Subject Topic Summary (For Exam)
Phases & Timeline:
Paleolithic (2 million – 10,000 BCE): Crude stone tools, fire use, hunter-
gatherer life.
Mesolithic (10,000 – 8,000 BCE): Microliths (small tools), semi-nomadic life,
Stone Age early domestication of animals.
Neolithic (8,000 – 2,000 BCE): Polished tools, agriculture, pottery, permanent
villages.
Chalcolithic (3,500 – 1,500 BCE): Use of copper + stone tools, agriculture +
trade
Key Features:
➤ First urban civilization of India; also called Harappan Civilization
➤ Well-planned cities: grid pattern, drainage system, baked brick houses
➤ Economy: agriculture, trade (internal & with Mesopotamia), terracotta,
seals
➤ No known written script decoded yet (script found on seals)
➤ Decline reasons: unclear — possibly floods, shifting rivers, Aryan invasion,
Indus
ecological changes
➤ Religion: worship of nature (trees, animals), Mother Goddess, Proto-Shiva
(Pashupati seal)
➤ No evidence of temples, iron, horse, or clear political structure
History ➤ Measurement system: standardized weights and measures (binary
system)
➤ Art: bronze statue (Dancing Girl), bearded priest, pottery, seals
➤ VEDIC AGE
➤JHONPADAV
iron age ➤MAURYA
➤BUDDISM
➤JAINISM
➤ Key Dynasties: Delhi Sultanate, Mughals
➤ Movements: Bhakti, Sufi
Medieval India
➤ Architecture: Qutub Minar, Taj Mahal
➤ Admin: Mansabdari, Iqta system
➤ 1757–1947 timeline
Modern India
➤ Important Events: 1857 Revolt, INC 1885, Non-Cooperation, Quit India
➤ Leaders: Gandhi, Nehru, Bhagat Singh
➤ Landforms: Mountains, Plateaus, Plains
Geograp
Physical
hy ➤ Rivers: Ganga, Brahmaputra, Godavari
➤ Soil: Alluvial, Black, Red, Laterite
➤ Major Rivers: Ganga, Yamuna, Godavari, Krishna
Indian Rivers
➤ Tributaries: Yamuna (Ganga), Tungabhadra (Krishna)
➤ Projects: Bhakra-Nangal, Tehri Dam
➤ Himalayan Ranges: Himadri, Himachal, Shiwalik
Mountains &
Plateaus ➤ Deccan Plateau, Chotanagpur Plateau
➤ Aravallis, Western & Eastern Ghats
➤ Continents, Oceans
World
➤ Major Mountains (Andes, Rockies), Deserts (Sahara)
➤ Important Lakes (Victoria, Baikal)
➤ Adopted: 26 Nov 1949, Enforced: 26 Jan 1950
Polity Constitution
➤ Sources: UK, US, Canada
➤ Preamble: Keywords like Sovereign, Secular
➤ Articles 12–35
Fundamental
Rights ➤ Right to Equality (Art 14), Freedom (Art 19), Education (Art 21A)
➤ Constitutional Remedies (Art 32)
➤ Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha
Parliament
➤ Speaker, Chairman roles
➤ Money Bill vs Ordinary Bill
➤ President: Head of State, Article 52–62
President &
PM ➤ PM: Real executive, heads Council of Ministers
➤ Election & powers of both
➤ Supreme Court: Article 124
Judiciary
➤ High Courts, Subordinate Courts
➤ PIL, Judicial Review, Independence
➤ GDP, GNP definitions
Econom
Basics
y ➤ Inflation: CPI, WPI
➤ Sectors: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
➤ Annual Financial Statement (Art 112)
Budget &
Taxes ➤ Direct (Income Tax), Indirect (GST)
➤ Deficit, FRBM Act
➤ RBI functions: Monetary policy, Currency
Banking
➤ Repo, Reverse Repo, CRR, SLR
➤ NPAs, Basel Norms
➤ Demand & Cost-push inflation
Inflation
➤ Indices: CPI, WPI
➤ Impact: Real income falls, interest rate changes
Basic unit of life. Focus: Cell organelles (nucleus, mitochondria), difference
Biology Cell
between plant and animal cells.
➤ Systems: Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory
Human Body
Systems ➤ Organs: Heart, Lungs, Liver, Kidney
➤ Important hormones: Insulin, Adrenaline
➤ Types: Bacterial (TB), Viral (COVID), Deficiency (Scurvy)
Diseases
➤ Vaccines & Prevention
➤ Organs affected
➤ Genes, DNA, Chromosomes
Genetics
➤ Mendel’s laws of inheritance
➤ Dominant & Recessive traits
➤ Scalar vs Vector
Physics Motion
➤ Speed = Distance/Time, Acceleration
➤ Newton's Laws of Motion
➤ Work = Force × Distance
Work & Energy
➤ Energy: Kinetic & Potential
➤ Power = Work/Time, Unit: Watt
➤ Reflection (mirror), Refraction (lens)
Light
➤ Lenses: Concave, Convex
➤ Total Internal Reflection, Dispersion
➤ Current = Q/t, Ohm’s Law: V = IR
Electricity
➤ Series vs Parallel circuits
➤ Units: Ampere, Volt, Watt
➤ States: Solid, Liquid, Gas
Chemist
Matter
ry ➤ Interconversion: Melting, Boiling
➤ Properties: Compressibility, Rigidity
➤ Atom: Smallest particle
Atoms &
Molecules ➤ Molecule: Combination of atoms
➤ Laws of chemical combination
➤ Acid: Sour, H+ ions; Base: Bitter, OH- ions
Acids, Bases &
Salts ➤ pH Scale, Indicators
➤ Neutralization Reactions
➤ Metals: Conductive, Malleable (Iron, Copper)
Metals & Non-
metals ➤ Non-metals: Insulators (Sulfur)
➤ Alloys & Reactivity
➤ Folk Dances: Bihu, Garba, Kathak
Static
Culture
GK ➤ Languages: 22 in 8th Schedule
➤ Paintings: Madhubani, Warli
➤ Temples: Sun Temple, Meenakshi Temple
Art &
Architecture ➤ Cave Art: Ajanta, Ellora
➤ Indo-Islamic architecture: Taj Mahal
➤ Historical: Sanchi, Hampi
Famous Places
➤ Religious: Varanasi, Bodh Gaya
➤ Scientific: ISRO, BARC
➤ Indian: 'Discovery of India' – Nehru, 'Gitanjali' – Tagore
Books &
Authors ➤ Current award-winning books
➤ Autobiographies
➤ Govt Initiatives: Viksit Bharat, Clean Ganga
Current
National
Affairs ➤ Laws passed
➤ New Schemes launched
➤ Events: G7, G20, BRICS summits
International
➤ Conflicts or treaties
➤ Global awards
➤ Olympics, Commonwealth, Asian Games
Sports
➤ Major Indian Achievements
➤ Cricket, Hockey recent wins
➤ President, CJI, EC, Army Chief
Appointments
➤ International bodies: WHO, IMF heads
➤ Bank/PSU CEOs
Your Notes
Sites & Regions:
Bhimbetka (MP): Cave paintings (Paleolithic).
Mehrgarh (Baluchistan): Early farming village (Neolithic).
Bagor (Rajasthan), Adamgarh (MP): Mesolithic.
Daimabad (MH), Ahar (Rajasthan): Chalcolithic.
Important Sites:
➤ Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan) – Granary, coffin burial, chessboard
city pattern
➤ Mohenjodaro (Sindh, Pakistan) – Great Bath, granary, college-
like structure, dancing girl statue
➤ Dholavira (Gujarat) – Water reservoir system, signboard with
Harappan script
➤ Lothal (Gujarat) – Dockyard, rice remains, bead-making industry
➤ Kalibangan (Rajasthan) – Fire altars, ploughed field
➤ Banawali (Haryana) – Barley evidence, radial street planning
➤ Rakhigarhi (Haryana) – Largest IVC site in India
➤ Chanhudaro (Pakistan) – Only industrial site (bangle factory)
➤sudokota- Horse evidence
- Early Vedic: Rigveda, pastoral life, tribal society
- Later Vedic: agriculture, iron, varna system
- Key texts: Samveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda
- Jainism: Mahavira, 24 Tirthankaras, ahimsa
- Buddhism: Gautam Buddha, 4 Noble Truths, 8-Fold Path
- Councils: Rajgriha, Vaishali, Pataliputra, Kashmir
- 16 Mahajanapadas
- Magadha's rise: Bimbisara, Ajatashatru
- Use of elephants, standing army
- Chandragupta Maurya, Kautilya's Arthashastra
- Ashoka: Kalinga War, Dhamma, inscriptions, Buddhism patron
- Satavahanas, Kushans (Kanishka), Gandhara art
- Gupta Age: Golden Age – science, art, decimal system
- Slave to Lodi dynasties
- Key rulers: Iltutmish, Alauddin Khilji, Muhammad Tughlaq
- From Babur to Aurangzeb
- Akbar: Din-i-Ilahi, Mansabdari
- Shah Jahan: Taj Mahal
- Portuguese → Dutch → English → French
- Battle of Plassey (1757), Buxar (1764)
- Sepoy Mutiny causes: cartridges, policies, discontent
- Leaders: Rani Laxmi Bai, Bahadur Shah II
- Result: Crown rule
- INC: 1885
- Gandhi Era: Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, Quit India
- Others: Subhash Chandra Bose, Azad Hind Fauj
- Integration of princely states
- Planning Commission, Green & White Revolution
- Major constitutional developments
- Himalayan (Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra)
- Peninsular (Godavari, Krishna, Narmada)
- River disputes, deltas
- Himalayas, Western & Eastern Ghats
- Deccan Plateau, Aravallis
- Thar Desert
- Alluvial (Indo-Gangetic), Black (Cotton)
- Red, Laterite, Desert, Forest soils
- Kharif vs Rabi crops
- Monsoon: SW & NE
- Tropical evergreen, deciduous, thorn forests
- Continents, Oceans
- Important straits: Malacca, Hormuz
- Deserts, Mountains, Rivers
- Drafted: 1946-49
- Effective: 26 Jan 1950
- Features borrowed from multiple countries
- 6 Rights (Art 12–35): Equality, Freedom, Education
- DPSPs & 11 Fundamental Duties
- President (nominal), PM (real executive)
- Parliament: LS + RS – Bills, Motions, Budget
- SC: Judicial Review, PILs
- CAG, EC, UPSC, Finance Commission
- GDP, GNP, Inflation, Deflation
- Sectors: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
- RBI functions, CRR, SLR, Repo, Reverse Repo
- UPI, Digital India
- Union Budget terms: Fiscal Deficit, Tax
- Schemes: PM Awas Yojana, Ujjwala, Jan Dhan
- Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory, Nervous
- Key organs and functions
- Communicable (Malaria, TB), Non-communicable (Diabetes)
- Vaccines: Polio, Hepatitis
- Cell: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes
- DNA, Genes, Chromosomes
- Newton’s Laws, Velocity, Acceleration
- Work, Power, Energy, Units
- Reflection, Refraction, Lenses, Human Eye
- Echo, SONAR
- Ohm's Law, Series/Parallel Circuits
- Current, Voltage, Resistance
- Elements, Compounds, Mixtures
- Periodic Table, Acids & Bases
- Classical Dances, Folk Dances
- Famous Temples, Paintings
- Nobel, Bharat Ratna
- Popular books/authors
- UNESCO Sites, Dams, National Parks, Stadiums
- Economic Survey, Budget Highlights
- HDI, Ease of Doing Business
- New CMs, Governors, Army Chiefs
- Summits, International Days
- Olympics, Cricket, Hockey
- Trophies: Ranji, Santosh, Durand
Status Subject Topic To-Do (Summary
✔/✘) (For Exam)
Your Notes
Important Links/Files
Visual Aid
Number SyDivisibility ➤ 7,11 tricky → use alternate subtraction rule
[Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Remainder ➤ Use cyclicity patterns [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
LCM & HCF [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Simplification [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
PercentageBasic ➤ Loss% = (Loss/CP)×100 [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Successive ➤ Use when 2 or more % changes [Insert
happenDiagram/Image
successively Here]
Profit & LoBasic ➤ Loss% = (Loss/CP)×100 [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Discount ➤ Two discounts: Net = a + b - ab/100
[Insert Diagram/Image Here]
SI & CI Simple [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
➤ P = Principal, R = Rate, T = Time
Compound ➤ If compounded half-yearly, double
[Inserttime
Diagram/Image
and halve rate
Here]
Time & WoBasic ➤ Loss% = (Loss/CP)×100 [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Pipes & Cisterns ➤ Combined = sum of rates [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Speed, TimBasic ➤ Loss% = (Loss/CP)×100 [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Trains ➤ Crossing Platform: Add lengths[Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Mensurati 2D ➤ Triangle = ½ × b × h [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
3D ➤ Cylinder = πr²h [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Algebra Identities ➤ a² - b² = (a+b)(a-b) [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Equations ➤ Linear eqs: Solve using substitution/elimination
[Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Geometry Lines & Angles ➤ Triangle sum = 180° [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Triangles ➤ Area = ½ × base × height [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Data InterpBar Graph ➤ Use % difference [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Pie Chart ➤ Watch units: % vs number [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Status Subject Topic To-Do (Summary
✔/✘Q:
) Tree:
(ForLeafExam)
Your Notes
Important
:: Book: Links/Files
? → Page Visual Aid
Analogy Verbal Tip: Useodd
Q: Find part-whole
one out analogy
among shapes [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Non-Verbal Tip:
Q: B,Count
D, F, ?edges/symmetry
→H [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Classificati Letters Tip: Odd alphabet
Q: 2, 4, 8, 16, ? → 32 series (skip 1 each)
[Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Numbers Tip:
Q: 1,×2
4, pattern
9, 16, ? → 25 [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Series Number Tip: Square series
Q: ACE, BDF, CEG, ? → DFH [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Alphabet Tip:
Tip: Pattern of +2→
+2 positions GH positions[Insert Diagram/Image Here]
letter
Coding-DecLetter Think
Q: 1, 4,in9,alphabets
16, ? → 25positions [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Number Tip: Square series [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Blood Relations [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Direction Sense [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Venn Diagrams Q: Which is different: 123, 234, 345, [Insert
432Diagram/Image Here]
Syllogism Basic Tip: Only 432 is descending
Q: All A are B. All B are C. So? [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Statements Tip: Venn Diagram
Q: Circular table, 8 helps quick solving
persons [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Puzzles Seating Arrangement Tip: Fix one person, go clockwise
Q: Who lives on top if clues say A[InsertaboveDiagram/Image
B, B above C? Here]
Floor Based Tip: Visualize levels [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Status Subject Topic To-Do (Summary
✔/✘) (For Exam)
Your Notes
Important Links/Files
Visual Aid
Grammar Noun [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Verb [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Tense [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Prepositions [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Subject Verb [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
VocabularySynonyms [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Antonyms [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Idioms & Phrases [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Reading C Short [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Long [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Error SpottGrammar [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Usage [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Sentence Improvement [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Fill in the Blanks [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Cloze Test [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
Para Jumbles [Insert Diagram/Image Here]
