ADEKUNLE AJASIN UNIVERSITY AKUNGBA AKOKO

NAME: OGUNBONA DARASIMI SAMUEL

MATRIC NUMBER: 241206007

GROUP: GROUP 7

FACULTY: COMPUTING

DEPARTMENT: SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE: CSC112

COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER GRAPICS AND IMAGE PROCESSING

1. Rasterization in Rendering
Rasterization is the process of converting vector graphics into pixel-
based images for display. This fundamental computer graphics technique
takes geometric primitives (typically triangles) and determines which pixels
they cover on screen. The process begins with vertex processing, where 3D
coordinates are transformed into 2D screen space. The rasterizer then scans
each primitive, generating fragments (potential pixels) that undergo several
tests including:
- Depth testing (Z-buffering) for visibility determination
- Scissor testing for screen boundary checks
- Alpha testing for transparency handling

Modern GPUs optimize this through parallel pipelines, enabling real-time

performance. Key advantages include:
1) Hardware acceleration through dedicated raster units
2) Predictable performance characteristics
3) Efficient handling of complex scenes

Rasterization forms the backbone of real-time graphics in applications from

video games to medical visualization, though it has limitations in accurately
simulating light behavior compared to ray tracing.
2. Geometric Transformations Importance
Geometric transformations are mathematical operations that modify
object position, orientation, and size. The three fundamental types are:

1) Translation: Moving objects along axes

2) Rotation: Spinning objects around axes
3) Scaling: Resizing objects uniformly or non-uniformly

These operations use matrix mathematics, with 4×4 transformation matrices

combining multiple operations efficiently. In computer graphics pipelines:
- Model transformations position objects in world space
- View transformations adjust for camera perspective
- Projection transformations map 3D to 2D

Modern graphics APIs like OpenGL and Vulkan provide optimized matrix
operations, while GPUs accelerate these calculations through parallel
processing. The mathematical consistency ensures artifact-free rendering
essential for professional applications.
3. Color Depth and Image Quality
Color depth refers to the number of bits used to represent each pixel's
color, directly impacting image quality:
- 1-bit (2 colors): Basic monochrome
- 8-bit (256 colors): Limited palette graphics
- 24-bit (16.7M colors): Photorealistic images
- 30/48-bit: High dynamic range imaging

Higher color depth enables:

1) Smother gradients without banding
2) More accurate color representation
3) Greater editing flexibility

However, increased depth requires:

• More memory (24-bit needs 3×8-bit)
• Higher bandwidth for transmission
• More processing power

Modern systems use compression (JPEG, PNG) to manage these tradeoffs.

Professional applications like medical imaging often require higher bit depths
to preserve diagnostic details, while consumer devices balance quality with
performance constraints.

4. Industries Using Computer Graphics

Five major industries leveraging computer graphics:
1) Entertainment:
- Film: CGI, VFX (e.g., Marvel movies)
- Gaming: Real-time rendering (Unreal Engine)
- Animation: 3D character animation (Pixar)

2) Healthcare:
- Medical imaging (CT/MRI visualization)
- Surgical simulation
- Prosthetics design

3) Engineering:
- CAD/CAM systems
- Finite element analysis visualization
- Product prototyping

4) Architecture:
- 3D building modeling
- Virtual walkthroughs
- Lighting simulation

5) Education:
- Interactive 3D learning tools
- Virtual labs
- Historical reconstructions

Each sector utilizes specialized techniques:

• Film uses offline path tracing
• Games optimize real-time rasterization
• Medical imaging emphasizes volume rendering

The global computer graphics market continues expanding as these

technologies enable new capabilities across industries.
5. Pixels and Resolution Impact
Pixels (picture elements) are the smallest addressable units in digital
images. Resolution refers to the total pixel count (e.g., 1920×1080). Their
relationship affects image quality through:

Pixel density (PPI/DPI):

- Higher PPI appears sharper
- Standard monitors: 72-300 PPI
- Print: 300-1200 DPI

Display considerations:
1) Native resolution matches panel pixels
2) Upscaling causes blurring
3) Downsampling can improve quality

Image quality factors:

• Pixel count determines maximum detail
• Pixel size affects light emission
• Arrangement (RGB, Pentile) impacts perception

Modern systems must balance:

- Resolution vs performance
- Pixel density vs viewing distance
- Power consumption vs quality

High-resolution displays (4K/8K) demand powerful GPUs and efficient

rendering techniques to maintain performance while delivering crisp visuals.

6. Rotation in Transformations
Rotation is a geometric transformation that spins objects around
specified axes. In 2D, rotation uses a simple matrix:

[ cosθ -sinθ ]
[ sinθ cosθ ]

Where θ is the rotation angle. 3D rotation is more complex, requiring separate

matrices for each axis:

Key considerations:
1) Rotation order matters (XYZ vs ZYX)
2) Gimbal lock can occur with Euler angles
3) Quaternions avoid these issues

Applications include:
• Character limb movement
• Camera orbital controls

Modern graphics pipelines optimize rotation through:

- Hardware-accelerated matrix math
- Quaternion interpolation

Rotation is fundamental to 3D graphics, enabling natural movement and view

manipulation. Proper implementation ensures smooth, artifact-free animation
essential for immersive experiences.

7. Hidden Surface Elimination

Hidden surface removal determines visible objects in 3D scenes. Key
methods include:
1) Z-buffering:
- Stores depth per pixel
- Compares fragment depths

2) Painter's Algorithm:
- Sorts objects back-to-front
- Less efficient than Z-buffer

Modern systems combine techniques:

• Z-prepass for early depth testing
• Hierarchical Z-buffering

Performance impacts:
- Reduces overdraw
- Minimizes unnecessary shading

Hidden surface elimination is crucial for:

- Correct visual representation
- Efficient rendering

Advanced engines implement sophisticated culling systems that work with

modern GPU architectures to maximize rendering efficiency.

8. LCD vs LED Displays

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and LED (Light Emitting Diode) technologies
differ in:
Backlighting:
- LCD uses CCFL (cold cathode fluorescent)
- LED uses diode arrays

Performance characteristics:
1) Contrast:
- LCD: ~1000:1
- LED: 5000:1+

2) Color gamut:
- LCD: ~72% NTSC
- LED: 90-100% NTSC

3) Response time:
- LCD: 1-8ms
- LED: 0.1-2ms

Energy efficiency:
- LED uses 20-30% less power

Application suitability:
• LCD: Cost-effective general use
• LED: High-end monitors/TVs

Modern variants include:

- Mini-LED (improved backlight control)
- MicroLED (self-emissive, no backlight)

Display choice depends on budget, use case, and quality requirements, with
each technology offering distinct advantages.

9. Math in 3D Modeling
Mathematical algorithms form the foundation of 3D modeling:
1) Polygon meshes:
- Represent surfaces via vertices/edges/faces
- Triangles most common for stability

2) Parametric surfaces:
- Bézier curves/splines
- NURBS for precise industrial design

3) Procedural generation:
- Fractals for organic shapes
- Noise functions for textures

Key mathematical concepts:

• Linear algebra for transformations
• Calculus for smooth animations

Modern modeling software implements:

- Advanced numerical solvers
- Physics-based simulation

These algorithms enable everything from character modeling to architectural

visualization, with mathematical precision ensuring accurate, predictable
results.

10. Shading for Realism

Shading simulates light interaction with surfaces:

1) Diffuse reflection:
- Lambert's cosine law
- Matte appearance

2) Specular reflection:
- Phong/Blinn-Phong models
- Glossy highlight

3) Advanced models:
- PBR (physically-based rendering)
- Subsurface scattering

Implementation methods:
• Vertex shading (Gouraud)
• Pixel shading (Phong)

Shading contributes to:

- Material differentiation
- Depth perception

Contemporary engines use measured material properties and complex BRDFs

(Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functions) to achieve photorealistic
results in real-time applications.

11. Educational Simulations

Computer graphics enable powerful educational tools:

Benefits:
1) Safe environment for dangerous scenarios
2) Repeatable experiments
3) Interactive 3D visualization

Examples:
• Virtual chemistry labs
• Historical site reconstructions
• Mechanical engineering simulations

Effectiveness studies show:

- 30% better retention than traditional methods
- Improved spatial understanding
- Enhanced engagement

Implementation technologies:
- WebGL for browser access
- VR for immersive training

These applications democratize access to experiences otherwise limited by

cost, location, or safety concerns.

12. OpenGL's Role

OpenGL is a cross-platform graphics API providing:

Core functionality:
• Vertex processing
• Rasterization
• Fragment operations
Key features:
1) Hardware abstraction
2) Shader programming (GLSL)
3) Texture management

Usage scenarios:
- Scientific visualization
- CAD software
- Game development

While newer APIs like Vulkan offer more control, OpenGL remains popular for:
• Educational purposes
• Legacy support
• Rapid prototyping

The API continues evolving with recent additions like:

- AZDO (Approaching Zero Driver Overhead) techniques
- Enhanced debugging tools

13. Anti-Aliasing Techniques

Anti-aliasing reduces jagged edges through:

1) SSAA (Super Sampling):

- Renders at higher resolution
- Downsamples for output
2) MSAA (Multi-Sample):
- Samples edges at higher rate
- Balances quality/performance

3) FXAA (Fast Approximate):

- Post-process filter
- Low performance impact

Modern approaches:
• TAA (Temporal): Accumulates frames
• DLSS (AI-based): NVIDIA's solution

Selection depends on:

- Hardware capabilities
- Performance requirements

These techniques significantly improve visual quality while managing

computational costs

14. Perspective Projection in 3D Graphics

Perspective projection creates realistic depth by making distant objects

appear smaller, mimicking human vision. It uses a projection matrix
incorporating:
- Field of View (FOV) for view angle control
- Aspect ratio matching display proportions
- Near/far clipping planes

This technique enables:

- Natural-looking 3D environments
- Accurate spatial relationships
- VR depth perception

Optimizations include:
- Frustum culling to remove unseen objects
- Floating-point depth buffers
- Level-of-detail adjustments

Essential for games, simulations, and visualizations, perspective projection

remains fundamental to realistic 3D rendering.

15. Scaling in 2D/3D Transformations

Scaling transformations resize objects using multiplication factors:

- Uniform scaling maintains proportions
- Non-uniform creates stretch effects
- Negative values produce mirrors
2D uses 2×2 matrices; 3D requires 3×3 matrices. Applications include:
- Character animation
- UI element resizing
- Special effects

Modern implementations handle:

- Texture filtering
- Normal recalculations
- Hierarchical scaling

This basic yet powerful operation enables dynamic object manipulation across
all graphics applications.

16. 3D vs. 2D Graphics Advantages

3D graphics offer:
- Realistic lighting/shadows
- True depth perception
- Camera freedom
- Physics interactions

Dominant in:
- Gaming
- Film VFX
- Architectural visualization
- Medical imaging
While requiring more resources, 3D provides:
- Greater realism
- Spatial understanding
- Future-proof assets

2D remains preferable for:

- Simple UIs
- Sprite-based games
- Certain art styles

17. Input Devices Importance

Critical graphics input tools:

- Graphics tablets (pressure-sensitive)
- 3D mice (CAD navigation)
- Motion controllers (VR)

Key features:
- Low latency
- High precision
- Ergonomic designs
Applications:
- Digital art creation
- 3D modeling
- Medical imaging

Emerging technologies include haptic feedback and neural interfaces for more
natural interaction.

18. Shading Purpose

Shading simulates light interaction to:

- Define materials
- Create depth
- Establish mood

Common models:
- Flat/Gouraud (basic)
- Phong (per-pixel)
- PBR (physically accurate)

Components:
- Light types (directional/point)
- Surface properties (diffuse/specular)

Implemented via:
- Vertex/fragment shaders
- Ray tracing
- AI denoising

Essential for achieving realism in games, films, and visualizations while

balancing performance.