CHAPTER-1 BUILT ENVIRONMENT

" DEFINTION

OThe built environment touches all aspects of our lives,encompassing the buildings we live in, the
distribution systems that provide us with water and electricity, and the roads, bridges, and
transportation systems we use to get from place to place.
DThe term 'built environnment' refers to aspects of our surroundings that are built by humans, that is,
distinguished from the natural environment. It includes not only buildings, but the human
made spaces between buildings, such as parks, and the infrastructure that supports human activity
such as transportation networks, utilities networks, flood defaces, telecommunications, and so on.
EXAMPLESOF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Naturalenvironments Built environments
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Slide
BUILT ENVIRONMENT LIFE CYCLE
LAND

DEMOLITION & PLANNING

REDEVELOPMENT & FINANCE

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The Built
Environment
Lifecy¢le partco
Non-disscineaio
MANAGEMENT DESIGN
&USE

CONSTRUCTION
 SPECIFICATIONSFOR A GOOD BUILT
ENVIRONMENT
" Our built environment has to meet the needs of people and society,
offer a good living environment and contribute to sustainable
development. How we live our lives affects the environment in many
ways, whether it be a matter of the way we heat our homes, travel to
work and leisure activities, or separate our waste.
" The environmental quality objective A Good Built Environment aims
to ensure that:
Jcities and other urban areas, and the connection between urban and
rural areas, are planned on the basis of a coherent and sustainable
approach to social, economic, environmental, and health-related
1SSues,
DPublic transport systems are environmentally friendly, energy
efficient, and accessible, and attractive, safe and efficient pedestrian,
and cycle paths are available,
OThere are good-quality and accessible natural areas and green spaces
and corridors close to built environments,
OThe cultural, historical, and architectural heritage in the form of
valuable buildings and built environments,as well as sites and
landscapes, are preserved, used and developed,
OThe built environment is based on and supports people's needs,
facilitates experiences of beauty and pleasure, and offers a varied
range of housing, workplaces, services, and culture.
OPeople are not exposed to harmful air pollution, chemical substances,
high noise levels, radon concentrations, or Other unacceptable health
or safety risks,
DEnergy, land, water and other natural resources are used in an
efficient, resource-saving and environmentally-friendly manner aiming
to minimize their use and primarily choose renewable energy sources
and
OWaste management is efficient for society and easily used by
consumers, waste is diminished, while the resources in waste are better
used, and the impact of waste on health and environment are
minimized.
ELEMENTS OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
"A building comprises four primary components: the exterior, the
interior, the structural frame, and the finishes.

The exterior of a building is its visible layer. This might include

walls, windows, doors, and roofs. It's essential to rememberthat a
building's appearance is only one aspect of its overall design- the
exterior can also impact how well it functions as a shelter. Poorly
constructed exteriors, wind and rain penetration, and heat loss can
leak.
OThe interior of a building is where people live, work, and play. It's
also where most of the building's systems are located- from plumbing
toheating and cooling systems.The interior should ensure casy
access for maintenance personnel, comfortable temperature ranges for
people of all ages and abilities, and enough space for residents to
move around freely.
OThe structural frame is the foundation on which the other
components of a built environment are built. This frame includes
things like the building's walls, floors, and ceilings.
" It also includes the materials that make up these walls, floors, and
ceilings. The structural frame can support a lot of weight, so it's
essential toensure that it's properly designed and constructed.
DAbuilding's finish is the total of all the materials and techniques
used to create a final product. It can include the exterior of the
building, the flooring, walls and ceilings, fixtures, finishes, and
hardware.
Every part of a building must be designed and constructed to meet
specific requirements, and every finish must be chosen carefully to
create a harmonious whole.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

" The modes of transport include various types of factors or methods

to transfer the goods or product from one place to another place. The
modes are:
0. Roadways Transportation.
i. Railways Transportation.
ii. Water Transportation.
iv. Air Transportation.
V. Pipelines Transportation.
 Roadways Transportation:
" Advantages of Road Transport:
"(i) It is very flexible in nature.
" (iüi) It helps to facilitate the movement of goods even in remote areas.
"(ii) lt provides alternatives in the form of cars, rickshaw, autos, cars,
buses, trucks, and so on.
"(iv) It is good for transporting perishable products.
" (v) It requires low capital investments.
" (vi) It is very suitable for a short-distance journey.
Disadvantages of Road Transport:
" (i) It is not suited for long distance as it is not economical.
"(i)Slow as compared to railways.
" (iii) Goods can be destroyed/damage due to specks of dust and
pollutions.
" (iv) It is time-consuming.
" (v) Accidents and Breakdowns.
Railways Transportation:
" It is a means of transport in which the goods are transferred from one
place to another place and as well as transfers the passenger from
one place to another destination. It is preferred due to high speed.
Invariance to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat road or
surface, rail vehicles are directionally managed by the rail tracks on
which they run.
Rail transport helps to provide administrative facilities to the
" run their
government. The publicservants and defense forces
mobility from the railways
Advantages of Railways Transportation:
(0) It is economical for long distances because it can easily cover all
states and cities.
" (i) This means of transport is much faster than roadways.
"(ii)Most suitable for carrying a bulky amount of goods and products.
(iv) lt provides proper protection from sun exposure and dust
pollution.
(v) It is the most dependable means of transport.
" (vi) It is the very safest means of transport.
" (vii) Railtransport helps to provide employment opportunities to both
skilled and unskilled individuals.
 Disadvantages of Railways Transportation
" (i) Huge capital required for construction maintenance.
" (ii) It is not suitable for hilly areas.
" (iii) lt is not flexible in nature.
" (iv) The cost and time of terminal operations are the major
disadvantages of rail transport.
" (v) Monopoly in nature.
(vi) It consists much time for booking of goods through the
comparison of road transport.
3. Water Transportation:

"It involves the movement of goods through oceans and seas. There
are more than 365 ports in Indiawith Vishakapatnam contributing to
maximum portion traffic.
" Inwater transport,the weights of goods are very large in comparison
to other means of transports. It plays a very crucial role in the
development of exports and imports of goods in the different parts of
the world.
 Advantages of Water Transportation:
" (i) It is the very cheapest or easiest means of transportation.
" (i)Goods in bulk are transported.
(ii) It promotes foreign or international trade.
"(iv) It can easily carry a huge quantity of goods such as timber and
coal.
"(v) Incomparison to other transport,the risks capacity is very low.
 Disadvantages of Water Transportation
" (i)One of the drawbacks is there is a delay in the movement of goods
from one place to another.
(i) Performance is affected by seasonal variations.
(i) It can be used in a limited area of operations because it can only
run on seas or oceans.
" (iv) Water transport is very unsuitable for small businesses because it
carries a small number of goods.
 Air Transportation:

"he distinct advantage of air transport is speed and suitability. It is very

useful for less working goods with a high value of the price.Air
transport is also knownas aviation.
" The important characteristicof air transport isthat does not needa
particular surface track for its working operations. It is the
fastest means of transportation. But the cost of operations is very
high according to other modes.
 Advantages of Air Transportation Slid

" () Fastest means of transportation.

" (ii) Useful moving the goods in the amount of bulk.
(iii) Each and everyarea of accessible.
" (iv) Vital for national security and defense.
" (v) Very useful in earthquakes and other floods.
" (vi)It provides an efficient, regular, and quick service.
" (vii) It is very suitable for emergency services.
 Slid

Disadvantages of Air Transportation

"() The large capital investment needed.
"(ii) Not suitable for working goods.
"(ii) May be affected by rains.
"(iv) Risks of accidents are highest.
" (v) This mode of transport requires a specialized skill and a high
degree of training for its working operations.
Pipelines Transportation:
"Pipelines transportation is used for sending the liquids andgases from
one place to another place. Through this means of transport, we can
also send chemicals, biofuels, and natural gases.
" Advantages of Pipelines Transportation:
"() They are very flexible in transporting liquids and gases.
" (i) It consumes low energy power.
" (ii) It needs a limited area of maintenance.
" (iv) Pipelines are very safe and accident-free transport.
 Disadvantages of Pipelines Transportation
" () It is not flexible in nature.
" (ii) It is restricted in a limited area of work.
" (i)Difficult to make security arrangements for this transport.