Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol.

154, 221–228, 2025

(Received 4 March 2025, Accepted 10 April 2025, Scheduled 16 April 2025)

A Dual-Port Millimeter-Wave Frequency Reconfigurable

Array Antenna

Mingming Gao1, 2 , Hang Yuan1, 2, * , Jingchang Nan1, 2 , Hongliang Niu1, 2 , and Chang Ge1, 2
1 Liaoning Technical University, China
2 Liaoning Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Big Data for Intelligent Applications, China

ABSTRACT: With the advancement of millimeter wave communication technology, reconfigurable antennas have garnered significant
attention due to their adaptability. However, their radiation gain and sidelobe suppression performance are often constrained by factors
such as diode package size and array scale. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a three-state frequency reconfigurable array
antenna with high gain and low sidelobe characteristics, specifically designed to meet the demands of millimeter-wave communication.
By optimizing the feed network and radiating element design, the proposed antenna achieves enhanced gain and improved sidelobe
suppression. The design employs a dual-port feeding architecture that integrates a Taylor non-uniform amplitude distribution with a
series-parallel hybrid feed network. This configuration ensures phase consistency while minimizing the number of diodes to just four,
significantly reducing insertion loss and structural complexity. The antenna prototype is fabricated using standard printed circuit board
(PCB) technology, with overall dimensions of 60.4 × 63 × 0.508 mm3 . Measurement results indicate that the antenna exhibits an
impedance bandwidth spanning from 27.5 GHz to 28.5 GHz and from 34.5 GHz to 35.5 GHz. The corresponding peak gains are 19.69 dBi
and 19.51 dBi, with the sidelobe levels of 18.93 dB and 18.03 dB, respectively. The proposed antenna demonstrates excellent radiation
characteristics and significantly enhances radiation efficiency. With its simple structure, dual-band radiation capability, high gain, and
low sidelobe levels, this antenna is highly suitable for millimeter-wave wireless communication systems. It offers a high-performance
solution for multi-band communication in 5G/6G networks.

1. INTRODUCTION transmission efficiency of the feed network, thereby limit-

ith the continuous growth in demand for high data rates ing the array size and reducing the antenna radiation gain.
W and low latency in 5G/6G networks, millimeter-wave fre-
quency band has become a research focus due to its wide band-
This degradation poses challenges for both engineering and
commercial applications. To address this bottleneck, this re-
width characteristics [1–3]. The high integration of millimeter- search proposes the use of multi-port excited antennas, with
wave devices further accelerates their practical implementa- PIN diodes serving as switches to control the excitation of the
tion in communication systems. However, conventional fixed- antenna array. This approach reduces the number of switch-
frequency antennas struggle to accommodate dynamic spec- ing devices compared to traditional designs, providing a novel
trum allocation, thereby limiting the deployment flexibility of paradigm for the development of large-scale reconfigurable ar-
millimeter-wave networks. To address this challenge, reconfig- rays [7–16]. Ref. [7] presents a dual-port printed monopole
urable millimeter-wave array antennas enable the adjustment antenna. By controlling four PIN diodes, the radiation mode
of operating frequencies, such as 28 GHz and 35 GHz, to meet is modulated, allowing a switch between two distinct modes.
evolving communication demands. This innovative design is In [8], a dual-port 1 × 2 antenna array is introduced that in-
expected to play a crucial role in overcoming the frequency corporates a parasitic element surface at the front of the array
efficiency bottlenecks. Moreover, this research not only im- to generate different radiation patterns, thereby achieving re-
proves the performance of existing communication systems but configurability. Compared with radio frequency (RF) switches,
also lays the foundation for future 6G networks, driving the de- the dual-port design provides more effective control over the
velopment of more efficient communication technologies and radiation. Ref. [9] proposes a frequency-reconfigurable array
supporting the construction of an intelligent and digital soci- antenna operating in the 3.36–3.7 GHz and 5–5.8 GHz bands,
ety [4, 5]. where PIN diodes are used to switch among three operational
In the field of frequency reconfigurable technology, con- modes. In [10], a reconfigurable antenna is designed with two
trol schemes based on PIN diodes are widely adopted due driving ports and a sub-wavelength reconfigurable metallic line
to their advantages, including low cost and high response that shapes the radiation beam; the state of the metallic line is
speed (< 10 ns) [6]. However, the parasitic effects of diodes further controlled by 20 PIN diodes, enabling reconfigurabil-
at millimeter-wave frequencies can significantly degrade the ity. Ref. [11] describes a dual-port dual-band reconfigurable
antenna: when port 1 is powered, the antenna exhibits an om-
nidirectional radiation pattern in the 5.59–6.04 GHz range, and
* Corresponding author: Hang Yuan ([email protected]).

doi:10.2528/PIERC25030403 221 Published by THE ELECTROMAGNETIC ACADEMY

 Gao et al.

FIGURE 1. Antenna element. FIGURE 2. Feeder slot parameter.

when port 2 is powered, an end-fire radiation pattern is achieved as the reconfigurable operating mechanism and its implemen-
in the 5.63–6.14 GHz band. Lastly, [14] introduces a reconfig- tation. Section 3 presents the research results and compares
urable antenna operating in the 25–30 GHz range; by control- them with existing studies. Section 4 concludes the paper and
ling the bias state of its units, different operational modes are outlines future research directions.
achieved, although the maximum gain is limited to 4 dBi.
Millimeter-wave array antennas face two major challenges in
2. ANTENNA DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
practical applications: environmental sensitivity and elevated
sidelobe levels [17]. Atmospheric absorption and dense multi-
2.1. Antenna Element Design
path effects lead to significant signal fading, while the low side-
lobe levels of traditional uniform arrays further degrade com- This study employs microstrip patch antennas as array ele-
munication quality. To address these issues, this study opti- ments, designed on a single layer dielectric substrate (Rogers
mizes the element excitation distribution using the Taylor syn- 4350B) with specific material properties: a dielectric constant
thesis method, combined with a reconfigurable feed network to (ϵ0 ) of 3.48, the tangent of dielectric loss (tan δ) of 0.0009, and
achieve dynamic matching for dual frequency bands (28 GHz a thickness of 0.508 mm, as shown in Fig. 1.
and 35 GHz). Theoretically, this design suppresses sidelobe The design of a microstrip antenna begins with the selection
levels to below −20 dB while enhancing the system’s robust- of an appropriate dielectric substrate. Once the dielectric con-
ness against environmental disturbances. This approach offers stant of the substrate is determined, the substrate thickness h
an innovative solution for millimeter-wave communications in must be further defined. Typically, h follows the approximate
high-density urban environments and complex climatic condi- formula given in Equation (1) [18]:
tions, achieving a balance between high gain and low interfer-
0.5c
ence. h≤ √ (1)
This study employs microstrip patch antennas as array ele- 2πfu ϵ0
ments and develops a tristate millimeter-wave frequency recon-
figurable array antenna with high gain and low sidelobes. PIN where c represents the speed of light in a vacuum, fu the max-
diodes are integrated into the antenna feed network, and the fre- imum frequency of the antenna’s operating band, and ϵ0 the
quency states of the array are controlled through a bias circuit dielectric constant of the substrate. After calculating the ini-
to achieve tristate reconfigurability. The antenna array is de- tial value, the actual dielectric substrate thickness is selected
signed using an unequal-amplitude Taylor distribution function as 0.508 mm, considering the processing constraints of the sub-
and a series-parallel feeding network, resulting in a millimeter- strate.
wave microstrip array antenna with enhanced radiation perfor- The S parameters of the antenna element are mainly influ-
mance. Experimental results demonstrate that the antenna op- enced by the length d and width s of the slots on both sides
erates effectively in the 27.5 GHz to 28.5 GHz and 34.5 GHz to of the feed line. Fig. 2 presents the analysis results of the slot
35.5 GHz frequency bands, with relative bandwidths of 3.5% length variations and their impact on the feed line performance.
and 2.8%, respectively. The measured peak gains in these As shown in Fig. 2, the resonant frequency of the antenna
two bands are 19.69 dBi and 19.46 dBi, with sidelobe levels of element varies with the length (d) and width (s) of the feed line
18.68 dB and 18.41 dB, respectively. slots. When the width (s) is fixed, an increase in length (d)
The structure of this paper is as follows. Section 2 discusses shifts the resonant frequency toward higher frequencies. Simi-
the overall design of the antenna, analyzing the underlying prin- larly, when the length (d) is fixed, an increase in width (s) also
ciples for achieving high gain and low sidelobe levels, as well results in a higher resonant frequency. When the slot dimen-
sions are set to d = 0.95 mm and s = 0.3 mm, the resonant

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 154, 221–228, 2025

frequency of the curve is 28 GHz, which corresponds to the op-

timal value of S11 for the antenna element. A similar trend is
observed for the antenna element operating at 35 GHz.

2.2. Feed Network Design

To compensate for the high path loss in millimeter-wave sig-
nal propagation, this section designs a high-gain array antenna
based on the antenna unit described in Section 2.1. Taking the
28 GHz frequency band as an example, the peak gain of a single
element is 6.7 dBi. As the number of antenna elements dou-
bles, the gain increases by approximately 3 dBi. With a 32-
element array and an optimized feed network loss factor below
0.8 dB, the theoretical gain can reach 21.1 dBi. Additionally,
a hybrid series-parallel feeding scheme is introduced. Com-
pared to the traditional series feeding method, this approach im- FIGURE 4. 28 GHz linear array element spacing.
proves antenna array layout efficiency and lowers feed network
losses [19].
To effectively suppress sidelobe levels, the Taylor synthesis quency is 28.9 GHz, and the resonance depth is −31.65 dB. Af-
method is employed for array optimization. The key advan- ter comparison, an element spacing of d = 6.3 mm is selected
tage of this method lies in its ability to mitigate abrupt exci- as it offers the optimal impedance matching for the linear array.
tation amplitude variations, which are commonly encountered The same approach is applied to the 35 GHz linear array design.
in traditional array synthesis. To account for potential losses
during the design process, the sidelobe level is set to −20 dB. In the design of the planar array, the simulation results for the
The number of elements in the linear array is determined to be 28 GHz antenna array indicate that the antenna gain can reach
eight. The Taylor function is implemented in MATLAB to cal- 20 dBi. However, the 35 GHz antenna array does not initially
culate the current amplitudes for each port, which are then used meet design expectations. Further investigation reveals that ad-
to design the feed network, resulting in a 4 × 8 antenna array, justing the distance (D) between the linear arrays can enhance
as shown in Fig. 3. the antenna gain to 20 dBi. After comparison, it is found that a
linear array spacing following an arithmetic progression (with
the middle spacing being 5.3 ± 0.3 mm) yields the desired per-
formance, as shown in Fig. 5.

FIGURE 3. 4 × 8 antenna array.

Within this configuration, the 1 × 8 linear array functions as

a side-fire array. To prevent the occurrence of grating lobes,
the element spacing must satisfy the condition λg (the guided
wavelength at the antenna’s operating frequency). Considering
mutual coupling effects and antenna size constraints, the opti- FIGURE 5. 35 GHz linear array spacing.
mal element spacing d is further fine-tuned using HFSS to en-
sure optimal impedance matching and radiation characteristics Table 1 presents the optimal values of the antenna array pa-
of the linear array. rameters obtained through HFSS simulation optimization, in-
As shown in Fig. 4, the S-parameters of the linear array at cluding the design parameters for both the 28 GHz and 35 GHz
different element spacings indicate that the element spacing (d) antenna arrays.
significantly influences the resonance characteristics of the ar-
ray. When d = 5.3 mm, the resonance frequency is 27.14 GHz,
with a resonance depth of −32.38 dB. When d = 6.3 mm, the 2.3. Reconfigurable Design
resonance frequency shifts to 28 GHz, achieving a deeper res- In the design of reconfigurable antennas, in addition to the an-
onance of −38.3 dB. When d = 7.3 mm, the resonance fre- tenna’s main structure, it is also essential to design a DC bias

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 Gao et al.

TABLE 1. Dimensions of the proposed antenna (28 GHz/35 GHz).

(a) (b)
Values Values
Parameters Parameters
(mm) (mm)
W 6.3/6 d 6.3/6
D
W1 3.6/2.5 6.4/5.3
(Middle spacing) FIGURE 7. Equivalent circuit of the PIN diode: (a) Forward bias; (b)
W2 0.2/0.25 ka 1.4/1 Reverse bias.
W3 0.3/0.3 kb 1.35/1.2
L 6.3/6 kd λg /4
L1 2.58/2.13 k1 1
L2 0.2/0.5 k2 0.78/0.8
L3 0.86/1 k3 0.48/0.7
h 0.508 k4 0.7/0.4

circuit that has minimal impact on the antenna’s radiation char- FIGURE 8. Low pass filter circuit.
acteristics. This is a key challenge in the design of reconfig-
urable antennas. Typically, achieving tunable antenna perfor- the antenna’s radiation characteristics. To achieve effective iso-
mance requires RF switches, which in turn necessitate a DC lation, this study employs the low-pass filter network shown
bias. Since capacitors have the effect of blocking DC while al- in Fig. 8, which consists of a 30 nH surface-mount inductor, a
lowing AC to pass, a suitable capacitor component is typically 10 pF capacitor, and a metallized via. The series inductor sup-
required to prevent DC from entering the RF transmission cir- presses RF signal leakage to the DC source by leveraging its
cuit. Similarly, to prevent RF signals from entering the DC bias high impedance at high frequencies, while the parallel capac-
network, an inductor is typically used as an RF choke, effec- itor provides a low-impedance path for the DC bias, utilizing
tively blocking RF signals while allowing DC to pass. The RF its short-circuiting properties at low frequencies to achieve RF
switch and bias circuit integrated into the antenna are shown in decoupling.
Fig. 6. During practical testing, an external +5 V DC bias voltage
is required to ensure the proper operation of the circuit compo-
nents. To prevent excessive forward bias current through the
diode, which could lead to device breakdown, a 20 Ω resistor
is incorporated into the biasing line to regulate the maximum
current under the applied voltage.
The antenna prototype was fabricated, and the sample is
shown in Fig. 9.

FIGURE 6. The position of RF switch and bias circuit on the antenna.

The PIN diode enables the control of microwave signal trans-

mission and switching due to its distinct electrical characteris-
tics: it exhibits a conductive state under a DC forward bias and
a cutoff state under a DC reverse bias. As shown in Fig. 7(a),
when the PIN diode is forward biased, it behaves as an equiva- FIGURE 9. Antenna physical picture.
lent 4 Ω resistor. As shown in Fig. 7(b), when the PIN diode is
reverse biased, the diode is equivalent to a parallel combination
of a 4 kΩ resistor and a 0.025 pF capacitor. 3. MEASUREMENT RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the design of reconfigurable antennas, the coupling effect We performed simulation and practical measurement analysis
between the RF signal and DC bias can significantly degrade on the designed antenna. The key parameters analyzed include

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 154, 221–228, 2025

(a) (b) (c)

FIGURE 10. Antenna S11 measurement and simulation: (a) Mode 1; (b) Mode 2; (c) Mode 3.

(a) (b)

FIGURE 11. Mode 1 measured and simulated: (a) Gain frequency responses, (b) Radiation characteristics.

S11 , gain in each operational mode, and sidelobes. The S11 plot respectively, while in the H-plane, the simulated and measured
primarily describes the return loss: for any antenna, the effec- results are 20.78 dB and 20.43 dB, respectively. The measured
tive return loss value is less than −10 dB. As shown in Fig. 10, sidelobe levels remain above 18.9 dB across the operating fre-
the S11 of each mode within the target frequency band in both quency band, indicating that the main lobe of the antenna main-
simulation and measurements meets the design requirements. tains consistency, with the radiated energy effectively concen-
The differences between the simulation and measurement re- trated in the intended transmission direction, as expected in the
sults may be attributed to losses in the PIN diode and other design.
circuit components, minor manufacturing deviations, and the
surface roughness of the metal. These factors can significantly
3.2. Mode 2
impact the antenna’s bandwidth and overall performance.
Figure 12 presents the gain and radiation characteristics of the
antenna in Mode 2 (as shown in Fig. 10(b), and the PIN diodes
3.1. Mode 1 of the 28 GHz antenna array are in a open state, while the PIN
Figure 11 presents the gain and radiation characteristics of the diodes of the 35 GHz antenna array are in an closed state) within
antenna in Mode 1 (as shown in Fig. 10(a), the PIN diodes of the 34.5–36.5 GHz frequency range, including both simulated
the 28 GHz antenna array are in a closed state, while the PIN and measured results. In Fig. 12(a), the simulated and mea-
diodes of the 35 GHz antenna array are in an open state) within sured antenna gains are 20.28 dBi and 19.51 dBi, respectively,
the 27.5–28.5 GHz frequency range, including both simulated with a difference of 0.77 dBi. The measured gain remains above
and measured results. As shown in Fig. 11(a), the simulated 19.5 dBi across the operating frequency band. The gain curve
and measured antenna gains are 20.49 dBi and 19.69 dBi, re- shows that while the measured and simulated results follow a
spectively, with a difference of 0.8 dBi. The measured gain similar trend, there is an offset, primarily attributed to transmis-
remains above 19.5 dBi across the operating frequency band. sion losses in the feed network and the non-ideal characteristics
The results indicate that at lower frequencies, the measured and of the diodes. As shown in Fig. 12(b), the simulated and mea-
simulated gain trends are closely aligned. However, at higher sured sidelobe levels in the E-plane are 20.17 dB and 18.97 dB,
frequencies, the measured gain curve appears smoother than the respectively, while in the H-plane, the simulated and measured
simulated one. This discrepancy is primarily attributed to mu- values are 18.17 dB and 18.03 dB, respectively. The measured
tual coupling effects in the array at high frequencies. In prac- sidelobe levels remain above 18 dB throughout the operating
tice, mutual coupling reduces gain fluctuations through energy frequency band, indicating that in Mode 2, the antenna energy
leakage and phase disturbances, resulting in a smoother mea- is effectively concentrated in the main lobe direction, provid-
sured curve. As shown in Fig. 11(b), the simulated and mea- ing strong interference resistance, similar to the performance
sured sidelobe levels in the E-plane are 20.58 dB and 18.93 dB, observed in Mode 1.

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 Gao et al.

(a) (b)

FIGURE 12. Mode 2 measured and simulated: (a) Gain frequency response; (b) Radiation characteristics.

(a) (b)

FIGURE 13. Mode 3 measured and simulated: (a) Gain frequency response; (b) Radiation characteristics.

3.3. Mode 3 ergy in the main lobe direction, maintaining the desired radia-
tion performance.
Figure 13 presents the gain and radiation characteristics of the Figure 14 presents the simulated and measured results of
antenna in Mode 3 (as shown in Fig. 10(c), the PIN diodes of port isolation in this state. As observed in the figure, the an-
both the 28 GHz and 35 GHz antenna arrays are fully closed) tenna port isolation remains below −35 dB, indicating that dur-
for the frequency ranges 27.5–28.5 GHz and 34.5–36.5 GHz, ing dual-band operation, the signal interference between the an-
including both simulated and measured results. As shown tenna ports is minimal, and there is no significant crosstalk be-
in Fig. 13(a), the simulated and measured antenna gains are tween them. This result confirms that the antenna design effec-
20.42 dBi and 19.44 dBi, respectively, with a difference of tively minimizes interference and ensures proper isolation be-
0.98 dBi. The measured gain remains above 19.4 dBi across tween the ports, which is essential for preserving the integrity of
the operating frequency band. The results indicate that in the the communication signal, particularly in multi-frequency ap-
lower frequency range, the measured gain curve closely fol- plications.
lows the simulated trend. However, in the higher frequency
range, a noticeable frequency offset is observed. This discrep-
ancy is primarily attributed to the higher sensitivity of the high-
frequency radiation elements to external environmental factors
during testing, as well as the misalignment of the standard horn
antenna used in the measurement setup, which caused the fre-
quency shift in the high-frequency gain curve. Fig. 13(b) shows
sidelobe levels of the antenna. In the E-plane, the simulated
and measured sidelobe levels are 20.81 dB and 18.96 dB, re-
spectively, while in the H-plane, the simulated and measured
values are 20.09 dB and 19.97 dB, respectively. The measured
sidelobe levels remain above 18.9 dB across the operating fre-
quency band. The results indicate that the radiation character-
istic curve of Mode 3 exhibits greater distortion than Modes 1
and 2, primarily due to its dual-frequency operation. Never-
theless, the antenna effectively concentrates its transmitted en- FIGURE 14. Mode 3 S21 measurement and simulation.

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 154, 221–228, 2025

TABLE 2. Comparison of the proposed antenna with previously reported antennas.

Reference Port numbers PIN diode Frequency/GHz Gain/dBi Number of Modes Size/mm3
[7] 2 4 2.49–2.69 3.9 2 134 × 129 × 2
[9] 2 4 3.36–3.7/5–5.8 2.2/3 3 48.5 × 25 × 1.6
[10] 2 20 3.4–3.8 9.3 2 80 × 80 × 18.7
[13] 2 2 2.7–5.6 1.8–3.26 2 45 × 65 × 1.6
[14] 2 2 25–30 4 4 30 × 23 × 0.25
[15] 1 8 27.5–28.5 11.2–19.2 3 -
This paper 2 4 27.5–28.5/34.5–35.5 19.69/19.51 3 60.4 × 63 × 0.508

The key performance metrics of the frequency reconfig- radiation characteristics can be adjusted, enabling different
urable array antenna designed in this study were compared operational states within the frequency bands of 27.5 GHz–
with those of antennas reported in the literature, as summa- 28.5 GHz and 34.5 GHz–35.5 GHz. Within these operating fre-
rized in Table 2. Refs. [7, 9, 10, 13] achieved reconfigurable quency bands, the antenna achieves peak gains of 19.69 dBi
antenna designs below 6 GHz; however, the antennas in [7, 10] and 19.51 dBi, respectively, with sidelobe levels of 18.93 dB
are large in volume and height, making integration with pla- and 18.03 dB. Featuring a simple structure, high radiation gain,
nar circuits challenging. Additionally, the gain of the antennas and low sidelobe levels, the proposed antenna is well suited for
in [9, 13] is relatively low. Refs. [14, 15] implemented recon- millimeter-wave communication systems.
figurable antenna designs at higher frequencies; however, the
antenna in [14] exhibits lower gain, while the design in [15] re-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
quires a larger number of diodes than the antenna proposed in
this study. In terms of antenna structure, gain, and frequency This work was supported by the Applied Basic Research of
metrics, the antenna designed in this study outperforms simi- Liaoning Province (2022JH2/101300275), Basic Scientific Re-
lar models, achieving a frequency-reconfigurable array antenna search Project of Education Department of Liaoning Province
with high gain and low sidelobes in the millimeter-wave band. (JYTMS20230818), and the National Natural Science Founda-
The physical model and testing environment are shown in tion of China (61971210).
Fig. 15.
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