Cagayan State University – Carig Campus

College of Public Administration

POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY

Instructor – Mary Jane S Aquino-Melad

Film Plane/Focal Plane

A film plane is the area inside any camera where the individual frame of film
or digital sensor is positioned during exposure. It is sometimes marked on camera
body with the 'Φ' symbol where the vertical bar represents the exact location.

PHOTOGRAPHIC LENS
LENS
- A true “lens” is a single piece of glass (or other transparent substance) having
one or more curved surfaces used in changing the convergence of light rays.
- What we commonly call a photographic lens is more accurately and
technically called an “objective,” an optical device containing a combination of
lenses that receive light rays from an object and form an image on the focal
plane.
- However, dictionaries have come to accept the usage of the term “lens”
to mean the entire photographic objective itself.
- A photographic lens will always be called a lens, even though it is not a lens,
but has a lot of lenses in it.
- A camera lens collects and focuses rays of light to form an image on film.

CLASSIFICATION OF LENSES
1. POSITIVE OR CONVEX LENS (CONVERGING LENS) Characterized by
the fact that it is thicker at the center and thinner at the side which is capable of
bending the light together and forms the image inversely.
2. NEGATIVE OR CONCAVE LENS (DIVERGING LENS) Characterized by
the fact that it is thinner at the center and thicker at the side and forms the virtual
image on the same side of the lens.

PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
FILM
- A transparent cellulose nitrate or cellulose acetate composition made in thin,
flexible strips or sheets and coated with a light-sensitive emulsion for taking
photographs.

The basic structures of a black and white film are the following:
1. Top Coating - It is an over-coating of a thin layer of hard gelatin which helps
protect the silver halide emulsion from scratches and abrasions.
2. Emulsion Layer - It is the light-sensitive portion of a film or paper that
records the image. Composed of silver compounds which are light sensitive,
but for photographic purposes, halogens such as bromide.
 3. Film base - It is commonly made of cellulose acetate or other materials
such as paper, plastic, or glass which supports the emulsion layer and is
coated with a non-curl anti-halation backing.
4. Anti-halation backing- It is a black dye applied on the rear surface of the
film, its function is to absorb light that may penetrate the emulsion layer, thus,
preventing it to reflect back to the emulsion (halation). The dye is removed
during processing by one of the chemical in the developer. Its second function
is to control the film from curling towards the emulsion layer.

Basically, the structure of color film is almost the same as black and white film
except that the emulsion layer consists of three layers, stacked one on
top of the other.

1. Top layer - It is sensitive to blue light only; green and red light passes
through it without exposing the color blind halides
2. Yellow filter - It is known as Carey Lea silver, suspended in gelatin is
coated between the top and second layer to absorb any penetrating blue
light but freely passes green and red light.
3. Middle layer - It is orthochromatic, which is sensitive to blue (which
cannot reach it) and green, but not to red. So the red light passes on to the
bottom emulsion layer.
4. Bottom layer - It is panchromatic, sensitive to blue (which cannot
reach it) and red. It is also somewhat sensitive to green light but to such a
slight degree that it is not important.

FILM TYPES ACCORDING TO COLOR SENSITIVITY:

1. Non-chromatic - It is sensitive to ultraviolet and blue-violet colors only.
This film may be used when natural rendition is not important. For example, it
is used to copy black and white originals and to photograph colorless subjects
when extreme contrast is needed.
2. ORTHOCHROMATIC - It is sensitive to blues and greens, but not to reds.
Reds are recorded as dark tones, while greens are light tones when printed.
3. PANCHROMATIC - It is sensitive to all colors and are further subdivided
according to their degree of sensitivity to each color. This film is most
commonly used in investigative photography because it produces the most
natural recording of colors.
4. INFRARED - It is sensitive to blues and infrared radiation, which is
beyond the human eye’s sensitivity. It is useful in penetrating haze because of
its longer wavelengths. In investigative photography, it is useful in laboratory
analysis of questionable documents; in the discovery of old or faded tattoos or
areas where small objects are hidden under the skin; and in the construction
of camera traps.

FILM SPEED
- It is the sensitivity of the film emulsion to light, which is measured and
expressed in a numerical rating called ISO formerly known as ASA/DIN.
- This means that the higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the film is to
light, and that pictures can be taken indoors under dim light conditions.
The suggested uses of the following film under varying conditions are:
➢ ISO – 25 or lowest that condition will permit for best color and sharpness
➢ ISO – 100 or 200 – for general purpose
➢ ISO – 400 – for dim light or with moving subject
➢ ISO – 1000 and up – for extremely low light conditions

ASA (American Standards Association)

- This is expressed in arithmetic value system. The bigger the number the
more sensitive the film is.
ASA 10, 20 , 30 , 40,50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1000

DIN ( Deutche Industre Normen)

- This is expressed in Logarithmic value system. Used in the same principle as
the ASA.
Din 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33 etc.

ISO (International Standard Organization)

- This is expressed as combination of ASA and DIN rating.

WHAT IS
PHOTOGRAPHY?
The word
photography is derived
from the Greek words
“photos” (light) and
“graphos” (writing).
The term, therefore,
means “writing with
light” (Lynch-Johnt &
Perkins, 2008).
Photography
involves the creation of
an image using light. It
is the art or process
of producing images of
objects by action of light
on a sensitized surface
with the aid of an
image-forming device
known as a camera and
the chemical process
involved therein.
WHAT IS
PHOTOGRAPHY?
The word
photography is derived
from the Greek words
“photos” (light) and
“graphos” (writing).
The term, therefore,
means “writing with
light” (Lynch-Johnt &
Perkins, 2008).
 Photography
involves the creation of
an image using light. It
is the art or process
of producing images of
objects by action of light
on a sensitized surface
with the aid of an
image-forming device
known as a camera and
the chemical process
involved therein.
WHAT IS
PHOTOGRAPHY?
The word
photography is derived
from the Greek words
“photos” (light) and
“graphos” (writing).
The term, therefore,
means “writing with
light” (Lynch-Johnt &
Perkins, 2008).
Photography
involves the creation of
an image using light. It
is the art or process
of producing images of
objects by action of light
on a sensitized surface
with the aid of an
image-forming device
known as a camera and
the chemical process
involved therein.