Here is the recreated quiz document, numbered from 1, with all the correct answers listed

only on the last page, as requested.

Quiz 1: Statistics and Qualitative Data Analysis

1. Refers to a sum of a sample of scores divided by the number of scores in the sample:
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Central tendency
2. Both mode and median can be used with ordinal data, but the median is preferred because
it takes into account frequencies and rank order of the scores.
a) True
b) False
3. What do we call two values that do not follow each other, but both have the highest
frequency?
a) Mode
b) Bimodal
c) Median
4. Which type of measure of central tendency is calculated by adding all scores and dividing
by the total number of scores?
a) Median
b) Mean
c) Mode
5. Mode, Median, and Mean can be used in the case of interval and ratio data.
a) True
b) False
6. Calculating the square root of the variance is known as:
a) Reliability of scales
b) Standard deviation
c) Median
7. The value in a sample of scores that occurs with the greatest frequency is called the:
a) Central tendency
b) Mode
c) Median
d) Mean
8. Which of the following is an appropriate definition of the median in a set of
measurements?
a) All the measurements added together divided by number of measurements
b) A measure of the extent to which measurements are spread
c) Max value - min value
d) The point above or below which half of the measurements fall
9. The midmost value in a sample of scores, or the value which is higher than half the scores
and lower than the other half, is called the:
a) Central tendency
 b) Mode
c) Median
d) Mean
10. A group of students wrote a test on statistical research and obtained the following marks:
17, 90, 65, 73, 88, 55, 81. Based on the marks, what is the mean score?
a) 67
b) 76
c) 65
d) 73
11. The maximum possible score for an exam paper is 75. Which statistic would help a
lecturer know how many students scored below 40?
a) Percentage
b) Cumulative frequency
c) Class interval
d) Tally
12. An image, perception, or concept that is capable of measurement is called a:
a) Variable
b) Non-variable
13. Standard deviation is sometimes preferred to variance because it is:
a) A measure of variability
b) In original units of measurement
c) Easier to calculate
d) An indication of the spread of scores
14. The range is a measure of variability calculated by taking the difference between:
a) Highest and lowest scores
b) Mean and median
15. Standard deviation is an index of variability expressed in the same units as original
measures.
a) True
b) False
16. The measures of variability most often used are variance and standard deviation.
a) True
b) False
17. A disadvantage of the range as a measure of variability is that it is calculated using all
scores.
a) True
b) False
18. What is the measure of the variability of scores in a sample?
a) Deviation
b) Mean
c) Range
d) Variance
19. Why do researchers use measurement?
a) To store and share data
b) To focus on personal narratives
 c) To record or register variable values
d) To verify sources and data authenticity
20. The measure of variability that squares the deviations from the mean and averages them
is called:
a) Variance
b) Spread
c) Standard deviation
d) Range
21. Which measurement helps determine whether a frequency distribution is symmetrical
around the mean?
a) Median
b) Variance
c) Kurtosis
d) Skewness
22. A relationship between variables expressed through a straight line is called a linear
relationship.
a) True
b) False
23. A change in one variable corresponding to a change in others is called:
a) Historical
b) Correlation
c) Applied
24. Which correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship?
a) 0
b) -0.60
c) 0.29
d) -0.33
25. A correlation coefficient can range from -1 to +1, where values near 0 indicate weak
relationships.
a) True
b) False
26. Which correlation coefficient indicates the strongest linear relationship?
a) +0.23
b) +0.45
c) -0.49
d) Not enough information
27. What is the major attribute of correlation research?
a) Association among variables
b) Difference among variables
c) Regression
d) Variation
28. Qualitative data analysis that is iterative and inductive, involving constant recording, is
called:
a) Content analysis
b) Theoretical analysis
 c) Constant comparative analysis
d) Electronic analysis
29. A researcher can understand how people make sense of experiences or events through:
a) Narrative analysis
b) Descriptive analysis
30. Phenomenological analysis involves capturing how participants experienced the
phenomenon.
a) True
b) False
31. Content analysis involves categorizing verbal or behavioral data to classify, summarize,
and table it.
a) True
b) False
32. Which analysis technique involves segmenting, categorizing, summarizing, and
reconstructing data for key concepts?
a) Descriptive statistics
b) Exploratory evaluation
c) Thematic analysis
d) Descriptive analysis
33. Which of the following descriptions define a "code"?
a) A tag or label for meaning units
b) Attached to phrases or paragraphs
c) Short-hand for identifying themes
Options:
1. A and B
2. B and C
3. C and B
4. A, B, and C

Answers (Last Page Only)

1. a) Mean
2. a) True
3. b) Bimodal
4. b) Mean
5. a) True
6. b) Standard deviation
7. b) Mode
8. d) The point above or below which half of the measurements fall
9. c) Median
10. a) 67
11. b) Cumulative frequency
12. a) Variable
13. b) In original units of measurement
 14. a) Highest and lowest scores
15. a) True
16. a) True
17. b) False
18. d) Variance
19. c) To record or register the value of a variable
20. a) Variance
21. d) Skewness
22. a) True
23. b) Correlation
24. a) 0
25. a) True
26. c) -0.49
27. a) Association among variables
28. c) Constant comparative analysis
29. a) Narrative analysis
30. a) True
31. a) True
32. c) Thematic analysis
33.
4. A, B, and C

Here is the recreated quiz, numbered from 33. The correct answers are listed on the last page.

Statistics Quiz (33–64)

33. A table or graph showing how many cases in a data set obtained each possible score is called
a:
A. Score chart
B. Frequency distribution
C. Data summary chart
D. Random sample of scores

34. A grouped frequency distribution can provide the exact score.

A. Yes
B. No
35. Frequency distribution tables provide a summary of data so that overarching patterns emerge.
A. True
B. False

36. Which one of the following measurements would you calculate to determine whether the
frequency distribution of a specific variable is symmetrically distributed around the mean?
A. Median
B. Variance
C. Kurtosis
D. Skewness

37. A doctor notices that some patients who received a flu injection still get ill. Which statistic
would provide a helpful summary?
A. Percentage
B. Cumulative frequency
C. Class point
D. Tally

38. The maximum possible score for an exam is 75. Which statistic would be useful if a lecturer
wants to know how many students scored below 40?
A. Percentage
B. Cumulative frequency
C. Class interval
D. Tally

39. Which of the following is considered a measure of central tendency?

A. Percentage
B. Range
C. Mean
D. All of the above

40. Which graphic presentation would best represent this data:

Pass = 170, Fail = 30
A. Bar chart
B. Histogram
C. Polygon
D. Scatterplot

41. The vertical line or Y-axis is called:

A. Ordinate
B. Abscissa
C. Bar chart
D. Line graph

42. "X-axis" refers to ______ and "Y-axis" refers to ______.

A. Horizontal line and vertical line
B. Vertical line and abscissa
C. Abscissa and ordinate
D. Ordinate and horizontal

43. The horizontal line is also called:

A. Y-axis or ordinate
B. X-axis or abscissa

44. What is the purpose of using a grouped frequency table?

A. To visualize data using histogram
B. To display raw data without any grouping
C. To summarize data when there are too many score categories

45. Standard deviation is to variability as the ______ is to central tendency.

A. Mean
B. Variance
C. Value
D. Histogram

46. A histogram reflects discrete data, while a bar chart is used for continuous data.
A. True
B. False

47. Which of the following has continuous data?

A. Bar chart
B. Histogram
C. Skewness
D. Kurtosis

48. For the variable "type of crime" (e.g., murder, armed robbery, assault), which graph is
appropriate?
A. Bar chart
B. Histogram
C. X-Y plot
D. Polygon

49. Frequency polygons connect the frequencies of class intervals by straight lines.
A. True
B. False

50. Large frequencies towards the lower end and small ones at the higher end indicate:
A. Symmetrical and positively skewed
B. Positively skewed and negatively skewed
C. Negatively skewed and symmetrical
51. Distributions also differ in skewness, the symmetry or asymmetry of the distribution.
A. True
B. False

52. Larger frequency towards the high end of a variable is an example of:
A. Ordinal
B. Negatively skewed
C. Kurtosis
D. Mesokurtic

53. A long tail towards the right is an example of:

A. Kurtosis
B. Negatively kurtosis
C. Skewness
D. Positively skewed

54. Choose the incorrect skewness of data distribution.

A. Negatively skewed
B. Abnormally skewed
C. Normally skewed
D. Positively skewed

55. What is the disadvantage of using only the range?

A. Only includes two scores
B. Skews the distribution
C. Involves bias

56. Kurtosis refers to the flatness or peakedness of the distribution.

A. True
B. False

57. Which measure of central tendency is the largest for the data set: 4, 6, 8, 8, 1, 4?
A. Mode
B. Median
C. Mean
D. All three equal

58. Which measure of central tendency is the smallest for the data set: 3, 5, 7, 1, 5, 1, 5?
A. Mode
B. Median
C. Mean
D. All three equal

59. Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?

A. Percentage
B. Range
C. Mean
D. All of the above

60. Which measure of central tendency is the largest for the data set: 4, 6, 8, 8, 1, 4?
A. Mode
B. Median
C. Mean
D. All equal

61. The following data: 26, 28, 37, 37, 37, 45, 48, 49, 49, 49 shows which central tendency?
A. Range
B. Mode
C. Bimodal
D. Frequency

62. The three measures of central tendency are:

A. Leptokurtic, mesokurtic, platykurtic
B. Nominal, ordinal, ratio
C. Mode, median, mean

63. A score that represents all scores in the sample is called a measure of central tendency.
A. True
B. False

64. Which measure of central tendency is used for calculating all variables?
A. Median
B. Mode
C. Mean

Answers (Questions 33–64)

33. B
34. B
35. A
36. D
37. A
38. B
39. C
40. A
41. A
42. C
43. B
44. C
45. A
 46. B
47. B
48. A
49. A
50. B
51. A
52. B
53. D
54. B
55. A
56. A
57. A
58. C
59. C
60. A
61. B
62. C
63. A
64. C

Let me know when you're ready to continue with more.

Here is the recreated quiz, starting from number 65. The correct answers are listed on the last
page as requested.

Quiz 65: Data Analysis in Qualitative and Quantitative Research

1. When does the researcher start thinking about the process of qualitative data analysis?
a) Data analysis routinely starts prior to the first interview
b) The process of data analysis commences when the process of data collection begins
c) Data analysis takes place concurrently with data collection, data interpretation, and narrative
report writing

2. In literature, the process of qualitative data analysis is described as:

a) Eclectic
b) Nonlinear
c) A lengthy process

3. Qualitative data analysis is about the 'taking apart’ or ___ the masses of information acquired
during data collection.
a) De-contextualizing
b) Re-contextualizing
4. The following factors should be taken into account to ensure that the research design is
coherent:
a) The meaning of social phenomena
b) The purpose and use of the research
c) The data-collection and data-analysis techniques

5. Choose the correct statement:

a) There is one common definition of qualitative data analysis
b) Several authors agree on a common definition
c) What is common in their definitions is the purpose
d) The purpose of qualitative data analysis is to report findings

6. Qualitative data analysis should be understood from a context of:

a) Broader; research
b) Narrow; qualitative research
c) Broader; qualitative research

7. A researcher has collected numerical data but cannot make meaning of it. The process of
breaking it down to make it comprehensible is known as:
a) Frequency distribution
b) Grouped frequency table
c) Descriptive statistics
d) Data analysis

8. Data analysis in quantitative research is the process of analysing and interpreting:

a) Numerical data
b) Textual data

9. Quantitative data analysis is mainly:

a) An inductive process
b) A deductive process

10. In qualitative research, data analysis begins when:

a) The first interview is conducted
b) Data collection begins
c) Data saturation is reached

11. The process of data analysis is:

a) Eclectic
b) Linear
c) Cyclic
d) a and b
e) a and c
f) None of the above
12. Which type of data is the outcome of data analysis in quantitative research?
a) Numeric/Statistics/Countable
b) Words/Themes/Character form

13. In practice, when does qualitative data analysis tend to commence?

a) Prior to the first interview
b) When data collection begins
c) Once data saturation becomes noticeable

14. Content analysis is a qualitative analysis procedure that involves:

a) Categorising verbal/behavioural data to classify, summarise, and tabulate

15. Phenomenological analysis involves:

a) Capturing the way participants experienced the phenomenon under investigation

16. Which of the following is NOT a strategy for analysing data?

a) Constant comparative analysis
b) Phenomenological analysis
c) Conversation analysis
d) Audio analysis

17. Data analysis refers to the process of:

a) Organising data in order to make meaning of a phenomenon

18. Which analysis technique involves systematic segmentation, categorisation, and

reconstruction of data?
a) Descriptive statistics
b) Exploratory evaluation
c) Thematic analysis
d) Descriptive analysis

19. Select the incorrect response. Which of the following are strategies used to analyse
qualitative data?
a) Conversation analysis
b) Content analysis
c) Constant comparative analysis
d) Confusion analysis

20. In step 3 of qualitative data analysis, what does the researcher do?
a) Undertakes deep dive analysis
b) Explores themes
c) Does superficial interpretation

21. Which of the following is a common qualitative data collection method?

a) Surveys
b) Experiments
c) Interviews
d) Meta-analysis

22. What is the primary goal of qualitative data analysis?

a) To quantify data
b) To generate numerical data
c) To explore and understand meanings and experiences
d) To test hypotheses

23. In the context of quantitative research, what is meant by “regression analysis”?

a) A technique to classify categorical data
b) A method to establish the relationship between dependent and independent variables
c) A technique to test the hypothesis
d) A method to summarize data

24. In quantitative data analysis, what does the term "p-value" signify?
a) The probability that the null hypothesis is true
b) The power of a statistical test
c) The probability of observing the data given that the null hypothesis is true
d) The effect size of the study

25. Which of the following is a common measure of central tendency in quantitative data
analysis?
a) Range
b) Mode
c) Variance
d) Standard deviation

26. Videotapes, film cameras, and two-way mirrors are examples of:
a) Hardware instruments
b) Software instruments
c) Data analysis instruments
d) Thematic analysis

27. Qualitative data analysis that is considered iterative and inductive involves:
a) Content analysis
b) Theoretical analysis
c) Constant comparative analysis
d) Electronic analysis

28. Elements can also be referred to as:

a) Population of samples
b) Samples of unit
c) Unit of analysis
d) Data of analysis
29. In qualitative data analysis, the acronym “CAQDAS” stands for:
a) Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software
b) Computer-assisted quantitative data analysis software

30. Is the following statement true or false? “Qualitative data analysis commences in earnest
once data saturation is reached.”
a) True
b) False

31. Why should qualitative researchers establish a plan to analyse data?

a) Analysis is long-winded
b) Transcripts could get lost
c) It will be outdated soon

32. Which factor best describes design coherence in the scenario: A researcher chooses in-depth
interviews and thematic analysis?
a) The purpose of the study
b) The proposed use of the study
c) The researcher’s paradigm
d) Data collection should align to data analysis

Correct Answers (for Quiz 65)

1. c
2. b
3. a
4. a, b, c
5. c
6. c
7. d
8. a
9. b
10. b
11. e
12. a
13. b
14. True
15. True
16. d
17. True
18. c
19. d
20. b
21. c
 22. c
23. b
24. c
25. b
26. a
27. c
28. c
29. a
30. a
31. a
32. d

Let me know when you're ready for the next quiz!

Here is the recreated quiz, starting from number 65, with the correct answers placed on the last
page only:

QUIZ 65

1. The letter "n" in research data analysis refers to:

A. Sample size
B. Population
C. Accessible population
D. Sample interval
2. In which part of a research report are descriptive statistics and findings normally
reported?
A. Abstract
B. Discussion
C. Results
D. Appendices
3. Derrek uses statistical techniques to organise, summarise, and visualise data for a
presentation. These techniques are referred to as:
A. Measures of variability
B. Measures of central tendency
C. Frequency distribution
D. Descriptive statistics
4. Statistics used to generalise from a small, known sample to a larger, unknown population
are known as:
 A. Population statistics
B. Descriptive statistics
C. Inferential statistics
D. None of the above
5. Which of the following is not a purpose of descriptive statistics?
A. Enabling the researcher to predict performance
B. Organising and summarising data sets
C. Making data more meaningful and easier to understand
D. Identifying patterns and trends
6. The procedures used to make generalisations about a population based on sample results
is called:
A. Descriptive statistics
B. Inferential statistics
C. Coding
D. Generalisations
7. Statistics used to summarise numerical data from a sample are called:
A. Popular statistics
B. Descriptive statistics
C. Inferential statistics
D. None of the above
8. The procedures used to organise, summarise, and visualise quantitative data are referred
to as:
A. Numbers
B. Descriptive statistics
C. Quantitative data
D. Qualitative data
9. Which analysis technique involves systematic segmentation, categorisation, summarising,
and reconstructing data for key concepts?
A. Descriptive statistics
B. Exploratory evaluation
C. Thematic analysis
D. None of the above
10. A researcher finds that 65% of females in Gauteng shop online on Temu. What type of
statistics does this represent?
A. Inferential
B. Descriptive
C. None
D. Unknown
11. An appropriate descriptive statistic to calculate to determine the strength of the
relationship between two variables is:
A. Standard deviation
B. Correlation coefficient
C. Variance
D. Mode
12. Which of the following types of descriptive statistics would not be used to summarise
aspects of a distribution of scores?
 A. Mean
B. Measure of skewness
C. Correlation coefficient
D. Standard deviation
13. What type of graph best displays the frequency distribution of crime types such as
murder, robbery, and assault?
A. Bar chart
B. Histogram
C. XY plot
D. Polygon
14. Dave used a Stress Matrix Questionnaire (SMQ) to assess student stress levels. Which
graphical representation should he use?
A. Bar chart
B. Central tendency
C. Measures of central tendency
D. Histogram
15. What is the primary purpose of a frequency distribution?
A. Summarise the overall pattern of the data
B. Identify outliers
C. Calculate measures of central tendency
D. Visualise using graphs
16. What type of graph best displays the distribution of crimes in Tembisa?
A. Histogram
B. Bar chart
C. X-Y plot
D. Polygon
17. Frequency refers to a graph in which class intervals are connected by straight lines:
A. True
B. False
18. Which graphical representation is used to model the relationship between variables?
A. Median graph
B. Bimodal chart
C. Scatter plot
D. Frequency distribution
19. What is the best graph to represent the number of chickens in stock at KFC?
A. Histogram
B. Bar chart
C. Pie chart
D. Table
20. A table or graph that shows how many cases obtained each score on a test is called a:
A. Score chart
B. Frequency distribution
C. Data summary chart
D. Random sample of scores
21. What best describes the frequency distribution of the age of magazine readers?
A. Average of all ages
 B. Standard deviation of age
C. Table of readers’ ages
D. Graph of ages arranged from young to old
22. What is the best graph to represent employment status (employed/unemployed)?
A. Bar chart
B. Histogram
C. Line graph
D. Pie chart
23. Which is the best graph to represent different age groups in a company?
A. Bar chart
B. Histogram
C. Pie chart
D. Polygon
24. What type of graph would best display interval and ratio data such as exam results?
A. Histogram
B. Pie chart
C. X-Y plot
D. Bar chart
25. A grouped frequency table with class intervals for income is best displayed using a:
A. Histogram
B. Polygon
C. Bar chart
D. Scatterplot
26. Which can also be used with ordinal, interval, and ratio measurements?
A. Frequency tables
B. Skewness
C. Phenomenological analysis
D. None of the above
27. When creating a frequency distribution of gender, which is the correct order?
A. Tally – List – Total
B. List – Tally – Total
C. Total – Tally – List
D. Total – List – Tally
28. What is the primary purpose of a frequency distribution?
A. Summarise overall data pattern
B. Identify outliers
C. Calculate central tendency
D. Visualise data using graphs
29. ______ is known as the symmetry of the distribution.
A. Kurtosis
B. Platykurtic
C. Skewness
D. Frequency
30. True or False: Frequency Distribution tables provide a summary of analysed data.
A. True
B. False
 31. A bar chart is used to:
A. Represent continuous data
B. Assume uniform distribution
C. Visualise frequency distribution
D. Represent successive scores without spaces

Correct Answers (for all 31 questions):

1. A
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. C
10. B
11. B
12. C
13. A
14. D
15. A
16. B
17. B
18. C
19. B
20. B
21. C
22. A
23. A
24. A
25. A
26. A
27. B
28. A
29. C
30. A
31. C

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