Algebra II Problem Set III

UNIVERSITY IBN TOFAIL

Algebra II

Problem Set III

Exercise 1:
Solve the following linear systems using the Gaussian elimination method:

x + y − z = 0

1. (S1 ): x + 5y − 2z = 3

2x + y − z = 1


x + y + 3z + 2t = −2

2. (S2 ): 2x + 3y + 4z + t = −1

3x + 7y + z − 6t = 6


x + 2y − z = 1

3. (S3 ): 2x + y + 2z = 2

x − 4y + 7z = 3




 x − 3y − 2z = −1

2x + y − 4z = 3
4. (S4 ):


 x + 4y − 2z = 4
5x + 6y − 10z = 10


Correction

1. System (S1 ): Augmented Matrix:

 
1 1 −1 | 0
1 5 −2 | 3
2 1 −1 | 1

Steps:
- Eliminate x from rows 2 and 3: R2 ← R2 − R1 , R3 ← R3 − 2R1
 
1 1 −1 | 0
0 4 −1 | 3
0 −1 1 | 1

1
Algebra II Problem Set III

Correction

- Eliminate y from row 3: R3 ← R3 + 41 R2

 
1 1 −1 | 0
0 4 −1 | 3 
0 0 34 | 74

Solution:
4 7
x = 1, y= , z=
3 3
System (S2 ): Augmented Matrix:
 
1 1 3 2 | −2
2 3 4 1 | −1
3 7 1 −6 | 6

Steps: - Eliminate x: R2 ← R2 − 2R1 , R3 ← R3 − 3R1

 
1 1 3 2 | −2
0 1 −2 −3 | 3
0 4 −8 −12 | 12

- Eliminate y: R3 ← R3 − 4R2
 
1 1 3 2 | −2
0 1 −2 −3 | 3 
0 0 0 0 | 0

General Solution: Let z = s, t = r (free parameters):

y − 2z − 3t = 3 ⇒ y = 3 + 2s + 3r,
x + y + 3z + 2t = −2 ⇒ x = −5 − 5s − 5r.

Solution:
x = −5 − 5s − 5r,
y = 3 + 2s + 3r,
z = s,
t = r.

System (S3 ): Augmented Matrix:

 
1 2 −1 | 1
2 1 2 | 2
1 −4 7 | 3

Steps: - Eliminate x: R2 ← R2 − 2R1 , R3 ← R3 − R1

2
Algebra II Problem Set III

Correction
 
1 2 −1 | 1
0 −3 4 | 0
0 −6 8 | 2
- Eliminate y: R3 ← R3 − 2R2
 
1 2 −1 | 1
0 −3 4 | 0
0 0 0 | 2

Conclusion: The last row implies 0 = 2, which is impossible.

No solution (inconsistent system)

System (S4 ): Augmented Matrix:

 
1 −3 −2 | −1
2 1 −4 | 3
 
1 4 −2 | 4
5 6 −10 | 10

Steps: - Eliminate x: R2 ← R2 − 2R1 , R3 ← R3 − R1 , R4 ← R4 − 5R1

 
1 −3 −2 | −1
0 7
 0 | 5 
0 7 0 | 5
0 21 0 | 15

- Eliminate y: R3 ← R3 − R2 , R4 ← R4 − 3R2
 
1 −3 −2 | −1
0 7
 0 | 5 
0 0 0 | 0
0 0 0 | 0

General Solution: Let z = t (free parameter):

5
7y = 5 ⇒ y = ,
  7
5 8
x−3 − 2t = −1 ⇒ x = + 2t.
7 7

Solution:
8 5
x= + 2t, y = , z = t.
7 7

3
Algebra II Problem Set III

Exercise 2:
Solve the following linear systems using Cramer’s method:

2x − 5y + 4z = −3

2. (S1 ): x − 2y + z = 5
1.

x − 4y + 6z = 10


2x − 5y + 4z + t = −3

2. (S2 ): x − 2y + z − t = 5

x − 4y + 6z + 2t = 10


Correction

1. System (S1 ): Coefficient Matrix:

   
2 −5 4 −3
A = 1 −2 1 , b= 5 
1 −4 6 10

Step 1: Compute det(A):

det(A) = 2(−2 · 6 − 1 · (−4)) − (−5)(1 · 6 − 1 · 1) + 4(1 · (−4) − (−2) · 1)

= 2(−8) + 5(5) + 4(−2) = −16 + 25 − 8 = 1

Step 2: Compute det(Ax ), det(Ay ), det(Az ):

     
−3 −5 4 2 −3 4 2 −5 −3
Ax =  5 −2 1 , Ay = 1 5 1 , Az = 1 −2 5 
10 −4 6 1 10 6 1 −4 10

det(Ax ) = 124, det(Ay ) = 75, det(Az ) = 31

Solution:
124 75 31
x= = 124, y= = 75, z= = 31
1 1 1
x = 124, y = 75, z = 31

2. System (S2 ): Analysis: This system has **4 variables** and **3 equa-
tions**, making it **underdetermined**. Cramer’s Rule is **not applicable**
because it requires a square coefficient matrix (equal number of equations and
variables).

Exercise 3:
Solve the following linear system using both the Gaussian elimination method and Cramer’s
method:

4
Algebra II Problem Set III


x + y + 2z + 2t = −2

(S): 2x + 3y − z + t = 1

x + 2y − 3z + t = 0


Correction

1. System (S): Analysis: This system has **4 variables** (x, y, z, t) and **3
equations**, making it **underdetermined**. Cramer’s Rule is **not appli-
cable** because it requires a **square coefficient matrix** (equal number of
equations and variables). We solve it using **Gaussian elimination**.
Augmented Matrix:
 
1 1 2 2 | −2
2 3 −1 1 | 1 
1 2 −3 1 | 0

Steps:

(a) Eliminate x from rows 2 and 3:

R2 ← R2 − 2R1 , R3 ← R3 − R1
 
1 1 2 2 | −2
0 1 −5 −3 | 5 
0 1 −5 −1 | 2
(b) Eliminate y from row 3:
R3 ← R3 − R2
 
1 1 2 2 | −2
0 1 −5 −3 | 5 
0 0 0 2 | −3
(c) Back-substitute to express variables:
3
2t = −3 ⇒ t = − ,
2
1
y − 5z − 3t = 5 ⇒ y = + 5z,
2
1
x + y + 2z + 2t = −2 ⇒ x = − 7z.
2

General Solution: Let z = s (free parameter). Then:

1 1 3
x= − 7s, y = + 5s, z = s, t = − .
2 2 2

Exercise 4:
Solve the following linear system according to the values of the real parameter m:

5
Algebra II Problem Set III


x + 2y − z = 1

(S): 2x + y + 2z = 2

x − 4y + 7z = m


Correction

1. Gaussian Elimination on Augmented Matrix: The augmented matrix

is:  
1 2 −1 | 1
2 1 2 | 2
1 −4 7 | m
Perform row operations:

(a) Eliminate x from rows 2 and 3: R2 ← R2 − 2R1 , R3 ← R3 − R1

 
1 2 −1 | 1
0 −3 4 | 0 
0 −6 8 | m − 1

(b) Eliminate y from row 3: R3 ← R3 − 2R2

 
1 2 −1 | 1
0 −3 4 | 0 
0 0 0 | m−1

2. Analysis Based on m:

(a) If m ̸= 1: The last row implies 0 = m − 1, which is a contradiction.

No solution (inconsistent system)

(b) If m = 1: The last row becomes 0 = 0, and the system reduces to:
(
x + 2y − z = 1
−3y + 4z = 0

Solve for x and y in terms of z:

4 8 5
y = z, x = 1 − 2y + z = 1 − z + z = 1 − z
3 3 3
Let z = t (free parameter). The general solution is:

5
x = 1 − t,
3
4
y = t,
3
z = t.