed:
Meaning: It is the rate at which a particular distance is covered by an object.
Quantity:It is a scalar quantity.
Indication: Speed indicates how fast an object is moving.
Value: Speed may never be negative or zero
Calculation: Speed= Distance/Time
Velocity:
Meaning:Refers to the rate at which an object changes their position in a particular direction.
Quantity:Velocity is a vector quantity.
Indication:It indicates how fast the object is moving along with its position
Value: Velocity may be zero,negative or positive.
Calculation: Velocity= displacement/time
Imp Question: For half time a body travels at 50km/h and for rest at 20km/h find average speed and
velocity?
Total Distance = t
t/2(1)=50km/h
t/2(2)=20km/h
Distance(1)= 50km/h x t/2 = 25t
Distance(2)=20km/h x t/2 = 10t
Average speed=35t/t = 35 km/h
Acceleration:
->Rate of change of velocity
->It is seen in non-uniform motion and can be defined as the rate of change of velocity with time.
->Vector Quantity
->SI unit is m/s^2
->Formula: v(final) - u (initial velocity)/t (time)
->Positive Acceleration: In Direction of velocity
->Negative Acceleration: In opposite direction of velocity, also known as Retardation.
Retardation:
Retardation is seen in non uniform motion when an object decreases its velocity with time, Eg: Plane
Landing.
->Same definition as acceleration and also known as deacceleration.
->v<u
Uniform and Non-Uniform Motion:
Uniform: When an object covers an equal amount of distance at equal intervals of time its in
uniform motion, eg: fan, clock hands, speed of waves in different states of matter.
Non-Uniform:When an object covers an unequal amount of distance at equal intervals of time its in
non-uniform motion,eg: train,accelerating car, speed of marathon runner
Table:
Equations of Motion:
1)Velocity-time relation
v= u +at
2)Displacement-time relation
s= ut + at^2/2
3) Displacement-velocity relation
v^2 = u^2 +2as
Important Notation:
v= Final Velocity
u= Initial Velocity
a= Acceleration
t= Time
s= Displacement
Free Fall
Imp- Acceleration due to gravity is always negative.
Free fall motion under gravity is when an object moves only under the influence of gravity, without
any other external forces acting upon it.This motion is accelerated and is known as acceleration
due to gravity.
Uniform Circular Motion:
The motion of an object along a circular path covering equal distance along the circumference in
the same interval of time is known as uniform circular motion.Example: Motion of Moon Around or
Earth or Earth around Sun.
IMP: Velocity v for a circular path with radius r and time t: v=2r/t
->In any uniform circular motion, the speed remains constant but direction of the velocity changes.
Distance or Position Time Graph:
The distance time graph represents the change in position of an object time. In this graph time is
taken on x-axis and distance on y-axis.
Imp- All independent or fixed quantities are taken along the x-axis and dependent or variable
quantities along y axis.
Applications:
-> Helps us understand the position of an object at every instant.
-> By calculating the slope of the position time graph we get speed.
->Slope of Distance time graph will give the speed of the object.
*slope = y2-y1/x2-x1 = delta(y)/delta(x)
->Types:
1.Uniform Motion( Zero Acceleration)
2.Non-Uniform Motion
3.Object at Rest( Straight line parallel to x axis)
Velocity-Time Graph:
It is a graph showing the variation of velocity with time, in this graph we take time on the x axis and
velocity along the y axis.
->Slope of Velocity Time graph gives acceleration= v-u/time
-> Space under Velocity-Time graph is called displacement.
-> Space under Speed-Time Graph is called distance.
