Moral Reason: -

 to prevent pain and suffering,

 to prevent injuries/death/ill-health,
 to take reasonable care of the workers H&S
 Duty of care towards workers H&S
Legal reason: every employer has legal responsibility
 Should provide safe place of work
 Provide safe plant and equipment
 SSOW – safe working procedure
 Information, training, supervision and competency of
workers
If an employer fails to comply with the above
regulations/obligations then there will be enforcement
actions – resulting in notice/prosecution in the criminal court
Financial: if an accident happens in the workplace there
will be costs and these costs are divided into two costs direct
costs and indirect cost.
Direct/financial/tangible Indirect/non-financial/
Cost – measurable intangible – non-
measures
1. Medical cost Loss of workers morale
2. Sick pay Loss of reputation
3. Replacement worker salary Loss of good will – loss of
4. Increased insurance customers
premium Staff turnover
5. First aid cost/ambulance Loss of time – in
6. Compensation and fines investigating, training new
7. Investigation cost workers
8. Overtime payment Loss if future projects
9. Repair cost
10. Damage to the
equipment and building
11. Training cost –
12. Legal costs – lawyers fee
13. Cost of remedial actions
14. Lost production

Insured cost – costs that can be claimed from the

insurance company
Uninsured costs – which cannot be claimed from the
insurance company

1. Comment on the Sigachi organisations health

and safety morals?
Sigachi industry failed to fulfil its health and
safety morals
a. A serious workplace accidents occurred in the
workplace
b. 43 workers were killed in the accidnets
c. 92 workers were severely injured
d. Failed to take reasonable care of their workers
health and safety
e. Failed to take the duty of care for their workers
f. Failed to conduct proper risk assessments
g. Listen to the workers complaint and take an action
on it
2. Below are the insured costs that the organisaiton can
claim from the insurance company,
Compensation, repairs to building and medical cost
what are the uninsured costs?
1.2 – Regulating health and safety
ILO - International labour organisation - regulations
Health and safety convention – C155
Health and safety recommendation – R164
(these are the health and safety responsibilities placed on
the employer and the employees/workers)
Legal responsibilities placed on the employer
Article 16 of C155 Recommendation 10 of
R164
 Employer should ensure, a. to provide and maintain
workplaces, machinery
workplace, machinery and
and equipment, and use
process are safe and work methods, which are
as safe and without risk to
without risk to health of
health
the workers b. to give necessary
instructions and training
 Employer should ensure
c. to provide adequate
that chemical, physical supervision of work
d. to institute organisational
and biological substance
arrangements regarding
and agents are without occupational safety and
health
risk to the health of the
e. to provide, without any
workers when controls are cost to the worker,
adequate personal
taken
protective clothing and
 Provide PPE and clothing equipment which are
reasonably necessary
to prevent risk of
when hazards cannot be
accidents or adverse otherwise prevented or
controlled;
effects
f. to ensure that work
organisation, particularly
with respect to hours of
work and rest breaks, does
not adversely affect
occupational safety and
health.
g. to take all reasonably
practicable measures with
 a view to eliminating
excessive physical and
mental fatigue;
h. to always stay updated to
comply with the above
requirement

Legal responsibilities placed on the

employees/workers
Article 19 of C155 Recommendation 16 of
R164
 Worker has the right to be 1. Worker is responsible for
provided with training his own safety and
 To be provided with others safety
information related to 2. Has to comply with the
health and safety training
 Right to be consulted by 3. Co-oeprate with their
their employer on all the employer on the matters
issues of health and safety of health and safety
 Communication 4. Should use the
 Right to leave a equipment in a safe way
workplace/job if he feels 5. To report hazards, if they
there is a serious threat to cannot correct by
his health and safety – he themselves
should not be forced to do 6. To report work related
the job until it is corrected accidents/nearmisses/ill-
health

To check whether the above obligations are compiled

or not – enforcement authorities are appointed:
Main powers of Enforcement agencies:
1. They can visit any organisation, without any prior notice
2. They can collect samples
3. They can ask/verify your documents –
 4. They can ask questions/interview anyone in the
organisaiton
5. They can investigate accidents
6. They can act on complaints
7. They can issue notices – improvement notice/prohibition
notice
8. They can initiate legal proceeding

Consequence of non-compliance:
3. Formal enforcement action: -
a. Improvement notice: the enforcement agency will
give a notice to make improvement in the workplace
within a given date
b. Prohibition notice: will give a notice to stop the
work and make improvement then start the work
Prosecution in the criminal court
Against the organisaiton: if it is found that the
organisaiton has breached the Regulations then there will be
punishment given – fines or their operation might shut down
Against an individual:
(manager/supervisor/director/employer/worker)- if it is found
that the INDIVIDUAL has breached the Regulations then
there will be punishment - fines or imprisonment – both

1.3 – who does what in the organisation:

Employer - is responsible for the workers health and safety
and others health and safety(visitor, customers, public,
contractors)
Senior manager and board of directors:
 Is to check whether the correct health and safety policy
is in place for the organisaiton
  Allocating resources for implementing and maintaining
HSMS
 Hiring senior managers for health and safety
 Managing external parties – contractor, auditors
 Reviewing the H&S performance
Middle managers/supervisors: day to day operational
running of the organisaiton, responsible for the departments
under their controls or the staff who are directly working
under them
Shared Occupants: Aramco, Samsung, small companies
1. One organisaiton activities should not create a risk
to others
2. They should share their risk assessments and
emergency procedures
3. Joint action committee to discuss the issues in the site

Client and contractor management:

Client: who give a particular job to the contractors / hire a
contractor for a particular job
Contractor: who accepts that particular job
Selecting the contractor: ask/verify
1. Health and safety policy
2. Previous projects completed
3. Experience in similar kind of work
4. References of previous clients
5. Feedback from the previous clients
6. Accidents rates
7. Arrangements do they have for health and safety
8. Qualifications/certificates of the contractor
9. Details of the subcontractor their hiring process
10. Do that any memberships of accreditations - ISO trade
associations members
11. Insurance
12. Risk assessments and other documentation – training
records/safe working procedures
13. Proof of adequate resources of equipment and
machinery
14. Inspection and maintenance records of the equipment
15. There are any enforcement actions taken against the
contractor in the past
16. Investigates the accidents and taken preventive actions

2. Planning the work:

a.Client will tell the contractor about the hazards and
risks present in his site/location
b. Contractor will tell the client about the hazards
and risks created by his work
c.Carry out a risk assessment/JSA – to identify the
hazards and risks – they develop a safe working
method – method statement
3. Co-ordinating with the contractor:
a.Induction training to the contractor/contract workers
b. Arrangements of welfare facilities
c.Emergency procedures/fire safety and first aid
d. Segregating the areas
e. Control the high-risk activities with PTW
f. Highlight the hazards with signboards
g. Restricted areas
h. Emergency contact numbers
i. Supervising the contractor work
4. Monitor the contractor work:
a.Client should check whether the contractor is
working as per the method statement
b. The client can stop the work
c.Cancel the contract and hire a new contractor
Task 1 ILO places obligations on the employer as per the
article 16 of C155 and Recommendation 10 of R 164
Which of these obligations were contravened by the GM in
the scenario
Note: where necessary use relevant information from the
scenario
1. Failed to provide safe equipment
a. Worker was given a damaged ladder to do the job
2. Failed to provide PPE free of cost
a. As mentioned in the scenario, workers were told to
bringh their own ppe
b. Some workers did not receive the PPE
3. Failed to provide adequate training
a. The GM failed to provide adequate traing to the
worker
b. No training was provided by the GM to twh worker
4. Failed to provide adequate supervision
a. Supervisor left the contract when he got a call
b. Supervisor told the temporary worker to supervise
the contractor
Element 2
Management system – doing things in a systematic way(step
by step)
HSMS – systematic approach to manage health and safety
in the workplace
Plan – what you are going to do?
Do - it, implement it
Check – whether your plan and the way you are doing it - is
it eefective
Act – take an action for improvement

ILO – OSH 2001

ISO – 45001:2018
HSMS ILO OSH 2001 (P O P E A ISO 45001:2018
A) (PSPI)
PLAN Policy and organising Planning

DO Planning and Support and

implementation operation
Check Evaluation and Audit Performance
evaluation and
management
review
ACT Action for Improvement Improvement

ILO OSH 2001:

PLAN
Policy: there should be strong commitment towards health
and safety in the organisation at all the levels of the
organisaiton, but particularly at the top. This policy should
include workers health and safety as well as others health
and safety who might be affected by he organisaiton
activities (contractor, visitors, public, trespassers, clients
customers)
Organising : clear H&S responsibilities are delegated from
top level to ground level workers (Employer/senior
managers/middle managers/supervisors/workers) including -
responsibilities of specialist staff – first aider, fire marshal,
emergency response team, safety officer
DO
Planning and implementation (arrangements):-
detailed arrangements must be made to implement and
maintain health and safety standards in the workplace (RA,
First aid, Fire safety, Communication, Training, consultation,
inestigation)
CHECK
Evaluation: arrangements must be made to monitor/check
whether your policy, organising and arrangements are
working effectively
Active Monitoring: monitoring the check before accident
happens (inspection, survey, tours, bench marking )
Reactive monitoring: monitoring the check after accident
happens (investigation) acting on complaints, acting on
enforcement actions
Audit: - they collect information(interview, documents and
observations, other sources also) from when doing the audit
– then based on this information they will check whether the
HSMS is eworking effectively
ACT
Action for Improvement: if any deficiencies identified in
the evaluation and audit process – should be corrected
immediately by making whatever changes are necessary to
policy, organising and arrangements)

ISO 45001: 2018

PLAN
Planning: Identification of hazards and risks and planning of
emergencies and planning of risk assessments.
(Hazard Identification & OHS risk assessment, determine the
applicable legal standards & determining OHS objective and
planning to achieve them)
Do
Support - Support should be provided so that the HSMS
can be implemented, maintained and continually improved.
(Resources, Competence, awareness, information &
communication – document the information)
Operation – Hazards and risks are operationally managed.
(Hierarchy of controls, change management, emergency
preparedness)
Check
Performance Evaluation - Monitor, measure, analyze, and
evaluate OH&S performance, ensure compliance, conduct
internal audits, and perform management reviews.
Act
Improvement – Act on incidents and nonconformities,
implement corrective actions, and drive continual
improvement of the OH&S management system.
ILO OSH 2001
Arrangements for First aid - DO
Communication – DO
Inspections – CHECK
Risk Assessment – DO
Policy – PLAN
Investigation – CHECK
Updating the health and safety policy -ACT

2.2 – What they look like

Health and safety policy – commitment of the
management towards health and safety in the workplace
while complying with law
It is legal requirement to have a documented policy – 5 or
more workers - heath and safety at work Act
It is not a legal requirement to have a documented policy

Policy:
 1. Clear written and concise(small/short)
2. Communicated to the stake holders
(workers/managers/supervisors/engineers) – handout,
induction training
3. Should also be displayed - intranet.
4. Regularly reviewed and updated
5. Dated (including review date) -14th July 2025 – 13th July
2026
6. Endorsed/signed by the employer/CEO/owner
7. Available for external parties -Auditors, enforcement
authorities, insurance companies, clients
Contents of health and safety policy:
1. A overall statement publicly declaring the organisations
commitment towards health and safety
2. Committed to provide
a. A safe and healthy workplace
b. To prevent accidents/incidents/ill-health
c. To provide communication
d. Training
e. Risk assessments
f. Control the risk
g. First aid and other emergency procedures
h. Consultation
i. To report and investigate accidents
j. Share the lessons learnt to everyone
Sections of H&S policy:
1. Statement of intent: (policy statement): Written
document which outlines the importance given to health
and safety and the commitment that can be expected
from the employer. Signed by the Employer
2. Organisaiton: delegating health and safety
responsibilities from top management to front workers
(employer, SM, MM, Supervisors, workers) – specialist
staff – first aiders, fire marshals, safety officers, ERT
 3. Arrangement section: it is the largest section of policy
a. Which looks into general arrangements for health
and safety (training, Communication, consultation,
first aid, welfare)
b. Specific arrangements for specific risks relevant to
the organisation
(silica dust and work at height, chemicals and
biological agents, flammable substances,
machinery)
Training: - (training need analysis)
1. Topic of the training
2. Who will be the trainer
3. Date and time of the training
4. Whether the training for all the worekrs
5. Room, lighting, tables, chairs, notepads, pens,
refreshments , speakers, projectors, mic, board
6. How this will be communicated
When should we review health and safety
policy/HSMS:
What is the circumstance that require the review of the
policy in the organisaiton
1. The policy is outdated
2. Annually (after passage of time)
3. Change in : machinery, technology, structure of the
organisation(new managers, director), changes in the
staff, hazards and risks, materials, legislation, process,
location
4. After an accident/ill-health
5. After an audit
6. After an enforcement action
7. After worker complaints
8. Frequent near misses are occurring – near misses have
increased
9. Increased staff turnover
THE policy content of SSS organisation are given below
 Prevent accidents
 Report accidents
 Safe and healthy workplace
 To provide consultation
 Authority to the worker to stop
 Training and communication
Comment whether these have been implemented/fulfilled by
the SSS
1. Prevent accidents:
a. They failed to prevent accident, as the worker fell
from the ladder and got severyly injured
b. They were unable to prevent nearmisses
c. They failed to investigate previous accidents
2. Reporting:
3. SSS failed to report accidents in the accident book and
even to the enforcement aut
Positives:
Training: every new worker is provided with comprehensive
training
Job specific training also provided to the workers
Workers are also training on first aid
Element 3: Managing risks-understanding people and
process
Health and safety Culture: how workers think and feel
about health and safety - that is the organisations safety
culture
Positive culture: where workers think and feel that safety is
important - they will follow all the procedures, comply with
the safety rules, use all the controls, as per the training
provided, report any usafe conditions and unsafe acts –
reduced accidents, reducing the risks, injuries, increased
productivity – good health and safety performance
Negative culture: where workers think and feel that safety is
NOT important - increased accidents, enforcement actions,
reduced productivity, reduced quality of work, more injuries,
ill-health - poor performance
Reasons that lead to a negative culture:
1. Poor management commitment
2. Poor co-ordination between the management and the
workers
3. Poor policies and procedures
4. Workers’ complaints ignored
5. Poor supervision and poor maintenance
6. Poor communication
7. Ineffective training
8. Poor resources
9. Lack of monitoring (inspections)
10. Lack of action on workers issues
11. Management not giving priority to safety, they only
give priority to meet the targets/profits
12. Presence of blame culture
13. Lack of motivation
14. Lack of worker involves
15. Lack of consultation
16. Lack of enforcing safety rules
17. Poor risk assessments
18. Lack of management response (apathy) – share the
lessons learnt
19. Negative Peer pressure
20. Economic climate
21. Excessive workload
Improving culture:
Management commitment and leadership
Effective communication co-operation and consultation with
the workers
Hiring competent staff / improving the competency
Training: Recommendation 10 of R164
Induction training
Job specific training
Emergency response training – First aid and fire safety
Job change training
New equipment
New legislation
New location
Refreshers training
Induction training: information/topics covered
1. Health and safety policy
2. Usage and maintenance of PPE
3. Information about the control measures/sign boards
4. Emergency response procedures – first aid and fire safety
other emergency
5. Site layout
6. Hazards and risk present in the workplace
7. Emergency contact numbers
8. Restricted areas
9. Risk assessments
10. Worker’s responsibilities
11. SSOW/PTW
12. Safe usage and storage of equipment
13. Safety rule (no mobile, no smoking, no drugs, parking,
entry exit,)
14. Hazardous substances
15. Transportation safety
16. Welfare facilties – drinking, canteen, rest rooms
17. Consultation arrangements
18. Reporting procedures – hazards, unsafe actions and
unsafe conditions
19. Reporting procedures – accidents/incidents and
nearmisses / ill-health
Factors that influence behaviour –
Organisational Job Factors: - Individual
factors – characteristics of Factors:
characteristics of the JOB which will characteristics of
the influence a the INDIVDUAL
ORGANISAITON worker’s behaviour which will
which will influence a
influence a worker’s behaviour
worker’s behaviour
1. Management  Task/workload Attitude - persons
commitment  Ergonomics – point of view
2. Leadership  Displays and (training,
3. Supervision controls awareness about
4. Communication  Procedures to do the H&R, educate
5. Training a task worker, motivate,
6. Consultation  Work high impact
7. Risk environment - interventions –
assessments lighting, noise, pics and videos of
8. Resources dust previous
9. Shift patterns  Work equipment accidents,
and working communication –
hours disciplinary
10. Method actions)
statements Competence: -
11. Policies and Experience
procedures Overconfidence
AGE – young
workers
Stress
Motivation –
Risk Perception
– How an individua
interpret
(understand) the
hazards and risks
 How a worker
senses the
hazards and risks
Sight, taste, touch,
hearing and smell
Training
Educating,
meaningful
consultation,
highlighting the
hazards, safety
awareness
campaigns

3.4 – Risk Assessment

Hazard: anything that can cause harm/potential to cause
harm
work at height, slippery floor, noise, vibration, petrol diesel,
paint, thinner, damaged cables, unguarded machine,
damaged ladder, welding in unsafe,
Hazards classification: -
physical hazards, pyscological, chemical, biological agents,
environmental, ergonomical hazards,
Open acid bottle - hazard
Open acid bottle is in the bathroom – hall
Hazardous event: interaction with the hazard which results
in harm
Likelihood: chances of occurrence of hazardous event
Consequence/severity: outcome of hazardous event
(injuries and damages)
Risk: combination of likelihood and the consequence of HE
R = LXC
Worker doing the job on a unprotected scaffolding 30m
above the ground for painting the walls,
Work at height - worker doing the job on the scaffolding –
which has no edge protection system
L = chance of HE is high as unprotected edge
C = Very high – the person could severely injured/killed
R = is very high
Risk Assessment: to identify the hazards and reduce
the risks
4. A formal(scheduled) process of identifying the hazards
5. Then assessing the risk they generated - L XC
6. Then eliminate the hazard,
7. Or reduce the risk to a reasonably practicable level
Are risk assessments important?
1. To identify the hazards
2. To prevent injuries.damages
3. To prevent accidents
4. To provide safe work environment
5. To identify people who might be harmed
6. To create awareness about the hazards and controls
7. To identify additional controls
8. Improve reputation
9. To demonstrate management commitment
10. Worker’s morale
11. To meet legal requirements
12. To reduce risks
13. Create a safe work environment
14. Improve safety culture
15. To check whether the current controls are effective
or not

Risk assessment – suitable and sufficient:

 1. Risk assessment MUST carried out by competent person
in the workplace
2. Risk assessment MUST identify all the hazards
3. Risk assessment should be relevant to the
organisation/job
4. Risk assessment should be reviewed and updated if
necessary
5. Risk assessment MUST be documented
6. MUST identify everyone who might be harmed - workers
and others – vulnerable people
7. Risk assessment should be carried for every activity
8. There should be general risk assessment and also
specific risk assessment for specific job/hazard
9. Risk assessment MUST identify relevant control
measures – it should reduce likelihood/consequence
10. Risk assessment MUST prioritize the additional
controls
11. Must mention the timescales to complete actions
12. Risk assessment should involve workers
How RA are carried out:
1. Identify the hazards (all the hazards – safety &
health hazards)
a. Observations, examining the workplace, consulting
the workers, , inspections, walkarounds, JSA/Task
analysis – dividing a job into steps and identify the
hazards in each step.
b. Source of information
Internal source: looking into previous accidents
/reports, previous risk assessments, workers
complaints, enforcement notice, absenteeism data,
previous inspection reports, audit reports
External Source: ILO conventions and
recommendations, local legislation, European
regulations, hse.gov.uk, OSHA, third party publication
 and magazines, newsletters, codes of practice, MSDS,
trade associations reports
2. Identify the people who might be harmed and
how?
a. Identify everyone who might be affected by these
hazards (workers – supervisors, managers,
technicians, maintenance, others – contractors, public,
clients, visitors, customers and tress passers)
b. Special consideration to vulnerable group – pregnant
women, disabled worker, lone workers and young
workers
3. Evaluate the risk and decide on additional
controls – RISK MATRIX
a. Assess the risk – based in current controls
b. Any additional controls required
c. Priority and timescales
d. Responsible persons job title
Worker doing the job on unprotect scaffolding at 30m above
the ground
Current controls: Induction training provided to the
worker, scaffolding was erected by competent person
R = LXC
R = 4 X 5 = 20 = very high =
unacceptable

Controls to reduce the likelihood:

1. Installing the edge protection system on the scaffolding
– high priority – 1 day – site supervisor/engineer
 2. Provide a safety harness and a lifeline to the worker –
medium – 1 day – store manager
3. Provide a work at height training to the workers – 15
days – high (safety officer/training co-ordinator
4. provide adequate supervision to ensure workers are
wearing safety harness – everyday - site supervisor -
medium
R = LXC = 1 X 5 = 5

Controls to reduce the consequence of the fall:

 Install safety nets on the working platform
R = LXC = 4 X2 = 8
Once all the controls are implemented:
R = 1 X 2 = 2 = risk is low and acceptable
Risk control hierarchy:
Elimination: remove the hazard: - stop the work, change
the process, outsource the work
Substitution: replacing a high hazardous with less
hazardous one
Engineering control: to prevent worker contacting hazard
– guards on the machine, edge protection system, safety
net, LOTO, isolation, barricading the area, enclosing area,
local exhaust ventilation
Administrative controls: sign boards, training,
communication, supervision, job rotation –
duration/frequency, SSOW, PTW, breaks,
PPE: helmets, gloves, goggles, earmuffs, safety shoes,
safety harness, respirators, breathing apparatus
4. Record your risk assessment:
 Date and time of the risk assessment
 Location/job
 Name of the person doing the risk assessment
  Hazards
 Existing controls
 Additional controls
 Timescales and priorities
 Responsible person
 People affected –
 Review date
5. Review and update the risk assessment if
necessary:
 After passage of time (every 12 months)
 Outdated
 Changes: - tech, equipment/machinery, location,
process, structure, workforce, legislation, work
environment, materials
 After accidents/frequent near misses
 Enforcement action after
 After an audit
 Increased workers Complaints
 High staff turnover
Fire risk assessment
Work at height risk assessment
Confined space risk assessment
Hazardous substances risk assessment
Electrical risk assessment
Special cases: young workers, pregnant/nursing mothers,
disabled workers and lone workers
Change management:
Whether there might be temporary changes or permanent
changes - hazards and risks will arise
Effective change management:
1. Develop a change management policy/procedure
 2. Identify the changes
(equipment/machinery/legislation/location)
3. Identify the people who might be affected by these
changes
4. Communicate the proposed changes to the workers
5. Consulting the workers/involving the workers
6. Carry out a risk assessment for the changes
7. Allocate adequate resources
8. Training to the workers based on the changes
9. Hire competent staff
10. Test your changes before implementing it
11. Who will monitor the changes
12. When it will be reviewed

Safe System of Work: procedures developed to complete

a task ina safe way
Management should develop these SSOW
When developing SSOW – involve workers(they are the
people will be using the SSOW, suggest
improvement/control, identifying the hazards, meets legal
requirements, they feel they are being listened, motivate the
workers, morale will be high, they will follow the procedure)
and competent staff – technicians and safety officer
Written procedures:
 Evidence/proof – for regulatory inspections/investigation
 Permanent record
 I can provide communication and training to the workers
 Recheck it, whenever possible
 It will ensure consistency, same steps followed every
day
SSOW comprises of 3 types of controls
1. Technical control: engineering control which is directlyu
applied to the hazard
 2. Procedural control: sequence of steps or a procedure
which the worker has to follow when doing the job
3. Behavioural control: how a worker has to behave safely
while doing the job
When developing a SSOW – what factors need to be
considered
1. What is the task for which you have to develop SSOW
2. What are the hazards and risks present in the task
3. What type of injuries could occur
4. Emergency procedures
People:
 who are the workers, who are going to do the job
 How many workers will be doing the job/workers will
be required
 What are their competencies
 Training requirement
 Vulnerable people involved in the task
Equipment:
 What equipment/machinery will be required
 What are the hazards associated with the equipment
 What PPE will be required
 Adjustability – use requirements – grips and handle
Material:
What material will be used, classification, how it will enter
the body, handled and stored and how the waste will be
disposed
Environment:
lighting, space, noise, humidity, ventilation, temperature,
slips and strips, uneven surfaces
which is more difficult?
developing SSOW
implementing a SSOW:
Involve workers when developing SSOW, take their
suggestions, clear communication to the workers about
the importance of these procedures and benefits. Training
to the workers – Dos’s and don’ts
Supervision, enforcing the procedures on the workers.
Monitor the whether the procedures are used by the
workers, if used are they effective
Review and update the SSOW

PTW: authorization letter to allow a high-risk activity

(documented safety procedure (confined space,
excavation, hot work, work at height, under the
overhead, buried services, machinery maintenance,
lifting)
Issuer: authorising manager/safety office who
issues/prepares a permit
Receiver: worker/contractor who does that high-risk job
1. Issue: The permit issuer goes to the location where
the high risk activity has to be carried out and carries
out a detailed risk assessment or a job safety analysis to
find out the hazards and risks present in that particular
high risk job then he identifies all the precautions or
controls that are needed to complete the task in a safe
way – then he issues a permit confirm the job can start
provided the receiver should comply with all the
precautions implemented – date and time, name of
permit, permit number, duration(8hours or a shift time)
of the permit, name of the permit issuer
2. Receipt: he will go through the permit and signs it
to confirm he has read the permit, and he understands
 the hazards, risks in the job and he will comply with all
the controls implemented. Signatures of the receiver
and the issuer
3. Clearance: the permit is handed over to the issuer,
stating that the job has been completed safely and they
are leaving the site in the safe condition
4. Closing the permit/cancellation: the issuer will
sign this section of the permit to confirm the site has
been accepted back from the receiver. The barricading
can be removed and the regular work can resume.
Triplicate document – issuer, receiver and displayed in
notie
Duration of 8hr or a shift time
Communication
Induction training should also provide
Emergency contact number
Supervision

Arrangements for emergency procedures

1. Should develop procedure to deal with the type of the
emergency
2. Nominating responsible staff (fire marshals, first aids,
emergency response team)
3. Availability of suitable equipment (fire extinguishers,
stretchers, wheelchairs, first aid boxes, ambulance
4. Appoint a person to deal with the media – PR executive
5. Emergency contact numbers (police, fire, ambulance,
hospitals and NDRF)
6. Training to your workers
7. Record your trainings
8. Testing your procedures
First Aid:
1. Treatment for the purpose of minimising the
consequence of the injury
2. Keep the injured person alive
3. Until hospital services arrive
Employer should provide:
Trained first aider
First aid equipment
Facility

Factors that decide first aid provision

1. Number of the workers
2. Type of activities
3. Type of injuries
4. Previous accident history
5. Hazards and risks
6. Equipment/machinery
7. Hazardous substances
8. Geographical location of the workplace – how far it is
from the nearest hospital
9. Spread of the organisaiton – multisorey building,
10. Vulnerable people
11. Visitors/customer/contractors/public
12. Location of first aid box
13. Availability of sufficient first aid supplies
14. Communication about first aid arrangements
15. Shift patterns
16. Holidays and leaves – back up
End of Element 3
Element 4: Monitoring and measuring Performance
1. Meaning of active and reactive monitoring
2. How active monitoring is done
3. Investigating incidents
4. Audit
5. Why we should review H&S performance and what
issues should be considered during the review
70% of the accidents can be prevented by good h&s
management
30% of the accidents are unavoidable
AM – checking the H&S standards are correct in the
workplace, before they result in any accidents/incidents
RM – checking the H&S standards after
accidents/incidents/complaints/ enforcement actions
Methods of AM, examples or how AM is done:
1. H&S Inspection: formal process of examining the
workplace and working conditions so that comparisons
can be made to expected performance standard.
Inspection should be carried out by competent persons
 a. Most of inspections requires only basic competence
– knowledge of the workplace, working conditions
and ability to ask questions- he should be
independent
b. For some inspections certification to a specific
standard is required: - scaffolding, confined space,
radiation
Routine: general working conditions
Statutory: - inspection to fulfil a legal requirement –
12months a crane (LOLER)
Periodic: tools and equipment - manufactures
instruction, condition of the equipment, age of the
equipment
Pre-use checks: daily inspections carried out by the
operator/worker before using the equipment/job
Factors to consider when carrying out an inspection:
1. Date and time of the inspection
2. Type of inspection – routine, periodic, statutory
3. Whether the inspection is for the site, building,
equipment
4. Who will be the inspector
5. Is he competent
6. Is any training required
7. Objectivity of the inspection – he should be able to ask
questions and act impartially
8. Frequency of inspection
9. Who will be responsible for the issues identified
10. Timescales and priorities
11. Is a checklist required
12. Topics should be in the inspection
13. Documentation/records
Checklist:
 It will result in systematic and thorough inspections
  There is no chance of forgetting/missing anything during
the inspection
 Record/documented – evidence
 Saves time
 It will give you instant results
 You can compare with previous checklist also
 It can adapt to any process
 We can train new workers/employees/inspectors – on
how to do the inspection
 If you forget to mention anything in the cehclist it will
completely be ignore during the inspection
 Tick box mentality
 Detailed information
 Misused – incompetent person can also do the
inspection
 Over reliance
 Outdated which might require a review and update
Factors that decide the frequency of inspection
1. Accident rates –
2. Near miss rates
3. Company’s policy
4. Complaints from the workers
5. Changes in the workplace, tech, equipment
6. Activities – high/low risk activities
7. Enforcement actions/notices
8. Legal requirements
9. Manufacturers recommendations
10. Hazardous substances
11. Previous inspections can suggest next inspection
date
12. Risk assessments can also suggest the frequency of
inspection
13. Type of the equipment
14. Age of the equipment
2. Safety Survey: detailed inspection on any specific
issue
3. Safety sampling: 100 fire extinguishers in the site -
randomly pick 20 extinguishers and check
4. Safety tours / walk arounds – unscheduled/informal
inspections carried out by a group team – including your
managers
5. Bench marking: learning from similar
organisaitons/industry best practice
6. Health surveillance: dust, noise, vibration, radiation -
health issues /diagnose any health issues in the early
stage

Incident: any unplanned or undesired or unwanted

event/occurrence
Accident: an incident which results in injury, damage,
death of ill-health
Near miss: an incident, where no loss or no damage
occurs, but it had the potential to do so
Dangerous occurrence: a specified event, which needs
to be reported to relevant authority by law
Reporting
Injuries
Diseases
Dangerous
Occurrence
Regulation 2013
Work related ill-health (physical and
psychological) : any ill-health causes due to the work
Investigation:
Why investigating incidents
1. To prevent recurrence of the accident/repeat accidents
2. To find out the causes of the accident – immediate,
underlying and root cause
3. To collect evidence
4. To take corrective actions
5. To improve the risk controls
6. For insurance purpose
7. To demonstrate commitment
8. To improve safety culture
9. To prevent future accidents and injuries
10. To protect workers health and life
11. For civil claims
12. To reduce the costs
13. To improve workers morale
14. To take disciplinary actions
15. To update the risk assessments
16. To update the policy
17. To discover trends and patterns
18. To avoid/prevent/reduce the enforcement actions
19. Legal requirement
How will you decide whether an accident requires –
Consequence/severity of the accident
Likelihood of recurrence
HSG 245
Worker was hit by a truck while crossing the road, which
resulted in severe head injury and fractures.
There are no proper barriers to prevent the workers from
running into the vehicle ways –
Walkways are blocked with the waste and there are no
proper signages in the workplace and the drivers over
speed and use mobile phones while driving
Who will investigate
 Minimal: carried by a nominated person by the health
and safety team
 Low: member of health and safety team will
investigate the accident – to find out the causes and
to learn lessons and corrective actions to prevent
recurrence – report is prepared
 Medium: Head of health and safety will investigate
the accident – to find out the causes and to learn
lessons and corrective actions to prevent recurrence –
report is prepared
 High: group or team – managers, head of health and
safety, head department - to find out the causes and
 to learn lessons and corrective actions to prevent
recurrence – report is prepared.
How to carryout investigation:
 Do not enter the accident scene, if it is unsafe
 Look after the injured person and bring him to a
comfortable position
 Provide first aid / immediately inform it to the first aid
 Call the emergency services/ambulance
 Report the accident to the managers or supervisors
 Report the accident to external parties – family,
enforcement agency and insurance company
 Tell other people stay away for the scene
 Preserve the accident scene / barricade the
area/conrdon off the accident area
 Record the details of the accident as soon as possible –
memories can fade out – taking photographs, videos,
witness details

1. Gather information: Collecting evidence

a. Physical evidence: damaged equipment,
machinery, tools, materials on the floor, spills,
measurements, site layout CCTV
b. Document evidence: so then safety policy risk
assessments safe systems of work training records
communication records accident reports previous
investigation reports active monitoring data records
of enforcement action consultation reports
communication records TBT reports permit to work
records attendance registers login registers all these
will come under documentation
c. Human evidence: witness (interviewing)
i. Interview should be conducted in a private room
in the organisaiton, which is comfortable to the
witness
 ii. Build a rapport by asking general questions
iii. Explain the purpose of the interview – find out
the causes and make improvements in the
workplace, but not to punish or to blame some
one
iv. Witness might break down – provide them moral
support
v. Do not Force the witness to answer
vi. Ask open ended questions
vii. Probe if needed
viii. Record the statement of the witness -
ix. Review the notes
x. Thank you for your co-operation and
understanding
xi. Breaks in between
2. Analyse the information:
a. Immediate cause: - unsafe actions and unsafe
conditions that resulted in the accident
b. Underlying cause:- the reasons behind the unsafe
acts and unsafe conditions
c.Root cause: - reasons behind the underlying
cause
Accident occurred in the workplace – because the
driver was using mobile phone
Immediate cause: unsafe act - driver using mobile while
driving – WHY?
Underlying cause: unaware about the site rules due to
poor induction training, no prohibition signs - WHY?
ROOT: procedures for inductions, poor risk assessment
procedures
Root cause analysis: - WHY?
3. Identify the risk controls:
 a. Short term controls – immediate cause – install a
sign board in the organisation, take a disciplinary
action on the worker
b. Long term controls – underlying and root causes –
provide a detailed induction training, training on
safe driving, caryy out a specific RA on vehicle
operations and update ht policy and procedures
4. Develop an action plan and implement the
controls:
Recommend Responsible Target date Priority
ed Action person
Installing Site 1 day high
prohibition supervisor
sign - mobile
training on Training co- 10 days high
safe driving ordinate

Reporting accidents
It is legal requirement to report some accidents
To preserve the accident scene
Gather evidence
To trigger the provision of first aid
To enable an investigation to be carried out

OSHA HSE.GOV.UK
 Work related death should  Not all the accidents have
be reported within 8hrs to be reported, only those
 Major injury accidents mentioned in the RIDDOR
should be reported within need to be reported
24 hrs  Work related deaths need
 Name of the org., date and to be reported as soon as
time, location, persons possible/immediately
involved, material or  Major injuries have to be
equipment, description, reported within 10days
name of the person  Name of the org., date and
reporting the accident time, location, persons
 Helpline number, involved, material or
 Online reporting form equipment, description,
 Visit the nearest Osha name of the person
office reporting the accident
 Filling the forms on the hse
website, calling their
number

Barriers for reporting incidents

• Unclear organizational policy.
• No reporting system in place.
• Culture of not reporting (peer pressure).
• Overly complicated reporting procedures.
• Excessive paperwork.
• Takes too much time.
• Blame culture.
• Apathy – poor management response.
• Concern over impact on organization/individuals.
• Reluctance to receive first aid.

Health and safety Audit:

To check whether the HSMS is working effectively and
efficiently
Inspection Audits
Workplace, equipment, Documents, interview,
building, machinery observe the workplace
Cheap High level of competence
Less time consuming More time
Inspection is a part of audit Costly
Does not heck legal Verify standards
standards
Basic competence

Internal purpose – internal auditor / external auditor

Benefits and limitations of
External Purpose – ISO
Audit process:
1. Planning stage/pre-audit preparation
a. Date and time
b. Who will be the auditor
c. Is he competent
d. Is any training to the auditor
e. Is the audit for all the sites of 1 site
f. Is it H&S audit or environmental audit
g. What resources will be required during the audits
h. Who will assist the auditor Who will accommodate
the auditor
2. Information gathering on the day of the audit,
the auditor will come and collect information –
observations, inspections, go through the documents
and interviewing workers – they will analyse and check
whether the HSMS in the organisaiton is effectively
working.
3. End of the Audit: audit report is prepared

Major non-conformance: - If there is a major breach in the

health and safety standard which could result in a serious
workplace accident or the breakdown of entire health and
safety management system – in ISO terms, certification will
not be granted
Minor non-conformance: where there is a minor breach in
the health and safety standard which will not result in a
serious workplace accident or not result in the breakdown of
system. In ISO terms certification is granted but
improvements are recommended
Observations: no breaches -ISO terms certification will be
granted

Why we should review H&S performance