UNIT I
**UNIT I: Introduction to Python**
1. **Introduction to Python**: Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its
simplicity and readability. It supports multiple programming paradigms and has a vast standard
library.
2. **Use IDE to Develop Programs**: IDEs like PyCharm, VS Code, Thonny provide an environment
to write, run, and debug Python code efficiently with features like syntax highlighting and
auto-completion.
3. **Basic Coding Skills**:
Example:
```python
print("Hello, Python!")
```
4. **Data Types and Variables**:
```python
x = 10 # int
y = 3.14 # float
name = "KL" # str
```
5. **Working with Numeric Data**:
```python
a=5+3*2 # Output: 11
```
6. **Working with String Data**:
```python
s = "Python"
print(s.upper()) # Output: PYTHON
```
7. **Python Functions**:
```python
def greet(name):
return "Hello " + name
```
8. **Boolean Expressions**:
```python
x = 10 > 5 # True
```
9. **Selection Structure**:
```python
if x > 0:
print("Positive")
```
10. **Iteration Structure**:
```python
for i in range(5):
print(i)
```
11. **Working with Lists**:
```python
fruits = ["apple", "banana"]
fruits.append("orange")
```
12. **List of Lists**:
```python
matrix = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
```
13. **Tuples**:
```python
t = (1, 2, 3)
```
14. **Dates and Times**:
```python
import datetime
print(datetime.datetime.now())
```
15. **Dictionaries**:
```python
student = {"name": "KL", "age": 20}
```
UNIT II
**UNIT II: Classes in Python**
1. **OOP Concepts**: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction.
2. **Creating Classes and Objects**:
```python
class Student:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
s = Student("KL")
```
3. **Constructors**: `__init__` is used for object initialization.
4. **Data Hiding**:
```python
self.__private = "hidden"
```
5. **Instance Methods**:
```python
def show(self):
print(self.name)
```
6. **Special Methods**: `__str__`, `__len__`, etc.
7. **Class Variables**: Shared among all instances.
8. **Inheritance**:
```python
class Teacher(Person):
pass
```
9. **Polymorphism**: Same method behaves differently in different classes.
10. **Custom Exceptions**:
```python
class MyError(Exception):
pass
```
11. **Iterators**:
```python
it = iter([1, 2, 3])
print(next(it))
```
12. **Generators**:
```python
def gen():
yield 1
```
13. **Decorators**:
```python
def decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Before")
func()
print("After")
return wrapper
```
UNIT III
**UNIT III: I/O and Error Handling**
1. **Data Streams**: Input/Output using streams (files, keyboard, etc.)
2. **File Handling**:
- Writing:
```python
with open("file.txt", "w") as f:
f.write("Hello")
```
- Reading:
```python
with open("file.txt", "r") as f:
print(f.read())
```
3. **Access Modes**: `r`, `w`, `a`, `r+`
4. **Error Handling**:
```python
try:
x=1/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Can't divide by zero")
```
5. **Exception Hierarchy**: BaseException > Exception > ArithmeticError > ZeroDivisionError
6. **Multiple Exceptions**:
```python
try:
# code
except (IOError, ValueError):
pass
```
7. **Working with Directories**:
```python
import os
os.mkdir("new_folder")
```
UNIT IV
**UNIT IV: Relational Databases and GUI**
1. **SQL Statements**:
- SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
2. **SQLite with Python**:
```python
import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect("data.db")
c = conn.cursor()
c.execute("CREATE TABLE users (id INT, name TEXT)")
conn.commit()
```
3. **GUI and Events** (Using Tkinter):
```python
from tkinter import *
def click():
print("Clicked")
btn = Button(text="Click", command=click)
btn.pack()
```
UNIT V
**UNIT V: Machine Learning Tools in Python**
1. **Numpy**:
```python
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
```
2. **Pandas**:
```python
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({"Name": ["A", "B"], "Age": [20, 21]})
```
3. **Matplotlib**:
```python
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])
plt.show()
```
4. **Seaborn**:
```python
import seaborn as sns
sns.histplot([1,2,3,4])
```
5. **Scikit-learn**:
```python
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
```
