How did the

Universe
begin?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

• Describe the structure and composition of the

Universe;
• Explain the red-shift and how it used as proof
of an expanding universe;
• Explain different theories and evidences
supporting the formation of the universe.
PracTest 1. GUESS THE WORD

1.YBRANCIO TTMAER
2. RADK TMTAER
3.ROPORTSAT 4.RDAK EERNYG
5. ETHROM UNCLARE RAOCTEIN
6. AMIN EQSUECNE TSRA
7. ILGTH AEYSR
GUESS THE WORD

1.BARYONIC MATTER
2. DARK MATTER
3.PROTOSTAR 4.DARK ENERGY
5. THERMONUCLEAR REACTION
6. MAIN SEQUENCE STAR
7. LIGHT YEARS
Definition of Terms
a. Baryonic matter - "ordinary" matter
consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons
that comprises atoms, planets, stars, galaxies,
and other bodies
b. Dark matter - matter that has gravity but
does not emit light.
c. Dark Energy - a source of anti-gravity; a
force that counteracts gravity and causes the
universe to expand.
Definition of Terms
d. Protostar- an early stage in the formation of a star
resulting from the gravitational collapse of gases.
e. Thermonuclear reaction - a nuclear fusion reaction
responsible for the energy produced by stars.
f. Main Sequence Stars - stars that fuse hydrogen atoms
to form helium atoms in their cores; outward pressure
resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced by gravitational
forces
g. Light years - the distance light can travel in a year; a
unit of length used to measure astronomical distance
FACT OR BLUFF?
1. The universe as we
currently know it
comprises all space
and time, and all
matter and energy in
it.
FACT OR BLUFF?
1. The universe as we
currently know it
comprises all space FACT
and time, and all
matter and energy in
it.
FACT OR BLUFF?
2. The universe is at
least 4.5-4.6 billion
years old.
FACT OR BLUFF?
2. The universe is at
least 4.5-4.6 billion
years old. BLUFF
It's 13.8 billion of years old, while the solar
system is at least 4.5-4.6 billion of years old.
FACT OR BLUFF?
3. The solar system as
part of the Milky Way
is located at the outer
limb of the galaxy.
FACT OR BLUFF?
3. The solar system as
part of the Milky Way
is located at the outer FACT
limb of the galaxy.
A. Introduction
• Any explanation of the origin of the
Universe should be consistent with all
information about its composition,
structure, accelerating expansion,
cosmic microwave background
radiation among others.
B. Structure, Composition, and Age
• The universe as we currently know it comprises
all space and time, and all matter & energy in it.
• It is made of 4.6% baryonic matter (“ordinary”
matter consisting of protons, electrons, and
neutrons: atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, nebulae,
and other bodies), 24% cold dark matter (matter
that has gravity but does not emit light), and 71.4%
dark energy (a source of antigravity)
• Dark matter can explain what may be holding
galaxies together for the reason that the low total
mass is insufficient for gravity alone to do so while
dark energy can explain the observed accelerating
expansion of the universe.

• Hydrogen, helium, and lithium are the three most

abundant elements.
• Stars - the building block of galaxies born out of clouds of gas
and dust in galaxies (fig. 4). Instabilities within the clouds
eventually results into gravitational collapse, rotation, heating
up, and transformation to a protostar-the core of a future star
as thermonuclear reactions set in.
• Stellar interiors are like furnaces where elements are
synthesized or combined/fused together. Most stars such as the
Sun belong to the so-called “main sequence stars.” In the
cores of such stars, hydrogen atoms are fused through
thermonuclear reactions to make helium atoms (fig. 4).
Massive main sequence stars burn up their hydrogen faster
than smaller stars. Stars like our Sun burnup hydrogen in about
10 billion years.
• The remaining dust and gas may end up as they are or as
planets, asteroids, or other bodies in the accompanying
planetary system.
• A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars and clusters of
galaxies form superclusters. In between the clusters is
practically an empty space. This organization of matter in
the universe suggests that it is indeed clumpy at a certain
scale. But at a large scale, it appears homogeneous and
isotropic.
• Based on recent data, the universe is 13.8 billion years
old. The diameter of the universe is possibly infinite but
should be at least 91 billion light-years (1 light-year =
9.4607 × 1012 km). Its density is 4.5 x 10-31 g/cm3.
C. Expanding Universe
• In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced his significant
discovery of the “redshift” (fig. 5) and its interpretation
that galaxies are moving away from each other, hence
as evidence for an expanding universe, just as
predicted by Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.
He observed that spectral lines of starlight made to
pass through a prism are shifted toward the red part of
the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e., toward the band of
lower frequency; thus, the inference that the star or
galaxy must be moving away from us.
• This evidence for expansion contradicted the previously held view of a static and
unchanging universe.
APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED:
During Earthquake and Fire Drill in our
school, you hear a siren or the fire
truck as it passes by. In this situation,
What do you notice about the sound it
produces as it goes towards you?
and as it moves away from you?
This is similar to the Doppler
effect for sound waves: to a
stationary observer, the
frequency or pitch of a receding
source decreases as it moves
away.
The Doppler Effect in Astronomy
• The intense interest to astronomers who use the information about the shift
in frequency of electromagnetic waves produced by moving stars in our
galaxy and beyond in order to derive information about those stars and
galaxies.
• The belief that the universe is expanding is based in part upon observations
of electromagnetic waves emitted by stars in distant galaxies. Furthermore,
specific information about stars within galaxies can be determined by
application of the Doppler effect. Galaxies are clusters of stars that typically
rotate about some center of mass point.
• Electromagnetic radiation emitted by such stars in a distant galaxy would
appear to be shifted downward in frequency (a red shift) if the star is
rotating in its cluster in a direction that is away from the Earth. On the other
hand, there is an upward shift in frequency (a blue shift) of such observed
radiation if the star is rotating in a direction that is towards the Earth.
Different Theories
and Evidences
supporting the
formation of the
universe
Big Bang Theory
•The currently accepted theory of the origin and
evolution of the universe.
•Postulated 13.8 billion years ago.
•Universe expanded from a tiny, dense and hot
mass to its present time and much cooler state.
•The theory rests on two ideas: General Relativity
and the Cosmological Principle.
In Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity,
gravity is thought of as a distortion of space-
time and no longer described by a
gravitational field in contrast to the Law of
Gravity of Isaac Newton.
General Relativity explains the peculiarities
of the orbit of Mercury and the bending of
light by the Sun and has passed rigorous
tests.
The Cosmological Principle assumes that
the universe is homogeneous and
isotropic when averaged over large
scales. This is consistent with our current
large-scale image of the universe. But
keep in mind that it is clumpy at smaller
scales.
The Big Bang Theory has withstood the tests for
expansion:
1) the redshift
2) abundance of hydrogen, helium, and lithium,
and
3) the uniformly pervasive cosmic microwave
background radiation-the remnant heat from
the bang.
Misconception: The “bang” should
not be taken as an explosion; it is
better thought of a simultaneous
appearance of space everywhere.
The theory does not identify the
cause of the “bang.”
E. Cosmic Microwave Background
• There is a pervasive cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation in the universe.
Its accidental discovery in 1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson earned
them the physics Nobel Prize in 1978.
• It can be observed as a strikingly uniform faint glow in the microwave band coming
from all directions-blackbody radiation with an average temperature of about 2.7
degrees above absolute zero (fig. 6).
 The theory was supported by other
scientists, namely:

Edwin Hubble Arno Penzias Robert Wilson

Georges Lemaître, a Belgian priest, is considered as the

first proponent of the Big Bang Theory.
The presence of the singularity is still a mystery to many scientists, but they
stated that this singularity constantly expands and cools. The rate of
expansion is almost equal to the rate of cooling; at this moment, there is a
build-up of intense heat which leads to the increase in the expansion of the
singularity.

The intense heat also leads to the creation of matter and antimatter that are
being destroyed every time they collide with each other. During this moment,
the number of matter dominates over the number of antimatter. This started
the dominance of matter, or atomic particles, in the early universe. These
particles undergo nucleosynthesis wherein they combine to form another
atomic particle.
Nucleosynthesis leads to the formation of chemicals such as
hydrogen and helium.
Events to show the evolution of the universe as
proposed by the Big Bang Theory

❑Singularity
❑Explosion of the singularity
❑formation of atomic particles
❑nucleosynthesis
❑formation of stars and galaxies
❑formation of planets, comets, and asteroids
Steady State Theory
Steady State Theory
• proposed by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle,
• suggests that the universe has always been there and will always be
present.
• It also conveys that the universe always looks the same in any time or
space but continuously expands while simultaneously creating matter,
maintaining the density of the universe.
• It is so simple that it was widely accepted even before the proposal of
the Big Bang Theory. The discovery of the cosmic background radiation
significantly supported the explanations given by the Big Bang Theory,
which led many scientists to reject the Steady State Theory.
• This theory first explained that the cosmic background radiation is a
result of a supernova. But after a thorough research, it was proven that
it is equal in any direction of the universe and could not only be a result
of many supernova.
Hermann Bondi Thomas Gold Fred Hoyle
Oscillating Universe Theory
• Also referred to as the Pulsating Theory.
• Discusses that the universe is expanding and will contract once all the energy after
the Big Bang is used up.
• The Big Crunch occurs when the universe expands and eventually reverses, then
collapses causing a singularity or the formation of another Big Bang.
• suggests that once the universe reverses and attains the point of singularity, another
universe will be born. This is referred to as the Big Bounce. Tolman theorized that the
universe may be first in the cycle and could be a result of a previous Big Bounce
event.
• Just like in the Steady State Theory, scientists discovered many loopholes in the
Oscillating Universe Theory because it was said that for the universe to collapse,
energy must be present. This theory suggests that the universe will collapse on its
own after it reaches its full expansion, which violates some laws of physics.
 Richard Tolman
-described the theory as the combination of the Big Bang and the Big Crunch.
Pulsating Theory/ Oscillating Universe
Theory
The Big Crunch occurs when the universe expands
and eventually reverses, then collapses causing a
singularity or the formation of another Big Bang.

The Oscillating Universe Theory suggests that once

the universe reverses and attains the point of
singularity, another universe will be born. This is
referred to as the Big Bounce. Tolman theorized that
the universe may be first in the cycle and could be a
result of a previous Big Bounce event.
Do you think the universe has a
beginning or has it always
existed?
Explain your answer.
Assessment:

1. What are the structure and composition of the

Universe?
2. How does red-shift used as proof of an expanding
universe?
3. Explain in your own understanding the ff theories.
a. Big Bang Theory
b. Steady State Theory
c. Pulsating or Oscillating Theory
Performance Task 1. Essay
Directions: Submit a brief report on the following topic
or questions. Use long bond paper. Deadline Tuesday,
July 1, 2025
What is the fate of the universe?
Will the universe continue to
expand or will it eventually
contract because of gravity?
Submitted work will be evaluated using the following
criteria:
• Logical discussion of scientific concepts used for the
argument (eg. effects of gravity, expansion), consistent
discussions of pros and cons (10 pts)
• Logical build up of reasoning to support the choice. (10
pts)
Performance Task 2:
Instructions: Students will be grouped according to three
theories. Each group will describe the theory on the origin of the
universe creatively.

GROUP 1: BIG BANG THEORY – Role Play

GROUP 2: STEADY STATE THEORY – Newscasting
GROUP 3: PULSATING THEORY – Puppet Show
Performance Task 2:

Rubric:

Content – 40%
Organization – 25%
Presentation- 15%
Creativity – 15%
Teamwork – 5%
Total = 100%
Assignment #1:
1. Identify the large scale and small scale properties of the
solar system;
2. Discuss the different hypotheses explaining the origin of
the solar system
3. Identify and describe the components of the solar
system.