LECTURE FOUR
Piping (Process) & Instrumentation Diagram (P & ID)
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
❖To introduce students to P & ID that provide
information about:
✓ Component identification of instruments
✓ How instruments are connected
✓ Where instruments are located
✓ Function within the process
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 2
INTRODUCTION
❖ Process diagrams can be broken down into two major categories: process
and instrument diagrams (P&IDs) and Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs).
A P&ID is complex while a PFD is more of an overview of a process.
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 3
PFD
❖ If an instrumentation engineer is interested in the interconnections of
process vessels, pipes and flow paths of process fluids.
❖ The proper form of diagram to represent the “big picture” of a process is
called a process flow diagram.
❖ Individual instruments are sparsely represented in a PFD, because the
focus of the diagram is the process itself. Complex control loops and
instrumentation are not included.
❖ These PFDs are more helpful for visitor information and new employee
training.
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 4
PFD
❖ As a typical PFD, this diagram shows the major interconnections of
process vessels and equipment, but omits details such as instrument signal
lines and auxiliary instruments:
Water and Wastewater Treatment
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 5
PFD
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 6
PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM
❖ Instrumentation, like many other fields, has a common language of
symbols used to describe instruments.
❖ The acronym “P&ID” is widely understood within the process
industries as the name for the principal document used to:
✓ define a process – the equipment, piping and all monitoring and
control components.
❖ P & ID means Piping (Process) and Instrumentation
Diagram.
WHAT IS P & ID?
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 7
P & ID
❖ A P&ID is a detailed diagram that shows the visual representation of
piping and equipment of a process system, which includes standard
symbols that explain: ▪ Component identification
▪ How instruments are connected
▪ Where instruments are located
▪ The instruments’ function within a process
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 8
INTRODUCTION
❖ A standard set of symbols are used to prepare P & ID and these
symbols are generally based on
❖
International Society of Automation (ISA) standard.
❖ Sets of symbols are used to depict mechanical equipment, piping,
piping components, valves, equipment drivers and instrumentation
and controls
❖ These symbols are assembled on the drawing in a manner that
clearly defines the process.
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 9
IMPORTANCE OF P & ID
Plant Component
1 Identification.
Construction &
Process How
Monitoring. 6 2 Instruments are
Connected
P & ID
Where
Trouble 5 3 Instruments are
Shooting located
4
Functions Within
The Process
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 10
This picture shows a part of process plant
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 11
The P & ID for such a process plant will be like this
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 12
THINGS TO NOTE ON A P & ID
❖ Thick Continuous Lines Represent Pipes
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 13
THINGS TO NOTE ON A P & ID
❖ The Direction of Fluid Flow is Drawn as a Solid Arrowhead on the
Line representing the pipe.
Process Flow Tag
❖ Shows from where a pipe is coming and where a pipe goes next
This Symbol shows from where
the pipeline is coming and the
previous P & ID drawing number
This Symbol shows from where
the pipeline is going and the next
P & ID drawing number
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 14
The Piping Hazard Level Rating
❖ This symbol shows the Hazard Ratings According to the Product in
the pipe.
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 15
Instrument Symbols
Associated With P & ID
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 16
Instrument That are Field Mounted
A CIRCLE WITH NO LINE IN IT – Physically
located instrument somewhere on the field.
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 17
Instrument That are Mounted on
Control Panels
A CIRCLE WITH SINGLE HORIZONTAL
LINE – the instrument is located on a main control
panel near the control room
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 18
Instruments that are Mounted On Sub
Panels or Remote location
A CIRCLE WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL
LINE – the instrument is located on some secondary
panel or remote location (auxiliary, like instrument
rack).
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 19
A CIRCLE WITH SINGLE DASHED
HORIZONTAL LINE
Instruments that are mounted Inside or Backside of
Control Panels (Hidden Instrument) Inaccessible or
Not Generally located where it can be easily accessed.
A hexagon represents computer A square with diamond
functions by the Controller represents a PLC
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 20
THE SHAPES OF THE INSTRUMENTS
Instruments
& Devices
Part of DCS
Control
Process
Part of PLC
Control
Process
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 21
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 22
WHEN YOU SPOT ONE OF INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS ON A
P & ID, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THREE
THINGS FROM IT,
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 23
INSTRUMENT TAG No.
❖ Instrument Tag Number: Is an Alphanumeric Code that provide
specific information about an instrument or its function.
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 24
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 25
LOCAL INDICATING DEVICES SYMBOLS
IN P & ID
❖ The Local Indicators show the measured values in the equipment
and process lines
Temperature Indicator
Level Indicator
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 26
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 27
TRANSMITTING DEVICE SYMBOLS IN
P & ID
❖ The transmitters send the measured values to the control cabinets,
allowing us to control and monitor the process.
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 28
VALVE SYMBOLS
❖ Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate and pressure of
fluids.
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 29
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 30
VALVE ACTUATORS
❖ Some valves are provided with actuators to allow remote operation
and to increase mechanical advantage.
Valve + Actuator = Control Valve
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 31
VALVE FAILURE MODE
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 32
CONTROL VALVE DESIGNATIONS
❖ A control valve may serve any number of functions within a fluid
system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labelling
system is used to identify the function of a control valve as shown.
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 33
PIPING & CONNECTION LINE SYMBOLS
❖ The Piping of a system may contain more than a single medium.
❖ Commonly used symbols for indicating the medium carried by the
piping and for differentiating between piping, instrumentation signals,
and electric wires
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 34
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 35
PROCESS EQUIPMENT
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 36
LIQUID LEVEL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 37
FLOW MEASUREMENT DEVICES (FLOWING LEFT-TO-RIGHT)
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 38
FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM SYMBOLS
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 39
LINE NUMBER: LINE NUMBER IS A UNIQUE
NUMBER ASSIGNED TO EVERY LINE
❖ Every pipe on P & ID requires a unique number so that it can be
uniquely identified during design or referenced during operation
procedure
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 40
EXAMPLE OF LINE NUMBER
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 41
BUILDING THE P & ID (AN EXAMPLE)
❖ The P&ID will use symbols and circles to represent each instrument
and how they are inter-connected in the process.
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 42
❖ The P&ID for a
temperature control
process
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 43
SUMMARY INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION
TAGS
❖ We have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one
making reference to different instruments by lettered identifiers such as;
❖ TT (Temperature Transmitter), PDT (Pressure Differential Transmitter), or
FV (Flow Valve), without formally defining all the letters used to identify
instruments.
❖ Each instrument within an instrumented facility should have its own
unique identifying tag consisting of a series of letters describing that
instrument’s function, as well as a number identifying the particular loop
it belongs to.
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 44
SUMMARY INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION
TAGS
❖ Each and every instrument within a particular loop is first defined by the
variable that loop seeks to sense or control, regardless of the physical
construction of the instrument itself.
EXAMPLE
In the figure below what makes FIC-101 a flow indicating controller is the
fact that the transmitter sensing the main process variable measures flow.
Likewise, the identifying tag for every
other instrument within that loop must
begin with the letter “F” as well. This
include the final control element as well.
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 45
SUMMARY INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION
TAGS
❖ Valid letters recognized by the ISA for defining the primary process
variable of an instrument within a loop are shown in the following
table.
❖ Note that the use of a modifier defines a unique variable:
❖ for example, a “PT” is a transmitter measuring pressure at a single
point in a process, whereas
❖ a “PDT” is a transmitter measuring a pressure difference between two
points in a process. Likewise, a “TC” is a controller controlling
temperature, whereas a “TKC” is a controller controlling the rate-of-
change of temperature:
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 46
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 47
SUMMARY INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION
TAGS
❖ A “user-defined” letter represents a non-standard variable used multiple times in
an instrumentation system.
❖ For example, an engineer designing an instrument system for measuring and
controlling the refractive index of a liquid might choose to use the letter “C” for
this variable.
❖ Thus, a refractive-index transmitter would be designated “CT” and a control
valve for the refractive index loop would be designated “CV”. The meaning of a
user-defined variable need only be defined in one location (e.g. in a legend for
the diagram).
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 48
SUMMARY INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION
TAGS
❖ An “unclassified” letter represents one or more non-standard variables, each used
only once (or a very limited number of times) in an instrumentation system.
❖ The meaning of an unclassified variable is best described immediately near the
instrument’s symbol rather than in a legend.
❖ Succeeding letters in an instrument tag describe the function that instrument
performs relative to the process variable.
❖ For example, a “PT” is an instrument transmitting a signal representing
pressure, while a “PI” is an indicator for pressure and a “PC” is a controller for
pressure.
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 49
SUMMARY INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION
TAGS
❖ Many instruments have multiple functions designated by multiple letters, such
as a TRC (Temperature Recording Controller).
❖ In such cases, the first function letter represents the “passive” function (usually
provided to a human operator) while the second letter represents the “active”
(automated) control function.
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 50
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 51
EXAMPLES OF INSTRUMENT TAG LETTERS
❖ AIT = Analytical Indicating Transmitter (e.g. an oxygen
concentration analyzer with a built-in display of oxygen percentage).
❖ ESL = Voltage Switch, Low (e.g. a switch used to detect an under-
voltage condition in an electrical power system).
❖ FFI = Flow Ratio Indicator (e.g. a device indicating the ratio
between air and fuel for a large industrial engine).
❖ FIC = Flow Indicating Controller (i.e. a controller designed to
indicate flow to a human operator)
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 52
EXAMPLES OF INSTRUMENT TAG LETTERS
❖ HC = Hand Controller (i.e. a device allowing a human operator to
set a control signal to some desired level, usually to operate a valve
or other final control element).
❖ JQR = Power Totalizing Recorder (e.g. a watt-hour recorder,
tracking total energy used).
❖ LSHH = Level Switch, High-High (e.g. a level-sensing switch
designed to detect a dangerously high liquid level and initiate an
automatic shutdown in that event).
❖ LT = Level Transmitter (i.e. a device sensing liquid level and
reporting that level in some analog or digital form).
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 53
EXAMPLES OF INSTRUMENT TAG LETTERS
❖ PIT = Pressure Indicating Transmitter (e.g. a Rosemount model
3051 pressure transmitter with a built-in display of measured
pressure).
❖ PDT = Pressure Differential Transmitter (i.e. a pressure transmitter
built and installed to sense the difference of pressure between two
points in a fluid system).
❖ PV = Pressure Valve (i.e. a control valve installed in a loop where
the process variable is pressure).
❖ TE = Temperature Element (i.e. a sensing element used to directly
detect the temperature of a process material; e.g. a thermocouple,
thermistor, filled-bulb, bimetallic spring).
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 54
EXAMPLES OF INSTRUMENT TAG LETTERS
❖ TKAH = Temperature Rate-of-change Alarm, High (i.e. a device
alarming when the rate of temperature change exceeds a pre-set limit)
❖ TV = Temperature Valve (i.e. a control valve installed in a loop
where the process variable is temperature).
❖ TY = Temperature Converter (e.g. an I/P transducer in a
temperature loop)
❖ VSH = Vibration Switch, High (i.e. a switch used to detect a high level
of vibration on a piece of machinery)
❖ ZXI, ZYI, and ZZI = Position Indicators for X, Y, and Z axes
respectively (e.g. indicators showing the three axis positions for a CNC
machine tool).
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 55
P & ID EXAMPLE
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 56
EXAMINING A TYPICAL P & ID
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 57
EXAMINING A TYPICAL P & ID
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 58
EXAMINING A TYPICAL P & ID
P & ID of an example process plant
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 59
EXAMINING A TYPICAL P & ID
DAF pilot piping and instrumentation diagram
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 60
CLASS EXERCISE
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 61
P&ID FOR DISTILLATION COLUMN
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 62
CLASS EXERCISE
Friday, 02 August 2024 Instrumentation and Process Control (RP 372) 63
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
