1.2.1.
1Types of learner-centered teaching methods
1) Brainstorming is a strategy or teaching tool used by a teacher in which most or all of the students participate to
generate several ideas,respond, and present views on a topic or problem.
2) Think-pair
3) Jigsaw method-
4) Debating
5) Project method
6) 7E instructional model -is one of the inquiry based learner centered teaching learning method or an active learning
method. This model, as the name implies, consists of seven phases, which are designated after the beginning letter
of each phase, with an English letter 'E'. The7Es stand for:
Elicit -to find out what the students know (prior knowledge).
Engage
Explore
Explain
Elaborate
Extend
Evaluate-help to assess or evaluate the learning
7) JKWLchart: helps students organize information before,during, and after a unit or a lesson. It is often used to guide
students about a topic through the use of a three columns.
8) Laboratory Method
9) Virtual lab
10) Concept map-is a visual tool that represents how ideas and concepts are related toeach other.A concept map can
enrich students' understanding of a new concept.
11) The inquiry method- is a method in which students are provided with opportunities to investigate at problem.
Structured inquiry-learners are provided with questions and procedures (methods)
Guided inquiry-learners are provided with onlythe research question but design the procedure (methods) to
investigate.
Open ended inquiry- learners form questions, design procedures to carry out the investigation.
12) Integrated science process skill
13) Case study method
It is a teaching method that involves the analysis of a particular case, senario or situation, either real or
imagined/constructed for the application of knowledge in similar situations.
The case study can be presented as a form of narrative,dialogue,video clipor movie,audio tape,etc.
14) Buzz group method - is a small, intense discussion group that usually involves 4 to5 persons to discuss specific
questions or issues for a few minute and then discuss the questions or issues
15) Fieldtrip-is any teaching and learning outside of the classroom to make aconnection between reality and theory. It
provides students with a better understanding of the topic as they have learned through their hands-on experience.
16) Fishbowl-is a method of discussion. It has the following steps
17) Demonstration-is a process by which the teacher shows or illustrates a skill or a principle for learners in a particular
setup. It is used for explaining how to use equipment, how to carry out an experiment, how to solve problem, or
how to do anything in a specified way. The teacher demonstrates while the learners observe.
18) Demonstration is necessary when materials are insufficient,activity may be dangerous to the students,time is not
adequate, introducing a new skill or concept and to teach manipulative and operative skills.
19) Role play-is a method of teaching in which one or more participants adopt a specified role and try to behave in
ways characteristics of a person in that role. The role players use their own experience and creativity toimitate a
real life situation. Students act out what they would say or do in a given stuation. Other students watch and listen
carefully. After the role play,they discuss the performance, situations and questions raised altogether
20) Experiential learning model- is learning through reflection on doing that enable students actively learn and share
their experiences, reflect on its importance, connect it to real world examples and apply the resulting knowledge to
other situations.
21) The experiential learning model contains five steps but can be summarized into three main processes: Do, Reflect,
and Apply (Figure 12).Reflect is further divided into "Share" and “Process". Apply is further divided into
“Generalize” and “Apply"to have five steps.
22) Analogy Method-is a comparison of the similarities of two concepts. The familiar concept to learners is called the
analog (a house) and the unfamiliar one, that you are going to teach, is the target(cell).
23) 5E Learning Model-inquiry learning model with 5 phases,each starting with letter 'E'. Engage-the teacher assesses
the learners' prior knowledge and helps them become engaged in a new concept through the use of short activities
that promote curiosity and elicit prior knowledge. Explore- the students have the opportunity to get directly
involved with phenomena and materials such as laboratory activities, explore questions and possibilities, and
design and conduct a preliminary investigation. Explain-the learner begins to explain their result in exploration
phase through presentation. Elaborate-the students expand on the concepts they have learned, make connections
to other related concepts, and apply their understandings to the world around them. Evaluate -assess students
understanding and abilities to check their progress toward and attainment of competencies.
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24) Flipped classroom - is a setting in which what is traditionally, donein class is performed at home and vice versa.
The students attend classes after they have watched their videos at home.They spend the class hours discussing
concepts they find difficult to understand with their teachers and other students. They are indulged in more
activities which promote their understanding in a better manner. The availability of videos recorded is a vital factor
in a flipped classroom and empowers teachers to facilitate engaging, student-centered learning
experiences,especially when teaching complex topics like the inorganic biomolecules of life.
25) Heuristic method - is a pure discovery method of learning biological sciences independent of teachers. It involves
students by placing them in the attitude of discoverer aimed at findings instead of being merely told about things.
Heuristic method of teaching initiates the students to solve a number of problems experimentally, which is also
intended to provide a laboratory.based training exclusively. The basic idea of this method is that students should
discover everything they learn from their observations and experiments. As a result, their powers of observation,
experimentation and critical thinking and reasoning will develop.
26) Technologies as instructional approach - Technology provides instan accessibility to information, which is why its
presence in the classroom is so vital. Smart phones, computers,and tablets are already an omnipresent element of
everyday life for students and teachers alike.Integrating simple technologies, online courses, online tools,
interactive videos, virtual classrooms, electronic whiteboards, power points, games, internet homework
assignments, or online grading systems can be difference maker instructional technologies in students' growth in
the classroom. Moreover, locally available technologies, digital channels including social media, forums, videos,
personal blogs, mobile devices, virtual digital libraries, computers,audio-visual aids, multimedia, software, etc are
important technologies that enhance students learning. The figure below shows examples of instructional
technologies.
27) Locally available resources -Locally available resources for biology education refer to the materials, tools,
facilities, and expertise that are accessible within a particular community or region and can be used to enhance
biology learning and teaching. Utilizing locally available resources in science education can help students: make
real-world connections to scientific concepts, foster a sense of place-based learning, and promote environmental
stewardship.
28) Improvisation is creating, inventing, making a shift of arrangements on materials to prepare equipment from
simple, cheap and available materials by both teachers and students.
Source of Misconeption in biology
Lack of understanding
Personal experience
Teacher
Textbook
Daily usage of concepts
Traditional instruction
Mass media
Innate structure of the brain
Culture and language
Misconception identification tools (MIT)
Open ended questions
Interviews
Concept map
MCDT
Concept inventory test
Drawing and other
Examples of misconceptions in learning biology
a) Some common Misconceptions of Characteristics of Life
All living things move
All living things have brains and nervous systems 4.
Viruses are living organisms
All living things need oxygen to survive
b) Some common misconceptions of human health, nutrition, and disease
Healthy eating is all about avoiding certain foods
All fats are unhealthy
Natural = Healthy
Illness is solely caused by germs
c) Some common misconceptions in enzymes
Enzymes only catalyze the breaking-down processes
The rate of enzymatic reaction decreases because enzyme molecules are used up
d) Some common misconceptions in genetics
Diploid (2n) cells are formed as a result of meiosis.
DNA replication takes place only in the meiosis process.
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A dominant trait is the most l ikely to be found in the population.
If your dad is bald, you will be bald too.
e) Some common misconception of cells
All cells are microscopic
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