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Digitization

The document discusses the process of digitization, focusing on the conversion of analog signals to digital signals through sampling, quantizing, and encoding. It explains the sampling theorem, which states that a continuous signal can be accurately represented if sampled at a frequency greater than twice the highest frequency component. Additionally, it outlines different types of sampling methods such as impulse, natural, and flat top sampling.

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5 views3 pages

Digitization

The document discusses the process of digitization, focusing on the conversion of analog signals to digital signals through sampling, quantizing, and encoding. It explains the sampling theorem, which states that a continuous signal can be accurately represented if sampled at a frequency greater than twice the highest frequency component. Additionally, it outlines different types of sampling methods such as impulse, natural, and flat top sampling.

Uploaded by

afiyazahid5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digitization

1. Analog Signal to Digital Signal: Analog signal is a continuous signal which represents physical measurements.
Digital signal is a discrete time signal generated by (i) Sampling (ii) Quantizing and (iii) Encoding process.

Fig.1. Analog signal and its corresponding digital signal.

Section-1: Sampling

1. Sampling of Analog Signal: The sampling of analog signal is the process of converting analog signal into
digital information by capturing and storing key data points at a rate higher than the Nyquist frequency.

 Sampling Period: The time separation between two adjacent samples is called sampling period. It is
denoted by Ts.

 Sampling Frequency: The inverse of sampling period is called sampling rate of sampling frequency.
It is denoted by fs.
Mathematically,
1
fs  ... (i)
Ts
1
Ts  ... (ii)
fs

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2. Sampling Theorem: “A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can be recovered back
when the sampling frequency f s is greater than or equal to the twice of the highest frequency component of
message signal”. If the highest frequency component of message signal is f m , then f s  2 f m .

Explanation: Let us Consider a continuous time signal x (t ). The wave shape of x(t ) is shown in Fig.1. The
spectrum of x(t ) is a band limited to f m Hz. Hence the maximum frequency of x(t ) is f m Hz.

Fig.1. A continuous signal of maximum frequency f m Hz.

 Types of Sampling:
(a) Impulse Sampling.
(b) Natural Sampling.
(c) Flat Top Sampling

(a) Impulse Sampling of x(t ) : The sampling of input signal x(t ) can be obtained by multiplying x(t ) with
an impulse train δ(t) of period Ts . The output of multiplier is a discrete signal called sampled signal which
is represented by y (t ) . Fig.2. shows the input-output signals of multiplier.

Fig.2. Sampling of a continuous signal of maximum frequency f m Hz.

 Frequency Spectrum:
(i) Frequency spectrum of x(t ) and y (t ) at f s  2 f m , where   2 f m and s  2 f s .

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(ii) The sampled frequency spectrum of y (t ) with different conditions:

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