3- D Projection
Deepika Sahu
Asst. Professor
CSE Department
3D Projection
3D projection is any method of mapping three-dimensional
points to a two-dimensional plane
3D Projection
• Projection of a 3D object is defined by straight
projection rays(projectors) emanating from the
center of projection(COP) that represents a
camera or viewing position, passing through
each point of the object and intersecting the
projection plane.
Important terms related to Projection
Center of Projection: The point from where
projection is taken. It can be either light source or
eye position.
Projection Plane: The plane on which projection
of the object is formed.
Projectors: Lines emerging from center of
projection and hitting the projection plane after
passing through a point in the object to be
projected.
Thus the plane geometric projection of objects are
formed by the intersection of lines called projectors
on a plane called the projection plane.
Projection Geometry
Plane of Projection
Object Point
P
Projector P`
Center of Projection
P (3D) P` (2D)
3D Projections
Rays converge on eye position Rays parallel
Perspective Parallel Rays at
Rays angle to
perpendicular to view plane
view plane
Orthographic Oblique
Front view
Multiview Axonometric Cavalier Cabinet
Top view
Side view Isometric Dimetric Trimetric
Projections
Projections transform points in n-space to m-space,
where m<n
In 3-D, we map points from 3-space to the projection
plane (PP) (image plane) along projectors (viewing rays)
emanating from the center of projection (COP)
There are two basic types of projections
Perspective – distance from COP to PP finite
Parallel – distance from COP to PP infinite
Parallel vs Perspective Projection
Parallel Projection Perspective Projection
Less realistic looking Look realistic
Centre of projection is at Centre of projection is at
infinity a finite point
Projectors are parallel to Projectors intersect at
each other COP
Object size is not Size varies inversely with
changing distance
Good for exact Distance and angles are
measurements not preserved
Parallel Projection
In a parallel projection, coordinate positions are
transformed to the view plane along parallel lines.
These are linear transformations that are useful in
blueprints to produce scale drawing of three
dimensional objects.
View
2-D projection
point
at
3-D object Parallel
projection
rays
Parallel
projection
Projection plane
In parallel projection, the projection rays
are parallel (view point at infinity)
Parallel Projection
1. Parallel Projection use to display picture in its true
shape and size.
Types of Parallel Projection:
1. If the direction of projection is perpendicular to
the projection plane, it is called orthographic
projection.
2. If the direction of projection is not perpendicular
to the projection plane, it is called oblique
projection.
The parallel projection is formed by extending
parallel lines from each vertex on the object until
they intersect the plane of the screen. The point of
intersection is the projection of vertex.
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
The lines of projection are parallel, and at the same time
orthogonal to the plane of projection.
Plane of projection
Viewer
Orthographic Projection
• Simplest parallel projection technique used in
engineering drawing.
All objects that have the same dimension appear
the same size, regardless of whether they are far
away or nearby.
It is a projection on any one of the coordinate
planes x=0, y=0, or z=0.
The transformation matrix for orthographic
projection of object onto x=0, y=0, z=0 planes
from COP to infinity on respective axes are given
by Px, Py, Pz:
Orthographic Projection
Further classified as:
Multiview Projection : Displays a single face of a 3D
object. Front, side, top or planar view are common
type of multiview projection.
In top view, the view plane normal is parallel with
positive y-axis, and the x and z coordinates for
each point are mapped to the view plane.
In front view, the view plane normal is parallel with
positive z-axis, and the x and y coordinates for each
point are mapped to the view plane.
In side view, the view plane normal is parallel with
positive x-axis, and the y and z coordinates for each
point are mapped to the view plane.
Axonometric Projection
It is a parallel projection technique used to create
pictorial drawings of an object by rotating the
object along one or more of its axes relative to
the plane of projection.
It is classified into three classes:
Trimetric Projection
Dimetric Projection
Isometric Projection
Axonometric Projection
Trimetric Projection : The direction of viewing such
that all of the three axes of space appear unequally
foreshortened. The scale along each of the three
axes and the angles among them are dictated by
the angle of viewing.
Dimetric Projection: The direction of viewing is such
that two of three axes of space appear equally
shortened. Here, two of the three angles among the
axes are equal.
Isometric Projection: The direction of viewing is such
that all three angles are equal.
Axonometric Projection
Oblique Projection
The lines of projection are parallel, but not orthogonal
to the plane of projection.
Viewer
x
Oblique Projection
Parallel Projection rays are not perpendicular to
the viewing plane. They strike the projection
plane at an angle other than 90o
The displayed angles among the axes as well as
foreshortening factors(scale) are arbitrary.
Special cases:
Cavalier Projection: When angle is 45ᵒ , the
projection is cavalier. Here, a cube will be
displayed with all sides maintaining equal
lengths.
Advantage: Edges can be measured directly.
However cavalier projection can make an object
look too elongated.
Oblique Projection
Oblique Projection
Cabinet Projection: When angle is 63.4ᵒ , the
projection is cabinet. For this angle, lines
perpendicular to the view plane is displayed one-
half of the actual length.
Cabinet projection appear more realistic than
cavalier projections.
Perspective Projection
Object positions are transformed to the view
plane along lines that converge to a point called
to center of projection.
The projected view of an object is determined by
calculating the intersection of the projection lines
with the view plane.
2-D projection
View point
3-D object
Projection
rays
Perspective
projection
Projection plane
Engineering graphics are obtained by projection
from the 3-D object to the viewing surface (the
projection plane)
Perspective
Perspective projection Projection
• Perspective projection is a type of projection where 3D
objects are not projected along parallel lines, but along
lines emerging from a single point.
• The lines parallel in nature appear to intersect in the
projected image.
• Perspective projection of any set of parallel lines that are
not parallel to the projection plane converge to a point
known as “vanishing point”.
• The number and placement of the vanishing points
determine which perspective technique is being used.
Perspective Projection
Two main characteristics of perspective are
vanishing points and perspective foreshortening.
Due to foreshortening object and lengths appear
smaller from the center of projection.
More we increase the distance from the center
of projection, smaller will be the object appear.
Vanishing point
Projection plane normal with projection
plane
• A perspective projection is done in two steps :-
• i) Perspective transformation:- Converts a 3D object
into a deformed 3D object.
• ii) Parallel Projection :- Projects the object onto a 2D
image plane.
• It is of 3 types:-
1. One point Perspective
2. Two point Perspective
3. Three point Perspective
• Refer to no. of vanishing points.
Perspective effect
One point perspective
• One point perspective projection occurs when
any of principal axes intersects with projection
plane or we can say when projection plane is
perpendicular to principal axis plane.
In the above figure,
z axis intersects
projection plane
whereas x and y
axis remain parallel
to projection
One-Point Perspective Projection of an object
• Suppose we want to project an object “BC” onto a
projection plane parallel to XY plane and perpendicular
to “Z-axis”.
• Let the COP is on the Z-axis at a distance of ZC from
the origin.
• The co-ordinate of the point C is (X, Y, Z).
One-Point Perspective Projection of an object
Cont..
• In ∆AB`C` and ∆ABC
• Similarly ∆AB`O and ∆ABK
• From eq (1) and (2)
Cont..
• In the similar way by comparing x values
• So the coordinate of C` would be
• The transformation matrix for perspective projection T is
obtained as the product of transformation matrix for
orthographic projection(parallel projection) with
transformation matrix for perspective projection.
• If the coordinate of a point is (x,y,z) then its coordinate
after perspective projection would be:
• Let r= -1/Zc
• So, the transformation matrix for perspective projection
along z-axis :
• Here projection plane is perpendicular to z-axis, COP is at
(0,0, Zc) and vanishing point is at (0,0,-Zc)
• Similarly, the perspective projection along x-axis, projection
plane is perpendicular to x-axis , COP is at (Xc,0, 0) and
vanishing point is at (-Xc,0,0) where p = -1/Xc
• The perspective projection along y-axis, projection plane
is perpendicular to y-axis , COP is at (0, Yc, 0) and
vanishing point is at (0,-Yc,0) where q = -1/Yc
Two – point Perspective Transformation
• Two-point perspective can be used to draw an object as
a one-point perspective rotated.
• Objects drawn in a two-point perspective have a more
natural look.
• Two-point perspective transformation has two centre
of projections and vanishing points.
• If the COP are at (-1/p, 0,0 ) and (0, -1/q,0) on x-axis and
y-axis and the projection is on z=0 , the transformation
matrix is
Two – point Perspective Transformation
• The transformation matrix is
• The vanishing points are (1/p, 0,0) and (0,1/q, 0) where
p=-1/Xc , q= -1/Yc.
• Similarly, if the COP are at (-1/p,0,0) (0,0,-1/r) on x and
z-axis and the projection is on y=0 plane , the
transformation matrix is
• The vanishing points are (1/p, 0,0) and (0,0,1/r) where
p=-1/Xc , r= -1/Zc.
Two – point Perspective Transformation
• If the COP are at (0, -1/q,0) (0,0,-1/r) on y and z-axis and
the projection is on x=0 plane , the transformation matrix
is
• The vanishing points are (0, 1/q ,0) and (0,0,1/r) where
q=-1/Yc , r= -1/Zc.
Three – point Perspective Transformation
• A three point perspective is usually used for building
seen from above or below.
• The third vanishing point is either below the ground or in
the sky.
Three point perspective projection
• Here the three COPs are at (-1/p,0,0) on x-axis, (0,-1/q,
0) on y-axis and (0,0,-1/r) on z-axis.
• The three vanishing points are on x-axis at (1/p,0,0) , on
y-axis at (0,-1/q,0), on z-axis at (0,0,-1/r)
2 Point & 3 Point Perspective
