Organizational Behavior & Computing Concepts - Answers
1. Explain Decision-Making Process and Effective Group Decision-Making
Techniques
Decision-making is the process of choosing the best possible option from a set of alternatives to
achieve a goal or solve a problem. It involves careful thinking, analysis, and judgment.
Steps in the Decision-Making Process:
1. Identify the Problem or Decision – Understand and define what needs to be decided.
2. Gather Relevant Information – Collect data, facts, and opinions related to the decision.
3. Identify Alternatives – List all possible choices or solutions.
4. Weigh the Evidence – Compare the pros and cons of each option.
5. Choose the Best Alternative – Select the most suitable solution based on analysis.
6. Implement the Decision – Take action to carry out the chosen option.
7. Review the Decision – Evaluate the results to ensure the problem is solved effectively.
Effective Group Decision-Making Techniques:
1. Brainstorming – Group members freely suggest ideas without judgment to generate many
creative options.
2. Delphi Technique – Experts give opinions anonymously in multiple rounds to reach a group
consensus.
3. Nominal Group Technique (NGT) – Each member writes ideas individually, then the group
discusses and ranks them.
4. Consensus Building – Discussion continues until all members agree on one decision.
5. Majority Rule – The option that gets the most votes is selected.
2. Analyze the Difference Between Groups and Teams (with Example)
| Point | Group | Team |
|----------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------
-------------|
| Meaning | People together with a common interest. | People working
together to reach the same goal. |
| Goals | Everyone may have their own goal. | Everyone has the same goal.
|
| Work | Members work separately. | Members work together and
help each other. |
| Roles | Roles are not clearly given. | Everyone has a clear role.
|
| Communication | Talk less or only when needed. | Talk often and share
ideas. |
| Responsibility | Everyone is responsible for their own part. | Everyone is equally
responsible for the result. |
| Trust | May not trust or support each other. | Work with trust and
cooperation. |
| Leader | May not have a fixed leader. | Usually has a leader to guide the
team. |
Example:
- Group: Students sitting in a classroom doing their own homework.
- Team: Students playing cricket together with shared roles and goals.
3. Describe Managerial Skills and Qualities for a Great Leader
Managerial Skills:
1. Decision-Making – Choosing the best solution after analyzing all options.
2. Communication – Explaining ideas clearly and listening to others.
3. Motivation – Inspiring team members to do their best.
4. Conflict Management – Solving disagreements fairly.
5. Planning and Organizing – Setting goals and using resources wisely.
6. Time Management – Completing work within deadlines.
7. Teamwork – Helping the team work together.
8. Strategic Thinking – Planning for long-term goals.
9. Adaptability – Being open to changes.
10. Empathy – Understanding and caring for team members.
Qualities of a Great Leader:
1. Self-Confidence – Believing in oneself.
2. Honesty – Being truthful and fair.
3. Vision – Having a clear idea of the future.
4. Courage – Willing to take risks.
5. Initiative – Taking action without waiting.
6. Decisiveness – Making timely decisions.
7. Emotional Stability – Staying calm under pressure.
8. Charisma – Positive personality that influences others.
9. Intelligence – Being knowledgeable and smart.
10. Responsibility – Owning up to success or failure.
4. Explain Various Windows Components. Write a short note on Foreground
Colors.
Windows is a graphical operating system that allows users to interact with a computer visually.
Key Components of Windows:
1. Title Bar – Shows the window or application name.
2. Menu Bar – Provides access to menus like File, Edit, etc.
3. Toolbars – Shortcut icons for quick access to tools.
4. Scroll Bars – Move content up/down or sideways.
5. Status Bar – Displays information about the current task.
6. Work Area – The space to view and work on applications.
7. Command Buttons – Buttons like OK, Cancel, Apply.
8. Frame – Outer border of a window for resizing and moving.
9. Window Sizing Buttons – Minimize, maximize, and close buttons.
10. Icons – Small images representing files or programs.
Foreground Colors:
Foreground color is the color of text and elements that appear in front of the background. It
should be in high contrast with the background to improve readability. Example: black text on
white background or white on dark background.
5. Explain in Detail About Ubiquitous Computing Applications and Research
Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp) is a computing model where smart devices are embedded into
everyday life, working in the background to support human activities with minimum effort.
Ubiquitous computing involves always-connected, embedded devices that work in the
background, collect real-time data, and adapt based on the environment. It is human-friendly,
supports smart communication between devices, and aims to make technology invisible and
effortless.
Applications of Ubiquitous Computing:
1. Smart Homes – Devices like Alexa or smart lights that respond automatically.
2. Healthcare – Wearable health monitors for heart rate, sleep, etc.
3. Education – Projects like Ambient Wood for learning with technology outdoors.
4. Retail – Apps like Amazon Go that track purchases automatically.
5. Transport – GPS and smart traffic systems.
6. Augmented Reality – Apps like Pokémon Go or IKEA AR for virtual experiences.
Current Research Areas:
- Privacy & Security in smart environments.
- Human-computer interaction with natural interfaces.
- Energy-efficient embedded devices.
- AI-driven context-aware systems.
- Smart learning and real-time education tech.
Conclusion:
Ubiquitous computing makes life smarter and simpler. It connects devices invisibly to assist in
everyday tasks, with ongoing research focused on privacy, efficiency, and intelligence.
