SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
CLASS: SS 2
DATE:
TERM: 3rd TERM
REFERENCE BOOKS
• New General Mathematics SSS2 by M.F. Macrae etal.
• Essential Mathematics SSS2 by A.J.S. Oluwasanmi.
• Exam Focus Mathematics.
WEEK NINE
TOPIC: PROBABILITY
CONTENTS
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE AND INDEPENDENT EVENTS
APPLICATION OF TREE DIAGRAM IN SOLVING PROBLEMS
Mutually Exclusive Event
Mutually exclusive events are events which cannot together at the same time. One event
will pave way for the other, in such a case the separate probability are added together
probabilities are added to give the combined probability.
Additional Law of Probability
If event A,B,C…. are mutually exclusive, the probability of A or B or C or…. Happening is the
sum of their individual probabilities.
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) + ……..
Note: use the addition law to solve problems that contains the word or or either/or.
Worked Examples:
A bag contains 3 red balls, 4 blues balls 5 white balls and 6 black balls. A ball is picked at
Random, what is the probability that it is either:
1. Red or blue
2. Blue or black
3. Red, white or blue
4. Blue, white or black
5. Neither red nor
Solution
P(R) = 3/18 P(B) = 4/18 P(W) = 5/18, P(BK) =6/18
(a)Pro(either red or blue) = 3/18 + 4/18 = 7/18
(b) Pro(blue or black) = 4/18 6/18
= 10/18 = 5/9
(c)P(red white or blue) = P(r) +P(w) + P(blue)
= 3/18 + 4/18 + 5/18
=12/18 = 2/3
(d) P(blue, white or black) = P(blue) + P(white) + P(black)
= 4/18 + 5/18 + 6/18
= 15/18 = 5/6
(e)P(neither Red or blue) = P(R or blue)1
= 1-P(R or blue)
= 1- 7/18
= 11/18
Worked Example 2
A letter is choosen at random from the word “COMPUTER” what the probability that it is
(a) either in the word cut or in the word ROPE
(b) neither in the word MET nor in the word UP?
Solution:
n(s) = 8
(a) P (either word CUT or ROPE) =
P (CUT) + P(ROPE)
= 3/8 + 4/8
= 7/8
(b) P(MET +UP)1 = 1- 5/8 = 3/8
Evaluation
F={2, 3, 7} and T = {10, 20, 30, 40}
(a) If one element is selected at random, from F, write down the probability that it is odd.
(b) If one element is selected at random from T, write down the probability that it is a
multiple of 5
(c) If one element is selected at random, from FUT write down the probability of 42 or a
multiple of 4
INDEPENDENT EVENT
Independent event are event which have no effect on each other. In such cases the
Separate probabilities are multiplied to give the combined probability.
Product Law
If event A, B, C is independent, the probability of A and B and C and …. Happening is
the product of their individual probabilities P(A) x P(B) x P(c) ……
Note: use the product law to solve problems that contains the words “and” or both/and
Worked Example: A coin is tossed and a die is then thrown what is the probability of
getting a
head and a perfect square
Solution
P(H and perfect square)
P(H) = ½
(Perfect square = (1,4)
n (perfect square) = 2
n(s) = 6
P (perfect square) = 2/6 = 1/3
∴ P (H and perfect square) = `1/2 x 1/3 =
=1/6
WorkedExample 2:
A bag contains 3 black balls and 2 white balls
(a) A ball is taken from the bag and then replaced, A second ball is chosen, what is the
probability that
(i) They are both black
(ii) One is black and one is white
(iii) at least one is black
(iv) at most one is black
Solution.
With Replacement
i P(BB) = 3/5 x 3/5 = 9/25
ii Probabilities that one is black and one is white = P(BW) or P(WB)
P(one white one black) = P(BW) + P(WB)
= 3/5 x 2/5 + 2/5 x 3/5
P(BW) or P(WB) = 6/25 + 6/25 = 12/25
iii Prob ( at least one is black) = P( both are black) + P(one is black)
= P(BW) + P (WB) +P(BB)
= 12/25 + 9/25
= 21/25
iv At most one is black means either one is black or non is black i.e one is black or both
are white.
P(at most one black) = P(BW) + P(WB) + P(WW)
= 6/25 + 6/5 + 4/25
= 16/25
Evaluation
A box contains 5 blue balls 3 green balls.
(a) A ball is taken from the box and then replaced.A second is chosen is
chosen,what is the probability that (i)they are both blue (ii)one blue and one is
green (iii)at least one is blue
GENERAL EVALUATION
1.A box contains ten marbles,seven of which are black and three are red.Three
marbles are drawn one after the other without replacement.Find the probability of
choosing a) one
red,one black and one red marble(in that order).
1. b) two black marbles
2. c) at least two black marbles
3. d) at most two black marbles
READING ASSIGNMENT
NGM SSS2,page115-116, Exercise 11b, 1-10.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objectives
1. Two fair dice tossed together at once find the probability that the sum of the outcome
is at least 10(a) 1/12 (b) 3/15 (c) 5/36 (d) 2/5
2 form a box containing 2 Red, 6 white and 5 black balls, a ball is randomly selected , what
istheprobability that the selected ball is black.(a) 5/12 (b) 5/13 (c) 4/5 (d) 7/13
3. A bag contains 3 red, 4 black and 5 green identical balls, 2 balls are picked at random
one after the other without replacement, find the prob that one is red and the other is
green
(a) 5/22 (b) 7/23 (c) 15/132 (d) 12/13
4. A bag contains 3 white, 6 red and 5 blue identical balls, a ball is picked at random from
the bag, what is the prob. that it is either white or blue? (a) 9/14 (b) 5/14 (c) 4/7
(d) 6/7
5. A bag contains red, black and green identical balls,a ball is picked andReplaced
at 100 times.The table below shows the result of the 100 trails, What is the
probability of picking a green ball.
Colour
No. of occurrence
(a)21/25
THEORY
1. A box contains 5 blue balls, 3 black balls and 2 red balls of the same size. A ball is
selected at random, from the box and then replaced. A second ball is then selected, find
the probability of obtaining.
(a) Two red balls
(b) Two blue balls or 2 black balls
(c) One black and one red ball in any order.
2. Solve the same problem if it is without replacement.
