Text
Structures
OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify text structures.
2. Distinguish text structures
based on examples.
3. Create an example of a chosen
text structure.
Parts of the Lesson
01 02 03 04
Introduction
of Text
Structure Description Compare Contrast
Parts of the Lesson
05 06 07
Cause and Problem and
Sequence Effect Solution
01
Introduction
of Text
Structure
01
TEXT STRUCTURE
-refers to organization of
information in a passage
-helps organize a written text,
giving its different views
01
• Understanding text
structures gives readers a
better shot at
determining important
information when reading.
-Stephanie Harvey
01
• If students know
what to look for in terms of
text structure, they grasp
the meaning more easily.
-Stephanie Harvey
02
Description
02 Description
• This type of text structure
features a detailed description
of something to give the reader
a mental picture.
Uses the senses to
describe Signal words:
Sight: black, blue, Illustrates
shimmering, Describes
Questions to be Uses the senses to As an illustration
snowy, dirty and
describe By observing
asked for others.
Depicts
description Touch: soft, To illustrate
Smell: aromatic,
text Structure: smooth, rough,
foul, odorless,
cold, warm, hot
perfumed and
and others.
• What is others.
being Sound: noisy,
Taste: juicy,
described? piercing, ringing,
peppery, fruity
• Why is this and among others.
rumble, sob and
others.
thing being
described?
EXAMPLE
It was the moment of truth. The deadline was approaching,
and the printer had one job—print my papers. But no,
instead of smoothly humming to life, it let out a loud,
dramatic cough, like it was about to give up on life. The
paper got stuck halfway through, and the printer made a
noise that sounded like a dying robot. I tried to pull the
paper out gently, but it ripped, leaving me with a shredded
mess of frustration. Every time I hit "Print," it blinked at me
like it was laughing at my misery. As the clock ticked down,
I could almost hear it say, "You thought I was on your side?
Think again."
He sat in his seat, feeling the pressure building up
inside him. The thought of using the school bathroom
made his stomach churn with unease. He glanced
nervously at the clock—there was no way he could
hold it until the bell rang. The sudden whirr of the
electric fan overhead only made things worse. As the
cool breeze blew directly at him, a wave of goosebumps
prickled across his skin. His body shivered, but not
from the chill—his unease grew with every passing
second. The fan seemed to mock his discomfort, its
steady hum a reminder of the situation he was
desperately trying to avoid.
03
Compare
03 Compare
• This type of text examines
the similarities between two
or more people, events,
concepts, ideas, etc.
03 Compare
• It requires the reader to
organize the material in such
a way as to make the
connections between/ among
the items clear and explicit.
Signal words:
Sample
As
Statements: Alike
Question to be
And
asked for
compare text
Shelly’s puppy is In similar fashion
as cute as him. At the same time
Structure:
Both
By the same token
• What two Jennie is wiser Comparable
or more than Deb. In comparison
things are
than
being
compared? Both twins have
brown eyes.
04
Contrast
04 Contrast
•When you contrast
two or more things,
you show how they
are different.
04 Contrast
• Contrasting does not
always mean good vs. bad.
It also means how one
thing is simply different
from another.
Sample Statements: Signal Phrases
or words:
Question to be Mary wants a dog
asked for while Sherlock Although
contrast text wants a cat. Yet
Structure: Better
Cats are cuter than But
• What are the dogs. But dogs are By contrast
two or more friendlier than cats. However
things being More or less
contrasted? Her hair is different Neither/nor
from her twin. Either/or
DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids, but they differ in
structure and function. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid,
is double-stranded and stores genetic information in
cells. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is single-stranded and
plays a key role in protein synthesis. While DNA
contains the sugar deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose.
Additionally, DNA uses the base thymine, while RNA
uses uracil. Both are essential for genetic processes,
but DNA is mainly involved in long-term storage of
genetic data, while RNA is crucial for translating that
information into proteins.
Assets and liabilities are key financial concepts, but they
represent opposite sides of a balance sheet. Assets are
resources owned by a person or business that provide
future economic benefits, such as cash, property, or
equipment. Liabilities, on the other hand, are obligations
or debts owed to others, like loans or unpaid bills.
While assets increase a person’s or company’s net
worth, liabilities decrease it. Assets can generate income
or appreciate in value over time, while liabilities require
repayment, often with interest. In summary, assets
contribute to wealth, while liabilities represent financial
obligations that can reduce wealth.
05
Sequence
05 Sequence
• This text structure gives
readers a chronology of
events or a list of steps
in a procedure.
05 Sequence
• Items are listed, but there is
a connecting thread—the
steps/actions build toward
a result/ending/ outcome.
Example opening
statement for a Sequences:
sequence text
structure: First, Second, and
third
Questions to be Signal words and First of all, then
There are several
Phrases: meanwhile
asked for steps in this
process, the first Former, Later
Sequence text A, B , C In the first place
thing is…
Structure: After For one thing
In the beginning…
Afterwards
The first step is…
At this point
• What is the
First
sequence? Lastly
• How is it New
ordered? recently
First, boil water in a pot and add pork or
shrimp. Next, add onions, tomatoes, and
radish, and simmer until tender. Then,
add the tamarind paste and season with
fish sauce or salt. After that, toss in the
vegetables like kangkong, eggplant, and
string beans. Finally, let it cook for a few
more minutes and serve hot with rice.
First, they met at a coffee shop and
instantly connected. Next, they spent more
time together, sharing stories and laughter.
Then, the girl realized she was falling in
love with him. However, one day, he told
her he didn’t feel the same. After that, her
heart shattered and struggled to move on.
Finally, she learned to heal, but the memory
of him stayed.
06
Cause and
Effect
06 Cause and Effect
• The structure presents the
causal relationship between a
specific event, idea, or concept
and the events, ideas, or
concepts that follow.
06 Cause and Effect
• Typically, the cause(s) comes
before the effect(s). However,
it’s possible for the effect(s) to
be outlined in the text and
then connected to the cause(s).
Signal words for
cause:
begins that Signal words:
because
Questions to be cause
asked for for this reason She has a fever that is
may be due to
Cause and reason
why she cannot
effect text seeing that attend her classes.
Structure:
Signal words for
effect: The streets were
• What
happened? accordingly flooded by morning
• Why did it all in all because it rained
as a result of
happen? because heavily all night.
as a result
That is why
Yesterday, because I stayed awake
late studying, I felt really tired in the
morning. As a result, I had trouble
focusing during work. Since I did not
get enough sleep, I became irritable
and made a few mistakes.
Consequently, I had to stay late to
finish my tasks.
Because I kept postponing my
schoolwork, I ultimately had to rush to
complete everything the night before the
deadline. As a result, I did not produce
my best work and felt stressed. Since I
delayed until the last minute, I did not
have enough time to review, and
ultimately, my grades deteriorated.
07
Problem and
Solution
Problem and
07 Solution
• This type of structure sets up
a problem or problems,
explains the solution, and
then discusses the effects of
the solution.
Signal words and
Phrases for Sample Statements:
problem:
Plastics are
Questions to be Issue
Signal words and everywhere and this
asked for Conundrum can be solved by
Phrases for
Problem and Factor
Solution: putting trash cans.
solution text Problematic
Question
Structure: Answer He is often late to
Possibility class because he
A reason for the
Proposition struggles with time
• What is the problem is…
Solution
problem? This is a problem management, so he
because… should set an earlier
• What are A solution for this
is… alarm and prepare
the details
This can be solved the night before to
related to by… improve.
the
problem?
I often forget to submit my
assignments on time due to poor
organization. To solve this, I will
use a planner to track deadlines
and set reminders on my phone
to stay on top of my work.
PROBLEM
I often forget to submit my
assignments on time due to poor
organization. To solve this, I will
use a planner to track deadlines
and set reminders on my phone to
stay on top of my work. SOLUTION
Many students often fall asleep
during class due to lack of sleep at
night. To address this, students
should prioritize getting enough rest,
establish a consistent sleep schedule,
and avoid distractions before bed to
ensure they are alert and focused
during class.
ACTIVITY
1. The teacher asked the students to take out their notebooks and
begin writing.
2. After a few minutes, she walked around the classroom to check
on their progress.
3. It was the first day of school, and the classroom was full of
excited students.
4. Once everyone was settled, the teacher introduced herself and
explained the day's lesson.
5. The students eagerly listened as she explained the topics they
would learn during the year.
3. It was the first day of school, and the classroom was full of
excited students.
4. Once everyone was settled, the teacher introduced herself and
explained the day's lesson.
1. The teacher asked the students to take out their notebooks and
begin writing.
5. The students eagerly listened as she explained the topics they
would learn during the year.
2. After a few minutes, she walked around the classroom to check
on their progress.
THANKS!
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