Ethnoarchaeology is the ethnographic study of people for archaeological reasons, usually through the
study of the material remains of a society.
Philippine Ethnic landscape
-7, 500 islands
- At least 106 ethnic groups (Dr. Robert Fox)
-More than 180 languages
Major Ethnolinguistic Groups (200 census of Population and Housing)
8 ethnic groups in the country comprises 82% of the population (colonized)
-Tagalog, 28%
-Cebuano, 23.12%
-Ilocano, 9.07%
-Hiligaynon, 7.57%
-bikol, 6.01%
-Waray, 3.36%
-Kapampangan, 3.03%
-Pangasinan, 1.78%
The remaining 100 groups are Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines
Indigenous Peoples: Anthropological Definition
-The original inhabitants of particular territories
-often descendants of tribes people who live on as culturally distinct colonized peoples, many of whom
aspire to autonomy. (Maintain their culture and beliefs)
Indigenous Peoples- As defined by Republic Act 8371
-A group of people who through resistance to political, social cultural inroads of colonization, non-
indigenous religions and cultures, became historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos.
Government Agency that is in charge of the indigenous peoples, NATIOANL COMMISION ON
INDIGENOUS POEPLES
-Indigenous People Rights Act (IPRA), Chapter II, Section 3h.
Types of Resistance
-Outright warfare versus colonizers
Ex: Moro wars
Igorot raids
-Retreat to the hinterlands,
Mangyan of Mindoro, Remontado
Remontado previously tagalogs (refuse colonization)
“Sina-una” the language of Remontados
Population of Indigenous Peoples
2010 census of Population and Hosuing
5% of the total population of the country, approximately 4 million Filipinos excluded the muslim groups
NATIONAL COMMISION on INDIGENOOUS PEOPLE claim that there are 12 million Filipinos who belong to
indigenous peoples.
WHO ARE THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES
-NEGRITO -VISAYAN GROUPS
-CORDILLERA PEOPLES -LUMADNON
-CAGAYAN VALLEY GROUPS -BANGSAMORO
-MANGYAN
-PALAWAN GROUPS
Negrito
-The name Negrito means “little black people” in Spanish
Negritos are the Aboriginal peoples of the Philippines. They are believed to have come to the Philippines
from mainland Asia approximately 30, 000 years ago
Distribution of Negrito populations in the Philippines
Named Agta in eastern Luzon from cagayn province all the way to sorcogon in bicol
Named Dumagat in Eastern Central Luzon
Named Mamanwa in mindanao
Named Batak in palawan
Ati in Visayas
Ayta in Central Luzon
Negrito Culture
-They are the same with Phenototipic appearance
-Traditionally engaged in hunting-gathering
-The agta of northern Sierra Madre are still nomadic while the rest are semi-nomadic or semi sedentary.
-Have lost their original languages and now speak languages borrowed from neighbouring populations.
Mamanwa concept of land
-The mamanwas respect the physical environment. They are no indiscriminate in extracting resources
from the environment, because they believe in environment spirits, or diwatas, they have a fear in
offending these spirits when they go about their swiddening, hunting, fishing, or foraging activities
Cordillera Peoples
-Indigenous peoples of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) in Northern Luzon.
-They inhabit the “Gran Cordillera Central”- the biggest mountain range in the country.
Cordillera Peoples
-Bontok- Mountain Province
-Ibaloy-Benguet
-Ifugao- Ifugao Province
-Isnag-Apayao province
-Itneg ( Tinguian)- Abra province
-I’wak-Benguet and Nueva Viscaya
-Kalanguya- Boader of Benguet, Ifugao and Nueva Viscaya
-Kalinga- Kalinga Provnice
-Kankanaey-Western Moutrain Province and Northern Benguet
Cordillera culture
-Consists of autonomous villages called ili
Elders sitting as a council act as leader of these villages
-Traditionally, endemic warfare in the area because of the practice of head-taking
-Peace is maintained through bilateral peacepacts between villages.
Land use and owndership among the kalinga
-Rice terraces are family owned;
-Swidden fields are owned through usufruct
-Woolands are owned by the kin group
-Burial grounds are owned by spirits
-Residential areas are privately owned
Cordillera material culture
-Ifugao rice granry god
-kalinga skirt (kain)
Cagayan Valley indigenous communities
-Bugkalot (Ilongot) -Itbayaten
-Gaddang -Ivatan
-Ibang - Kalinga
-Ibatan - Malaweg
-Isinay - Yogad
-Itawes
Common Characteristics
-Speak Ibanagic languages.
-Dominantly Christian.
-Relatively high degree of acculturation
Mangyan of Mindoro Island
-The Mangyans are the indigenous people of Mindoro island.
-The word “mangyan” means human being.
-They are composed of various ethnic groups with their own languages.
Mangyan groups in Mindoro
-Alangan
-Bangon
-Buhid
-Gubatnon
-Hanunoo Mangyan
-Iraya
-Ratagnon
-Tadyawan
- Taubuid
Palawan Groups
-Angutaynen
-Cuyonon
-Kagayanen
-Palawan
-Tagbanwa
-Tao’t Bato
Palawan culture
-Drinking culture
-Pagdiwata ritual
Visayan Groups
-Aklanon
-Boholano
-Bukdnon/Sulodnon
-Eskaya
-Magahat
Common characteristics
-Traditionally live in interior upland areas of the Visayas.
-Farming communities.
-Eskaya script
Lumadnon of Mindanao
-The term “lumad” is a Visayan word which means “native” thus, it is an exonym to refer to the
indigenous peoples of Mindanao
-Traditionally, they are the non-Christian, non- muslim groups of Mindanao
-Traditionally, their villages were led by headmen or chieftains (datu)
Lumad groups
-Bagobo -Matigsalug
-B’laan -Subanen
-Bukidnon -Tagakaolo
-Higaonon -T’boli
-Mandaya - Teduray
-Manobo -Ubo
-Mansaka
Bangsamoro
-Islamized groups of Mindanao, Sulu, and Southern Palawan
-Established sultanates prior to the coming of the Spaniards in the Philippines (ca.1450 in sulu, 1511 in
Maguindanao)
Indigenous groups of Bangsamoro
-Badjao
-Iranun
-Jama Mapun
-Maguindanaon
-Meranao
-Molbog
-Sama
-Tausug
-Yakan
