Rational Numbers

define rational numbers. What Learners Will Achieve

rational
identify numbers(positive understand that there are infinite numberof
write equivalent and
rational negative).
numbers. rational numbers between two rational nurmbers.
rational
expresS |numbersin standard do four basic operations (addition, subtraction,
Compare and order form.
rational and numbers.
numbers. multiplication division) of rational
rational
represent numbers on a express rational numbers in decimal form.
numberline.

.
What

Fractions

Integers
Warm-up
we already know

are thee parts of

awhole or a collection. For
are the Collection of whole

-4 -3-2
example
numbers and the negative of

1
1

+
2
+
,41 et
n,
natural numberS.
a
negative of natural numbers
whole numbers

Now, try to solve the following.

1. Solve the following sums
and identify the result as fractions or integers.

(a)5+(+8)= (b) (+8) x (-2) = 32

(d)
7 14
1
(e) 6= 2
(f) 15 10 =

2. On the given number line, each unit has been divided into six equal parts. Write the numbers
represented by the letters P, a, R, S, T and O.

T.so
1+tII+IllTl!,
P

1
R

Do all the letters represent fractions or integers only?

DID YOU
KNOW?
Zero the only number with most number of the names. It is known from variety of other names like sifr, naught.
is
zip, nil and zilch.

175
 Dividing the numerator and numbers sinto
rational equivalent
26)39 (1 Converting
a commoni denominato
denominator by 13. -26 numbers with
rational
26(2 -2 4
-26-26 +(13) 13)
-26 the rational numbers 3 and
39 39+ (13) 0 Let usconsider
LCM of 3 and 5
15. =
So,
-26
15 +3 5, 15 = 5 3
39 is reduced to standardform as Since,
3 4 4x3 12
-10
-2-2x5=5 5x315
Equivalent Rational Numbers So,
33x5
pxk -10 12 numberssequivalent
If is a rational number, then where k is any andare therational
qxk 15
positive

form of P
or negative integer is said to be equivalent
to
35
-2 and 4
denominator 15.
respectively
with
Common

Ilustration5: x2-6p
-3-3
4 4 2 8
a
Thus, to convert given
equivalent rational
rational

numbers with
numbers into
a commoe

9hoooeteull
-3x -3
x
(-5) 15
denominator,we follow
these steps:
the denominators of tha
4 Step 1: Find the LCM of
4 x (-5)-20 given rational numbers.
-6 15 Step 2: Find LCM + denominator for
each rationa
Thus, forms of
8-20are equivalent 4 number.
-3-6 -15 Step 3: Change each of the givenrational
numbers
or are equivalent rational numbers.
to equivalent rational number, using the
4 8 20
number obtained in Step 2.
Alternativelywe say that two or more rational us study some more examples.
Let
numbers are equivalent if they have the same -5
Ex. 1. Check, whether the number is a

15 rational number or not?

standard form. and areequivalent, since
8 -20 Sol. Every integer can be written in the form

-6-3 .-5 can be written as

J085C4 (Samestandard
b
form)
So, -5 is a rational number.iw
15-3
Ex. 2. Reduce to standard form:
-20
36 -3
(a) (b)
Just like multiplication, the division ofthe numerator
-24J6 hotosl.
-15
scmur lsnoits
and denominator by the same non-zero integer, 36
Sol. (a) In denominator -24 < 0.
also gives an equivalent rational number.
-24'

15 15+3 5 15 5 bns o sis The HCF of 36 and 24) 36 (1

-and -24
Illustration 6:
-18 -18 +3AO,-18 -6 24 is 12.
Thus, its standard HCF 12) 24(2
-24
are equivalent rational numbers. form would be
obtained by dividing
the rational number by (-12).

178
 36
36+(-12)
-24 -24 +(-12)
Ex. 5. Build four rational numbers equívalent
-3
7
2- Standard form to
-3
(b) InE denominator -15<0 Sol. We have,
7x4 28

The HCF of -13 13x4 -52

3and 15 is 3. 3) 15(5

Thus, its 7(-3) -21 7%5 35

standard form
obtained by would be -13x(-3) 39-13x5-65
dividing by
-3.
-3
-3+(-3) -49
7x(-7)
-15
-15 + (-3)
-Standard form -13x(-7)91
42 -21 28 35
Express 63 as a rational Thus, rational numbers
39-52-65
E. 3. number with
numerator -2. -49
and are all equivalent to the given
In order to express 42 91
Sol.
63 as a rational 7
number with rational number
numerator -2, first -13
number which gives find a
-2when 42 is divided
by it, i.e., 42 + (-2) = -21,n
42 Note
Now, 42+(-21) -2
6363+121)
Thus, the required
-3 -2
There will be many ratíonal

Can you write a few more?

numbersequivalent

Try!
to

rational number is

-12
EX. 4. EXpress 5 ds a rational number withEx. 6. Show that rational numbers and
-9 27
denominator 25.

In -4 Urm are equivalent rational numbers. ()

order to express
Sol.
5 as a rational Sol. Since we can use cross multiplication to

number with denominator check if two fractions are equivalent, it

25,we first can be also used forthe rational numbers.
find a number
which when multiplied by
5 gives 25, i.e., = 5.
25 5
We
Now,
-4×5-20 RSho1sninonsd have,X27b18bosl2
(d (6)
C
5 5x5 25 then ad=bc)
bapeilb 26 19dru noissy 3kr
on Thus, the required rational number is

-20 4 x 27 = 108 and (-9) x (-12) = 108

25 4 -12 4 -12
Thus, and are

Remember 9 27 27
equivalent rational numbers.
To build an equivalent rational number from a givenca totzrdonurisioiiatinsisviups wot bliue a
rational number, multiply or divide the rational number
by the same non-zero integer, i.e., by a # 0.

179
 Exercise 9.1 (d) 2
1. Which of the following are fractlons?
(c)
(h),ha
7

n310
(b)
(a)7
(e) (f) o 19
number. (d)
number isarational
2. Check, whether the given
9 (c) 5 (h)
(a)
23 -3
of these.
8 or neither
(e)
() 0 negative
-13 are positive,
i numbers (d) -3
3. ldentify whether the givenrational
(c)
11
(b) -7
(a)
12 (h)
15
(g)
2
le)
42 () -19 3
3 o
(e)
numbers.
as rational
4. Express thefolowing integers (d)-72
(c) 35
(a) 7 (b) -23
sttatements.
the following
(F)for each
of
5. State True (T) or False
natural
number. 8s016nimonsb
(a) Each rational number is not a

isa rational number.

(b) Every whole number
(c) Zero is a rational number.
number.
(d)Every integeris a rational

-24
6. Express as:
-36 (c) Numerator -8
(b) Denominator 27
(a) Standard form
rational numbers, as directed.
7. Express the following
20
-3 with 12 as numerator
(b)
(a) with 35 as denominator 25
5
44
4 with as numerator
8

(c) with -75 as denominator

15
(openended
numbers for each of the following.
8. Build four equivalentrational
-12 3 1-12
b

(d)
(c)
(b) -8 18
(a) 8

180
 bythe correct
number in each of thefollowing.
Replace

(a)
55 (b) x, if:
3
-32 (c)
17
-20
28
otot
(d)
48

the value of
Find
3
(b) 13-39 (d)
5 5 -35
the following in standardform.
Express
18 216
-40 -128
(b) (d)
(a) 648ds O-63neiib
(c)
-192 252

if the following rational numbers areequivalent:

Check
12.
5 -7 -8 20 21 -15
(b)
(a) -12' 18 14' -35 (c)
63 -45
e following statements and (open ended)
Read the explain with an example.
not a natural number.
13.
natural number a rational number but every rational number is
is
(a) Every

(b) Every integer is a rational number but every rational number is not an integer.

(c) Every traction is a rational number but every rational number is not a fraction.

(d) Rational numbers can be either positive or negative. but fractions are always poSitve

le) Numerator oT a rational number can be zero but denominator of a rational number cannot
be zero.

NUMBERS ON 1 3
RATIONAL
A NUMBER LINE
Let us represent and on the number line.
2
Positive Rational Numbers
lust as we represented integers on number
a

ine, we can also represent rational numbers on 2 3

a number line. Like integers, the positive rational

numbers are marked on the right of 0 and the hete Divide each unit into four equal parts.

negative rational numbers are marked on the left he Fig. 9.1 alenotsedT
of O on the number line.

We also know how to represent fractions (positive Note

rational numbers) ona number line. Recall that on
3
1 The fraction is three of the fourequal parts of a
the number line, the number (fraction) lies unit.
2
3 3 Number of equal parts taken
one-half of the way between 0 and 1,while lies
4
Total number of equal parts in a unit
three-fourths of the way between 0and 1.og

1
 To 7
represent,it
numberline requiresthat each
unit on the For example, the absolute
be value of
shown in divided
Fig.
9.2. into three
equal parts as
the absolute value of
4 is alsn 3
represents Clearly,
seventh point, i.e., P

1
Fig. 9.4
2
Fig.
9.2
p
We observe that
3
and 34 are
at
Note he
distance from zero on the
number
The Like integers, symbolically,
we
fractions
which are 1 2 3 7 ineFigsA
3'3' and (positive absolute value of a rational represent
rational number
numbers),
(0)on the represent
right of distances from
it. zero
sxS 6Thus,
Negative
In
Rational
Numbers
-
order to
represent annegative
a ssdmse lsnaite y The absolute value of 0 is,.e.,"0
rational absolute value of a non-zero
number
b rational nu
it is
necessary to use
the aoot ud'avien
form ofthe
always positive.

b number.
In general terms, the absolute
The negative valueof
rationalnumber lies on the aratioa
left
side of0 ata 3 4 number is given by
distance of b+0.
from O.
4
Watch Your Step!
1 2
is incorrect. It must be as

Fig. 9.3
COMPARISON OF RATIONAL NUMBERS
The rationals
4
or -
4'4
2r-5 and
-6
or
6
We already know how to compare twO integert
4 4 4 two
3 5
fractions. In this section, we shall learn h
lie to the left of 0 at a distance of and to compare two rational
numbers. The given n
4' 4 can be either positive,
6 negative or both post
respectively. and negative.
4
When one rational number is positive andte

ABSOLUTE VALUE OF A RATIONAL NUMBER other is

negativeo9ated yVBW a lo

The absolute value of a Comparison of a negative rational numberad

rational number is its
positive rational number
distance from 0 on the number line.
is obvious. A posti.
rational number is alwaysgreater than a ne

182
 number asa positive number is to the 7 8
rational
of
a negative number onthe number line. We know that 24
right

xample ,>5
34-6-10
3
-7.-7
18
32 and 35>24

sign)

, When
both rational numbers

rational numbers like

2
and
are
3
positive

can
5 (Reverse
theinequality

Positive
as fractions. Remember a<0.
be compared a>0, o=0 or

8 33 3×7 21
Ifa be a rational
number, then
a >b, a=bor
numbers, then
2x4
7 7x4
28 4 4x7 28 Ifaand b be tworational

3 a<b.

Since
8< 21
Numbers in an
Order
both rational numbers are negative
When Listing the Rational
of two negative rational numbers, of numbers is arranged
Comparison
1
We know that when a group tothe largest, they are
and can be done using the number in an order
from the smallest
say 2 order and when arranged
said to be in ascending are said to
smallest, they
line.
on thenumber line In tromthe largest to the
the numbers as shown
Mark
be in descending order.
or descending
below. numbers in ascending
way as comparing two
To list rational

order, proceed the same bnE eil

nsowisd
rational numbers.
Fig. 9.5erl vez n9w For this, follow the given steps:
1 to
rational number
Note that

The
3
is on the right

number on the right is greater thanthe one

oron Step 1: Convert each
SE bns equivalentrational
of
number with the LCM
the denominators as the common
on the left. (Recall the same thing for integers.) denominator.

Step 2: Then compare the numerators.

Therefore,

But
heco
it is not alwayspractical to use
thenegative rational
number
numbers.od
line for
Illustration

-7
10
in

the denominators 5,
2:To arrange the rationals

descending
od svodto3sg1926t
order,

4 and
we first

10.
find
54
the LCM of
and

LCM of 5, 4, 10 =20
comparing
l

Thus, to compare twO negative rational numbers,

Now,we write the equivalent form of rationals with
compare them ignoring their negative signs common denominator 20.
(or compare their absolute values) and then
reverse the order (inequality sign). -224-8 X

1: To compare and
-8
we first
s 55420nse
5 -3 -15
ori ob a3s
llustration
3 5 n9sw-3 isnosgnsmwoH
7 8 4 4 5 20
Compare
3
and
5 -7 -7 2 -14dmunI6note ow

10 102 20

183
 43 33 9
12
each have
.4 3x4
Now,
with
these equlvalent numbers
arranging
denominator 20 in descending order
of the
Me ( LCM of denominators

numerators, we have:
-14 -15 Clearly,
20 (-8>-145-15)
20 20 12
12 12
or
-3-2-1
-2-7 that 12 12'1213areall
can say
So,we
raiona
9 -1
Thus,the numbers in descendingorderare 5 10 -4
and ang
-3 between 12
numbers

in
(-4<-3<-2<-10<<8e
number.
twelve
Nete These are
1 -100 3 225
a>band 300
Ta, band
b>c, then a>
c be three integers such that
Again, 3300 4

-99 -98
c.
-1 -100 -97
300 300
RATIONAL NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO Clearly, 3300 225 3
300

223 224
RATIONAL NUMBERS 222 < 300 4
Considerthe numbers 2 and 5. How many integers 300 300
300
-99 -98 224
are there between 2 and52 We know that integers
that
3 and 4 lie between 2 and 5. we can say 300 300 300 areals,
So,

-54
dot
320Fig. -1 1 2 5
rational numbers lying between
-1
3 and
3
4
9.6

How many integers are there between -2 and 3

324in number. Continuing in this

-1,0, 1 and 2 are integers between -2 and theseare wa
3.
rational numbers as we
we can find as many
-1 3 wart

and
between 3 4
snots Fig. 9.7soTSe we can say that
How many integers are there between -4 and -3? In view of these illustrations,

There is no integer between -4 and -3.na infinitely many rational

numbers
There are
4 -3 -2 -1 0 12 3 4501 between two given
rational numbers

Fig. 9.8 numbers

to find rational
Thus, betweentwo
Thus, we can say thatalsvin as followc:
rational numbers X and y, proceed
The number of integers between any two integers the numbers by equivalent ration:
Step 1: Replace
is finite.
numbers having sufficiently large common

Let us do thesame thing with rationals and ask. denominator.

How many rational numbers are there between Step 2: Then choose the required number of

-1 integers between the tWO numerators

af
two rational numbers, say and
3 4 the equivalent rational numbers.
Let us find out.

184
 The rational
numbers
as
numerators with
and these
denominator with the integers
are
required Common 2
numbers
numbers. between the
two rational
rational Which of the followingnumbers occur to the left of

usstudy some more

7
1et E on the number line?
examples. hi
Represent the
rational 6 5
numbers
on the and 6
5 same number
3
line.
Ex. 8. Find the absolute value of
3
is positive,
2 therefore
sol. the point
representing it will Sol.
be on the (Using
right of
is 0.

5 negative,
therefore the
representing it
point
7 ( 1-3|= 3 and |7|=7)
will
be on the
oie

left Ex. 9. Fillin the box with the correct

of
symbol out
0,
of <, > or =.

(a) o (b)
Number line 2 5
sis Fig. 9.9
ni2
io2 Sol.
Sgm
(a) Zero is always greaterthan a negative
rational number.
For draw a number

each unit to
line and divide CEt-aa Therefore, 0 :
the right of 0into

nio
parts and count 3
two equal 1x(-1) -1
parts from 0. Mark (b)
noint with a dot and label it as
3 thatoSR887E -3x(-1)3
-4 Now, LCM of 3 and 5 is 15.

33
For divide each unit to the
5 left of 0 Therefore. -x5-5
into 5 equal parts and count x5
0 towards the left. 4 partsfrom
Mark -4x3 -12

Ta dot and label it as

this point with
C5 5x3152
3 Since the denominators of and
The representation of and
2 on the
-12
number
are the same, SO we compare
line is shown in Fig. 9.9. 15

Skill Check
oAx their numerators, i.e., -5 and -12.

.Whichof the
As -5>-12,therefore, ,15 15
following numbers occur between
2
or
andon the number line?

185
 20
-21 10 24
16
(comparing

Skill Check 24 24 24 nurnerators

Compare the following rational numbers.

ie.,
6
-7
(a)
(b)
18 numbers
three rational
Find
Ex, 12.
-7 and 11 between
Ex. 10. Which is greater: 10
10
-23 4 -19 rational numbers
Sol. The given have
a
denominator 10 and
common 10
Now, LCM 7 and 5 is
of 35.
-4
-23 -23x5-115 -6-5 are
three
7 Thus, 10 10 10
7×5 35 rationa

and 11
(:35 + 7= 5, so multiply and divide by numbers between 10 10

5)
Joolodr101gx7
-19 -133 five rational
numbers
between
Ex. 13. Find
5 5x735 -2
( 35 5=7, so multiply and divide by 7) and 3
LCM of 8 and 3 = 24
Since the denominators of both the Sol. Since
write
fractions are the same, so we compare So, we can
their numerators. -3x3 -9 and
As -115>-133, therefore,
-115 -133 as
8x3 24
35
35 -16Sau
as
3 3x8 24
i.e., is greater.

-16 -15 -14 -13

Ex. 11. Arrange the following rational numbers <
As
2424 2424
in ascending
E2 order:o1T
-7 5 5 <
-10
24
3'8'12'6 24

Sol. LCM of 3,6, 8 and 12 24.

is
So, five rational numbers between
3
So, we shall make the denominator of

each rational number 24. -15 -14 -13-12 -11

and are
2 2x8 16 -7 -7×3 -21 24 24 24 24 24
5600 3 3x8
i.e.,
24' 8 8x3 24
5 5x2 10 5 5x4 20 Note
and
12 12x2 24 6 6x4 24 We can pick any five rational numbers between

-16 -9
and as listed.
Since, -21 < 10< 16 < 20, therefore, 24 24

186
 9.29
oxercise

,()
Tick
The
the correct answer.

absolute value of-

7
-12 is:
7
(i) 7 none ofthese
() -12 () a (iv)
12 is:
givenfigure
The rational number represented by the point below the arrowin the
(b)
1 3
3 (i)
3nio (i) -
are:
number of rational numbers between any two given rational numbers
(c)
The
() 1 (i) 2 (ii) none (iv) infinite
s
Represent
the following rational
numbers on the same number line.usleobe
and
(a) 7 (b) and11
9
the following rational
Represent
numbers on the number line.
3.
3 5
(a) 4
edmun a (b)o9drmv
5 (c)
() 3

the absolute value of the following

4.
Find rational numbers.
-4 219cmun6 15|o9cn3
(a)
|-18|
9sa (b) oyer (d) dan (e)
Write
the rational number represented bythe point below the arrow in
the given figures.
5.

1 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 6
(a) (b) 1

|llllal mi2 :Eqo1e

6. Compare and put >, < or = inhteul

2i9stn b6ndde bns bbe owod wo ybsailsW
3bns
(a) (b)
6wo-4
Stey
sdmun i12
10
(e) () (h)
-14doiti
smesdaw ssdmun lsnobs bbs otshubenor9
7. Which one is greater?
ao nibbesienea 9r 01omonsib
(a) 2or-13
1

-2or-2 astraton 4s (c)4or

8
2069m
12
5
4att
aint po

sdbA te
8. Arrange

0
in ascending order.

(b)
53 ,7yiecmun anw
oabertobescted
tonoie att :ssie
6' 4' 5'8

18
 9. Arrange in descending order.
5 11 -1 2
(a)
(b)123'5 fromthefollowing.
10. Pick out thesmallest and the rational
numbers
7 -11 3
greatest
3 -4 8 7 47 5
(a)
4'-3'-11'2
(b)
-48 6-8
11.Complete the following by observing the pattern.
-4-6 n0
-3-6 9
(a)
5 10 15
(b)
7141 numbers.
(open
ended
12. Find three rational numbers between the givenrational 1
and
-3 -9 -3 (d) 0 and-1(e)-2
(a) and -oac 1
(c) and
13 13 isc (b) 7 and 5
-3 2 (open ended
13. Find five rational
4 and 5
numbers between
(open
ended
14. Illustrate the followingstatements with examples. but infinite
number of whole numbers enurnber
(a) Between anytwo whole numbers, there are finite
of rational numbers. number
infinite of
(b) Between any two number of integersbut rational
integers, there are finite
numbers. but thereare
not be a whole number infinite
may
Between anytwo rational numbers,there may
or
(c)

number of rational numbers. are infinite

but there
may not be integers number
(d) Between anytwo rational numbers,there may or

of rational numbers.

numerator
denominator and the as the

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTIONOF RATIONAL above sum.

NUMBERS necessary.
Step 3: Simplify, if

Addition of Rational Numbers Illustration 1:

We already know how to add and subtractintegers -17 8 -17+8

+
and fractions. In this section,we shall learn how to (a)
11 11 11 11

add and subtract rational numbers. (Here, Common denominator is 11)

Adding rational numbers with the same 4 -2 5 4+(-2) +5 9+(-2) 7

denominator 7 7
Procedure to add rational numbers with thesame (Here, common denominator is
7.)
denominator the same as adding fractions.
-8 + 2 (-7)+(-8)+2
is
-7,
-+:
For this, proceed as follows: () (c)
41 41 41 410
Step 1: Add the numerators. 3abne 15)+2-13E
Step 2: Write the rational number with the same 41 41

188
 with
numbers different
sfsoknown
Ationmal Note numberis
of # rattonsf
the same asfor
is Additive inverse nunber
addingtwo of a rasonal
inators
procedure
denominators. aS negaive
different
inverse
ofandvice
forms of the rational
numbers theadditive
denominator we saythatis
yequivalent of the (= LCM
common versa.
)
and follow thesame procedure as be stated
as follows
is another
it can
Ingenera, a, there
nominators) number
For each rational
2,Let us find
10 15 such that
number-a,
rational
and -o) +a0.
of aand
vice
a+(-a) =0
stration denominators10and 15 is 30.
ofthe theadditive
inverse
MeLCM -27 22 22x 2 called
-9x3 and 44 SO,-ais
versa.
10x3
30 15 15x 2 30
The additive
inverse 3 3
ofisand
3:
2 -2
922-27 44 -27+ 44 17 lustration
is
30 30 inverse of
10 15 30 30 the additive
deretole

-135-13x3 5x7 Note of

omlarly
7. 907
3
LCM
7x3
of the denominators
3x7
7 and 3= 21)
We use additive
rational numbers.
inverse
property
in subtraction

-39+ 35-39+35 -4 rational numbers to

Subtracting is similar
21 21 2121 Subtraction
of rational
numbers

subtraction of integers.
ldentity
ofa Rational Number 3-7 is rewritten
as 3+(-7).
Mditive number
arational
is added to the rational
Recall:

the same way,

37 can be rewritten
as
Mhen
zero,
the result is the rational number itself. In

mcbebrs 2 8
Umber

3+0- and +0. (:Additive inverse of

8
asan addition, we
That
is,
4 4 6o1 2 8
is written
Once the subtraction
follow the rules for
addition.
obtraction of Rational Numbers as
rational numbers is

property
Procedure for subtracting
Litive inverse follows:
sthe additive inverse
ist of 3 and 3is the of the rational
Recall
lthat-3
Step 1: the additive inverse
Find
inverseeof-3 as 3 +(-3) =0 and(-3) +3 =0.
additive
-2 2 eeo number that is being subtracted. other
inverse to the
numbers Step 2: Add this additive
Now,. consider the rational
and
+22+2_0
-2, ST10number.
Step 3: Simplify, if required.
We have,
5 5 5 -5
9
from we find
2-2 2+(-2) =0 Illustration 4: To subtract
4 2-
and
5 5 5 additive inverseof
4
(asdmu is (Rational number to be subtracted is
9 here.)
4

189
 numbers with different
known
Note is also
rational number
Adding Additive inverse
ofa rational
the same as for adding two number
of arational
the procedureis
denominators as negative vice
Again, with different denominators.
2 inverse
ofand
5
factions equivalent forms
the rational numbers
of
isthe additive
We say that
find denominator (= LCM of the
We a Commonand followthe same procedure versa.
as follows:
with as it can be stated is another
Ingeneral, a, there
denominators)
rational
number
For each that
number-a, such
above. 22
us find
2: Let 10 15 rational
0 and (-0) d0. +a and vice
lustration a+(-) inverseof
of the denominators 10 and 15is 30. the additive
LCM So,-ais
called
Since
-9x3 -27 22 22x2 44 and
versa.
and ofs
10
10x3 30 15 15x2 30
3: The additive
inverse 3
llustration
-2
922g-27, 44 27+44 17
inverse
of
3 is
3
the additive
30 30 30 30
Therefore, 10s115
Note of
5x7
Similarly, 73
-135-13x3
LCM
7x3
of the denominators
3x7
7 and 3= 21)
We use additive
rational
numbers.
inverse property
in subtraction

numbers
-39+35 -4 rational similarto
-39 35 Subtracting numbers is
+ 21 21 Subtraction
of rational
21 21
integers.
subtractionof +
3 (-7).
Number 3-7 is rewrittenas
Recall:
Additive ldentity of
a Rational 7 can be rewritten as
3
added tothe rational way,
number In the same 2
is
When a rational
number itself. 8 7 is)
the rational nctbsbne
number zero,the
result is of

3 (:Additive inverse 8
30-3 and +0 2 addition, we
is written as an
That is,
4 4 Once the subtraction
for addition.
follow the rules isas
numbers
Rational Numbers rational
Subtraction of Procedure for
subtracting

follows: rational
inverse of the
Additive inverse property
3and 3 is the the additive
theadditive inverse of
Step 1: Find subtracted.
Recallthat-3
+3 =0.
is

of-3 as 3+ (-3)=0and(-3) 20 number that is beinginverse to the other

additive inverse -2 additive
Step 2: Add this
numbers 5 and
Now, consider the rational St3o number.
+2-2 +2 =0 if required.
Step 3: Simplify, -5
We have, 5
2-,we
from find
5 5 4: To subtract 4
-=0 bA Illustration
9
and -+22+-2)
5 5 additive inverse
of
4 9
here.
is
Lasteiun i (Rational number to be subtracted
4

189
 46-11
16+30+-11 72
72
of
Additive inverse of
the sum
Find
Ex, 16. 19 and s
of denominators
50,
Sol.
LCM 3-3-3x3
19
-5x2 -19 19 x3 57
Therefore,
and
4 =4) divide

34-9
multiply
(LCMof 2and = 3, so
(:57+19
-10+(-9)
57 57 57
So, 57
19
-19 -13
57
Let us study some examples. in place of O

14. Find the sum and write standard the number which
Ex.
it in
Find the statement
form.
Ex. 17.
will
make true.

1. =1
3 9 in place of
the number

1
x be
Let
Sol.
Sol. 1
+
Thus, 9

3+7+(-5) +1
(Write

(Add the numerators)

or
1x3 +
3

+1 9
(:LCM of 3and9=9)

11-5
(Retain the common denominator) ianotet
or
39 9ues
3 +X = 9 or x= 9-3 = 6
6 3 form)
or

4
(Standard
7 3
from 4
2 5 18. Subtract
sum++
Ex. 15. Find
9 12 8 the 9rt so1
Ex.

means
5-13 Sol. 403s48
Subtract
from
8Na
Sol.+t
128 9 LCM eviibi(3 of 8 and 4

acanc 2 2x8 16
LCM of the aCe30326
nOle erttE bosEtosc9vai
=and
77v 1 7
9x8 72 12 So, 8 8 8 1 8
denominators 9,
4
55x6
5 30 and 8 = 72; Equivalent ts 3 7 6 7 6
=-+
forms with the same
12 12x6
-13 -13×9
72
-117 denominator 72.
Thus,
4 8 8 8 8 8v
8x9 72 Additive inverse of

Thus,
25 + -13 16 30 117
-1
9 12 8 72 72 72ibbe

(Add the equivalent rational numbers.)

190
 11
-8 2515 from to get14
Simplhty:
13 39 26 Sol. Let x be subtracted
9.
Thís means,

-8 25-15-8 -25,15 -"11

26 13 39 26
13 39
-8x6, -25x2 15x3
13x6 39x 2 26x3 or x = 11 or*
,-10 14 14

(::LCM of 13, 39 dSx2-10

7 7×2
14
and 26 = 78)
vCMof 14and 7e14 and
-48+(-50) 45 + -53
78 11+(-10)
78 of 14
be 5 1
What should subtracted from to
So,
20. 14 we
get 14
11
?
Thus, by subtracting
11
fom
get 14

Exercise
937
Tick () the correct answer.

no 3 nulonoites owe o
aThe value ofis:aadnua
3 4
edtto

-9 -13 13
12
nstr () 12 nsitte sno(ii) 12
aisdrrsuo lsn (iv)

1
should be added to get 1?
(b)
What
7 to
-6
(i)
(iv)
7 sW
-3
(c) The sSum of 6 and
24
is:

-8beust -15 rN-23

() 24 (ii)
24 24 tota

6 7
(d)
If
13 +X26 then x equals:

-5
26
(iii)
1 218dilissojato
- (iv) 1
9uileailqitlu

26

Find the sum. Ltoiteteull todt won sWentas-oid sot6lablurn of

2. -4
5 3
(a)
4 5 (b) ,3 5,3 9len(d)ebn
12 9
11 11

(e)15 36 12 (e)

191
 3. Subtract:
3 (d)
rom 1rom
(a)
n
from
8 (b)
6
13
from
13
7 (c) 16
(h) from1
-3 14
(e) from2 from
5
4_5 9
4. Evaluatethe following.
1-2
(a)
7,-3 (b)

2
5. Simplify:
83

2 1
6.Subtract the sum of and from
21 14

7. What should be added to -5 to get

11 33

8. What should be subtracted from to get

6
-13
find the other.
numbers -5. If one the numbers I5
6
9. The sum of two is of
rational

E3 the other.
10. The sum of two rational numbers is. Ifone of them is
16
find

8
3 -3 the other.
find
11. The sum of two rational numbers is If one of them is

2 10

12. What should be added to to get 1?

MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF RATIONAL In the same way, if and S are any two rational
NUMBERS
numbers, then
In this section, we shall learn multiplication and
Product of thenumerators
division of rational numbers.
pxrqxs Product of the denominators
Multiplication of Rational Numbers
The multiplication oftwo rational numbers is similar 3 3 3×3 9
-X
to multiplication of two fractions. We know that if llustration 1: 85 8x5 40
C
and are two fractions, then -2x5 -10
b
C axc Product of thenumerators
3 7 3×7 21

b d bxd Product of thedenominators

192
 Rational Number
eiprocal of 3 Division of Rational
Numbers
reciprocal
number
tha 9 Like fractions, to divide
arational
the first
ACal ofisreciprocal of 11 division of
multiply
We now extend the another rational number,
idea
by
by the reciprocal
L etc. of
rational number (the dividend)
reciprocal
I numbers. of the second (the divisor)
orationa/ rational numbers C
non-zero b and are said
isthe reciprocal
of
pwo of each
other, if
bC Here,
reciprocals their
obe product is

llustratlon
3: (a0-2
3 5 10

2: Rational 2 5 of
numbers thereciprocal
5 and 2 are

s
Mustration of
each other because
36 18
2x5 10
eciprocals
52 25
2 10 1and x25-10 =1.
50
2 5x 2

79 and
-7
3 arereciprocals
10

of each other
(b)
-22
5O51
4 -2
5
similarly,

1.
because
-x--3x7 -2-1 is
4 thereciprocal
of

7x3
21 a 2010
7x3-1
-7-3-x(-3) -1 (t9dmu (c)
14-
-14+7
7
7x3
3 (a
and
olso -14x3 =-6
the reciprocal of a rational number 7
Finding
the rational number or
means 1x7
inverting interchanging
and the denominator.
numerator
the isthe reciprocalof 3
L7
that tO is a rational number What is the
Recall 1 Let us study some more examples.
of 0? Obviously, 0 does not have write the result in
Ex. 21. Find the product and
reciprocal a

standard form.

.
reciprocal.

3 5 9. leoe15s16 bi3£S,x
Note (a) (b) 24 -X 40 (c)
10
x(-7)
The reciprocal of a positive number is always a 46d)
number and the reciprocal
nositive of a negative
number is always a negative number.That is, Sol (a) 5-3x5
Of)4x6
a
numberand its reciprocal always have like signs. e
35 16 -15 x 16
(b) X
The reciprocal of a non-zero rational number is also
24 40 24 x 40 T(s)
called its

The reciprocal
multiplicative

or
inverse.

multiplicative inverseof a non

CreiberSNt
otenitnonsb sts brso3x5) 8 x
d58 x3 8x5 x
x 21 4
1
zero rational number a is denoted by

193
 87
3 87= 1
lss
87 1
of
The reciprocal 1 87
3x(-7)g-21
10 x1 10
(c) First,
implify -135
125 asa
rationa
Ex. 22.Find the product. number.
112-1x12 -12
(a)
135 5 135 x 5 676
12
of is -675
(b) Now, reciprocal 675
12
andthe
thenumerator
(Interchanging

Sol. 7 denominatorn

as an
2 5 2 5 1 (d) First,write
39 improper
fraction
(Write 7 as a fraction)
34
11 x 2x 7

2x5x1 5
77

of
34
is

(b)
19rt0 rsoThe reciprocal 34

iseabevea Ex. 24. Find:

12-16 -8

(( (Write 15 as a rational number)

(a) 68 + 5
12 68 12
(b)
81 108

Sol. (a) 68 + 5
5 1
-2x(-18) x (-10)x (-15)

9×5x9x1 otaooi (Write b8 as a rational numberl

2x18x10 x 15 adigrsain 6855 is the reciprocal

olsogia9 9x5x9x1 1 -(12

12

2cns
2x2x2x5
(The product of an even
negative

40
factors
number of
is positive.) 66
svst ton
.
16
68-X
1
5 4x17x5
12 1x4x33
a16-108ngbs
85

orii(Simplify)
3x13t bsbnste (b)
81 108 81
Ex. 23. Find the reciprocal of: (-16)x(-108)
-143
(a) 87 81x8
(b)
275 (Since 1O8 = 2 x 2x 3x 3 x3
1 8 81 =3 x 3 x 3 x 3)
(c)
-135 x2(d) 3
-143 275
Sol. The is
(a) reciprocal of Check
275 -143 Skill

(Interchanging the numerator and the denominator)

6olbs
(b)First, write 87 asan improper fraction.
Find:19Vt
-14
20 15 avoslelarmn g

194
 of two rational numbers
The product is

So,
2If one number is
15
find the other.
3 ecprocalo
other number be x.
Let the

-5
-5x5 =25
We have product -3
3 number is
5 Thus, the
other rational
3

9.4
Exercise

1. Tick ()the correct answer.

Multiplicative inverse of
la)

) IfxX
14
=the
12 value

0035
(i)

of x is:

35 (iv)
(0) (i)
18 (i)
18. 3
otsrincnsb
19.0 9000OT
yeosssursdSgovib
OF

o(c) The
1oes 2ooud
1e525 12
value
sbni
0iVib
49b yatisnimmat
ontn
(ii)
1 4 3nshoup
equal to:i2
3035ninansb

(ii)
16
3snoar9o (iv) -4

(d) The value of IS:

26l 1648.0
2 9
(i)
5odgsvs (ii)
10 2ca 3

2. Multiply:

7
-28
16
(c)
6
bye
90 bo (d)
9,a-26
13
-by
27
3. Find the product and write the result in standard form.
27
-35-X 63 -328
(a)
4
12
21 1Ca6
(b)
-18
509
-10
(c)
21 15 105 (d)x133)
7 9
4. Find the reciprocal of the following rational numbers.
-25 1 9012-0
(e)x1
4
(d) 65
(a)
18
(c)
-73 -7 4

195
 form.
simplest
in the
5. Simplify the following and write the quotients

(a)
63
11
(b)
(c)
3
-9,
-8 (B) 20 40
(e) () -4
134) numbers
is
15
find the other.
10 of the
If one
6. The product of two rational numbers 3

is
-4 to obtain 26
multiplied
39 be
7. By what rational number should

8. Fill in the blanks.

-21
(a)
-)-
By division

37 37x4 1,48
Decimal Representation of Rational Numbers 25)37.0o
25 25x4
We have how to convert a fraction into a
learnt -25 |
decimal. We also know that every fraction is a 148 120
rational number,so all rational numbers of the form
=1.48 -1004
100 200
-200
can be expressed as a decimal either by 37 =1.48
0Ston
25
converting it into equivalent rational with each of the above division stops
Observe that
or

denominator 10, 100, 1000,.., etc., or simply when the remainder becomes
zero
terminates
dividing p by q, i.e., numerator by denominator. in the division.
In such a case,
at some point the

Illustration 1: Let us consider the rational numbers decimal

quotient is calleda terminating
4 3 37
and having a finite number of
5'8 25 By division
Thus, decimals decimal

the decimal point are known

44x2 places after as
0.8
5 5x2 10-=0.8 5) terminating decimals.

0
40

-40
4 possible for every rational number? To kno.
Stop Is it

|
-0.8
5 express some other rational I numbers as decimal.

now consider the rahon

llustration 2: Let us
3 3x125 375 By division
2
numbers and
8 8x125 1000 0.375 3 7
8) 3.000

3 =-0.375

=-0.375
-24
60
-56Y Since
3
=?

3 is not a factor of 10,100,1000, etc., we go

40
-40 division.suasis boi

0 9dmun through
Stop
long

2
= 0.666..
3

196
 as
numbers
examples.
more
as 0.6 or Let us study some rrattionalterminating
thefollowingthem as decimals.
written 0.6.

0.666..
Ex. 26. Express classify
and -20
repeating
decimals 15 (d) 11
3)2.000
-18| ornon-terminatíng
35
5 (c) 24
20 se (b)
-18 16
20 2 repeated endlessty. 2.1875
-18 Sol. (a) 16)35
2 -32
30
16
140
128
120
a factor
7isalso not
of 10, 100,1000, etc., -112
division. 80
smilarly. long -80
weperform 1.714285
= 1.714285.. 7)12.000000 decimal)
-7 35 2.1875 (terminatíng
50 16
21714285 -49
10 0.555.iitast.os
1.714285 osb olni (b) 9)50
3 -45
-28|
50
020 -45
14
50
60 -45
-56|
5
40
35
(non-terminating
0.555...
or 0.5
9 repeating
decimal)

the division continues and remainder 0.625

Observethat
Jnos not end with
0at any point. But notice that we (c) 24)150
of the quotient are repeating endlessly.
-144
Some part 60
iss called non-terminating repeating
Such quotient anstsget-48
or recurring
decimal. 120
-120
Thus, decimals having
an infinite number of
digits after the
decimal places with repeating 15 decimal)
decimal point are known as non-terminating =0.625 b (terminating
24
repeating decimals.
1.818
(d)
11) 20o
Note -11
90olELOWtio mu Srit (d}
are not repeating,they are called
non-oti219donui
When digits -88
terminating and non-repeating (or non-recurring) 20
decimals. For example, 1.1421356237209...
2.10100100001.., etc.
)-11
90
-88
2
197
 denominator
922X2**2le
8 is a non-terminating decimal
-20
11
=-1.8181.. or
-1,81 15
is 15
= 3xs and
denominator To
decimal) by 3 exactly justify, per
(non-terminating repeating divisible
17 division.
of the long
Ex. 27.Can you say if the decimal forms 32

and terminatingor
non-terminating Remember a rational number has
15 are of
factors of
the denominator m and n are whole
If where
decimals? form 2m x5", number numbers,
the a rational
form of isterminating
17 then decimal

a terminating decimal as
Sol. its
is
32

Exercise 9.5 re
repeating.
or non-terminating
terminating (d) 0.62525
1. Checkif the following decimals are
(c) 4.6
...
(a) 2.735 (b) 5.272727 or non-terminatin decimal
terminating
numbers have
2. Determine if the following rational
into decimals. 72
representation.Justify by converting 117 (d)
5 6 (c) 50 64
(a) (b).
12 25
3 10
(e) ()
7 13

on baling
21stCs
Competency Based Exercise

1. Tick ()the correct answer.

(a) Ifx=3
5 and y
1
=,4
then the

3
value of |x +yl is:

4 -1
(ii) (iv)
() (ii)
35
35 35 35
-3
(b) The sum of two rational numbers is
7 If one of them

-24
is 3, then the other is:

24
(ii) (iv)
7 7
 An ategeris
addedto
both the
to-
itequal 2 The
integer is:
numerator
and 5
(0-6 denorninator of the rational numberto make
()-4
What would bethe
49 product of
()-2 (v)-1
all
rational
64 49 numbers lying between

is
64
(n)1 (v)0
is:
4 subtracted
from 95 andthe
difference is
()671 smultiplied tby 220,then the number obtained
()650
the following.
2 Match (ii) 630 (iv) 571
Column A

The quotient of
of -211 Column B
12
The standard form 54
(b) of -
90 53
(i1)

The absolute

d) Value of
1
valueof
4 -1 + 5
(i)
-4o
60

5
1

(iv)
12
3. Build a rational number
equivalent to:
4
(a)
with 35 as denominator 8
(b) with -24 as numerator
13
4. In each of the following,find
the value x.
-5 X of

(a) -3-XX =
63 (b)
4 16
5.Evaluate the following.
-3 7
(a) (b)

6. Evaluate the following.

-4
(a)
26
13
-14 (b) 23 4 4
7. What should be added to
23
12 toget ?
8.Find the product of reciprocals of 11 and
18
99
16
 1
numbers is E find the other

is-10.If
oneofthe
9. The product of two rational Inumbers

shoudwe divide to get-1r

number
10. By what rational
of the number.
the reciprocal
11. If a numberis 63 more than its part, find
then find the
capacity,
ofthe same quartty
into 13small containers
13small containers or
12. If42 Lof milk is poured eguallyinto

of milk in each container.

13. Express the following as decimals.um

23
(a) (b)
125 11
21 S
gmnChallenge! wum
2 the number.
gives 3. Find
Seven times the reciprocal of a number added to 3
Evaluate:

(-
A circular rubber pipe discharges water
the rate of
at
30-
5
L per minute. Find
the amount of

water discharged by it in 12 minutes and 30 seconds.

21tCS
Let's Work in Mind

3
1. Which is greater:
4 8

2. For what value of x,

5

3. What should be added to to get 1?

7

4. What is the value of

5. What is the value of 1=-?

6. What would be the decimal form of
of terminating or non-terminating repeating?
6