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Revision Module 5

The document provides an introduction to flood estimation, focusing on peak flow rate estimation and hydrograph characteristics. It discusses methods for determining peak flow, such as the Rational Method and statistical flood frequency analysis, as well as components of hydrographs and factors affecting their shape. Additionally, it explains the concept of unit hydrographs and their relationship to effective rainfall events.

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5 views10 pages

Revision Module 5

The document provides an introduction to flood estimation, focusing on peak flow rate estimation and hydrograph characteristics. It discusses methods for determining peak flow, such as the Rational Method and statistical flood frequency analysis, as well as components of hydrographs and factors affecting their shape. Additionally, it explains the concept of unit hydrographs and their relationship to effective rainfall events.

Uploaded by

clarieeex
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2025

Module 5
Introduction to flood
estimation
Assoc. Prof. Ts. Gs. Ir. Dr. Kuok King Kuok
School of Engineering, Computing & Science
Room E304
[email protected]

CVE30001 – Urban Water Resources


Flood Estimation
1. Peak flows rate estimate only the peak runoff not the entire runoff
hydrograph
 Commonly used in design for minor hydraulic works, small
catchments producing small outflows
 For example: design of culverts, stormwater drainage system, bridges.
 Several methods used to determine peak flow
 Rational Method – mathematical relationship
 Statistical flood frequency analysis
 Utilise statistics
 Observe the probable variations in flow from historic data
Unit Hydrograph “Lingo”
 Duration
 Lag Time
 Time of Concentration
 Rising Limb
 Recession Limb (falling limb)
 Peak Flow
 Time to Peak (rise time)
 Recession Curve
 Separation
 Base flow
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Hydrograph Components
 Direct Runoff
 Surface Runoff
 Interflow

 Baseflow
 Delayed interflow
 Groundwater runoff
Rainfall-Runoff Analysis
Hydrograph characteristics
The main factors affecting hydrograph characteristics (shape) are:
1) drainage characteristics
 include basin area, basin shape, basin slope, drainage density, and drainage
network topology.
2) rainfall characteristics
 Rainfall distribution in space is important in defining the hydrograph shape
 Another important rainfall characteristic affecting hydrograph shapes is storm
movement. In general, storms moving in the general downstream direction will
tend to produce larger peak flows than storms moving upstream. In addition,
rainfall intensity, duration, and temporal distribution affect the hydrograph
shape
3) soil type and land use.
 Most changes in land use tend to increase the amount of runoff for a given
storm.
Effect of Slope

Effect of Surface

Effect of Depression
storage

Effect of drainage density

Effect of Distance
Spatial and temporal pattern

 Effect of temporal pattern

Effect of spatial
pattern
Unit Hydrograph
 The hydrograph that results from 1-inch of excess precipitation (or runoff)
spread uniformly in space and time over a watershed/catchment area for a
given duration.
 Unit hydrographs are intimately linked with the duration of the effective rainfall
event producing them. They can only be used to predict direct runoff from storms
of the same duration as that associated with the UH.
 The key points :
 1-inch of EXCESS precipitation
 Spread uniformly over space - evenly over the watershed
 Uniformly in time - the excess rate is constant over the time interval
 There is a given duration
 Single storm
 One single period of rainfall excess
 Multi- period storm
 More than one period of rainfall excess

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