MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DIGEST

2024

Mechanical Engineering
Digest

TOPIC WISE MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS

HRIDOY BOSUNIA RUET ME 1502078

RUET ME’15
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Table of Contents
Fluid mechanics .......................................................................................................................................... 10
Viscosity .................................................................................................................................................. 10
Surface Tension ....................................................................................................................................... 16
Capillary Effect ........................................................................................................................................ 17
Continuity Equation ................................................................................................................................ 19
Pressure Conversion ............................................................................................................................... 24
Pressure at certain height ....................................................................................................................... 29
Bernoulli Equation for Pipe System ........................................................................................................ 32
Manometer ............................................................................................................................................. 57
Inverted manometer ........................................................................................................................... 88
Inclined Manometer ........................................................................................................................... 90
Hydraulic lift ............................................................................................................................................ 91
Specific gravity ........................................................................................................................................ 93
Flow Meters ............................................................................................................................................ 97
Orifice meter ....................................................................................................................................... 97
Venturi meter.................................................................................................................................... 101
Stagnation property .............................................................................................................................. 108
Pitot tube .............................................................................................................................................. 117
Reynold Number ................................................................................................................................... 125
Head loss when fluid Flow Through pipe .............................................................................................. 130
Mejor loss or Darcy-Weisbach Equation........................................................................................... 130
Minor loss.......................................................................................................................................... 153
Series & Parallel Connection of pipe..................................................................................................... 157
Equivalent Pipeline ............................................................................................................................... 163
Most Economic cross-section ............................................................................................................... 164
Drag Force ............................................................................................................................................. 168
Jet velocity ............................................................................................................................................ 176
Velocity of sound .................................................................................................................................. 179
Mach number........................................................................................................................................ 180
Area Velocity Relation........................................................................................................................... 182
Velocity of flow ..................................................................................................................................... 183
Hydraulic Diameter ............................................................................................................................... 184

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Hydrostatic Force .................................................................................................................................. 185

Buoyancy and Flotation ........................................................................................................................ 204
Maximum velocity of flow .................................................................................................................... 205
Energy and Hydraulic gradient line ....................................................................................................... 209
Dimensionless Number Used in Fluid mechanics ................................................................................. 210
Fluid machinery ........................................................................................................................................ 211
Unit Characteristics ............................................................................................................................... 211
Specific speed ....................................................................................................................................... 211
Multistage Centrifugal Pump ................................................................................................................ 219
Similarity/Model test ............................................................................................................................ 222
Pump ................................................................................................................................................. 249
Impulse or Pelton wheel Turbine .......................................................................................................... 254
Design of impulse turbine ................................................................................................................. 260
Turbine Power....................................................................................................................................... 261
Wind turbine ......................................................................................................................................... 262
Pump power .......................................................................................................................................... 263
Pump & Motor ...................................................................................................................................... 270
Degree of Reaction ............................................................................................................................... 275
Reciprocating Pump .............................................................................................................................. 275
Co-efficient of discharge and slip .......................................................................................................... 275
Centrifugal Pump .................................................................................................................................. 286
Pump Characteristics Curve .................................................................................................................. 291
Number of Pump Required ................................................................................................................... 295
NPSH ..................................................................................................................................................... 296
Compressor ........................................................................................................................................... 298
Number of compressors required......................................................................................................... 303
Power Plant .............................................................................................................................................. 305
Hydroelectric power plant .................................................................................................................... 305
Thermal Power Plant............................................................................................................................. 314
Boiler Draught ................................................................................................................................... 314
Boiler efficiency................................................................................................................................. 318
Steam quality .................................................................................................................................... 324
Cooling Tower ....................................................................................................................................... 325

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Gas Turbine Power plant....................................................................................................................... 326

Regeneration of Gas turbine ............................................................................................................. 335
Inter Cooling Of Gas turbine ............................................................................................................. 335
Reheating of Gas turbine .................................................................................................................. 337
Heat rate ............................................................................................................................................... 340
Power plant Economics......................................................................................................................... 343
Solid Mechanics ........................................................................................................................................ 374
Normal Stress ........................................................................................................................................ 374
Shear stress ........................................................................................................................................... 383
Bearing Stress........................................................................................................................................ 389
Thin wall pressure Vessel ...................................................................................................................... 391
No of Bolt required ............................................................................................................................... 409
Strain/Hook’s Law ................................................................................................................................. 415
Statically Indeterminate Members ....................................................................................................... 429
Spring Elongation .................................................................................................................................. 435
Percentage of elongation ...................................................................................................................... 441
Stress strain Curve ................................................................................................................................ 442
Poisson ratio & Modulus of elasticity ................................................................................................... 453
Resilience or Strain Energy ................................................................................................................... 460
Thermal stress ....................................................................................................................................... 461
Hoop Stress ........................................................................................................................................... 483
Torque ................................................................................................................................................... 484
Torsional stress ..................................................................................................................................... 485
SFD & BMD ............................................................................................................................................ 521
Simple supported beam with point load .......................................................................................... 521
Simple supported with uniformly distributed................................................................................... 525
Simple supported with uniformly varied load .................................................................................. 529
Overhanging beam with point load .................................................................................................. 530
Cantilever with point load................................................................................................................. 534
Cantilever with uniformly distributed load....................................................................................... 538
Shear stress theory ............................................................................................................................... 542
Principal stress ...................................................................................................................................... 542
Combine stress...................................................................................................................................... 546

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Column .................................................................................................................................................. 547

Flexural stress or Stress in Beam .......................................................................................................... 560
Machine Design ........................................................................................................................................ 579
Factor of safety ..................................................................................................................................... 579
Stress Concentration ............................................................................................................................. 580
Stress concentration factor................................................................................................................... 581
Theories of failure ................................................................................................................................. 581
Fatigue Failure....................................................................................................................................... 584
Spring design ......................................................................................................................................... 588
Mechanics ................................................................................................................................................. 591
Statics: ................................................................................................................................................... 591
Equilibrium Forces in a Plane ............................................................................................................ 591
Rigid Bodies: Equivalent Systems of Forces ...................................................................................... 598
Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies ............................................................................................................... 599
Centroid determination .................................................................................................................... 617
Analysis Of Structure......................................................................................................................... 630
Analysis of frame............................................................................................................................... 634
Friction .............................................................................................................................................. 637
Moment of inertia of an Area ........................................................................................................... 660
Radius of gyration ............................................................................................................................. 662
Dynamics ............................................................................................................................................... 664
Low of motion ................................................................................................................................... 664
Dependent Motion............................................................................................................................ 666
Tangential and normal component of motion.................................................................................. 669
Minimum Radius of Curvature: ......................................................................................................... 672
Projectile ........................................................................................................................................... 672
Conservation of Energy ..................................................................................................................... 672
Impact ............................................................................................................................................... 677
Velocity vector diagram .................................................................................................................... 680
Angular velocity of rod ...................................................................................................................... 680
Thermodynamics ...................................................................................................................................... 683
1st law of thermodynamics.................................................................................................................... 683
1st law of thermodynamics for Open System (control Volume) ....................................................... 689

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

1st Law of thermodynamics for Closed system (Control Mass) ........................................................ 694
Entropy .............................................................................................................................................. 696
2nd Law of thermodynamics .................................................................................................................. 706
Exergy ................................................................................................................................................ 706
Thermodynamic Cycle........................................................................................................................... 708
Reversible /Irreversible cycle ............................................................................................................ 708
Otto/Petrol cycle ............................................................................................................................... 709
Diesel cycle ........................................................................................................................................ 717
Gas Power Cycle ................................................................................................................................ 728
Vapor Power Cycle ............................................................................................................................ 739
Combustion of fuel................................................................................................................................ 746
Minimum volume of air required...................................................................................................... 754
Excess air supplied ............................................................................................................................ 755
Calorific Value of Fuel ........................................................................................................................... 757
Air fuel Ratio ......................................................................................................................................... 758
Properties of pure substance ................................................................................................................ 763
Ideal Gas................................................................................................................................................ 765
Gas dynamics ........................................................................................................................................ 766
Gas Mixture ........................................................................................................................................... 776
Psychometric......................................................................................................................................... 779
IC engine ................................................................................................................................................... 783
Carnot Engine ........................................................................................................................................ 783
Carnot heat Engine ............................................................................................................................... 788
Engine Performance.............................................................................................................................. 790
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption.......................................................................................................... 805
Engine Dimension ................................................................................................................................. 810
Compression Ratio ................................................................................................................................ 813
Engine Efficiency ................................................................................................................................... 814
Fuel injection......................................................................................................................................... 817
Carburetor............................................................................................................................................. 818
Theory of Machine (TOM) ........................................................................................................................ 819
Power transmission............................................................................................................................... 819
Belt, Pully and chain drive ................................................................................................................. 825

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Flywheel ................................................................................................................................................ 827

Gyroscopic couple ................................................................................................................................. 829
Gear....................................................................................................................................................... 834
Pitch line velocity .............................................................................................................................. 834
Pitch circle ......................................................................................................................................... 836
Gear train .......................................................................................................................................... 838
Driving & Separating force on reciprocating pats ............................................................................. 845
Clearance tolerance & Allowance ......................................................................................................... 847
Tool life ................................................................................................................................................. 850
Inertia force on reciprocating pats ....................................................................................................... 850
Vibration ................................................................................................................................................... 854
Vibration related terminology .............................................................................................................. 854
Mathematical Modeling of Mechanical System ................................................................................... 857
Natural frequency ................................................................................................................................. 867
Damping Co-efficient ............................................................................................................................ 873
Logarithmic Decrement ........................................................................................................................ 874
Serial & Parallel connection of spring ................................................................................................... 878
Natural frequency of free transverse vibration .................................................................................... 883
Natural frequency of torsional vibration .............................................................................................. 886
Critical damping .................................................................................................................................... 888
Refrigeration............................................................................................................................................. 889
Refrigeration Cycle ................................................................................................................................ 889
Reversed Carnot Cycle ...................................................................................................................... 889
Vapor Compressor Refrigeration Cycle ............................................................................................. 893
Vapor Absorption Refrigeration system ........................................................................................... 895
Cascade Refrigeration system ........................................................................................................... 899
Gas Refrigeration system .................................................................................................................. 901
Performance of Refrigeration ............................................................................................................... 902
COP.................................................................................................................................................... 902
Unit of Refrigeration ............................................................................................................................. 923
TOR .................................................................................................................................................... 923
Quantity of the refrigerant ................................................................................................................... 926
Heat Pump ............................................................................................................................................ 927

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Thermoelectric ...................................................................................................................................... 932

Duct Design ........................................................................................................................................... 935
Heat Transfer ............................................................................................................................................ 941
Modes of Heat Transfer ........................................................................................................................ 941
Fourier Low of heat conduction ........................................................................................................ 946
Convection ........................................................................................................................................ 953
Radiation ........................................................................................................................................... 955
Radiation effect on temperature measurement .............................................................................. 959
Combine heat transfer .......................................................................................................................... 959
Specific Heat ......................................................................................................................................... 963
Heat transfer through composite wall .................................................................................................. 965
Thermal Contact Resistance ................................................................................................................. 981
Heat transfer through cylindrical pipe .................................................................................................. 983
Heat transfer through spheres.............................................................................................................. 991
Overall Heat transfer Co-efficient ......................................................................................................... 994
Overall heat transfers Co-efficient for Tube ......................................................................................... 999
Heat Generated in a Solid ................................................................................................................... 1000
Critical thickness of insulation ............................................................................................................ 1002
Fin........................................................................................................................................................ 1007
Lumped System ................................................................................................................................... 1009
Newton law of cooling ........................................................................................................................ 1026
Heat Exchangers.................................................................................................................................. 1027
LMTD ............................................................................................................................................... 1027
Heat exchanger Area....................................................................................................................... 1038
Exit temperature determination ..................................................................................................... 1054
Number of tubes required in a Heat Exchanger ............................................................................. 1057
Natural convection.............................................................................................................................. 1059
Atmospheric and solar radiation ........................................................................................................ 1068
Radiation between two gray surfaces ................................................................................................ 1071
Radiation shield................................................................................................................................... 1073
View Factor ......................................................................................................................................... 1079
Nusselt Number .................................................................................................................................. 1082
Dimensionless Number used in Heat and mass transfer (Cengel 2nd Edition heat Transfer) ............. 1083

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Instrumentation ..................................................................................................................................... 1085

Flow measurement: ............................................................................................................................ 1085
Rotameter ....................................................................................................................................... 1085
Orifice meter ................................................................................................................................... 1085
Venturi meter.................................................................................................................................. 1085
Ultrasonic Flow meter..................................................................................................................... 1085
Temperature measurement: .............................................................................................................. 1086
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) ........................................................................................ 1086
Thermistors ..................................................................................................................................... 1086
RTD VS Thermistor .......................................................................................................................... 1086
Thermocouple ................................................................................................................................. 1086
Pressure measurement: ...................................................................................................................... 1086
Electrical Circuit ...................................................................................................................................... 1088
Circuit analysis .................................................................................................................................... 1088
Y-Delta Conversion.............................................................................................................................. 1088
Electrical Machine .................................................................................................................................. 1089
Drawing................................................................................................................................................... 1090
Types of line ........................................................................................................................................ 1090
Orthographic ....................................................................................................................................... 1092
Isometric ............................................................................................................................................. 1122
Sectional view ..................................................................................................................................... 1131
Volume determination........................................................................................................................ 1156
Diagram .................................................................................................................................................. 1160
Fluid..................................................................................................................................................... 1160
Heat ..................................................................................................................................................... 1160
Boiling ................................................................................................................................................. 1161
Automobile ......................................................................................................................................... 1163
Power plant ......................................................................................................................................... 1163
Steam or Rankine ............................................................................................................................ 1163
Gas or Brayton Cycle ....................................................................................................................... 1167
Combine Cycle................................................................................................................................. 1168
Nuclear Power................................................................................................................................. 1170
Stress-strain diagram .......................................................................................................................... 1170

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

PUMP .................................................................................................................................................. 1173

Compressor ......................................................................................................................................... 1175
Turbine ................................................................................................................................................ 1176
Refrigeration ....................................................................................................................................... 1176
Vapor Compression ......................................................................................................................... 1176
Vapor absorption ............................................................................................................................ 1177
Cascade ........................................................................................................................................... 1178
Gas Refrigeration ............................................................................................................................ 1179
Psychometric....................................................................................................................................... 1179
IC Engine ............................................................................................................................................. 1180
SI Engine .......................................................................................................................................... 1180
CI Engine.......................................................................................................................................... 1180
Exceptional/Miscellaneous .................................................................................................................... 1181
Theory ..................................................................................................................................................... 1189
Automobile ......................................................................................................................................... 1189
Refrigeration and air Conditioning ..................................................................................................... 1190
Management....................................................................................................................................... 1192
Gear..................................................................................................................................................... 1192
Instrument .......................................................................................................................................... 1192
Thermodynamics ................................................................................................................................ 1192
Power Plant ......................................................................................................................................... 1193
Thermocouple ..................................................................................................................................... 1194
Fluid..................................................................................................................................................... 1194
Solid..................................................................................................................................................... 1194
Manufacturing process ....................................................................................................................... 1196
Material............................................................................................................................................... 1196
Mechanics ........................................................................................................................................... 1196
Electrical machine ............................................................................................................................... 1196
Nuclear Power Plant ........................................................................................................................... 1197
Heat transfer ....................................................................................................................................... 1197
Writing ability ......................................................................................................................................... 1197

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Fluid mechanics
Viscosity
ⅆ𝑣
𝜏=𝑢
ⅆ𝑦
𝐹 ⅆ𝑣
=𝑢
𝐴 ⅆ𝑦
F circular motion এ থাকলে 𝑇 = 𝐹𝑟, inclined হলে 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃

BUET Lecture
1. Razzaque Sir Lecture Example 1+ BUET MSC-2018: A 60𝑐𝑚 wide belt moves as shown. Calculate
the horsepower requirement assuming a linear velocity profile in the 10℃ water.

2. Razzaque Sir Lecture Exercise 2.54: Calculate the approximate viscosity of the oil.

3. Razzaque Sir Lecture: Calculate the approximate power lost in friction in this ship propeller shaft
bearing.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Example from different book

1. What should be the lubricant viscosity between sleeve & weight? [𝑨𝒏𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝑵. 𝑺/𝒎𝟐 ]

2. Streeter 1.15: Determine the Viscosity of fluid between shaft & Sleeve.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

[𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟒 𝑵. 𝑺/𝒎𝟐 ]

3. Find µ

[𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟗 𝑵. 𝑺/𝒎𝟐 ]

4. What would be the fluid viscosity between shaft and sleeve to rotate at a rate of 500rpm

𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟒𝟎𝑵. 𝑺/𝒎𝟐

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

5. The dynamic viscosity of oil, used for lubrication between a shaft and sleeve is 6 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒. The shaft
is of diameter 0.4𝑚 and rotates at 190𝑟𝑝𝑚. Calculate the power lost in the bearing for a sleeve
length of 90𝑚𝑚. The thickness of the oil film is 1.5𝑚𝑚.

6. Quamrul sir example 6.3: In a journal of diameter 60.16𝑚𝑚 and length 100𝑚𝑚 a shaft of diameter
60𝑚𝑚 rotates concentrically at a speed of 700𝑟𝑝𝑚. The annular space between the shaft and the
bearing is filled with oil having viscosity of 0.01𝑁𝑠/𝑚2. Find the power required to rotate the shaft.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

7. A shaft 100𝑚𝑚 diameter runs in a bearing of length 200𝑚𝑚 with a radial clearance of 0.025𝑚𝑚
at 30𝑟𝑝𝑚. Find the viscosity of the oil, if the power required to overcome the viscous resistance is
183.94𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠.

8. Cengel Fluid Example-2.5: The viscosity of a fluid is to be determined by a viscosity meter

constructed of two 40𝑐𝑚 long concentric cylinders. The outer diameter of the inner cylinder is
12𝑐𝑚 and the gap between the two cylinders is 0.15𝑐𝑚, the inner cylinder is rotated at 300𝑟𝑝𝑚
and the torque is measured to be 1.8𝑁. 𝑀. Determine the viscosity of the fluid.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

9. For a fluid flow over horizontal flat plate the velocity distribution is given by 𝑢 = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 . The
absolute viscosity of the fluid is 0.9𝑁𝑠/𝑚2 . Determine shear stress of this fluid of 𝑦 = 0.2𝑚

10. A certain oil of density 720𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 is following through a pipe. At a certain point shear stress is
0.25𝑁/𝑚2 and the velocity gradient at that Point is 0.21 per second. Find the kinematic viscosity
of the oil.

11. The flat plate is pulled with a velocity of 0.55𝑚/𝑠 relative to another fixed plate located at a
distance 𝑜𝑓 0.3𝑚𝑚 from it. If a force of 1.95𝑁/𝑚2 is required to maintain this speed, find the
absolute viscosity of the fluid in between the two plates.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Surface Tension
2𝜎𝑠
Excess pressure inside a spherical droplet ∆𝑃𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡 =
𝑅
4𝜎𝑠
Excess Pressure inside a soap bubble ∆𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑎𝑝 𝑏𝑢𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑅

Where 𝜎𝑠 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

BUET Lecture
1. Razzaque Sir Lecture Example 5: A 2𝑚𝑚 diameter glass tube is inserted as shown, in water at
15℃. Determine the length that the water will climb up the tube. The water makes a contact
angle of 0° with the clean glass.

Example from different book

1. Find the force required to lift a thin wire of 50𝑚𝑚 in a diameter from water surface. The surface
tension of wire in contact with air is 0.0728𝑁/𝑚. Neglect the weight of the wire.
𝐹 4𝜎
𝑃= =
𝐴 𝑟

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

𝐹 4𝜎
2
=
𝜋𝑟 𝑟
𝐹 = 𝜋𝑟 × 4𝜎 = 2ⅆ𝜋𝜎 = 2 × 0.05 × 𝜋 × 0.07280 = 0.0229𝑁

2. The atmospheric pressure outside a droplet of water of diameter 1.5𝑚𝑚 is 101.3𝐾𝑃𝑎. Find the
pressure within the droplet if the surface tension is given 𝑎𝑠 0.072𝑁/𝑚 of water
2𝜎 4𝜎 4 × 0.072
𝑃= = = = 0.192𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝑟 ⅆ 0.0015
Pressure inside the droplet, 𝑃1 = 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0.192 + 101.3 = 101.49𝐾𝑃𝑎
.

Capillary Effect
2𝜎𝑠
Capillary rise or drop ℎ = cos ∅
𝜌𝑔𝑅

Where ∅ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Cengel Example 2-6: A 0.6𝑚𝑚 diameter is inserted into water at 20℃ in a cup. Determine the
capillary rise of water in the tube as shown in figure. At 20℃ take surface tension of water as
0.073𝑁/𝑚 and density of water as 1000𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 and contact angle as 0°

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

2. Cengel Exercise 2-103: A 1.2𝑚𝑚-diameter tube is inserted into an unknown liquid whose density
is 960 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and it is observed that the liquid rises 5𝑚𝑚 in the tube, making a contact angle of
15°. Determine the surface tension of the liquid

3. Cengel Exercise 2-108: A capillary tube is immersed vertically in a water container. Knowing that
water starts to evaporate when the pressure drops below 2𝑘𝑃𝑎, determine the maximum
capillary rise and tube diameter for this maximum-rise case. Take the contact angle at the inner
wall of the tube to 𝑏𝑒 6°and the surface tension to be 1.00 𝑁/𝑚.

4. Cengel Exercise 2-110: Nutrients dissolved in water are carried to upper parts of plants by tiny
tubes partly because of the capillary effect. Determine how high the water solution will rise in a
tree in a 0.0026𝑚𝑚-diameter tube as a result of the capillary effect. Treat the solution as water
at 20°𝐶 with contact angle of 15°.

5. A 2𝑚𝑚 diameter clean glass tube inserted in water at 15℃. Determine the height that the water
will climb up the tube. The water makes a contact angle of 0° with the clean glass. Take surface
tension as 0.0741𝑁/𝑚
4𝜎 4 × 0.0741
ℎ= = = 0.0151𝑚 = 15.1𝑚𝑚
𝜌𝑔ⅆ 1000 × 9.81 × 0.002

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Continuity Equation
Compressible flow (density constant) এর জন্য 𝑣1 𝐴1 = 𝑣2 𝐴2 = 𝑣3 𝐴3

Incompressible flow (density change হয়) 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2

BUET Lecture
1. Razzaque Sir LEcture Example 4.1+ RPCL 2019: Water flows at a uniform velocity of 3𝑚/𝑠 into a
nozzle that reduces the diameter from 10 to 2 cm. Calculate the water velocity leaving the nozzle
& the flow rate [𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟕𝟓𝒎/𝒔, 𝑸𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝒎𝟑 /𝒔]

Example from different book

1. Cengel Ex 5-9: A 0.75𝑚3 rigid tank initially contains air whose density is 1.18 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . The tank is
connected to a high-pressure supply line through a valve. The valve is opened, and air is allowed
to enter the tank until the density in the tank rises to 4.95 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . Determine the mass of air
that has entered the Tank

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

2. Cengel 5-12: A desktop computer is to be cooled by a fan whose flow rate is 0.40𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛.
Determine the mass flow rate of air through the fan at an elevation of 3400𝑚 where the air
density is 0.7𝑘𝑔/𝑚3. Also, if the average velocity of air is not to exceed 110 𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛, determine
the minimum diameter of the casing of the fan. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠: 0.00467 𝑘𝑔/𝑠, 0.0569 𝑚

3. Cengel Exercise 5.15: Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2.21𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 and 20𝑚/𝑠 and leaves at
0.762𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and 150𝑚/𝑠. If the inlet area of the nozzle is 60𝑐𝑚2 determine (𝑎) The mass flow
rate through the nozzle and (𝑏) the exit area of the nozzle

4. Cengel Exercise 5.16: Air at 40℃ flow steadily through the pipe shown in figure. If 𝑃1 =
50𝐾𝑃𝑎(𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒), 𝑃2 = 10𝐾𝑃𝑎 (𝐺𝑎𝑔𝑒) 𝐷 = 3ⅆ, 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 100𝐾𝑃𝑎, the average velocity at section 2
is 𝑉2 = 30𝑚/𝑠 and air temperature remain nearly constant, determine the average speed at
section 1

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5. Cengel Thermo Ex 2-121: Windmills slow the air and cause it to fill a larger channel as it passes
through the blades. Consider a circular windmill with a 7m diameter rotor in 8𝑚/𝑠 wind on a day
when the atmospheric pressure is 100𝑘𝑃𝑎 and the temperature is 20℃. The wind speed behind
the windmill is measured at 6.5𝑚/𝑠. Determine the diameter of the wind channel downstream
from the rotor and the power produced by this windmill, presuming that the air is incompressible

6. Cengel Exercise 5.17: A hair dryer is basically a duct of constant diameter in which a few layers of
electric resistor are placed. A small fan pulls the air in and forces it through the resistors where it
is heated. If the density of air is 1.20𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 at the inlet and 1.05𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 at the exit, determine
the percent increase in velocity of air as it flows through the hair dryer

7. Cengel thermo Ex 5-7: Air enters a 28𝑐𝑚 diameter pipe steadily at 200𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 20℃ with a
velocity of 5𝑚/𝑠. Air is heated as it flows, and leaves the pipe at 180𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 40℃. Determine

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(𝑎) the volume flow rate of air at the inlet, (𝑏) the mass flow rate of air, and (𝑐) the velocity and
volume flow rate at the exit.

8. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 𝐸𝑥 − 5 − 8𝐸: A steady flow compressor is used to compress helium from
15𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 and 70℉ at the inlet to 200 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 and 600℉ at the outlet. The outlet area and velocity
are 0.01 𝑓𝑡 2 and 100𝑓𝑡/𝑠, respectively, and the inlet velocity is 50𝑓𝑡/𝑠. Determine the mass flow
rate and the inlet area. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠: 0.0704 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑠, 0.133 𝑓𝑡 2

Job Exam Question

1. 𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒉 𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒌 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟗: Water flows through a pipe of radius 8𝑐𝑚 with a velocity of 10𝑚/𝑠.
when water enters a 3𝑐𝑚 radius pipe what is the velocity of water in 3𝑐𝑚 radius pipe?
[𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟕𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝒎/𝒔]

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2. 𝑩𝒂𝒌𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒅 𝟐𝟏 + 𝑩𝑮𝑭𝑪𝑳 𝟐𝟏: A gas is flowing through a stack at 300°𝐹 and flow rate is
1000𝑠𝑐𝑓𝑚. The outlet area is 1𝑓𝑡 2 . If there is no pressure drop inside the stack, then find the
outlet velocity of the gas. The Standard condition is 70°𝐹 and 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚. [𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟐𝟑. 𝟗𝟏𝒇𝒕/𝒔]

Applying continuity equation, 1000𝑓𝑡 3

Given, 𝑄1 = 1000scfm = = 16.67ft3/s,
𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2 ⇒ 𝜌1 𝑄1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2 𝑚𝑖𝑛
A2 = 1ft2, T1 = 70°F = 530R, T2 = 300°F = 760R
𝑃1
𝑄
𝜌1 𝑄1 𝑅𝑇1 1 𝑄1 𝑇2 16⋅67×760𝑅
⇒ 𝑉2 = 𝜌2 𝐴2
= 𝑃2 = 𝐴2 𝑇1
= 1×530𝑅
=
𝐴
𝑅𝑇2 2
23.90 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

3. 𝑴𝑷𝑳 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏: Water flows through a parallel pipe with a diameter and length of 500𝑚𝑚 and
400𝑚 for pipe 1, 600𝑚𝑚 and 600𝑚 for pipe 2. The friction factor is 0.002 and the pressure
difference between section 1 and 2 is 0.2𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 find 𝑄

4. 𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒉 𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒌 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟗 Water flows through a pipe of radius 8𝑐𝑚 with a velocity of 10𝑚/𝑠.
When water enters a 3𝑐𝑚 radius pipe what is the velocity of water in 3𝑐𝑚 radius pipe?
[𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟕𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝒎/𝒔]

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5. 𝑩𝒂𝒌𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒅 𝟐𝟏 + 𝑩𝑮𝑭𝑪𝑳 𝟐𝟏 A gas is flowing through a stack at 300°𝐹 and flow rate is
1000𝑠𝑐𝑓𝑚. The outlet area is 1𝑓𝑡 2 . If there is no pressure drop inside the stack, then find the
outlet velocity of the gas. The Standard condition is 70°𝐹 and 1 atm. [𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟐𝟑. 𝟗𝟏𝒇𝒕/𝒔]

Applying continuity equation, 1000𝑓𝑡 3

Given, 𝑄1 = 1000scfm = = 16.67ft3/s,
𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2 ⇒ 𝜌1 𝑄1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2 𝑚𝑖𝑛
A2 = 1ft2, T1 = 70°F = 530R, T2 = 300°F = 760R
𝑃1
𝑄
𝜌 𝑄 𝑅𝑇1 1 𝑄1 𝑇2 16⋅67×760𝑅
⇒ 𝑉2 = 𝜌1𝐴1 = 𝑃2 = 𝐴2 𝑇1
= 1×530𝑅
=
2 2 𝐴
𝑅𝑇2 2
23.90 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

Pressure Conversion

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚

Example from different book

1. 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒍 𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑. 𝟏 A vacuum gage connected to a chamber reads
5.8𝑝𝑠𝑖 at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 14.5𝑝𝑠𝑖. Determine the absolute pressure
in the chamber. [𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟖. 𝟕𝒑𝒔𝒊]

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2. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 3.24: Water from a reservoir is raised in a vertical tube of internal diameter 𝐷 =
30𝑐𝑚 under the influence of the pulling force 𝐹 of a piston. Determine the force needed to raise
the water to a height of ℎ = 1.5𝑚 above the free surface. Take atmospheric pressure as 95𝐾𝑃𝑎
and density of water as 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

3. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 3.26: A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless piston cylinder device. The piston has a
mass of 4𝑘𝑔 and a cross sectional area of 35𝑐𝑚2 . A compressed spring above the piston exerts a
force of 60𝑁 on the piston. If the atmospheric pressure is 95𝑘𝑃𝑎, determine the pressure inside
the cylinder. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 123.4𝑘𝑃𝑎

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

4. 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒍 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝟑. 𝟓𝟒 + 𝑺𝑮𝑭𝑪𝑳 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎 Two chambers with the same fluid at their base are
separated by a piston whose weight is 25𝑁, as shown, Calculate the gage pressure in chambers
𝐴 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝐵.

[𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑷𝑨 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟔. 𝟏𝟕𝑷𝒂, 𝑷𝑩 = −𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟖. 𝟖𝟑𝑷𝒂]

5. 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟐. 𝟐: The container of the following figure holds water and air. What is the
pressure at 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝐷 in pound per square foot?

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

6. 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟐. 𝟒: The container holds water, air, oil as shown in figure. Calculate the
pressure at 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝐷

[𝑷𝑨 = −𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟔𝑷𝒂, 𝑷𝒃 = 𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟔𝑷𝒂, 𝑷𝒄 = 𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟔𝑷𝒂, 𝑷𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟕𝟓𝑷𝒂]

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7. An open tank contains mercury up to a depth of 0.5𝑚 and above it water of depth 2.5𝑚 and
certain oil of specific gravity 0.86 for a depth of 1.5𝑚. Find the pressure at the interface of
mercury and water and at the bottom of the tank.

Job Exam Question

1. 𝑩𝑬𝑷𝒁𝑨 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔 A pressure gauge measures 25𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 and atmospheric pressure is 1.03𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 and
the value of g is 9.81𝑚/𝑠 2 . Determine absolute pressure. [𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝒃𝒂𝒓]

2. 𝑩𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝟏𝟖: Find the absolute pressure in Pa of 100𝑚𝑚 mercury vacuum pressure.
[𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟗𝟐𝑷𝒂]

3. 𝑫𝑬𝑺𝑪𝑶 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔 A pressure gauge attached to a rigid tank reads a vacuum of 60𝐾𝑃𝑎. If the
atmospheric pressure is 12𝑚 of water column, Find the absolute pressure of air inside the tank
in KPa. [𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟓𝟕. 𝟕𝟐𝑲𝑷𝒂]

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4. 𝑱𝑮𝑭𝑪𝑳 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎. Convert the absolute pressure of vacuum pressure 10𝑚𝑚 of Hg into 𝑁/𝑚2 taking
10.3𝑚 of water as atmospheric pressure. [𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟎𝑲𝑷𝒂]

Pressure at certain height

Example from different book
1. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.5: Find the pressure at a height of 2600𝑚. if the atmospheric
pressure at sea level is 101.39𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 and assuming the air as incompressible. The density of air
is equal to 1.20𝐾𝑔/𝑚3

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2. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.6: Find the height of a mountain if the barometric pressure at sea level
is 760𝑚𝑚 of mercury and that on the top of mountain is 730𝑚𝑚 of mercury. The density of air
is constant and equal to 1.20𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .

3. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.7: The density of air and absolute pressure at a height of 400𝑚 above
sea level 1.17𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and 96𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 respectively. Find the pressure and density of atta of 2400𝑚
from sea level considering isothermal process

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4. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.8: The density of air and absolute pressure at a height of 700𝑚 above
sea level are 1.12𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 and 89.2𝐾𝑛/𝑚2 respectively. Find the pressure and density at a height
of 300𝑚 from sea level considering adiabatic process.

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Bernoulli Equation for Pipe System

𝑝1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑧𝐴 = + + 𝑍 + 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑓𝑙𝑣 2
Here loss =
2𝑔𝑑

32𝜇𝑣𝐿
For laminar flow head loss ℎ𝑓 =
𝜌𝑔𝑑2

BUET Lecture
1. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒: Oil flows through the horizontal pipe under a pressure of 400𝑘𝑃𝑎
and at a velocity of 2.5𝑚/𝑠 at A. Determine the pressure in the pipe 𝐵 if the pressure at 𝐶 is
150𝑘𝑃𝑎. Neglect any elevation difference. Take 𝜌 = 880 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

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2. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 6 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 2: Determine the velocity of the flow out of the vertical
pipes at 𝐴 and 𝐵, if water flows into Tee at 8𝑚/𝑠 and under a pressure of 40𝑘𝑃𝑎

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3. 𝑩𝑼𝑬𝑻 𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒇𝒊𝒒 𝑺𝒊𝒓 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝟖 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝟔: The liquid in the figure below is Kerosene (𝑆𝐺 =
𝑣2
0.8). Estimate the flow rate from the tank for (𝑎) No Losses and (𝑏) Pipe Losses ℎ𝐿 = 4.5 2𝑔

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

4. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 09 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 7: The Electric power input to the pump is 10𝐾𝑊. If the
pump has an efficiency of 80% and the increase in pressure from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is 100𝐾𝑃𝑎, determine
the volumetric flow rate of water through the pump in cases of (𝑎) No head Loss between 𝐴 to 𝐵
(𝑏) Head loss between 𝐴 to 𝐵 is 1.25𝑚.

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5. 𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒇𝒊𝒒 𝑺𝒊𝒓 𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆: Water in the reservoir flows through the 0.2𝑚 diameter pipe at “𝐴” into
the turbine. If the discharge at “𝐵” is 0.5𝑚3 /𝑠, Determine the power output of the turbine for the
following cases. (𝑎) No head loss in the flow system (𝑏) Head loss in the flow system is 0.5𝑚.
Assume the turbine runs with an efficiency of 65%.

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6. 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 8 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 3 + 𝑃ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑀. 𝐺𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚, 5.3.20 +

𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 𝑀𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛 5.118: Water is being pumped from the tank as shown in figure (𝑎). The head
𝑣2
loss is known to be 1.2 2𝑔.Where 𝑣 is the average velocity in the pipe. According to pump
manufacturer the relationship between the pump head and the flow rate is as shown in Fig
(𝑏): ℎ𝑝 = 20 − 2000𝑄 2 . Where ℎ𝑝 is in meter and 𝑄 is in 𝑚3 /𝑠. Determine the flow rate.

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Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Or

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7. 𝑩𝑼𝑬𝑻 𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒇𝒊𝒒 𝒔𝒊𝒓 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝟖 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝟒: Water is drawn from the well at “𝐵” through 75𝑚𝑚
diameter suction pipe and discharged through the pipe of the same size at “𝐴”. If the pump
supplies 1.5𝑘𝑤 of power to the water, determine the velocity of the water when it exits at “𝐴”.
𝑣2
Assume the friction head loss in the pipe system is 1.5 2𝑔, where “𝑉’ is the average velocity of
water through the pipe.

8. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 8 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 5: Water flows steadily downward in the pipe shown in
figure with negligible losses. Determine the flow rate. [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 3.24𝑚3 /𝑠]

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9. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 8 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 − 6: Oil (𝑆𝐺 = 0.9) flows downward through a vertical
pipe contraction as shown in figure. If the Mercury Manometer reading “ℎ” is 100𝑚𝑚, determine
the volume flow rate for frictionless flow. [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0.042𝑚3 /𝑠]

10. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 8 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 7: Water flows from the pipe shown in figure as a jet and
strikes a circular flat plate. The flow geometry us asymmetrical. Determine the flow rate and the
manometric reading “𝐻”

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11. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 09 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 9: The pump in the figure creates a water jet oriented
at 45° (to travel a maximum horizontal distance) System friction head loses are 6.5𝑚. The et may
be approximated by the trajectory of frictionless particles. What power must be delivered by the
pump? How much electrical power is required to run this operation if Pump efficiency is 65%.

12. 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: If viscous effects are neglected and the tank is large, determine the
flowrate from the tank shown in figure.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

13. 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: Air flows steadily through the variable area pipe shown in figure.
Determine the flowrate if viscous and compressibility effects are negligible.

14. 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: Find the velocity 𝑉1 of the water in the vertical pipe shown in figure.
Also determine the volumetric flowrate through the pipe. Assume no losses.

15. 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒: The pump discharges water at “𝐵” at 0.05𝑚3 /𝑠. If the friction head loss
between the intake “𝐴” and the outlet at “𝐵” is 0.9𝑚 and the power inut to the pump is 8𝐾𝑊.
Determine the difference in pressure between 𝐴 and 𝐵. The efficiency of the pump is 70%.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

16. 𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒇𝒊𝒒 𝑺𝒊𝒓 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕: Water is drawn in to the pump, such that the pressure at the inlet 𝐴
is −35𝐾𝑃𝑎 and the pressure at 𝐵 is 120𝐾𝑃𝑎. If the discharge at B is 0.08𝑚3 /𝑠. Determine the
power output of the pump. Neglect friction losses. The pipe has a constant diameter of 100𝑚𝑚
take ℎ = 2𝑚

17. 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: A water pump has one inlet and two outlets as shown in figure, al at
the same elevation. What pump power is required if the pump is 85% efficient? (𝑎) Neglect heat
loss (𝑏) if head loss accounts 5𝑚 of water

18. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑅𝑎𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝑆𝑙𝑖ⅆ𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.3: The wind reaches a speed of 100𝐾𝑚/ℎ𝑟 in a storm.
Calculate the force on a 1𝑚 × 2𝑚 window facing the storm. The window is in a high rise building
so the wind speed is not reduced due to ground effect. Use 𝜌 = 1.2𝐾𝑔/𝑚3

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Example from different book

1. 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑛 5 − 119 + 𝑃ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑀 𝐺𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 5.3.22: Water is pumped from the large tank shown in
𝑣2
Figure. The head loss is known to be equal to 4 2𝑔 and the pump head is ℎ𝑝 = 20 − 4𝑄 2, where
h, is in ft when 𝑄 is 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡³/𝑠. Deter- mine the flowrate.

2. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.16: Water is flowing steadily through a pipe as shown in figure.
Find the head loss due to friction between section (1) and (2)

3. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.16: A certain liquid of specific weight 9.9𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 and viscosity
0.09𝑁𝑠/𝑚2 is flowing from one reservoir to another through a tube of 8𝑚𝑚 diameter and
21𝑚 length. Neglecting minor losses, find the flow rate of liquid.

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Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

𝑓𝑙𝑣 2
ℎ=
2𝑔ⅆ
64 64 64𝜇
𝑓= = =
𝑅𝑒 𝜌𝑣ⅆ 𝜌𝑣ⅆ
𝜇
32𝜇𝑣𝑙
𝑠𝑜 ℎ =
𝑔 × 𝜌 × ⅆ2

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

4. Water is flowing at a rate of 0.03𝑚3/𝑠 through a tapered pipe having diameters of 189𝑚𝑚 and
90𝑚𝑚 at section 1 and 2 respectively. The section 1 is 6.5𝑚 above datum and section 2 is 4.5𝑚
above datum. If the pressure at section 1 is 400𝐾𝑃𝑎 find the pressure at section 2.

5. Water is flowing through a pipe of 5𝑐𝑚 diameter under a pressure of 29.43𝑁/𝑐𝑚2 (gauge) and
with mean velocity of 2.0𝑚/𝑠. Find the total head or total energy per unit weight of water at a
cross-section, which is 5𝑚 above the denim line.

6. 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒍 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓: A submersible pump with a shaft power of 5𝑘𝑊 and an efficiency of
72 percent is used to pump water from a lake to a pool through a constant diameter pipe. The
free surface of the pool is 25𝑚 above the free surface of the lake. If the irreversible head loss in
the piping system is 4𝑚, determine the discharge rate of water and the pressure difference across
the pump. [𝟐𝟖𝟑𝑲𝒑𝒂]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

7. 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒍 𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆: 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓: Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2.21 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and 20𝑚/𝑠 and leaves at
0.762𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and 150 𝑚/𝑠. If the inlet area of the nozzle is 60𝑐𝑚2 , determine (𝑎) the mass flow
rate through the nozzle [0.265𝑘𝑔/𝑠], and (𝑏) the exit area of the nozzle [23.2𝑐𝑚2 ].

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

8. 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒍 𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟓 − 𝟒𝟐: In a hydroelectric power plant water enters the turbine nozzles at
800𝐾𝑃𝑎 absolute with a low velocity. If the nozzle outlets are exposed to atmospheric pressure
of 100𝐾𝑃𝑎, determine maximum velocity to which water can be accelerated by nozzles before
striking the turbine blades.

9. 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒍 𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏: A 3𝑚 high large tank is initially filled with water. The tank water
surface is open to the atmosphere and a sharp edged 10𝑐𝑚 diameter orifice at the bottom drains
to the atmosphere through a horizontal 80𝑚 long pipe. If the total irreversible head loss of the
system is determined to be 1.5𝑚, determine the initial velocity of the water from the tank.
Disregard the effect of the kinetic energy correction factors.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Job Exam Question

1. 𝐵𝐺𝐹𝐶𝐿 2017 + 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑀. 𝑆𝑐 2018: Find the pressure at pressure gauge "𝐴". Take friction factor
0.01, water density= 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑨𝒏𝒔 𝟓. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝑴𝑷𝒂

2. 𝑴𝒆𝒈𝒉𝒏𝒂 𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖 + 𝑩𝑪𝑴𝑪𝑳 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎 + 𝑫𝑷𝑫𝑪 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎: A pipe has inner diameter 50𝑚𝑚 and
two-gauge pressure are 100𝐾𝑃𝑎 and 97𝐾𝑃𝑎. If the viscous loss is 0.5𝑚 of water, find the flow
rate inside the pipe. [𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟑. 𝟖𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔]

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3. 𝑩𝑨𝑷𝑬𝑿 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔: A fluid flows with pressure of 6𝑀𝑃𝑎 & velocity of 1𝑚/𝑠. In a nozzle it expand &
pressure become the atmospheric, find the velocity after expansion datum in same

𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟔𝒎/𝒔

4. 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒍 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟏𝟖 (𝟑𝒓𝒅 𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏) + 𝑵𝑷𝑪𝑩𝑳 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖 + 𝑵𝑷𝑪𝑩𝑳 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏: A wind tunnel
draws atmospheric air by a large fan. For a given air velocity as shown in the figure, the pressure
in the tunnel is to be determined. The gas constant of air 0.287𝐾𝑃𝑎𝑚2 /𝐾𝑔. 𝑘

𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟐𝑲𝒑𝒂

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

5. 𝑩𝑹 − 𝑷𝑮𝑬𝑵 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟗: Air enters at 20°𝐶 nozzle with velocity 100𝑚/𝑠. air exits with velocity
200𝑚/𝑠. find the exit temp 𝐶𝑝 for air is 1.045𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔. [𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟏𝟒𝟗. 𝟔𝟔°𝑪]

6. 𝑺𝑮𝑭𝑪𝑳 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏: A syringe with a frictionless plunger contains water and has at its end a 100𝑚𝑚
long needle of 1𝑚𝑚 diameter. The internal diameter of the syringe is 10𝑚𝑚. Water density is
1000𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 . The plunger is pushed in at 10mm/s and the water comes out as a jet find F required
to push out the water.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟐𝑵

7. 𝑩𝑨𝑫𝑪 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎: A reducing elbow is used to deflect water flow at a rate of 14𝑘𝑔/𝑠 in a horizontal
pipe upward 𝜃 = 30°𝐶 while accelerating it. The elbow discharge water into the atmosphere. The
cross-sectional area of the elbow is 𝐴1 = 113𝑐𝑚2 at the inlet and 𝐴2 = 7𝑚2 at the outlet. the
elevation difference between the enters of the outlet and the inlet is 30cm. the weight of the
elbow and the water in it is considered negligible. Determine the gage pressure at the center of
the inlet of the elbow.

𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓𝑲𝑵/𝑚2

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8. 𝑨𝑷𝑺𝑪𝑳 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏 + 𝑵𝑾𝑷𝑮𝑪𝑳 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕: Air flows through a pitot tube where pressure difference of
stagnation and static is 7.8𝑃𝑎. find the velocity of air if the density of air is 1.2kg/𝑚3 Ans: 𝑽𝟐 =
𝟑. 𝟓𝟔𝒎/𝒔

9. 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒌 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎 + 𝑩 − 𝑹 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒈𝒆𝒏 𝟐𝟏: A centrifugal pump is required to pump
water t an open water tank situated 4𝐾𝑚 away from the location of the pump through a pipe of
diameter 0.2𝑚, having Darcey’s friction factor 0.01. The average speed of water in the pipe is
2𝑚/𝑠. if it is maintained a constant head of 5𝑚 in the tank, neglecting other minor losses find the
absolute pressure at the pump exit

𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝟓𝟓𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝑲𝑷𝒂

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10. 𝑩𝑮𝑭𝑪𝑳 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏 + 𝑺𝑮𝑪𝑳 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕: Water flows through a pipe at 2𝑚/𝑠 and the pressure at
gage-1 100𝐾𝑃𝑎 Viscous loss 0.25𝑚 of water determine (𝑎) Gage pressure at 2 [𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑷𝟐 =
𝟗𝟗. 𝟓𝟒𝟕𝑲𝑷𝒂] (𝑏) If gage 1 is static pressure and what will be gage 2 [stagnation]

11. 𝑩𝑷𝑰 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎: In a fluid pipeline, the flow has the following conditions at section 1: 25°𝐶, 2𝑎𝑡𝑚,
15𝑚/𝑠 velocity and 1𝑚 inside diameter of pipe. At section 2 the conditions are: 25°𝐶, 1𝑎𝑡𝑚, and
2𝑚 inside diameter of pipe. Calculate the velocity at section 2. [𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝒎/𝒔]

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12. 𝑩𝑷𝑫𝑩 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔: In a pitot tube stagnation & static pressure difference is 9.8𝑃𝑎; air density is
1.23𝐾𝑔/𝑚3. Calculate the velocity of flowing fluid. [𝑽𝟐 = 𝟒𝒎/𝒔]

13. 𝑩𝑼𝑬𝑻 𝑴𝑺𝒄 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖: Air is flowing at 2𝑚/𝑠 in a 30𝑚𝑚 diameter pipe 𝑓 = 0.03

𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟏. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑷𝒂

14. 𝑴𝑷𝑳 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏: Water flows through a parallel pipe with a diameter and length of 500𝑚𝑚 and
400𝑚 for pipe 1, 600𝑚𝑚 and 600𝑚 for pipe 2. The friction factor is 0.002 and the pressure
difference between section 1 and 2 is 0.2kg/cm2 find 𝑄

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

15. 𝑵𝑷𝑪𝑩𝑳 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟑: Water is flowing at a rate of 0.05𝑚3 /𝑠 in a pipe of 150𝑚𝑚 diameter pipe. This
pipe sudden expand to 300𝑚𝑚. Find the head loss due to sudden expansion.
16. 𝑩𝑼𝑬𝑻 𝑴. 𝑺𝒄 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟑: Water enters at a pipe 2𝑚/𝑠 and after sudden enlargement of pipe water
leaves at 1𝑚/𝑠. Determine the energy loss due to sudden enlargement
17. 𝑪𝑷𝑮𝑪𝑩𝑳 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟐: A steel pipe has an inside diameter of 25𝑚𝑚, is 20𝑚 long and carries waters
at a rate of 4.5𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟. At this rate the friction factor of the pipe is 0.0259. if the static pressure
at the inlet is 70𝐾𝑃𝑎, what is the static pressure of the water at the outlet.
18. 𝑩𝑪𝑷𝑪𝑳 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟑: Water is flowing at a rate of 0.05𝑚3 /𝑠 in a pipe of 150𝑚𝑚 diameter pipe. This
pipe sudden expand to 300𝑚𝑚. Find the head loss due to sudden expansion.
19. 𝑺𝑮𝑭𝑳 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟑 + 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒍 𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟎𝟖: Water flows at a rate 𝑜𝑓 0.011𝑚3 /𝑠 in a
horizontal pipe whose diameter increases from 6 𝑡𝑜 11𝑐𝑚 by an enlargement section. If the head
loss across the enlargement section is 0.65𝑚 and the kinetic energy correction factor at both the
inlet and outlet is 1.05. Determine the pressure change.

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Manometer
BUET Lecture
1. 𝑩𝑼𝑬𝑻 𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒇𝒊𝒒 𝑺𝒊𝒓 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆: A tube is used to measure the total pressure inside a wind tunnel
as shown in figure. If the water column height in the manometer ℎ = 8 𝑐𝑚, calculate the velocity
at the test section. If the surface area of the car is 5𝑚2 and measured drag force is
800𝑁 determine the drag coefficient at this condition. (Take 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 =
1.22𝐾𝑔/𝑚3

2. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 6 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 3: Determine the difference in height h of the water
column in the manometer if the flow of oil through the pipe is Oil 0.04 𝑚3 /𝑠. Take 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 =
875 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

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3. 𝑅𝑎𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒: Pressure gage "𝐵" is to measure the pressure at point A in a water flow.
If the pressure at "𝐵" is 87𝐾𝑃𝑎, estimate the pressure at "𝐴" in 𝐾𝑃𝑎. Assume all fluids are at 20℃
. Take 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 9790𝑁/𝑚3 , 𝛾𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 133100𝑁/𝑚3 , 𝛾𝑂𝑖𝑙 = 8720𝑁/𝑚3

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4. 𝑅𝑎𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.4: Water and Oil flow in Horizontal Pipelines. A double 𝑈 −
𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑒 manometer is connected between the pipelines as shown. Calculate the pressure difference
between the water pipe and Oil pipe.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Example from different book

1. 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒎𝒓𝒖𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐: The specific gravity of liquids "𝐴" and "𝐵" are 1.2 and 1.5
respectively. If the atmospheric pressure is 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎 absolute, find the absolute pressure at
point "𝐶".

2. 𝑹𝒂𝒋𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑: Calculate pressure difference between the points "𝐴" and "𝐵" in the
following figure of a compound manometer. Take 𝑊𝑤 = 10𝐾𝑁/𝑚3 for water, 𝑊𝑚 = 136𝐾𝑁/𝑚3
for mercury and 𝑊𝑜 = 8.5𝐾𝑁/𝑚3 for oil 𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟐𝟒𝑲𝑵/𝑚3

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3. 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒎𝒓𝒖𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐. 𝟏𝟑: Find the difference of pressure between the tanks 𝐴 and 𝐵.

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4. 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒎𝒓𝒖𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐. 𝟏𝟒: At position "𝐴" the gage pressure is −11𝑘𝑃𝑎. Find the specific
gravity of liquid "𝐵".

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5. 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒎𝒓𝒖𝒍 𝑺𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔: A certain liquid is flowing through a vertical pipe having specific
gravity of 1.55. Find the difference of pressure between section ′𝑥" and "𝑦". The specific gravity
of the manometric fluid is 0.76.

6. 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒎𝒓𝒖𝒍 𝑺𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐. 𝟏𝟕: A certain oil is flowing through a horizontal pipe. The pressure
at point A is 138𝑘𝑃𝑎. If the specific gravity of oil is 0.80, find the deflection "ℎ" of the manometer.
The manometric fluid is mercury.

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7. 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒎𝒓𝒖𝒍 𝑺𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐. 𝟏𝟖: In a horizontal pipe a differential manometer is attached to two
cross sections in which water is flowing. The deflection in the manometer is equal to 0.60𝑚.
Calculate the difference in pressure in 𝑘𝑃a between sections "𝐴" 𝑎𝑛ⅆ "𝐵".

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8. 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒍 𝒆𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆: 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟎𝟒 + 𝑷𝑮𝑪𝑩 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏: Air flows through a pipe at a rate of 120𝐿/𝑠. the
Pipe is consists of two sections of diameters 22𝑐𝑚 and 10𝑐𝑚 with a smooth reading section that
connects them. The pressure difference between the two-pipe section is measured by a water
manometer. Neglecting frictional effects determine the differential height of water between the
two pipe sections. Take the air density to be 1.20𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 .

[h=1.365cm]

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9. In fig the flowing fluid is 𝐶𝑂2 at 20℃. Neglect losses. If 𝑃1 = 170𝐾𝑃𝑎 and the manometer fluid is
Meriam red Oil (𝑆𝐺 = 0.827), estimate (𝑎) 𝑃2 and (𝑏) the gas flow rate in 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟

10. 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒎𝒓𝒖𝒍 𝑺𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓: A manometer is connected to a tank containing oil and water.
Find the pressure of air in the tank.

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11. 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒎𝒓𝒖𝒍 𝑺𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔: Find the absolute pressure in the pipe "𝐴". The atmospheric
pressure is equal to 101.29𝑘𝑃𝑎

12. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.28 + 𝑁𝑃𝐶𝐵𝐿 − 2023: find the pressure difference in pressure
between "𝐴" 𝑎𝑛ⅆ "𝐵".

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13. A single column manometer connected to a pipe containing liquid of specific gravity 0.8. the ratio
of area of the reservoir to that of the limb is 100. Find the pressure in the pipe.

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[𝐴𝑛𝑠: 64.98𝐾𝑝𝑎]
14. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 3.35: The system shown in the figure is used to accurately measure the
pressure changes when the pressure is increased by ∆𝑃 in the water pipe. When ∆ℎ=70mm, what
is the chanhe in the pipe pressure?

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15. 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒍 𝟓 − 𝟓𝟔: Air at 105 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 37°𝐶 flows upward through a 6𝑐𝑚 diameter inclined duct
at a rate of 65𝐿/𝑠. The duct diameter is then reduced to 4𝑐𝑚 through a reducer. The pressure
change across the reducer is measured by a water manometer. The elevation difference between
the two points on the pipe where the two arms of the manometer are attached is 0.20 𝑚.
Determine the differential height between the fluid levels of the two arms of the manometer.

5. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3 − 6: The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the
pressure is measured by a multifluid manometer as shown in Figure. The tank is located on a
mountain at an altitude of 1400𝑚 where the atmospheric pressure is 85.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Determine the
air pressure in the tank if ℎ1 = 0.1 𝑚, ℎ2 = 0.2 𝑚, and ℎ3 = 0.35 𝑚. Take the densities of water,
oil, and mercury to be 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3, 850 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3, and 13,600 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , respectively

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6. 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒍 𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐: The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is
measured by a multifluid manometer as shown in Figure. The tank is located on a mountain at an
altitude of 1400𝑚 where the atmospheric pressure is 85.6𝑘𝑃𝑎. Determine the air pressure in the
tank if ℎ1 = 0.4 𝑚, ℎ2 = 0.6 𝑚, and ℎ3 = 0.8𝑚. Take the densities of water, oil, and mercury to
be 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 850 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 13,600 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , respectively

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7. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 3.38: A Mercury manometer (𝜌 = 13,600𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ) is connected to an air duct

to measure the pressure inside. The difference in the manometer levels is 10mm and the
atmospheric pressure is 100𝐾𝑃𝑎 (𝑎)Judging from figure determine if the pressure in the duct is
above or below the atmospheric pressure (𝑏) Determine the absolute pressure in the duct.

8. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 3.45: Freshwater and sea water flowing in parallel horizontal pipeline are
connected to each other by a double 𝑈 − 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 manometer as shown in Figure. Determine the
pressure difference between the two pipelines. Take the density of seawater at that location to
be 𝜌 = 1035𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .

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9. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 3.47𝐸: The pressure in a natural gas pipeline is measured by the manometer
as shown in figure with one of the arms open to the atmosphere where the local atmospheric
pressure is 14.2𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑎. Determine the absolute pressure in the pipeline

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10. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 3 − 49: The gage pressure of the air in the tank shown in figure is measured to be
65𝑘𝑃𝑎. Determine the differential height h of the mercury column

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11. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 3 − 52𝐸: Two oil tanks are connected to each other through a manometer. If the
difference between the mercury levels in the two arms is 32𝑖𝑛, determine the pressure difference
between the two tanks. The densities of oil and mercury are 45 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑓𝑡 3 and 848 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑓𝑡 3 ,
respectively

12. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 3.55 + 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 1 − 75 Consider a double-fluid manometer attached to
an air pipe shown in Figure. If the specific gravity of one fluid is 13.55, determine the specific
gravity of the other fluid for the indicated absolute pressure of air. Take the atmospheric pressure
to be 100𝑘𝑃𝑎.

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13. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 3.56: The pressure difference between an oil pipe and water pipe is measured by a double
fluid manometer as shown in figure for the given fluid height and specific gravities calculate the
pressure difference ∆𝑝 = 𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃𝐴

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14. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 3.57: Consider the system shown in figure. If a change of 0.9𝑘𝑃𝑎 in the pressure of air
causes the brine-mercury interface in the right column to drop by 5𝑚𝑚 in the brine level in the
𝐴
right column while the pressure in the brine pipe remains constant, determine the ratio of 𝐴2
1

15. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 1 − 78: Calculate the absolute pressure 𝑃1 , of the manometer shown in Figure
in 𝑘𝑃𝑎. The local atmospheric pressure is 758 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔.

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16. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 1 − 111𝐸: A water pipe is connected to a ⅆ𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 𝑈 manometer as shown in
Figure at a location where the local atmospheric pressure is 14.2 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎. Determine the absolute
pressure at the center of the pipe.

17. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 1 − 112: A gasoline line is connected to a pressure gage through a ⅆ𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 𝑈
manometer, as shown in Fig. on the next page. If the reading of the pressure gage is 370 𝑘𝑃𝑎,
determine the gage pressure of the gasoline line.

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒: 5 − 104 + 𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐵 2021: Air flows through a pipe at a rate of 120𝐿/𝑠. the Pipe
is consisting of two sections of diameters 22𝑐𝑚 and 10cm with a smooth reading section that
connects them. The pressure difference between the two-pipe section is measured by a water
manometer. Neglecting frictional effects determine the differential height of water between the
two pipe sections. Take the air density to be 1.20𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 .

[h=1.365cm]

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2. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.28 + 𝑁𝑃𝐶𝐵𝐿 − 2023: Find the pressure difference in pressure
between “𝐴" 𝑎𝑛ⅆ "𝐵".

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3. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 1.9 + 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.5 + 𝐵𝐼𝑊𝑇𝐴 − 2019:
A manometer is used to measure the pressure in a tank. The fluid used has a specific gravity of
0.85. and the manometer column height is 55𝑐𝑚, as shown in figure below, if the local
atmospheric pressure is 96𝐾𝑃𝑎, determine the absolute pressure within the tank. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 =
100.59𝐾𝑃𝑎, 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 4.586𝐾𝑃𝑎

4. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 3.49, 𝑁𝑃𝐶𝐵𝐿 − 2021 + 𝑀𝐺𝑀𝐶𝐿 − 2022: Pressure in a pressurized water tank
can be measured both way using a gauge or manometer shown in figure. Oil column height given
as 750𝑚𝑚. Mercury column height is to be determined. Oil specific gravity= 0.72 and 𝑆. 𝐺 of
mercury 13.6. [ℎ = 0.4695𝑚]

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5. 𝐵𝑃𝐷𝐵 2016: Find the gauge pressure at the tank

𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 13.34𝐾𝑃𝑎, 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 114.66𝐾𝑃𝑎

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6. 𝐵𝐶𝐼𝐶 2016, 𝐷𝑀𝑇𝐶𝐿 − 2019 + 𝐵𝐶𝑆𝐼𝑅 − 2021: Calculate 𝑃𝐴

𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 29.43𝐾𝑃𝑎, 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 130.755𝐾𝑃𝑎

7. 𝐴𝑃𝑆𝐶𝐿 − 2021: The manometer given below where ℎ1 = 6𝑐𝑚 and ℎ2 = 10𝑐𝑚. find the
pressure at 𝐴
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 12.078𝐾𝑃𝑎, 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 114.078𝐾𝑃𝑎

8. 𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐵 − 2017: Calculate pressure 𝑃𝐴 . Take 𝑆. 𝐺 of Kerosene is 0.823

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𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑃𝐴 = 18.43𝐾𝑃𝑎

9. 𝐺𝑇𝐶𝐿 2018: Develop an expression for the pressure difference

𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = ℎ2 (𝛾2 − 𝛾1 )

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10. 𝑇𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑠 2021: The pressure in a natural gas pipeline is measured by the manometer shown in Fig
bellow with one of the arms open to the atmosphere where the local atmospheric pressure is
98𝐾𝑃𝑎. Determine the absolute pressure in the pipeline. 𝑆𝐺 of mercury is 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 and 𝑆𝐺 of oil is
0.69

𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 : 122.019𝐾𝑃𝑎

11. 𝐺𝑇𝐶𝐿 2022: Air flows through a pipe at a rate of 200𝐿/𝑠. The pipe consists of two sections of
diameters 20𝑐𝑚 and 10𝑐𝑚 with a smooth reducing section that connects them. The pressure
difference between the two pie sections is measured by a water manometer. Neglecting frictional
effects, determine the differential height of water between the two pipe sections. Take the air
density to be 1.15𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 .

𝐴𝑛𝑠: ℎ = 3.56𝑐𝑚

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12. 𝑱𝑮𝑻𝑫𝑳 𝟐𝟏 + 𝑩𝑨𝑬𝑹𝑨 𝟐𝟏 + 𝑷𝑮𝑪𝑳 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏: For the tank height shown in the figure if 𝐻 =
16𝑐𝑚, what will be the 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎ⅆ?

[𝟏𝟕. 𝟖𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟒𝑲𝑷𝒂]

13. 𝑆𝐺𝐶𝐿 2017: Determine "ℎ" of a fluid column having 𝑆𝑔 = 0.738 neglecting the atmospheric
pressure.

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[h=55.28cm]

14. 𝑆𝐺𝐹𝐶𝐿 17: Water flows through a pipe in which a manometer is attached at 2 points of that pipe.
If the manometer deflection is 3𝑚 then find the pressure different of point 1 and 2 in 𝐾𝑃𝑎 and
meter of water.

[37.8𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂]

15. 𝐵𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐿 − 2022: A manometer of water and oil showing in figure. Find the density of oil.

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Inverted manometer
1. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.20: A differential inverted manometer is connected across the
pipes 𝐴 and 𝐵. If the pressures at 𝐴 and 𝐵 are equal then find the deflection “ℎ”

2. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.22: An inverted differential manometer is connected to two pipes in
which water is flowing. If the pressure in the pipe "𝐴" is 2.2𝑚, of water find the pressure in the
pipe "𝐵".

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3. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.23: An inverted differential manometer is connected to two pipes in
which water is flowing. Find the pressure difference between "𝐴" 𝑎𝑛ⅆ "𝐵".

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Inclined Manometer
1. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 3 − 58: Two water tanks are connected to each other through a mercury manometer
with inclined tubes, as shown in Figure. If the pressure difference between the two tanks is
20𝑘𝑃𝑎, calculate 𝛼 and 𝜃

2. An inclined manometer similar in concept to fig has a vertical cylinder reservoir whose cross-
sectional area is 35 times that of the tube. The fluid is ethylene glycol at 20℃. If 𝜃 = 20° and the
fluid rises 25𝑐𝑚 above its zero-difference level, measured along the slanted tub, what is the actual
pressure difference being measured?

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Hydraulic lift
Example from different book
1. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 3.59: Consider a hydraulic jack being used in a car repair shop as showed
in figure. The pistons have an area of 𝐴1 =0.8cm2 and 𝐴2 =0.04m2. Hydraulic oil with a specific
gravity of 0.870 is pumped in as the small piston on the left side is pushed up and down slowly
raising the larger piston on the right side. A car that weights 13000𝑁 is to be jacked up (𝑎)
At the beginning when both pistons are at the same elevation (ℎ = 0), calculate the force 𝐹1
in newtons required to hold the weight of the car, (𝑏) repeat the calculation after the car has
been lifted two meters (ℎ = 2𝑚)

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2. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 1 − 91: A hydraulic lift is to be used to lift a 2500𝑘𝑔 weight by putting a
weight of 25𝑘𝑔 on a piston with a diameter of 10𝑐𝑚. Determine the diameter of the piston
on which the weight is to be placed

Job Exam Question

1. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑒 3.51 + 𝐵𝐼𝑊𝑇𝐴 23: The 500𝐾𝑔 load on the hydraulic lift shown in Fig is
to be raised by pouring oil (𝜌 = 780𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 ) into a thin tube. Determine how high h should
be in order to begin to raise the weight.

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Specific gravity
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.10: An open tank contains mercury up to a depth of 0.5𝑚 and above it
water of depth 2.5𝑚 and certain oil of specific gravity 0.86 for a depth of 1.5𝑚. find the pressure
at the interface of mercury and water at the bottom of the tank. [37.19𝐾𝑃𝑎, 103.90𝐾𝑃𝑎]

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2. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 3.55 + 𝑆𝐺𝐹𝐿 − 2023: Consider a double-fluid manometer attached to an air pipe
shown in Fig. If the specific gravity of one fluid is 13.55, determine the specific gravity of the other
fluid. [Cengel exercise 3.55 but cengel এর বই এর question এর শেলে atmospheric pressure 100𝐾𝑃𝑎
শেয়া ছিে but BUET এক্সাম এর question এ এটা শেয়া ছিে ন্া)

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝐵𝑃𝐷𝐵 − 2018 + 𝐷𝑃𝐷𝐶 2018: Find the value if "ℎ"

[𝟒𝟕. 𝟐𝒄𝒎]

2. 𝐵𝑅 − 𝑃𝐺𝐸𝑁 2019: If the specific gravity of oil is 0.85, find "ℎ"

[𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟑𝒎]

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3. 𝑊𝐴𝑆𝐴 08: A tube filled with a fluid of 𝑠. 𝑔 = 0.9, depth 120𝑐𝑚, find the pressure at the depth
[𝑃 = 10.6𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 ]

4. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑎ⅆ𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘 2020: A beaker filled with liquid of 1𝐿 volume and the weight is 6.5𝑁. What
is the specific weight? [6.5]

5. 𝐵𝐼𝑇𝐴𝐶 − 16 + 𝐷𝑊𝐴𝑆𝐴 − 17 Find the value of "𝐻". the specific gravity of the liquid is 1.6

[3.3125m]

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Flow Meters
Orifice meter

𝐴 𝑑2
Co-efficient of contraction 𝐶𝑐 = 𝐴2 = 𝑑22
0 0

√2𝑔ℎ
𝑉2 =
𝐴
√1 − ( 0 )2 × 𝐶𝑐2
𝐴1
𝐴0 𝐴1
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 × × √2𝑔ℎ
√𝐴12 − 𝐴20

𝐶𝑑 = 𝐶𝑐 × 𝐶𝑣

𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 8 − 71

2(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )
𝑄 = 𝐴0 𝐶𝑑 √
𝜌(1 − 𝛽 4 )

ⅆ
𝛽=
𝐷
𝜋
𝐴0 = ⅆ 2
4

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BUET Lecture
1. 𝑅𝑎𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒: Calculate the flow rate of 40℃ water in the pipe shown . Take 𝐶𝑑 =
0.6
[𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0.0096𝑚3 /𝑠]

Example from different book

1. 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒍 𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝟑 The flow rate of water at 20℃ (𝜌 = 998𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and 𝜇 =
1.002 × 10−3 𝐾𝑔/𝑠 through a 60𝑐𝑚 diameter pipe is measured with an otifice meter with a 30𝑐𝑚
diameter opening to be 400𝐿/𝑠. Determine the pressure difference indicated by the orifice meter
and head loss.

2. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8.127: A 22𝐿 kerosene tank (𝜌 = 820𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ) is filled with a 2𝑐𝑚 diameter
hose equipped with a 1.5𝑐𝑚 diameter nozzle meter. If it takes 20𝑠 to fill the tank, determine the
pressure difference indicated by the nozzle meter. Take 𝐶𝑑 = 0.96

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3. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8.128: The flow rate of water at 20℃ (𝜌 = 998𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and 𝜇=1.002 ×
10−3 𝐾𝑔/𝑚. 𝑠) through a 4𝑐𝑚 diameter pipe is measured with a 2𝑐𝑚 diameter nozzle meter
equipped with an inverted air water manometer. If the manometer indicates a differential water
height of 44𝑐𝑚, determine the volume flow rate of water

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4. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8.129: The flow rate of ammonia at 10°𝐶 (𝜌 = 624.6𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and 𝜇 =
1.697𝑘𝑔/𝑚 · 𝑠) through a 2𝑐𝑚-diameter pipe is to be measured with a 1.5𝑐𝑚 diameter flow
nozzle equipped with a differential pressure gage. If the gage reads a pressure differential of
4𝑘𝑃𝑎, determine the flow rate of ammonia through the pipe, and the average flow velocity

5. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.39: The following data related to an orifice meter. Diameter of the pipe is
240𝑚𝑚, Diameter of the orifice is 120𝑚𝑚 Specific gravity of oil 0.88 reading of differential
manometer 400𝑚𝑚 of 𝐻𝑔, coefficient of discharge of the meter 0.65 determine the rate of flow
of the oil. [0.08𝑚3 /𝑠]

6. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.40: Water flows at the rate of 0.015𝑚3 /𝑠 through a 100𝑚𝑚 diameter orifice
used in a 200𝑚𝑚 pipe. What is the difference of pressure head between the upstream section
and the vena contracta section? Take co-efficient of contraction 𝐶𝑐 = 0.6 and 𝐶𝑣 = 1.0
[0.484𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟]

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝐵𝐸𝑃𝑍𝐴 − 16: A jet of vena contracta has a diameter 40𝑚𝑚 & the orifice diameter is 32𝑚𝑚.
find co-efficient of contraction. [𝐶𝑐 = 1.5625]

Venturi meter

Ref-Rajput Fig:6.29
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑄= √2𝑔ℎ
√𝐴12 − 𝐴22

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜
Inclined manometer এর জন্য ℎ = 𝑦[ − 1]
𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒

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𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝐸𝑞𝑛 8.71

2(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )
𝑄 = 𝐴0 𝐶𝑑 √
𝜌(1 − 𝛽 4 )

ⅆ
𝛽=
𝐷
𝜋
𝐴0 = ⅆ 2
4

BUET Lecture
1. 𝑅𝑎𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 4.8: A venture meter reduces the pipe diameter from 10𝑐𝑚 to
5𝑐𝑚. Calculate the flow rate and the mass flux assuming ideal condition

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2. 𝑅𝑎𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒: Calculate the flow rate of 40℃ water in the pipe shown. Take 𝐶𝑑 =
0.995

3. 𝑅𝑎𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒: Calculate the flow rate of 40℃ water in the pipe shown. Take 𝐶𝑑 =
0.6 [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0.0096𝑚3 /𝑠]

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Example from different book

1. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 5.62𝐸: Air is flowing through a venturi meter whose diameter is 2.6 in at the
entrance part (𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 1) and 1.8 at the throat (𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2) The gage pressure is measured
to be 12.2 psia at the entrance and 11.8𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 at the throat. Neglecting frictional effects show that
2(𝑃1 −𝑃2 )
the volume flow rate can be expressed as 𝑣 = 𝐴2 √ 𝐴 2 determine the flow rate of air. take
𝜌(1− 22)
𝐴1
3
density of air as 0.075𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑓𝑡

2. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 5.107: Water is flowing through a Venturi meter whose diameter is 7𝑐𝑚 at
the entrance part and 4𝑐𝑚 at the throat. The pressure is measured to be 380𝑘𝑃𝑎 at the
entrance and 150𝑘𝑃𝑎 at the throat. Neglecting frictional effects, determine the flow rate of
water

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3. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 8 − 121 A venturi meter equipped with a differential pressure gage is used to
measure the flow rate of water at 15℃ (𝜌 = 999.1𝑘𝑔/𝑚3) through a 5cm diameter
horizontal pipe. The diameter of the venturi neck is 3𝑐𝑚 and the measured pressure drop is
5𝐾𝑃𝑎. Taking the discharge co-efficient to be 0.98, determine the volume flow rate of water
and the average velocity through the pipe.

4. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8.123: The mass flow rate of air at 20°𝐶 (𝜌 = 1.204𝑘𝑔/𝑚3) through a
18𝑐𝑚 diameter duct is measured with a Venturi meter equipped with a water manometer.
The Venturi neck has a diameter of 5𝑐𝑚, and the manometer has a maximum differential
height of 40 𝑐𝑚. Taking the discharge coefficient to be 0.98, determine the maximum mass
flow rate of air this Venturi meter/manometer can measure. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 0.188 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

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5. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8.125: A vertical Venturi meter equipped with a differential pressure gage
shown in figure is used to measure the flow rate of liquid propane at 10°𝐶 (𝜌 = 514.7𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )
through an 10𝑐𝑚 diameter vertical pipe. For a discharge coefficient of 0.98, determine the
volume flow rate of propane through the pipe.

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6. 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 3.33: Neglecting all the losses determine the discharge through pipe

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Stagnation property
𝛾−1 2 𝛾
𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃0 [1 + 𝑀 ]𝛾−1
2
𝛾−1 2 1
𝜌𝑠 = 𝜌0 [1 + 𝑀 ]𝛾−1
2
𝛾−1 2
𝑇𝑠 = 𝑇0 [1 + 𝑀 ]
2

𝑉
Where 𝑃𝑠 = 𝜌𝑠 𝑅𝑇𝑠 , 𝑀 = 𝐶 , 𝐶 = √𝛾𝑅𝑇

BUET Lecture
1. 𝑩𝑼𝑬𝑻 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆: A convergent nozzle has an exit area of 6.25𝑐𝑚2. Air enters the nozzle with a
stagnation pressure of 0.7𝑀𝑃𝑎 and a stagnation temperature of 95°𝐶. Determine the flow rate
if it is discharging to an environment at (𝑖) 0.6MPa and (𝑖𝑖) 0.1MPa

𝐴𝑛𝑠: (𝑖) 0.66𝑘𝑔/𝑠; (𝑖𝑖) 0.92𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Example from different book

1. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 15.11: An Aeroplan is flying at 1000𝐾𝑚/ℎ through still air having pressure
of 78.5𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 , 𝑇 = −8°𝐶 calculate bon the stagnation points on the nose of plane
a. Stagnation pressure [125.89𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 ]
b. Stagnation Temperature [303.3𝐾]
c. Stagnation density [1.446𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ]

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2. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 15.11: Find the Mach number when an aero plane is flying at 1100 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
through still air having a pressure of 7𝑁/𝑐𝑚² and temperature − 5°𝐶. Wind velocity may be taken
as zero. Take 𝑅 = 287.14 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝐾. Calculate the pressure, temperature and density of air at
stagnation point on the nose of the plane. Take 𝑘 = 1.4.

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3. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 15.12: Calculate the stagnation pressure temperature and density at the
stagnation point on the nose of a plane which is flying at 800𝐾𝑚/ℎ𝑟 through still air having a
pressure of 8𝑁/𝑐𝑚2 . Temp= −10°𝐶 take 𝑅 = 287𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝛾 = 1.4 [𝑃𝑠 = 10.936𝑁/𝑐𝑚2 , 𝑇𝑠 =
14.57°𝐶 𝜌𝑠 = 1.32𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 ]

4. 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 19.2: Calculate the pressure on the nose of a modern airplane moving at
800𝐾𝑚/ℎ through still air and the Mach number, when atmospheric pressure & air temperature
are 68.7𝐾𝑁/𝑚2, −1°𝐶, take density of air as 1.295𝐾𝑔/𝑚3. [106.347𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 ]

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+
5. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 12.1 (𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ): An aircraft is flying at a cruising speed of 250𝑚/𝑠 at an altitude
of 5000 𝑚 where the atmospheric pressure is 54.05𝑘𝑃𝑎 and the ambient air temperature is
255.7𝐾. The ambient air is first decelerated in a diffuser before it enters the compressor as
showed in figure. Approximating both the diffuser and the compressor to be isentropic,
determine (a) the stagnation pressure at the compressor inlet and (b) the required compressor
work per unit mass if the stagnation pressure ratio of the compressor is 8.

𝑃 = 80.77𝐾𝑃𝑎, 𝑊 = 233.9𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔

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6. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 12.4: Air flows through a device such that the stagnation pressure is 0.6𝑀𝑃𝑎,
the stagnation temperature is 400℃, and the velocity is 570 𝑚/𝑠. Determine the static pressure
and temperature of the air at this state. Take 𝐶𝑝 = 1.051𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 and 𝑘 = 1.376
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠: 519𝐾, 0.231𝑀𝑃𝑎

7. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 12.7: Determine the stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure of air
that is flowing at 36𝑘𝑃𝑎, 238𝐾, and 325𝑚/𝑠. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠: 291𝐾, 72.4𝑘𝑃𝑎

8. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 12.9: Air enters a compressor with a stagnation pressure of 100𝑘𝑃𝑎 and a
stagnation temperature of 35℃, and it is compressed to a stagnation pressure of 900𝑘𝑃𝑎.
Assuming the compression process to be isentropic, determine the power input to the
compressor for a mass flow rate of 0.04𝑘𝑔/𝑠. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 10.8𝑘𝑊

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9. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 13.25: Air at 200𝐾𝑃𝑎, 100°𝐶 and Mach number = 0.8 Flows through a duct.
Calculate the velocity and the stagnation pressure, temperature and density of the air.

10. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 5 − 51: An airplane is flying at an altitude of 12,000 𝑚. Determine the gage
pressure at the stagnation point on the nose of the plane if the speed of the plane is 300 𝑘𝑚/ℎ.
How would you solve this problem if the speed were 1050 𝑘𝑚/ℎ?

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11. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 12.2 Carbon dioxide flows steadily through a varying cross-sectional area duct
such as a nozzle shown in Fig at a mass flow rate of 3.00 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. The carbon dioxide enters the duct
at a pressure of 1400 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 200°𝐶 with a low velocity, and it expands in the nozzle to an exit
pressure of 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎. The duct is designed so that the flow can be approximated as isentropic.
Determine the density, velocity, flow area, and Mach number at each location along the duct that
corresponds to an overall pressure drop of 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎.

12. An aircraft travels in an atmosphere with pressure 45𝐾𝑝𝑎 absolute and density of 0.65𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 . If
a pitot tube on the aircraft records the stagnation pressure as 72𝐾𝑃𝑎 absolute find the speed of
aircraft and stagnation temperature Take 𝑘 = 1.4 and 𝑅 = 287𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝐵𝐶𝐼𝐶 − 2016: In a pipe air (1.005𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔𝐾) is flowing with a velocity of 350𝑚/𝑠 at 100𝐾𝑃𝑎 and
25°𝐶 calculate stagnation pressure and temperature. [𝑃𝑠 = 191.746𝐾𝑃𝑎, 𝑇𝑠 = 358.97𝐾]

2. 𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐵 − 2018: An air plane was travelled at altitude 10𝐾𝑚 speed 75𝐾𝑚/ℎ𝑟. At sea level the
atmospheric pressure 25𝐾𝑃𝑎 temperature was −52°𝐶, Find the nose pressure of the plane. [𝑃𝑠 =
25.083𝐾𝑃𝑎]

3. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑀𝑠𝑐 − 2023: A plane is moving 30,000𝑓𝑡 above ground. Pressure at this height is
70𝐾𝑝𝑎, 𝑇 = −40°𝐶. Determine the stagnation point at the tip of the plane front.

4. An aircraft is flying at a cursing speed of 250𝑚/𝑠 at an altitude of 5000𝑚 where the atmospheric
pressure is 54.05𝐾𝑃𝑎 and the ambient air temperature is 255.7𝐾. The ambient air is first
decelerated in a diffuser before it enters the compressor. Assuming both the diffuser and the
compressor to be isentropic, determine (𝑎) the stagnation pressure at the compressor inlet and
(𝑏) the required compressor work per unit mass if the stagnation pressor ratio of the compressor
is 8. Take 𝐶𝑝 = 1.005𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 and 𝛾 = 1.4

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5. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑀𝑆𝑐 − 2022: An airplane flies at an altitude of 10𝐾𝑚. The static pressure is 90𝐾𝑃𝑎 and
stagnation pressure is 0.72𝑚 of 𝐻𝑔. A pitot tube is used. Find the velocity of airplane

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Pitot tube

BUET Lecture
1. 𝑅𝑎𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.4: The static pressure head in an air pipe is measured with a
piezometer as 16𝑚𝑚 if water. A pitot probe at the same location indicates 24𝑚𝑚 of water.
Calculate the velocity of the 20℃ air. Also calculate the Mach number and comment as of the
compressibility of the flow.

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2. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒: Determine the volumetric flow rate of water and the pressure in the
pipe at "𝐴" if the height of the water column in the Pitot tube is 0.3m and the height in the
piezometer is 0.1𝑚.

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3. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑖𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒: Water flows up through the vertical pipe that is connected to the
transition as shown in Fig. If the volumetric flow is 0.02𝑚³/𝑠, determine the height ℎ to which
the water will rise in the Pitot tube. The piezometer level at A is indicated. [𝐴𝑛𝑠: ℎ = 95.5𝑚𝑚]

Example from different book

1. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8 − 114: A Pitot Static probe is mounted in a 2.5𝑐𝑚 inner diameter pipe at a
location where the local velocity is approximately equal to the average velocity. The oil in the pipe
has density 𝜌 = 860𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and viscosity 𝜇 = 0.0103𝑘𝑔/𝑚. 𝑠 The pressure difference is
measured to be 95.8𝑃𝑎. Calculate the pressure difference indicated by the orifice meter and the
head loss. Also Calculate the Reynold number of the flow and decide whether the flow is laminar
and turbulent.

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2. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 5 − 43: A pitot static probe is used to measuring the speed of an aircraft
flying at 3000𝑚. if the differential pressure reading is 3𝐾𝑃𝑎, determine the speed of the aircraft

3. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 5 − 44: The air velocity in the duct of a heating system is to be measured by a
pitot static probe inserted into the duct parallel to the flow. If the differential height between the
water column connected to the two outlets of the probe is 2.4𝑐𝑚 determine (𝑎) the flow velocity
(𝑏) the pressure rise at the tip of the probe. The air temperature and pressure in the duct are
45℃ and 98𝐾𝑃𝑎 respectively.

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4. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 5 − 46: A piezometer and a pitot tube are tapped into a 4𝑐𝑚 diameter
horizontal water pipe and the height of the water columns are measured to be 26𝑐𝑚 in the
piezometer and 35𝑐𝑚 in the pitot tube (both measured from the top surface of the pipe).
Determine the velocity at the center of the pipe.

5. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 5 − 64: A pitot static probe connected to a water manometer is used to
measure the velocity of aur, if the deflection (the vertical distance between the fluid levels in the
two arms) is 5.5𝑐𝑚, determine the air velocity. Take the density of air to be 1.16𝐾𝑔/𝑚3

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6. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8 − 120: Air (𝜌 = 999.1𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and 𝜇 = 1.789 × 10−5 𝐾𝑔/𝑚. 𝑠) flows in a
wind tunnel and the tunnel speed is measured with a pitot static probe. For a certain run the
stagnation pressure is measured to be 472.6𝑃𝑎 gauge and static pressure is 15.43𝑃𝑎 𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒.
Calculate the wind tunnel speed.

7. 𝐹. 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 6.5: A Pitot–static tube is used to measure air velocity. If a manometer
connected to the instrument indicates a difference in pressure head between the tapping’s of
4 𝑚𝑚 of water, calculate the air velocity assuming the coefficient of the Pitot tube to be unity.
Density of air = 1.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 8.08 𝑚/𝑠]
8. A pitot static tube is used to measure the velocity of water in a pipe. The stagnation pressure head
is 6𝑚 and static pressure head is 5𝑚. calculate the velocity of flow assuming the coefficient of
tube equal to 0.98.[4.34𝑚/𝑠]

9. Find the velocity of the flow of an oil through a pipe when the difference of mercury level in a
different 𝑈 − 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 manometer connected to the two tapings of the pitot-tube is 100𝑚𝑚. Take
co-efficient of pitot tube 0.98 and 𝑠𝑝. 𝐺𝑟 of oil= 0.8.

Job Exam Question

1. 𝐸𝑅𝐿 − 17 + 𝑁𝑃𝐶𝐵𝐿 − 17: A pitot static tube is used to measure the velocity of water in a pipe
of diameter 10𝑐𝑚. the static pressure is 2𝐾𝑃𝑎. Calculate the velocity & Flow rate of the pipe.
[0.0157𝑚3 /𝑠, 2𝑚/𝑠]

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2. 𝑁𝑊𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐿 − 17 + 𝐴𝑃𝑆𝐶𝐿 − 21 + 𝐵𝑃𝐷𝐵 − 2016: In a pitot tube stagnation and static pressure
difference is 9.8𝑃𝑎; Density of air 1.23𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 . Calculate the velocity of flowing fluid. [4𝑚/𝑠]

3. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5 − 8 𝑁𝐸𝑆𝐶𝑂 − 2018: A piezometer and pitot tube are tapped into a
horizontal water pipe as shown in the figure. To measure static and stagnation pressure for the
indicated water columns heights. Determine the velocity of water.

[𝑣 = 1.534𝑚/𝑠]

4. 𝐾𝐺𝑇𝐷𝐶𝐿 − 21: A particular fluid flows through a horizontal pipe line of 50𝑚𝑚 diameter and
passes a pitot tube arrangement as shown in figure. Assume negligible losses in pipe. Determine
flow rate of the fluid if density of fluid is 1.25𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

5. 𝐵𝐺𝐹𝐶𝐿 − 2021: Water flows through a pipe at 2𝑚/𝑠 and the pressure at 𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 1 𝑖𝑠 100𝐾𝑃𝑎
Viscous loss 0.25𝑚 of water determine (𝑎) Gage pressure at 2

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(𝑏) If gage 1 is static pressure and what will be gage 2

6. 𝐷𝑃𝐷𝐶 − 2020: A pipe has inner diameter 50𝑚𝑚 and two-gauge pressure are 100𝐾𝑃𝑎 and
97𝐾𝑃𝑎. If the viscous loss is 0.5𝑚 of water, find the flow rate inside the pipe.
7. 𝐵𝐶𝑀𝐶𝐿 − 2020 + 𝐵𝑃𝐷𝐵 − 2018: A pipe has inner diameter 50𝑚𝑚 and two-gauge pressure are
100𝐾𝑃𝑎 and 97𝐾𝑃𝑎. If the viscous loss is 0.5𝑚 of water, find the flow rate inside the pipe.

[3.83 × 10−3 𝑚 3
]
8. 𝑆𝐺𝐹𝐿 − 2023: Find the velocity of flow at the center line of the pipe in the following figure.

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Reynold Number

𝜌𝑣𝐷 𝑃
𝑅𝑒 = µ
𝜌 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑄 16 0.0781 4𝑓𝑙𝑣 2
𝑉 = 𝐴 For laminar flow, 𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒 , turbulent 𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒 1/4
এলেলে ℎ𝑓 = 2𝑔𝐷

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. A 2𝑐𝑚 diameter pipe is used to transport water at 20℃ (𝑣 = 10−6 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2. What is the maximum
average velocity that may exit in the pipe for a laminar flow?

𝑉𝐷 Given
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑣 𝐷 = 2𝑐𝑚 = 0.02𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑣 2000 × 10−6 𝑣 = 10−6 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2
𝑉= = = 0.1𝑚/𝑠
𝐷 0.02 For Laminar flow 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2000

2. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.9: Find the Reynolds number for flow of 0.5𝑚3 /𝑠 of oil having
specific gravity 0.85 and viscosity 0.021𝑁𝑠/𝑚2 through a pipe of 500𝑚𝑚 diameter.

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3. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.10: Water is flowing through a tube of 6𝑚𝑚 diameter. Find the
highest velocity at which the flow of water will remain laminar. Viscosity is 1.02 × 10−3 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2

4. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.17: Oil having kinematic viscosity of 2.94 × 10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠 is
flowing through a pipe at the rate of 0.03𝑚3 /𝑠. Find the maximum diameter of pipe considering
laminar flow conditions.

5. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.18: Oil of specific gravity 0.85 and viscosity 0.12𝑁𝑠/𝑚2 is
flowing through a 300𝑚𝑚 diameter and 1300𝑚 long pipe at the rate of 20𝑙/𝑠. Prove that the
flow is laminar. Find the pressure drop over the length of pipe due to friction.

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6. 𝑄𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.49: Air at a temperature of 110℃ and pressure 1600𝐾𝑃𝑎
absolute is flowing through a 16𝑚𝑚 diameter tub. Find the maximum flow considering laminar
conditions. Viscosity of air is 2.17 × 10−5 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝐺𝑇𝐶𝐿 2018 + 𝐵𝐺𝐹𝐶𝐿 − 2017: A gas pipe line with a nominal diameter of 500𝑚𝑚 and a
thickness of 24𝑚𝑚, delivers 1𝑀𝑚3/ⅆ𝑎𝑦 (at standard condition). If the gas is supplied at 100𝑏𝑎𝑟
and 25°𝐶 temperature with a viscosity of 0.00012𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒. Find the Reynolds number. [𝑅𝑒 =
31.3 × 107 ]

2. 𝐵𝑂𝐹 2021: A liquid of specific gravity 0.9 and viscosity 20𝑐𝑝 is flowing through an annulus
formed of two concentric pipes at 10𝑓𝑡/𝑠. the inner diameter of larger pipe is 2𝑓t and the outer
diameter of smaller pipe is 1.5𝑓𝑡. Find out Reynolds number. [𝑅𝑒 = 20848.32]

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3. 𝐵𝐺𝐹𝐶𝐿 − 2021: Air is flowing through a pipe, kinematic viscosity 1.5 × 10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠, Flow rate
7000 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠, diameter 1𝑐𝑚, length 500𝑚, density 1.2𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 .
Find (𝑎) Reynolds number, is it turbulent flow? [𝑅𝑒 = 59417.84]
(𝑏) Mach number. Is it incompressible? [𝑀 = 0.2575]

4. 𝐵𝐼𝑊𝑇𝐴 − 2019: A canoe moving on a surface of lake water where water is 40°𝐶 and canoe
moves at 5𝐾𝑚/ℎ𝑟, which length is 5𝑚, which is flat ; is the boundary layer is laminar or turbulent
on the bottom of canoe surface? (𝑇 = 40°𝐶, 𝛾 = 0.6579 × 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠) [𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡]

5. 𝐽𝑎𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑂𝑖𝑙 − 2019: For pipe flow having diameter 8𝑐𝑚 flow rate 15𝐿/𝑠 Length of pipe 20𝑚,
Specific weight 0.8 then find head loss in KPa and determine the flow whether it is Laminar or
turbulent? Take 𝑓 = 0.0032
6. 𝑅𝑃𝐶𝐿 2019: For a fully developed flow of water in a pipe having diameter 10𝑐𝑚, velocity 0.1𝑚/𝑠
and kinematic viscosity 10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠, find out the value of Darcy fraction factor? [𝑓 = 0.064]

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7. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑀𝑠𝑐 − 2023: In a pipe of diameter 0.3𝑚, water is flowing at 25𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟. if viscosity of water
is 0.001𝑁𝑠/𝑚2 then find out whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.

Head loss when fluid Flow Through pipe

Mejor loss or Darcy-Weisbach Equation

Rajput chapter 12

4𝑓𝑙𝑣 2
𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = ,
2𝑔ⅆ
এখালন্ 𝑓 = ⅆ𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 4𝑓 =
𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 তাই question এ co-efficient of friction শেয়া থাকলে
4×𝑐𝑜−𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛×𝑙×𝑣 2
hf= আর friction factor শেয়া থাকলে
2𝑔𝐷
𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ×𝑙×𝑣 2
hf=
2𝑔𝐷

Question এ co-efficient of friction বা friction factor ছকিু ন্া বলে খাছে বেে শে f= something
তাহলে এই f=co-efficient of friction
আলরকটা shortcut হলে েেছমক এর পলর একটা েূ ন্য থাকলে friction factor আর েেছমক এর পলর 2
টা েূ ন্য থাকলে co efficient of friction
16
Laminer এর শেলে 𝑓 (𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡) = আর turbulent এর শেলে
𝑅𝑒
0.0791
𝑓 (𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡) =
𝑅𝑒 1/4
32𝜇𝑣𝐿
For laminar flow head loss ℎ𝑓 =
𝜌𝑔𝑑2

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N. B=BUET এর এক্সাম এ f=friction factor ধরাই শেয় কারণ Quamrul Islam sir এর বই এ
maximum শেলে f=friction factor ধরা আলি
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.13: Oil is flowing through a pipe of 210𝑚𝑚 diameter at the rate
of 5.5𝑙/𝑠. The density of oil is 850𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and its viscosity is 0.19𝑁𝑠/𝑚2 . Find the power loss per
meter length of pipe.

2. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 6.19: Lubricating oil flows through a steel pipe at a velocity of 0.90𝑚/𝑠. The
diameter of pipe is 150𝑚𝑚 and it is 50𝑚 long. Find the head loss due to friction. The density of
oil is 870𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 and its viscosity is 0.0815𝑁𝑠/𝑚2

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3. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.21: A certain fluid is flowing through a 90 𝑚𝑚 diameter pipe at a
Reynolds number of 1700. The head loss is 40𝑚 in a 100𝑚 length of pipe. Find the discharge in
liters per minute.

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4. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 6.24: Find the flow rate of oil of viscosity 1.5𝑁𝑠/𝑚2 through two fixed parallel
plates, which are kept at a distance of 45𝑚𝑚 apart. The width of the plates is 250𝑚𝑚 and the
pressure drop in a length of 1.5𝑚 is 4𝐾𝑃a. Consider the flow as laminar.

5. 𝑄𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.25: A certain oil is flowing through a 250𝑚 long and 155𝑚𝑚
diameter pipe. The specific gravity of oil is 0.90 and its kinematic viscosity is 7.44 × 10−6 𝑚²/𝑠.
The flow is laminar. If 20𝑘𝑊 is required to drive the pump whose efficiency is 70%, find the flow
rate of oil.

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6. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.26: Find the power required to pump oil of specific gravity 0.91
through a smooth pipe of 150 𝑚𝑚 in diameter and 450 𝑚 long. The velocity of flow is 2.5 𝑚/𝑠
and the kinematic viscosity of oil is 5.1 × 10−4 𝑚²/𝑠

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7. 𝑄𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.27: Certain oil with a dynamic viscosity 1.36 𝑁𝑠/𝑚² and specific
weight 8.9𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 is flowing through a pipe of 100 𝑚𝑚 diameter. If the length of pipe is 500𝑚,
find the flow rate and head loss considering Reynolds number equal to 700.

8. 𝑄𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.30: A certain oil of kinematic viscosity 1.6 stokes and specific
weight 8.23 𝑘𝑁/𝑚³ is flowing through a pipe of 105𝑚𝑚 diameter and 350𝑚 long. The flow is
laminar. Find the flow rate of oil if 8𝑘𝑊 of power is required to drive the pump whose efficiency
is 65%.

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9. 𝑄𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.31: A certain lubricating oil is flowing through a pipe of 25 𝑚𝑚
diameter as shown in Figure. The viscosity of oil is 0.16 𝑁𝑠/𝑚² and its density is 915𝑘𝑔/𝑚³. Find
the flow rate of oil and the direction of flow. The total length of the pipe is 23𝑚.

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10. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.32: A certain liquid of specific gravity 0.85 is pumped through a
horizontal pipe of 1𝑘𝑚 long. The diameter of pipe is 125𝑚𝑚 and flow rate of liquid is 16 𝑙/𝑠. The
pump absorbs 8𝑘𝑊 and its efficiency is 70%. Find the dynamic viscosity of oil and type of flow.

11. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.35: A certain oil of specific gravity 0.88 and viscosity
0.15𝑁𝑠/𝑚² is pumped at the rate of 25𝑙/𝑠 through a pipe. The diameter of the pipe is 220𝑚𝑚
and its length is 1000𝑚. It is laid at a slope pf 1 𝑖𝑛 200. Find the head loss due to friction and
power required for driving the pump.

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12. 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒎𝒓𝒖𝒍 𝑰𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒎 𝑺𝒊𝒓 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟔. 𝟑𝟔: Liquid having specific weight 9.10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚³ is flowing
through a pipe of 12 𝑚𝑚 diameter from a tank at the rate of 0.60𝑚³/ℎ. Neglecting minor losses,
calculate the viscosity of the oil and the Reynolds number, considering the flow as laminar.

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13. 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒎𝒓𝒖𝒍 𝑰𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒎 𝑺𝒊𝒓 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟔. 𝟑𝟕: A certain liquid is flowing from reservoir "𝐴" to reservoir
"𝐵" through a 60𝑚 long and 50𝑚𝑚 diameter pipe. The difference of elevation between the two
reservoirs is 15 𝑚. Find the flow rate of the liquid. The kinematic viscosity of liquid is 9.30 × 10−5
𝑚²/𝑠. Neglect minor losses.

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14. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.44: A certain oil of specific gravity 0.92 is flowing through a pipe
of 150𝑚𝑚 diameter at the rate of 15𝑙/𝑠. The length of the pipe is 900𝑚 and the pressure drop
for this length is 100𝑘𝑃𝑎. Find the absolute viscosity of the oil.

15. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.45: Oil of specific gravity 0.83 is pumped through a horizontal
pipe of 160𝑚𝑚 diameter and 3.5𝑘𝑚 long at the rate of 15𝑙/𝑠. The pump has an efficiency of

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70% and requires 12𝑘𝑊 to pump the oil. Determine the absolute viscosity of oil and determine
whether the flow is laminar or not.

16. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.46: A certain lubricating oil of specific gravity 0.85 is flowing
through a 350𝑚 long and 50𝑚𝑚 diameter pipe at the rate of 1.25𝑙/𝑠. If the pressure drop in the
pipe is 200𝑘𝑃𝑎, find the absolute viscosity of oil.

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17. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.47: A certain lubricating oil is flowing through a 1000𝑚 long and
150𝑚𝑚 diameter horizontal pipe. The pressure of oil at section (1) is 1070𝑘𝑃𝑎 and at section
(2) is 35𝑘𝑃𝑎. The kinematic viscosity of oil is 4.12 × 10−4 𝑚³/𝑠 and its specific gravity is 0.92.
Find the flow rate of oil.

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18. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.48: A certain lubricating oil is flowing through a horizontal pipe
at the rate of 25 𝑙/𝑠. The kinematic viscosity of oil is 2.05 × 10−4 𝑚³/𝑠 and its specific gravity is
0.92. If the head loss due to friction is 20𝑚 for 300𝑚 of length, find the diameter of pipe.

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19. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.49: Air at a temperature of 110° 𝐶 and pressure 1600 𝑘𝑃𝑎
absolute is flowing through a 16 𝑚𝑚 diameter tube. Find the maximum flow considering laminar
conditions. Viscosity of air is 2.17 × 10−5 𝑁𝑠/𝑚².

20. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 12.3 In a pipe of 300mm diameter and 800m length an oil of specific gravity 0.8
is flowing at the rate of 0.45𝑚3/𝑠 find: (𝑎) Head lost due to friction [109.72𝑚]and (𝑏) Power
required to maintain the flow [387.48𝐾𝑊]. Take kinematic viscosity of oil as 0.3 Stoke.

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21. 𝑃. 𝑁 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 11.2: A pipeline 0.225 𝑚 in diameter and 1580 𝑚 long has a slope of
1 𝑖𝑛 200 for the first 790 𝑚 and 1 𝑖𝑛 100 for the next 790 𝑚. The pressure at the upper end of
the pipeline is 107.91 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and at the lower end is 53.955 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Taking 𝑓 = 0.032 ⅆ𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒
the discharge through the pipe

22. 𝑃. 𝑁 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 11.3: The population of a city is 800 000 and it is to be supplied with water from a
reservoir 6.4𝑘𝑚 away. Water is to be supplied at the rate of 140 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 per head per day and half
the supply is to be delivered in 8 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠. The full supply level of the reservoir is 𝑅. 𝐿 ((Reservoir
level) 180.00𝑚 and its lowest water level is 𝑅. 𝐿. 105.00𝑚. The delivery end of the main is at
𝑅. 𝐿(𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙) 22.50𝑚 and the head required there is 12 𝑚. Find the diameter of the
pipe. Take 𝑓 = 0.04.

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23. 𝑃. 𝑁 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 11.4: A pipe 50𝑚𝑚 diameter is 6𝑚 long and the velocity of flow of water in
the pipe is 2.4𝑚/𝑠. What loss of head and the corresponding power would be saved if the central
2 𝑚 length of pipe was replaced by 75𝑚𝑚 diameter pipe, the change of section being sudden?
Take 𝑓 = 0.04 for the pipes of both diameters.

24. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 8 − 2: Water at 40°𝐹 (𝜌 = 62.42 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑓𝑡 3 and µ = 1.038 × 10−3 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑓𝑡 ·
𝑠) is flowing steadily through a 0.12𝑖𝑛 (= 0.010𝑓𝑡) diameter 30𝑓𝑡-longhorizontal pipe at an
average velocity of 3.0𝑓𝑡/𝑠 shown as fig. Determine (𝑎) the head loss, (𝑏) the pressure drop, and
(𝑐) the pumping power requirement to overcome this pressure drop [14.9𝑓𝑡, 6.45𝑃𝑠𝑖, 0.3𝑊]

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25. 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒍 𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟖 − 𝟑𝟗: Water at 15°𝐶 (𝜌 = 999.1𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 and µ = 1.138 × 10−3 𝐾𝑔/𝑚. 𝑠)
is flowing steadily in a 30𝑚 long and 5𝑐𝑚 diameter horizontal pipe made of stainless steel at a
rate of 9𝐿/𝑠. Determine (𝑎) the pressure drop (𝑏) the head loss and (𝑐) the pumping power
requirement to overcome this pressure drop.

এটার solve cengel এর বই এ শে ভালব আলি ওটা কঠিন্ সহজ কলর করলত হলব

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26. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8.40: Consider the flow of oil with 𝜌 = 894 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³ and m µ =
2.33 𝑘𝑔/𝑚. 𝑠 in a 28𝑐𝑚 diameter pipeline at an average velocity of 0.5𝑚/𝑠. A 330𝑚 long
section of the pipeline passes through the icy waters of a lake. Disregarding the entrance
effects, determine the pumping power required to overcome the pressure losses and to
maintain the flow of oil in the pipe.

27. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 8.52: Glycerin at 40°𝐶 with 𝜌 = 1252𝑘𝑔/𝑚³ and 𝜇 = 0.27𝑘𝑔/𝑚. 𝑠 is flowing
through a 4𝑐𝑚 diameter horizontal smooth pipe with an average velocity of 3.5𝑚/𝑠. Determine
the pressure drop per 10𝑚 of pipe and power required for pumping

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28. Water is flowing through a 250𝑚𝑚 diameter ad 50𝑚 long pipe at the rate of 0.2𝑚3 /𝑠 . If the
head loss measured by a differential manometer 𝑖𝑠 250𝑚𝑚 of mercury find the value of friction
factor.

29. Water is flowing at the rate of 40𝑙/𝑠 through a horizontal 100𝑚𝑚 diameter and 200𝑚 long cast
iron pipe. Find the power lost due to friction. Viscosity of water is 1.02 × 10−3 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2 . Take
friction factor 𝑓 = 0.0255

Job Exam Question

1. 𝑹𝑷𝑪𝑳 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟗: For a fully developed flow of water in a pipe having diameter 10𝑐𝑚 velocity
0.1𝑚/𝑠 and kinematic viscosity 10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠, find out the value of Darcy friction factor?

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2. 𝑩𝑪𝑷𝑪𝑳 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔: Water flows through a pipe of 500𝑚𝑚 in diameter 300𝑚 long with a velocity
2𝑚/𝑠. Find the head loss due to friction 0.005. Use Darcy-Weisbach equation. [0.6116𝑚]

3. 𝑩𝑰𝑻𝑨𝑪 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔: A pipe of 300𝑚 long having diameter 50𝑚𝑚 of velocity 2𝑚/𝑠 2 . Find the head loss
of the pipe. The friction factor is 0.004. [4.89𝑚]

4. 𝑫𝑾𝑨𝑺𝑨 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕 + 𝑮𝑻𝑪𝑳 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖: Determine head loss in pipe "𝐵" from the pipe network

[27202𝑚]

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5. 𝑪𝑷𝑮𝑪𝑩𝑳 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏 + 𝑱𝑮𝑭𝑪𝑳 − 𝟐𝟏 + 𝑷𝑮𝑪𝑳 − 𝟐𝟏: Air kinematic viscosity of 1.5 × 10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠 is
transported through a pipe of 1𝑐𝑚 diameter and 500𝑚 length with a flow rate of 70𝑐𝑚3/𝑠 find
head loss and pressure drop [ℎ𝑓 = 217.73𝑚, ∆𝑃 = 2.58𝐾𝑃𝑎]

6. 𝑩𝑪𝑺𝑰𝑹 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏: Find the head lost due to friction in a pipe of diameter 300𝑚𝑚 and length
50𝑚 through which water is flowing at a velocity of 3𝑚/𝑠. take 𝑓 = 0.01024. [0.7828𝑚]

7. 𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐿 − 2017 + 𝐵𝑎𝑘𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎ⅆ − 2017 + 𝐵𝐺𝐹𝐶𝐿 − 2021: A gas pipeline pressure gage are 2𝐾𝑚
apart and reading are shown. Average gas density is 40𝐽𝑔/𝑚3 . Determine gas transport rate in
𝑀𝑚3 /ⅆ𝑎𝑦. Friction factor is 0.005.

[0.332𝑀𝑚3 /𝐷𝑎𝑦]

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8. 𝑷𝑮𝑪𝑳 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏: The kinematic viscosity of air is 1.5 × 10−5 𝑚3 /𝑠 and transported through a pipe
of 1𝑐𝑚 diameter and 500𝑚 length with a flow rate of 7000𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠. find the head loss and
pressure drop.
9. 𝑱𝒂𝒎𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝒐𝒊𝒍 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟗: For pipe flow having diameter 8𝑐𝑚, flow rate 15𝐿/𝑠, length of pipe 20𝑚,
specific weight 0.8 then find head loss in 𝐾𝑃𝑎 and determine the flow whether it is laminar or
turbulent? 𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟐

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Minor loss

Rajput Equation 12.2 to 12.8

Head loss at entrance 𝑣2
ℎ1 = 0.5 where v= velocity ffluid in pipe
2𝑔
Heat loss at exit of pipe 𝑣2
ℎ0 = where v= velocity of fluid at outlet
2𝑔
𝑣 2
Head loss due to bend ℎ𝑏 = 𝑘 where K=Co-efficient of bend v=mean
2𝑔
velocity of flow of fluid
Head loss due to pipe fittings 𝑣2
ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑘 2𝑔 where k= coefficient of bend

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 12.9: A horizontal pipe 150𝑚𝑚 in dia meter is joined by sudden enlargement
to a 225𝑚𝑚 diameter pipe. Water is flowing through it at the rate of 0.05𝑚3 /𝑠 find (𝑎) Loss of
head to abrupt expamsion (𝑏) Pressure difference in the two pipe (𝑐) Change in pressure if the
change of section is gadual without any loss

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2. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 12.16: A horizontal pipe line 40𝑚 long connected to a water tank at one end
and discharge freely into the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 25𝑚 of its length from
the tank the pipe is 150𝑚𝑚 diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to 300𝑚𝑚. the height
of water level in the tank is 8𝑚 above the center of the pipe. Considering all losses of head which
occur find rate of flow. Take 𝑓 = 0.01 for both section of the pipe.

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এত বড় math হয়ত চাকুরীর এক্সাম এ আসলবন্া ছকন্তু concept টা জান্া েরকার ছিলো

Job Exam Question

1. 𝐵𝐼𝐹𝑃𝐶𝐿 2019: An oil (𝑠. 𝑔 = 0.88) flowing through a pipe (Shown in figure) at the rate of
53.8 𝐿/𝑠 and outer diameter is 168.3𝑚𝑚 and thickness is 7.1𝑚𝑚. Friction factor =
0.025. Determine the pressure difference.

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𝐴𝑛𝑠: 65𝐾𝑝𝑎

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Series & Parallel Connection of pipe

Series Parallel

ℎ𝑓1 = ℎ𝑓2 = ℎ𝑓3

𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑒 8.92: Two pipes of identical length and material are connected in parallel.
The diameter of pipe "𝐴" is twice the diameter of pipe "𝐵". Assuming the friction factor to be
the same in both cases and disregarding minor losses, determine the ratio of the flow rates in
the two pipes.

2. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8.93: A certain part of cast iron piping of a water distribution system
involves a parallel section. Both parallel pipes have a diameter of 30𝑐𝑚 and flow is fully
turbulent. One of the branches (𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝐴) is 1500𝑚 long while the other branch (𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝐵) is
2500𝑚 long. If the flow rate through pipe 𝐴 is 0.4𝑚3/𝑠 Determine the flow rate through Pipe
𝐵. Disregard minor losses and assume the water temperature to be 15℃ . At 15℃ take 𝜌 =
999.1𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and 𝜇 = 1.138 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔/𝑚. 𝑠

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3. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8 − 146 Two pipes of identical diameter and material are connected in
parallel. The length of pipe "𝐴" is five times the length of pipe "𝐵". Assuming the flow is fully
turbulent in both pipes and thus the friction factor is independent of the Reynolds number
and disregarding minor losses, determine the ratio of the flow rates in the two pipes.
[𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0.447]

4. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 12.27: The main pipe divides into two parallel pipes which again form one
pipe as shown in figure. First pipe length is 1000𝑚 and diameter is 0.8𝑚, second pipe length
is 1000𝑚 and diameter is 0.6𝑚, co-efficient of friction for each parallel pipe is 0.005. if the
flow rate in the main is 2𝑚3 /𝑠 find the rate of flow in each parallel pipe.

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5. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 14.2: A compound pipeline 1650𝑚 long is made up of pipes of 450𝑚𝑚
diameter for 900𝑚, 375𝑚𝑚 for 450𝑚 and 300𝑚𝑚 for 300𝑚. if the compound pipe is to be
replaced by a pipe of uniform diameter, find the diameter of the new pipe assuming the
length to remain the same.

6. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 14.3: Two pipes are connected parallel to each other between two reservoirs with
length 𝑙1 = 2400𝑚, ⅆ1 = 1.2𝑚 diameter. Darcy’s coefficient 𝑓1 = 0.006, 𝑙2 = 2400𝑚, ⅆ2 =
1.0𝑚 and 𝑓2 = 0.005. Find the total flow. If the difference in elevation is 20𝑚

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7. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 14.4: Two reservoirs are connected by three pipes, laid in parallel. Their
diameters are ⅆ, 2ⅆ and 3ⅆ respectively and they are of same length 𝑙. Assuming 𝑓 to be same
for all pipes, what will be the discharge through each of the larger pipes. If the smallest pipe
is discharging 1𝑚3 /𝑠.

8. 𝑃. 𝑁 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 11.5: Two pipes each 300𝑚 long are available for connecting to a
reservoir from which a flow of 0.085𝑚3 /𝑠 is required. If the diameters of the two pipes are
0.30𝑚 and 0.15𝑚 respectively, determine the ratio of the head lost when the pipes are
connected in series to the head lost when they are connected in parallel. Neglect minor losses.

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9. A main pipe divides into two parallel pipes which again forms one pipe as shown in figure. The
length and diameter for the first parallel pipe are 2000𝑚 and 1.0𝑚 respectively, with the
length and diameter of 2𝑛𝑑 parallel pipe are 2000𝑚 and 0.8𝑚 respectively. Find the rate of
flow in each parallel pipe if total flow in the main is 3.0𝑚3 /𝑠. The co-efficient of friction for
each parallel pipe is same and equal to 0.005.

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10. Water flows through a parallel pipe with a diameter and length of 500𝑚𝑚 and 400𝑚 for pipe
1 and 600𝑚𝑚 and 600𝑚 for pipe 2. The friction factor is 0.002 and the pressure diffenence
between section 1&2 is 0.2𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 . Find 𝑄.

Job Exam Question

1. 𝑴𝑷𝑳 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏: Water flows through a parallel pipe with a diameter and length of 500𝑚𝑚 and
400𝑚 for pipe 1, 600𝑚𝑚 and 600𝑚 for pipe 2. The friction factor is 0.002 and the pressure
difference between section 1 and 2 is 0.2𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 find 𝑄

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Equivalent Pipeline
𝐿 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3
5
= | 5 + 5 + 5 − − − − − −|
𝐷 𝐷1 𝐷2 𝐷3

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 12.24: A long piping system consists of three pipes arranged in series, the
length of the pipe are 1200𝑚, 750𝑚, 600𝑚 and diameter 750𝑚𝑚, 600𝑚𝑚,450𝑚𝑚 respectively
(𝑎) transform the system to an equivalent 450𝑚𝑚 diameter pipe (𝑏) determine an equivalent
diameter for the pipe of 2550𝑚 long.

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2. 𝑃. 𝑁 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 11.7: A compound piping system consists of 1800𝑚 of 0.50𝑚, 1200𝑚 of
0.40𝑚 and 600𝑚 of 0.30𝑚 new cast iron pipes connected in series. Convert the system to (𝑎) an
equivalent length of 0.40𝑚 pipe, and (𝑏) and equivalent size pipe 3600m long

Job Exam Question

Most Economic cross-section

Rectangular এর জন্য Most economical হওয়ার েতত হলো

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𝑏
𝑦=
2

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 16.3: Find the discharge of water through the channel shown in fig. take Chezys
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 60 and slope of the bed as 1 𝑖𝑛 950. [1.613𝑚3 /𝑠]

2. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 16.6: Determine the most Economic section of a rectangular channel carrying water at
the rate of 0.5𝑚3 /𝑠. the bed slope of the channels being 1 𝑖𝑛 2000. Take Chezy’s constant 𝐶 =
50. [ℎ = 0.63𝑚, 𝑏 = 1.26𝑚]

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3. Find the discharge of water through the channel shown in figure. Take the value of Chezy’s
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 60 and slope as 1 𝑖𝑛 2000.

4. In a trapezoidal open channel water is flowing at the rate of 2.5𝑚3 /𝑠 having minimum cross
section. The bed slope is 1 𝑖𝑛 1500 and the side slope is 45°. Find the bottom width and depth of
water. Take chezy’s constant 𝐶 = 60

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝐷𝑊𝐴𝑆𝐴 2017: A rectangular channel carries water at the rate of 10𝑚3 /𝑠 and velocity 2𝑚/𝑠
determine width of the channel for most economical rectangular channel. [ℎ = 0.63𝑚, 𝑏 =
1.26𝑚]

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Drag Force
1 1.328
𝐹𝐷 = 2 𝐶𝐷 𝜌𝐴𝑉 2 𝐶𝐷 = [𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟
√𝑅𝑒
0.074
𝐶𝐷 = 1 [For turbulent] cengel Eqn 11.19&11.20]
𝑅𝑒 5
𝑈𝐿
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑣
BUET Lecture
1. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒: A square 15𝑐𝑚 piling is acted on by a water flow of 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 that is 6 𝑚 deep as
shown in fig. Estimate the maximum bending moment exerted by the flow on the bottom of the
piling. Take 𝐶𝑑 = 2.1

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2. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒: Electrical transmission towers are stationed at 500𝑚 interval and a conducting
cable 2𝑐𝑚 in diameter is strung between them. If an 80𝑘𝑚/ℎ wind is blowing transversely across
the wires, calculate the total force each tower carrying 20 such cables is subjected to. Assume
there is no interference between the wires. Take 𝐶𝐷 = 1.2

Example from different book

1. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 13.13: A plate 450𝑚𝑚 × 150𝑚𝑚 has been placed longitudinally in a steam of
crude oil specific gravity 0.925 and kinematic viscosity of 0.9 stoke which flows with velocity of
6𝑚/𝑠. Calculate frictional drag on the plate. [𝐹𝐷 = 8.6𝑁]

=8.62N

2. 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5.7: A smooth flat plate 3𝑚 wide and 30𝑚 long is towed through still water at
20°𝐶 with a speed of 6𝑚/𝑠. Determine the drag on one side of the plate & on the first 3𝑚 of the
plate. 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝜌 = 1000𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝜐 = 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠
3. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 11 − 3: Engine oil at 40℃ flows over a 5𝑚 long flat plate
with a free steam velocity of 2𝑚/𝑠. Determine the drag force acting on the top side of the plate
per unit width. Take at 40℃ engine oil have a 𝜌 = 876 (𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑣 = 2.485 × 10−4 (𝑚2 /𝑠)

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4. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 11.4: A 2.2 𝑐𝑚 outer diameter pipe is to span across a river at a 30𝑚 wide
section while being completely immersed in water as shown in figure. The average flow velocity
of water is 4𝑚/𝑠 and the water temperature is 15℃. Determine the drag force exerted on the
pipe by the river. Take 𝐶𝐷 = 1.0 Density and dynamic viscosity of water at 15℃ are
999.1𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and 1.138 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔/𝑚. 𝑠

5. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 11.21 The drag coefficient of a car at the design conditions of 1𝑎𝑡𝑚, 25℃ and
90𝑘𝑚/ℎ is to be determined experimentally in a large wind tunnel in a full-scale test. The height
and width of the car are 1.25𝑚 and 1.65𝑚 respectively. If the horizontal force acting on the car
is measured to be 220𝑁, determine the total drag coefficient of this car. [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0.29]

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6. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 11.22 The resultant of the pressure and wall shear forces acting on a body is
measured to be 580𝑁, making 35° with the direction of flow. Determine the drag and the lisft
forces acting on the body.

7. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 11 − 31: A submarine can be treated as an ellipsoid with a diameter of 5𝑚 and
length of 25𝑚. Determine the power required for this submarine to cruise horizontally and
steadily at 40𝑘𝑚/ℎ in seawater whose density is 1025𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . Also determine the power
required to tow this submarine in air whose density is 1.30𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . Assume the flow is turbulent
in both cases.

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8. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 11 − 43: A 7𝑚 diameter hot air balloon that has a total mass of 350𝑘𝑔 is
standing still in air on a windless day. The balloon is suddenly subjected to 40𝑘𝑚/ℎ winds.
Determine the initial acceleration of the balloon in the horizontal direction.

9. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 11 − 50: The local atmospheric pressure in Denver, Colorado (elevation
1610𝑚) is 83.4𝑘𝑝𝑎. Air at this pressure and at 25℃ flows with a velocity of 9𝑚/𝑠 over a
2.5𝑚 × 5𝑚 flat plate. Determine the drag force acting on the top surface of the plate if the air
flows parallel to the (𝑎) 5𝑚 long side and (𝑏) the 2.5𝑚 long side.

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10. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 11 − 60: The weight of a thin flat plate 50𝑐𝑚 × 50𝑐𝑚 in size is balanced by a
counter weight that has amass of 2𝑘𝑔 as shown in figure. Now a fan is turned on and air at 1𝑎𝑡𝑚
and 25℃ flows downward over both surfaces of the plate (front and back in the sketch) with a
free-stream velocity of 10𝑚/𝑠. Determine the mass of the counter weight that needs to be added
in order to balance the plate in this case. At 25℃ take 𝜌 = 1.184𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑣 = 1.562 × 10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠.

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11. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 11 − 65: A long 5𝑐𝑚 diameter steam pipe passes through some area open to
the wind. Determine the drag force acting on the pipe per unit of its length when the air is at
1𝑎𝑡𝑚 and 10℃ and the wind is blowing across the pipe at a speed of 50𝑘𝑚/ℎ.

12. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 11 − 70: A 6𝑚𝑚 diameter transmission line is exposed to windy air. Determine
the drag force exerted on a 160𝑚 long section of the wire during a windy day when the air is at
1𝑎𝑡𝑚 and 15℃ and the wind is blowing across the transmission line at 65𝑘𝑚/ℎ.

13. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 11 − 95: A small airplane has a total mass of 1800𝑘𝑔 and a wing area of
42𝑚2 . Determine the lift and drag coefficients of this airplane while cruising at an altitude of
4000𝑚 at a constant speed of 280𝑘𝑚/ℎ and generating 190𝑘𝑤 of power.

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14. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 11 − 98: A 1.2𝑚 external diameter spherical tank is located outdoors at 1𝑎𝑡𝑚
and 25℃ and is subjected to winds at 48𝑘𝑚/ℎ. Determine the drag force exterted on it by the
wind. [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 16.7𝑁]

15. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 11 − 102: The cylindrical chimney of a factory has an external diameter of
1.1𝑚 and is 20𝑚 high. Determine the bending moment at the base of the chimney when winds
at 110𝑘𝑚/ℎ are blowing across it. Take the atmospheric conditions to be 20℃ and 1𝑎𝑡𝑚.

16. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 11 − 105: An automotive engine can be approximated as a 0.4𝑚 high, 0.60𝑚
wide and 0.7𝑚 long rectangular block. The ambient air is at 1atm and 15℃. Determine the drag
force acting on the bottom surface of the engine block as the car travels at a velocity of 120𝑘𝑚/ℎ.
Assume the flow to be turbulent over the entire surface because of the constant agitation of the
engine block. [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 1.22𝑁]

17. Determine the drag co-efficient of a 75𝑘𝑔 skydiver with a projected area of 0.33𝑚2 and a terminal
velocity of 60𝑚/𝑠.

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18. A sphere of radius 1𝑚𝑚 is falling in a bucket of water at 5𝑐𝑚/𝑠. If the drag coefficient is 0.47
then find the drag force acting on the ball.

Job Exam Question

1. 𝐷𝑃𝐷𝐶 − 2019: A 50𝑚𝑚 diameter electrical wire is connected with poles. Determine the drag
force exerted on a 30𝑚 long section of the wire during a windy day when the drag coefficient is
0.45 and the wind is blowing across the wire at 20𝑘𝑚/ℎ. air density is 1.2𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . [𝐹𝐷 = 39.18𝑁]

2. 𝑁𝑃𝐶𝐵𝐿 2023: An aero plane weight of 3𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 take off at an angle of 5° 𝐶𝐿 = 0.65 Velocity of
30𝑚/𝑠 what will be the wing span area.

Jet velocity

1
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒ⅆ 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 2
2

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BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5 − 6: A large tank open to the atmosphere is filled with water to a height of
5𝑚 from the outlet tap as showed in figure. A tap near the bottom of the tank is now opened,
and water flows out from the smooth and rounded outlet. Determine the maximum water velocity
at the outlet.

2. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 5 − 42: In a hydroelectric power plant, water enters the turbine nozzles at 800𝑘𝑃𝑎
absolute with a low velocity. If the nozzle outlets are exposed to atmospheric pressure of 100𝑘𝑃𝑎,
determine the maximum velocity to which water can be accelerated by the nozzles before striking
the turbine blades.

3. Water is flowing from a large reservoir through a small pipe as shown in figure. If the diameter of
pipe is 30𝑚𝑚, find the velocity of the jet.

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝐵𝐺𝐹𝐶𝐿 − 2017: An air tank is sealed with interior pressure of 130𝐾𝑃𝑎. If it is [laced in a reservoir
where pressure is 100𝐾𝑃𝑎 and temperature is 23°𝐶. Find the gas jet velocity when there is a leak
in the tank. [225.76𝑚/𝑠]

2. 𝐵𝐶𝐼𝐶 − 2022: A jet of water having velocity 25𝑚/𝑠 and cross-sectional area of the stream
is 500𝑚𝑚2 hits a flat plate perpendicularly and water splashing out parallel to the plate. Find
force exerted on the plate. [312.5𝑁]

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Velocity of sound
𝑘
𝐶=√ 𝑘 = 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝐶 = √𝛾𝑅𝑇
𝜌

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 23.3 (𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑠): Find the speed of sound wave in dry air at sea level
and at a temperature of 20°𝐶, take 𝛾 = 1.4 𝑅 = 296𝐽/𝐾𝑔. 𝐾 [348.45𝑚/𝑠]

2. 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 19.1: A test plane is described as having attained a flight speed of 2 times of
sound at a attitude if 16𝐾𝑚. Assuming 𝑘 = 1.4 & 𝑅 = 287𝐽/𝐾𝑔. 𝐾. Determine the speed of the
air plane. [2124.3𝐾𝑚/ℎ]

3. Find the sonic velocity for the following fluids: (𝑎) Crude oil of 𝑠𝑝. 0.8 and bulk modulus of
153036𝑁/𝑐𝑚2 (𝑏) Mercury having a bulk modulus of 2648700𝑁/𝑐𝑚2

4. Find the speed of the sound wave in air at sea level where the pressure and temperature are
10.1043𝑁/𝑐𝑚2 (abs) and 15℃ respectively. Take 𝑅 = 287𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝐾 and 𝑘 = 1.4

5. Calculate the speed of the sound wave in air sea level where the pressure and temperature are
10.1043𝑁/𝑐𝑚2 (abs) and 15℃. {for air take 𝑅 = 287𝐽/𝐾𝑔. 𝐾, 𝛾 = 1.4]

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Job Exam Question

Mach number
𝑽 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝝆𝑨𝑽𝟐 𝑽 𝑽
Mach Number= M=√ =√ = =
𝑪 𝑬𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑲𝑨 𝒌 𝑪
√𝝆

𝟏
Sinα=
𝑴
BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 28.7: An airfoil moves at 540𝐾𝑚 per hour through still air at 20°𝐶. If the ratio
of elastic stress and density of air is 1.5 × 10−6 find mach number

2. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 15.7: An aero plane is flying at a height of 14𝐾𝑚 where temperature is −45°𝐶.
the speed of the plane is corresponding to 𝑀 = 2, find the speed of the plane if 𝑅 = 287𝐽/𝑘𝑔
and 𝛾 = 1.4. [2179.23𝐾𝑚/ℎ𝑟]

3. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 15.8: Find the velocity of a bullet fired in standard air, if it’s Mach angle is 40°.
[538.28𝑚/𝑠]

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4. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 15.5: An Aero plane is flying at a height of 20𝐾𝑚 where temperature is
−40°𝐶. The speed of the plane is corresponding to 𝑀 = 1.8, Find the speed of the
plane. [1982.70𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟]

5. Calculate the Mach number at a point on a jet-propelled aircraft, high is flying at 1100𝑘𝑚/ℎ at
sea level where air temperature is 20℃. Take 𝑘 = 1.4 and 𝑅 = 287𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝐾

6. A jet-propelled aircraft is flying at 1000𝐾𝑚/ℎ𝑟 at sea level air temperature 𝑇 = 25℃. Calculate
the Mach number and rise in skin Temperature.

7. Air enters a diffuser with a velocity of 200𝑚/𝑠. Determine (𝑎) the speed of sound and (𝑏) The
Mach number at the diffuser inlet when the air temperature is 30℃. Also find whether it is sonic
or sub sonic?

8. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 17.127: A subsonic airplane is flying at a 5000𝑚 altitude where the atmospheric
conditions are 54𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 256𝐾. A Pitot static probe measures the difference between the static
and stagnation pressures to be 16 kPa. Calculate the speed of the airplane and the flight Mach
number. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠: 199 𝑚/𝑠, 0.620

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9. An aircraft travels in air of pressure 100𝐾𝑝𝑎 and temperature 12℃. The speed of the aircraft is
1600𝐾𝑚/ℎ𝑟. Calculate the Mach angle and Mach number. Take 𝑘 = 1.4 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑅 = 287𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾

Job Exam Question

Area Velocity Relation

𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑣
= (M2-1)
𝐴 𝑣

1. A supersonic flow of 𝑀 = 1.5 has observed in a given passage. Determine the percentage of the
original passage area needed if a 20% increase in velocity. Also determine the corresponding
passages area required. The initial flow been subsonic at 𝑀 = 0.5 [if 𝑀 = 1.5 then area will
increase 25%, if 𝑀 = 0.5 than area will decrease 15%]

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2. A supersonic flow at Mach number 3 has been demonstrating through a convergent-divergent

duct. If the Operator want to get 30% increase in velocity, what operation would be done on the
duct. [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑛𝑒𝑒ⅆ𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 240%].

Velocity of flow
𝑉 = 𝐶𝑣 √2𝑔ℎ
Example from different book
1. Find the velocity of the flow of an oil through a pipe. When the difference of mercury level in a
different 𝑈 − 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 manometer connected to the two tapping of the pitot tube is 100𝑚𝑚. Take
co-efficient of pitot tube 0.98 and 𝑆𝑝. 𝑔𝑟 of oil is 0.8. [5.49𝑚/𝑠]
2. A pitot-static tube is used to measure the velocity of water in a pipe. The stagnation pressure head
is 6𝑚 & static pressure head is 5𝑚. Calculate the velocity of flow assuming the co-efficient of tube
equal to 0.98. [𝟒. 𝟑𝟒𝒎/𝒔]

Job Exam Question

1. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑀. 𝑆𝐶 − 2022: An airplane flies at an altitude of 10𝐾𝑚. the static pressure is 90𝐾𝑃𝑎 and
stagnation pressure is 0.72𝑚 of Hg. A pitot tube is used. Find the velocity of airplane

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Hydraulic Diameter
4𝐴
D=
𝑃
Circular Square Rectangle
𝝅 𝐴 = 𝑎2 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏
𝑨𝒄 = 𝑫𝟐
𝟒 𝑃 = 4𝑎 𝑃 = 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑷 = 𝝅𝑫 4𝐴 4𝑎2 4𝑎𝑏 2𝑎𝑏
𝝅 𝟐 𝑫𝒉 = = =𝑎 𝐷= =
𝟒𝑨𝒄 𝟒 × 𝟒 𝑫 𝑃 4𝑎 2(𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑫𝒉 = = =𝑫
𝒑 𝝅𝑫

Job Exam Question

1. 𝐽𝑎𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑜𝑖𝑙 − 2019: If area of a square pipe and circular pipe is same; flow density, velocity and
viscosity are also same then in which pipe Reynolds number will be larger? [𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟]

2. 𝐷𝑀𝑇𝐶𝐿 − 2019: 30𝑚 long rectangular duct height and width was 3𝑚 × 1.5𝑚. Velocity of airflow
6𝑚/𝑠. 𝑓 = 0.091. Find pressure drop through the duct, air density was 1.07𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . [∆= 104𝑃𝑎]

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3. 𝐵𝐴𝐸𝑅𝐴 2023: In a trapezoidal section has base of 6𝑚, slope on both side is 1: 1, depth 1.5𝑚,
flow rate is 10𝑚3 /𝑠. Find velocity of fluid.

Hydrostatic Force

𝐹
𝑃= 𝐹 = 𝑃𝐴 = ℎ̅𝜌𝑔𝐴
𝐴
BUET Lecture
1. 𝑅𝑎𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.5: Find the location of the resultant force "𝐹" of the
water on the triangular gate and the force "𝑃” necessary to hold the gate in the position
shown

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Example from different book

1. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.19: A 1𝑚 wide and 1.5𝑚 deep Rectangular Plane surface lies in water in
such a way that its plane makes an angle of 30° with the free water surface. Determine the
total pressure and position of center of pressure when upper edge is 0.75𝑚 below the free
water surface. [1.166𝑚]

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2. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3 − 8: A heavy car plunges into a lake during an accident and lands at the
bottom of the lake on its wheels. The door is 1.2 m high and 1 𝑚 wide, and the top edge of the
door is 8 𝑚 below the free surface of the water. Determine the hydrostatic force on the door and
the location of the pressure center, and discuss if the driver can open the door.

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3. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.9: A long solid cylinder of radius 0.8𝑚 hinged at point "𝐴" is used as an
automatic gate, as shown in figure. When the water level reaches 5𝑚 the gate opens by turning
about the hinge at point "𝐴". Determine (𝑎) the hydrostatic force acting on the cylinder per 𝑚
length of the cylinder.

4. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥 3 − 75: A 6𝑚-high, 5𝑚-wide rectangular plate blocks the end of a 5𝑚-deep
freshwater channel, as shown in Fig. The plate is hinged about a horizontal axis along its
upper edge through a point "𝐴" and is restrained from opening by a fixed ridge at point "𝐵".
Determine the force exerted on the plate by the ridge.

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5. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥 3 − 77𝐸: The flow of water from a reservoir is controlled by a 5𝑓𝑡 wide 𝐿 shaped
gate hinged at point 𝐴, as shown in figure. it is desired that the gate open when the water
height is 12 𝑓𝑡, determine the mass of the required weight 𝑊. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 30,900 𝑙𝑏𝑚

6. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥3.81: An open settling tank shown in the figure contains a liquid suspension.
Determine the resultant force acting on the gate and its line of action if the liquid density is
850 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

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7. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.6: A horizontal passage 1400𝑚𝑚 × 1400𝑚𝑚 has its outer covers by a
plane flap inclined at 60° with the horizontal and is hinged along the upper horizontal edge
of the passage. If the depth of the flowing water is 500mm in the passage, determine the
thrust on the gate.

8. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.12: A rectangular plate 2𝑚 wide and 4𝑚 deep is immersed in water in
such a way that its plane makes an angle of 25° with the water surface as shown in fig.
Determine the total pressure on one side of the plate and the position of the center of
pressure.

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9. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3 − 13: A circular plate of 2𝑚 diameter is submerged in water as shown

in figure. The greatest and least depth of the plate are 2𝑚 and 1𝑚 respectively. Find the total
pressure on the face of the plate and position of the center of pressure.

10. 𝐸. 𝐻 𝐿𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑡 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 10: Find (𝑎) The total pressure and (𝑏) the position of the
center of pressure on the side of an immersed rectangular plate 6𝑓𝑡 long and 3ft wide when

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the plane of the plate makes an angle of 60° with the surface of the water and the 3𝑓𝑡 edge
of the plate is parallel to and at a depth of 2.5𝑓𝑡 below, the surface level of the water

11. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 3.14 (𝑎) A rectangle plane surface about 2𝑚 wide and 3𝑚 deep lies in water in such
a way that its plane makes an angle of 30° with the free surface of water. Determine the total
pressure and position of center of pressure when the upper edge is 1.5𝑚 below the free water
surface.

12. A circular plane 3𝑚 diameter is immersed in water in such way that its gradient and least
depth below the free surface is 4𝑚 and 1.5𝑚 respectively. Determine the total pressure of
the plate and position of center of pressure.

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13. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.19: A 1𝑚 wide and 1.5𝑚 deep rectangular plane surface lies in water in
such a way that its plane makes an angle of 30° with the free water surface. Determine the
total pressure and position of center of pressure when the upper edge is 0.75𝑚 below the
free water surface.

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14. A vertical gate of 5𝑚 height and 3𝑚 wide close a tunnel running full with water. The pressure
at the bottom of the gate is 195𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 . Determine the total pressure on the gate and
position of the center of the pressure.

15. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 2.37: Find the resultant force acting on the gate which is quadrant of
circle. Consider unit width of the gate.

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16. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.42: Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting
on the gate 𝐴𝐵. The width of the gate is 2𝑚.

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17. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.38: Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the
cylindrical gate of 8𝑚 and 6𝑚 long

18. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.41: Find the magnitude and direction of resultant force acting on
the curved gate 𝐴𝐵. Width of the 𝑖𝑠 2.5𝑚

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19. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 2.30: A rectangular plate of 3.5𝑚 long and 2.5𝑚 wide is immersed in
water in such a way that its plane makes an angle of 45° with the free surface of water. If the
upper edge of the plate is 1.5𝑚 below the free water surface, find the magnitude and location
of resultant force acting on the plate

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20. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 2.31: A 2.5𝑚 diameter circular plate is immersed in water as shown in
Figure. Find the magnitude and location of resultant force.

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21. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 2.32: Find the resultant force due to water acting on a triangular plate
of base 2.25𝑚 and height 3.25𝑚. The plate makes an angle of 45° with the free surface of
water

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22. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 2.33: Find the magnitude and direction of resultant force acting on the
circular plate submerged in water as shown in Fig.

Job Exam Question

1. 𝐷𝑀𝑇𝐶𝐿 − 2019: Find hydrostatic force & center of pressure acting on a submerged plane
inclined with water surface at 30°. Height & weight of plate was 4𝑓𝑡 and 3𝑓𝑡 respectively.
Upper edge is 𝑌 = 64𝑓𝑡 below the free surface. [1.566𝑀𝑙𝑏𝑓, ℎ = 65.005𝑓𝑡]

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2. 𝐸𝑅𝐿 − 2017: The tank is 2𝑚 wide into the paper. Neglecting atmospheric pressure, find the
resultant hydro static force on panel 𝐵𝐶. [𝑃 = 441.45𝐾𝑁]

3. 𝐵𝑃𝐷𝐵 − 2015 + 𝑆𝐺𝐹𝐿 − 2017: Determine the pressure of water on the inclined plate having
width 3𝑚.

[𝑃 = 260.126𝐾𝑁]

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4. 𝐵𝐴𝐸𝑅𝐴 − 2021: A 5𝑚 by 3𝑚 plate is angled 40 with the horizontal. Find water force on the
plate.

[236.91𝐾𝑁]
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ̅𝐴 𝜌 = 1000𝐾𝑔/𝑚3
𝐹 = 1000 × 9.81 × 1.61 × 15 = 236.91𝐾𝑁 ℎ = 5𝑚
(𝐴𝑛𝑠) ℎ 5
ℎ̅ = sin 𝜃 = sin 40° = 1.61𝑚
2 2
𝐴 = 5 × 3 = 15𝑚2

5. 𝐵𝑃𝐷𝐵 − 2018: The bottom of a water containing tank shown below is of 2𝑚 wide rectangular
sheet but into a quadrant link of radius 3𝑚. Tank is 2𝑚 wide. Find resultant hydrostatic force on
the curve sheet. 246.33𝐾𝑁

6. 𝐵𝐼𝑊𝑇𝐴 − 2023 (𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑒 − 3.72): The water side of the wall of a 70𝑚 long dam is a
quarter circle with a radius of 7𝑚. Determine the hydrostatic force on the dam and its line of
action when the dam is filled to the rim.

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Buoyancy and Flotation

BUET Lecture
1. 𝑅𝑎𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2.8: A 0.25𝑚 diameter cylinder is 0.25𝑚 long and composed of material
with specific weight 8000𝑁/𝑚3 Will it float in water the ends horizontal?

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Example from different book

Job Exam Question

Maximum velocity of flow

𝑢 = 𝑢max [1−( 𝑟 )2 ]
𝑅
𝜋
𝑄= × 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅2
2
𝜋 2
𝑄 2 × 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑢̅ = = 2
=
𝐴 𝜋𝑅 2
BUET Lecture

Example from different book

1. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.11: Oil of kinematic viscosity 0.75 × 10−4 𝑚2 /𝑠 is flowing
through a pipe of 40𝑚𝑚 diameter. Find the velocity at a point 10mm from the pipe wall if the
Reynolds number for the flow is 1400.

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2. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.34: Water is flowing through a pipe of 100𝑚𝑚 diameter. The
flow is laminar and maximum velocity of flow is 2𝑚/𝑠. Find the average velocity and radius at
which this occurs. Also, the velocity at a radius of 25𝑚𝑚.

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3. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 10.8: In a pipe of 300𝑚𝑚 diameter the maximum velocity of flow is found to
be 2𝑚/𝑠. if the flow in the pipe is laminar find (𝑎) the average velocity and the radius at which it
occurs (𝑏) the velocity at 50𝑚𝑚 from the wall of the pipe.

𝑅
4. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8.36: In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the velocity at 2 (Midway
between the wall surface and the centerline) is measured to be 11𝑚/𝑠. Determine the velocity
at the center of the pipe.

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5. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8.38: The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe of
𝑟2
inner radius 𝑅 = 7𝑐𝑚, in 𝑚/𝑠, is given by is 𝑢(𝑟) = 4(1 − 𝑅2 ). Determine the average and
maximum velocities in the pipe and the volume flow rate

6. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8 − 135: The velocity profile is fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe,
in 𝑚/𝑠 is given by 𝑢(𝑟) = 6(1 − 100𝑟 2 ), where r is the radial distance from the centerline of the
pipe in m. Determine (𝑎) the radius of the pipe (𝑏) the average velocity through the pipe and (𝑐)
the maximum velocity in the pipe.

Job Exam Question

1. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8.37 𝑅𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐿 − 2022 + 𝑅𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑙 2021 + 𝐵𝐴𝑃𝐸𝑋 − 2023: The velocity
profile in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe of inner radius 𝑅 = 2𝑐𝑚, in 𝑚/𝑠, is given
𝑟2
by 𝑖𝑠 𝑢(𝑟) = 4(1 − 𝑅2). Determine the average and maximum velocities in the pipe and the
volume flow rate

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Energy and Hydraulic gradient line

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑒 13.3: Draw the Hydraulic and Energy Gradient line of the following figure

Job Exam Question

1. 𝐵𝐴𝐸𝑅𝐴 − 2021 Draw 𝐸𝐺𝐿 and 𝐻𝐺𝐿 of the following figure.

2. 𝐴𝑃𝑆𝐶𝐿 − 2019 Sketch and label the Energy Grade Line (𝐸𝐺𝐿) and Hydraulic Grade Line (𝐻𝐺𝐿)

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Dimensionless Number Used in Fluid mechanics

Name Equation Significance
Reynold’s Number 𝜌𝑣𝑙 Pipe এর মধয ছেলয় flow এর জন্য (Closed
µ chanel Flow)
Re<2300=Laminer flow
2300<Re<4000 Transitional Flow
Re>4000 Turbulent Flow
Froude Number 𝑣 Open channel এর flow Type
√𝑔𝑙 determine করা হয়
F=1 হলে critical Flow
F<1 হলে Subcritical Flow
F>1 হলে Supercritical Flow
Euler Number 𝑣
𝑝
√𝜌
Weber Number 𝑣
𝜎
√𝜌𝑙
Mach Number 𝑉 M=1 হলে Sonic Flow
𝐶
where C=velocity of sound,
V=object Velocity M>1 হলে Supersonic
M<1 হলে Subsonic

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Fluid machinery

Unit Characteristics

Unit Power Unit speed Unit discharge

𝑷 𝑁 𝑄
𝑷𝑯 = 𝟑 𝑁𝑢 = 𝑄𝑢 =
𝑯𝟐 √𝐻 √𝐻

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝑲𝒉𝒖𝒓𝒎𝒊 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑𝟒. 𝟏: A Pelton wheel develops 1750𝑘𝑊 under a head of 100 meters while
running at 200𝑟𝑝𝑚. and discharging 2500𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 of water per second. Find the unit power, unit
speed and unit discharge of the wheel.

Job Exam Question

Specific speed
The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is defined as the speed of a geometrically similar pump which
would deliver unit quantity (1𝑚3 /𝑠) against a unit head

Pump Turbine
𝑵√𝑸 𝑁√𝑃
𝑵𝒔 = 𝟑/𝟒 [𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑] 𝑁𝑠 = 5/4
[𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒]
𝑯 𝐻
এখালন্ 𝑝 এর 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐾𝑊 এ ছন্লত 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 করলত হয়
𝐾 = 250 − 900
𝐹 = 50 − 250
𝑃 = 1 − 50

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Khurmi fluid mechanics Table 34.1

Specific speed Type of turbine
8 to 30 Pelton wheel with one nozzle
30 to 50 Pelton wheel with 2 or more nozzle
50 to 250 Francis turbine
250 to 1000 Kaplan turbine

Khurmi table: 34.2 Selection of Turbine Based on Head

Head of water in meters Types of turbines
0 to 25 Kaplan or Francis (Preferably Kaplan)
25 to 50 Kaplan or Francis (Preferably Francis)
50to 150 Francis
150 to 250 Francis or Pelton (Preferably Francis)
250 to 300 Francis or Pelton (Preferably Pelton)
Above 300 Pelton

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 34.3 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 34.4 হলব): A reaction turbine is working under a head of 9 meters
and average discharge of 11200 liters for a generator speed of 200 𝑟𝑝𝑚. What is its specific
speed? Assume overall efficiency of the 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 92%.

2. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 34.5: One of the Kaplan turbines, installed at Ganguwal Power House (Bhakra Dam
Project) is rated at 25000 kW when working under 30 𝑚 of head at 180 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚. Find the
diameter of the runner, if overall efficiency of the turbine is 0.91. Assume flow ratio of
0.65 and diameter of runner hub equal to 0.3 times the external diameter of runner. Also find
specific speed of the turbine

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3. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 34.6: In a hydroelectric station, the water is available under a head of 15𝑚
at the rate of 100𝑚³/𝑠. Calculate the number of turbines with a speed of 65𝑟𝑝𝑚. and 82%
efficiency. The specific speed of the turbines is not to exceed 125𝑟𝑝𝑚. Also calculate the
power produced by each turbine.

4. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 34.7: Find the type of turbine which should be used under a head of 150𝑚 to
develop 1500𝐾𝑊, while running at 300𝑟𝑝𝑚.

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5. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 34.8: Find the specific speed and the type of a water turbine developing
7000 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 under a head of 20 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 when running at 100 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚. Calculate its normal
speed and output under 25 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 head

6. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 34.2.2: A turbine develops 1225𝐾𝑊 under a head of 64𝑚 while running
at 120𝑟𝑝𝑚, Find the type of turbine suitable for the project.
[𝑁 = 23.2𝑟𝑝𝑚, 𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒]
7. 𝐺𝐴𝑇𝐸 At a hydroelectric power plant site, available head and flow rate are 24.5𝑚 and 10.1
𝑚3 /𝑠 respectively. If the turbine to be installed is required to run at 4.0 revolution per second
(𝑟𝑝𝑠) with an overall efficiency of 90%, the suitable type of turbine for this site is

8. 𝐺𝐴𝑇𝐸 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚: In a hydroelectric station, water is supplied to the turbine to the turbine at
0.225𝑚3 /𝑠 and under a net head of 20𝑚. The turbines run at 1000𝑟𝑝𝑚 and have a specific
speed of 8.5𝑟𝑝𝑚. If there are 3 identical turbines in the station, then determine the overall
efficiency of the turbines.

9. A turbine delivering 10000ℎ𝑝 under a head of 81𝑚 at 120𝑟𝑝𝑚. What is its specific speed?

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10. A turbine is to operate under a head of 25𝑚 at 200𝑟𝑝𝑚. The discharge is 9𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑐. If the
efficiency is 90%, determine specific speed and power generated.
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃 Given
𝜂𝑜 = =
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝜌𝑔𝐻𝑄 𝐻 = 25𝑚
𝑃 = 𝜂𝑜 × 𝜌𝑔𝐻𝑄 𝑁 = 200𝑟𝑝𝑚
= 1000 × 9.81 × 25 × 9 × 0.9 𝑄 = 9𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑃 = 1986.525𝐾𝑊 𝜂𝑜 = 0.9
𝑁√𝑃 200 × √1986.525
𝑁𝑠 = 5 = 5
𝐻4 254
𝑁𝑠 = 159.46𝑟𝑝𝑚

11. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 37.3: Find the specific speed of a centrifugal pump, delivering 750𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟s
of water per second against a head of 15 meters at 725𝑟𝑝𝑚.

12. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 34.10: The total power generated in a hydraulic power station is
18000𝐾𝑊 under a head of 16𝑚, while the turbine run with a speed of 192𝑟𝑝𝑚 find the
number of turbines of the same size required in case of (𝑎) Francies turbine with maximum
specific speed of 210 (𝑏) Kaplan turbines with maximum specific speed of 300

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13. 𝑲𝒉𝒖𝒓𝒎𝒊 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓: A single stage centrifugal pump with impeller diameter of 300𝑚𝑚 rotates at
2000𝑟𝑝m and lift 3𝑚3 of water per minute to a height of 30𝑚 with an efficiency of 75%. Find
the number of stages and the diameter of each impeller of a similar multistage pump to lift
4.5𝑚3 of water per minute to a height of 130𝑚 when rotating at 1500𝑟𝑝𝑚.

14. In a hydraulic power scheme water is available at the rate of 175𝑚3 /s under a head of 18𝑚.
if the available turbines run at speed of 150𝑟𝑝𝑚 with overall efficiency of 82% Find the
maximum numbers of turbines of the same size required in case (𝑎) Francis turbine with a
maximum specific speed of 460 (𝑏) Kaplan turbine with a maximum specific speed of 350

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15. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 4.19: A turbine working under a head of 210𝑚 runs at
300𝑟𝑝𝑚. Flow of the water in the turbines is 900𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/𝑠. If the overall efficiency is 85%,
find the type of turbine.

Job Exam Question

1. 𝑩𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎: Show that specific speed of pump is a Dimension less number.

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2. 𝐵𝑃𝑆𝐶 − 2016: A turbine develops 10000𝐾𝑊 under a head of 25𝑚 at 135𝑟𝑝𝑚, what is the
specific speed. [241.5]

3. 𝐵𝑅𝐸𝐵 − 2018: A hydroelectric turbine having head of 24.5𝑚, flow rate 10𝑚3 /𝑠, efficiency
90% and speed 4 𝑟𝑝𝑠, which type of turbine to be used. [𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑠]

4. 𝐵𝑃𝐷𝐵 2021: A turbine works under a head of 25𝑚 at 2000𝑟𝑝𝑚. The discharge through the
turbine is 10𝑚3 /𝑠. if the overall efficiency of the turbine is 91%, find the power generated
by the turbine and the specific speed of the turbine. [𝑃 = 2.231𝑀𝑊, 𝑁𝑠 = 169 𝑟𝑝𝑚]

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5. 𝑊𝑍𝑃𝐷𝐶𝐿 − 2023: A hydroelectric power plant having head of 25𝑚, flow rate of
20𝑚3 /𝑠, efficiency of 80%, turbine speed 5𝑟𝑝𝑠, what type of turbine should be used in this
situation.

6. 𝑬𝑮𝑪𝑩 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟐: Turbine is working at 200𝑟𝑝𝑚, 25𝑚 head 10𝑚3 /s flow rate, where overall
efficiency is 91%. Find power output and specific speed.

Multistage Centrifugal Pump

Rajput Hydraulics Article 3.13

Pump in series Pump in parallel

কখন্ বযাবহার করা হয়? েখন্ আমালের শক diacharge বাডালত হলব
Head increase করার জন্য এলেলে head থাকলব same
Discharge Q same থালক 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
এলেলে Numbers of pumps required=
𝑯𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑄
Number of pumps required=
𝑯𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒐

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.30: It is required to pump water out of deep well under a total head of 90𝑚.
A number of identical pumps of design speed 1000𝑟𝑝𝑚 and specific speed 30 with a rated
capacity of 0.15𝑚3 /𝑠 are available. How many pumps are required and how should be connected
whether in series or in parallel.

2. 𝑹𝒂𝒋𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟑. 𝟏𝟓: Find the number of pumps required to take water from a deep well
under a total head of 120𝑚. All the pumps are identical and are running at 800𝑟𝑝𝑚. The specific
speed of each pump is given as 25. While the rated capacity of each pump is 0.16𝑚3 /𝑠 [4]

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3. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 35 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 3: Determine the least no of stages for a multistage pump to
deliver 60𝐿 of water per second against a total head of 210 meters at 1450𝑟𝑝𝑚. The speed of
the pump is not to exceed 670𝑟𝑝𝑚. [5]
4. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 19 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 9: Find the number of pumps required to take water from a deep
well under a total head of 156𝑚. Also, the pumps are identical and running at 1000𝑟𝑝𝑚. The
specific speed of each pump is given as 20 while the rated capacity of each pump is 150𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/𝑠.
how should be connected whether in series or in parallel [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 3]
5. 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 24.12: Determine the number of impellers required for a multistage pump to lift
4200𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 against a total head of 185𝑚 at a speed of 𝟕𝟓𝟎𝒓𝒑𝑚. The specific speed is
not to exceed 700.

6. 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 24.13: What is to be pumped out of a deep well under a head of 95𝑚. A number
of identical pumps of design speed 1000𝑟𝑝𝑚 and specific speed 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝒓𝑝𝑚 with a rated capacity
of 150𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/𝑠 are available. How many pumps will be needed and how should they be
connected?

7. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 37.4: A multi-stage centrifugal pump is required to lift 9000 liters of water per minute
from a mine, the total head including friction being 75 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠. If the speed of the pump is
1200𝑟𝑝𝑚., find the least number of stages, if the specific speed per stage is not to be less than
60𝑟𝑝𝑚

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8. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 37.5: A single stage centrifugal pump with impeller diameter of 300 𝑚𝑚 rotates at
2000 𝑟𝑝𝑚. and lifts 3𝑚 of water per minute to a height of 30 meters with an efficiency of 75%.
Find the number of stages and the diameter of each impeller of a similar multistage pump to lift
4.5𝑚3 of water per minute to a height of 130𝑚 when rotating at 1500 𝑟𝑝𝑚

Job Exam Question

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Similarity/Model test
PUMP Turbine
Specific speed Specific speed
𝑵√𝑸 𝑁√𝑃
𝑯𝟑/𝟒 𝐻 5/4
Lift co-efficient Lift co-efficient
√𝑯𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒐 √𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜
𝑫𝑵
𝐷𝑁
Flow co-efficient Flow co-efficient
𝑸 𝑄
𝑵𝑫𝟑 𝑁𝐷 3
Power Co-efficient Power Co-efficient
𝑷 𝑃
𝟓 𝑵𝟑 3
𝑫 𝐷5 𝑁
আলে model বান্ালত হয় এরপর prototype ততছর করলত হয়। model শিাট হয় prototype বড় হয়।

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 34.2: An impulse turbine develops 4500 𝑘𝑊 under a head of 200 meters. The
turbine runner has a speed of 200 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚. and discharges 0.8 cubic meter of water per second. If
the head on the same turbine falls during summer season to 184.3 meters, find the new discharge,
power and speed of the turbine.

2. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 34.3: A reaction turbine, at best speed, produces 125 𝑘𝑊 under a head of 64
meters. By what percent should the speed be increased for a head of 81 meters.

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3. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.49: A turbine is to operate under a head of 25𝑚 at 200𝑟𝑝𝑚. The discharge
is 9𝑚3 /𝑠. if the efficiency is 90% than determine the performance of the turbine under a head of
20𝑚.

4. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.34/𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 19.18: 3𝑚3 of water per second is lifted to a height of
30𝑚 with an efficiency of 75% by single stage centrifugal pump. The impeller diameter is 300𝑚𝑚
and it is rotating at 2000𝑟𝑝𝑚. Find the number of stages and diameter of each impeller of a
similar multistage pump to lift 5𝑚3 of water per second to a height of 200𝑚 when rotating at
1500𝑟𝑝𝑚. [7, 𝐷 = 0.4]

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5. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.32: In order to predict the performance of a large centrifugal pump a scale model
of 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑠𝑖𝑥𝑡ℎ size was made with the following specification: Power 𝑃 = 25𝐾𝑊, Head 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜 =
7𝑚, speed 𝑁 = 1000𝑟𝑝𝑚. If the Prototype pump has to work against a head of 22𝑚, calculate its
working speed, the power required to drive it, and the ratio of the flow rates handled by the two
pumps.

6. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.35: A centrifugal pump discharging 0.025𝑚3 /𝑠 of water against a total head
of 18𝑚. the diameter of the impeller is 0.4𝑚 and it is rotating at 1400𝑟𝑝𝑚. Calculate the head,

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discharge & ratio of power of a geometrically similar pump of diameter 0.25𝑚 when it is running
𝑃1
at 2800𝑟𝑝𝑚. [ 𝑄 = 0.0122𝑚3 /𝑠, 𝐻 = 28.125𝑚, = 1.3]
𝑃2

7. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 34.2: An impulse turbine develops 4500𝐾𝑊 under a head of 200𝑚. The turbine runner
has a speed of 200𝑟𝑝𝑚 and discharges 0.8 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 meter per second. If the head on the same
turbine falls during summer season to 184.3𝑚, find the new discharge power and speed of the
turbine.

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8. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 34.4: A turbine develops 10,000𝑘𝑤 under a head of 25𝑚 at 135𝑟𝑝𝑚. What is
its specific speed? What would be its normal speed and output under a head of 20𝑚?

9. 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 22.1: A Francis turbine working under a head of 5 m at a speed of 210𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚.,
develops 75𝑘𝑊 when the rate of flow of water is 1.8 𝑚³/𝑠. The runner diameter is 1𝑚. If the head
on this turbine is increased to 16𝑚, determine its new speed, discharge and power

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10. 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 22.20: A turbine is to operate under a head of 25 𝑚 at 200 𝑟𝑝𝑚. If the discharge is
9 𝑚3 /𝑠 and turbine efficiency is 90%, calculate power generated by the turbine, specific speed of
the turbine and performance of the turbine under a head of 20 𝑚. Also state the type of turbine.

11. 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 24.19: A pump operates at a maximum efficiency of 82% and delivers 2.25𝑚³/𝑠
under a head of 18𝑚 while running at 3600𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚 speed. Compute the specific speed of the pump.
Also determine the discharge, head and power input to pump at a shaft speed of 2400𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚. Cite
the assumption made, if any.

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12. A centrifugal pump was built to supply water against a head of 22.5𝑚. But later on it was required to
supply the required quantity of water against a head of 20𝑚. Find the necessary reduction in the
impeller diameter, if it is planned to reduce the original diameter of 300𝑚𝑚 without reducing the
speed of impeller.

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13. 𝐶. 𝑃 𝐾𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑎ⅆ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 14.4: At a location investigation yielded the following data for
the installation of a hydro plant. Head available = 200 𝑚, power available = 40,000 𝑘𝑊. The
speed chosen was 500 𝑟𝑝𝑚. A model study was proposed. In the laboratory head available was
20 𝑚. It was proposed to construct a 1/6 scale model. Determine the speed and dynamo meter
capacity to test the model. Also determine the flow rate required in terms of the prototype flow
rate

14. 𝐶. 𝑃 𝐾𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛ⅆ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑚 14.7: A turbine is operating with a head of 400𝑚 and speed of
500𝑟𝑝𝑚 and flow rate of 5𝑚3 /𝑠 producing the power of 17.66𝑀𝑊. The head available changed
to 350𝑚. It no other corrective action was taken what would be the speed, flow and power?
Assume efficiency is maintained

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15. 𝑅. 𝐾 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 19.22: A 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑓𝑡ℎ scale model of a pump was tested in a laboratory at 1000𝑟𝑝𝑚.
The head developed and the [ower input at the best effiviency point were found to be 8𝑚 and
30𝐾𝑊 respectively. If the prototype pump has to work against a head of 25𝑚, determine its
working speed, the power required to drive it and the ratio of the flow rates handled by the two
pumps.
[353.5𝑟𝑝𝑚, 4143𝐾𝑊, 41.1875𝑚3 /𝑠]

16. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.53: A 1/5 scale model of a centrifugal pump absorbs 20𝐾𝑊 when pumping
against a test head of 8𝑚 at its best speed of 400𝑟𝑝𝑚. If the actual pump works against 32𝑚

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head, find the speed and power required for the actual pump. Determine also the quantities of
water discharged by the two pumps.

1
17. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.57: A model of Francis turbine is 5th of full size, develops 4ℎ𝑝 at 300𝑟𝑝𝑚
under a head of 2𝑚. Find the speed and power of the 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 − 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒ⅆ turbine operating under head
of 6𝑚.

18. 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 − 22.5: A model of Francis turbine one-fifth of full size, develops 3 𝑘𝑊 at
306𝑟𝑝𝑚. under a head of 1.77 𝑚. Find the speed and power of full-size turbine operating under

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a head of 5.7 m, if (𝑎) the efficiency of the model and the full-size turbine are same, (𝑏) the
efficiency of the model turbine is 76% and the scale effect is considered.

19. 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 22.10: A model of a turbine 0.3 𝑚 diameter when running at 900 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚., under
a head of 12 𝑚 gave the following results:
% 𝑮𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝟒𝟎% 𝟔𝟎% 𝟖𝟎% 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
8.38 13.24 17.50 19.71
(𝑲𝑾)
The actual turbine is required to develop 7360 𝑘𝑊 at 85% gate opening under a head of 35 𝑚.
Assuming same efficiency at corresponding gate opening for the model and actual turbines, find
(𝑖) diameter and speed of the actual turbine, (𝑖𝑖) output of the actual turbine at 50% gate
opening

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20. 𝐺𝐴𝑇𝐸 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚: A model that has a runner speed of 178 𝑟𝑝𝑚 and with a supplied head of 6 𝑚 is
used to test a geometrically similar hydraulic turbine. The turbine is expected to develop 30 𝑀𝑊,
when supplied with a head of 60 𝑚, with a runner speed of 100 𝑟𝑝𝑚. (𝑎) Determine the power
developed by the model of the supplied head (𝑏) determine the model to scale ratio

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1
21. A scall model of a rection turbines tested under a head of 1.8𝑚 and at speed of 450𝑟𝑝𝑚 has
5
an output of 5ℎ𝑝 find the speed and power developed by the prototype when it works under a
head of 7.6𝑚.

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22. A quarter scale model is tested under a head of 12𝑚. The 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 − 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 turbine is required to
work under a head of 30𝑚 and to rum at 428𝑟𝑝𝑚 at what speed must the model run? If the
model develops 135ℎ𝑝 and uses 1100𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/𝑠 at this speed what power used to be obtained
from the full-scale turbine assuming that the efficiency 𝑖𝑠 3% better than the model.

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23. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 14 − 114: A 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑓𝑖𝑓𝑡ℎ scale model of a water turbine is tested in a laboratory at 𝑇 =
20℃ The diameter of the model is 8.0𝑐𝑚, its volume flow rate is 25.5𝑚3 /ℎ, it spins at 1500𝑟𝑝𝑚,
and it operates with a net head of 15.0𝑚. At its best efficiency point, it delivers 720𝑊 of shaft Power,
Calculate the efficiency of the model turbine. What is the most likely kind of turbine being tested?

24. 𝐷𝑜𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑠 23.2 A centrifugal pump will operate at 300 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛 delivering 6𝑚3 /𝑠 against 100𝑚 head.
Laboratory facilities for a model are: maximum flow 0.28𝑚3 /𝑠 maximum power available 225𝐾𝑊.
Using water and assuming that the efficiency of model and prototype are the same, find the speed of
the model and the scale ratio. Also calculate the specific speed.
[𝐴𝑛𝑠: 1196 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛, 4.4, 0.439 (𝑟𝑎ⅆ)]

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1
25. A scale model of a turbine is to be tested in the laboratory to design an actual turbine which will
7
develop 30,000𝐾𝑊 output power under a head of 50𝑚 running at 400𝑟𝑝𝑚. Find the speed, output
power and flow rate for the model. The overall efficiency of the model is 86% and head available for
the model 10𝑚.

26. A Reaction turbine having an overall efficiency of 76% works under a head of 126𝑚 at 430𝑟𝑝𝑚. If
the specific speed of this turbine is 185𝑟𝑝𝑚, find out the flow rate of water. Also find flow rate of
water when the head is 90𝑚.

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27. 𝐾. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5.24: A centrifugal pump has an impeller of 200𝑚𝑚 and its capacity is
400𝐿/𝑠 at a speed of 1200𝑟𝑝𝑚 against a total head of 12𝑚. Estimate the speed and head of a
geometrically similar pump with impeller diameter of 300𝑚𝑚 and required to deliver 700𝐿/𝑠

28. 𝐾. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5.24: A centrifugal pump is delivering 400𝐿/s of water against a head of
25𝑚. If it is desired to pump 600𝐿/𝑠 using the same pump, estimate the percentage increase in speed
required. What percentage increase in brake power is required for the new job? What would be the
head under the new condition?

29. 𝐾. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎 5.26: A centrifugal pump has a diameter of 325𝑚𝑚 and consumes 15𝑘𝑊 of input
power at an efficiency of 0.80. The speed of the pump is 1450𝑟𝑝𝑚 and the total head developed is
21𝑚. If the impeller size is trimmed to 300𝑚𝑚, estimate the change in the discharge and head when
it is run at the same speed of 1450 𝑟𝑝𝑚

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30. 𝐾. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5.27: Following are the details of a 1: 5 scale model of a large pump:
Power Supplied 𝟏𝟎𝑲𝑾
Head Developed 6𝑚
Spee𝒅 1000𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 0.85

(𝑎) Estimate the prototype speed, power required, discharge by considering the prototype head as
36 𝑚 and assuming the efficiency to remain the same as that of the model. (𝑏) What would be the
efficiency of the prototype by the step-up formula of (𝑖) Moody, and (𝑖𝑖) Anderson?

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31. 𝐾. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5.28: A single-stage centrifugal pump has a discharge of 600 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 oil
of relative density 0.9 against a head of 20 𝑚. The speed of the pump is 1250 𝑟𝑝𝑚. The efficiency of
the pump can be taken as 0.82. Estimate the brake power at this speed and the expected power
requirement if the speed is increased to 1500 𝑟𝑝𝑚.

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32. 𝐾. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5.29: Two geometrically similar pumps A and B have the same speed of
1500𝑟𝑝𝑚. Pump A has a diameter of 0.35𝑚 and discharge of 36𝐿/𝑠 against a head of 25 𝑚. Pump
"𝐵" gives a discharge of 18𝐿/𝑠. Estimate the total head and impeller diameter of Pump "𝐵"

33. 𝐾. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5.30: Pump "𝐴" is designed to pump 0.5𝑚³/𝑠 of sea water (𝑝 =
1025𝑘𝑔/𝑚³) to a head of 30𝑚 when running at a speed of 1500𝑟𝑝𝑚. This pump is to be studied in
a 1: 2. model in the laboratory that uses fresh water (𝑝 = 998 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³). The model pump has a
rotative speed of 1200𝑟𝑝𝑚. (𝑎) Calculate the discharge, total head and the brake power of the
model. Assume an efficiency of 0.80 for both model and prototype pumps. (𝑏) Calculate the specific
speed of the model and prototype respectively.

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1
34. 𝐾. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5.31: In a 4 model of a pump, the ratio of heads in the model and prototype
1
is 3. If the model pump has a brake power of 1.5 𝑘𝑊, estimate the prototype power by assuming the
efficiency to be the same for both the model and the prototype. If this model has a speed of
1750 𝑟𝑝𝑚: (𝑎) What is the speed of the prototype? (𝑏) What is the ratio of discharges in the model
and prototype?

35. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑦 4.2: A reaction turbine having an overall efficiency of 76%, works under a
head of 126 m at 430 𝑟𝑝𝑚. If the specific speed of this turbine is 185 𝑟𝑝𝑚, find out the flow rate of
water. Find also the flow rate of water when the head is 90𝑚.

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1
36. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 4.3: A 10 scale model of a Kaplan turbine working under a head of 5𝑚.
The prototype develops 8500 𝑘𝑊 at 150 𝑟𝑝𝑚 under a head of 10𝑚. The overall efficiency of
prototype is 86%. Find the speed and discharge for the model. Find also the specific speed of the
turbine.

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐵 − 2018 + 𝑁𝑊𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐿 − 2021: A 2: 1 scale model of a pump was tested in a laboratory at
750𝑟𝑝𝑚, head 20𝑚 and discharge 10𝐿/𝑠. If the speed of prototype was 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒓𝑝𝑚, determine the
head and discharge. [𝐻 = 320𝑚, 𝑄 = 160𝑚3 /𝑠] 𝑚3

2. 𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐵 − 2019: 6” pump operating at 1770 𝑟𝑝𝑚 and flow rate of 1500 𝑔𝑝𝑚 has a head of 80 𝑓𝑡
with 80% efficiency. If another homologous 8” pump of 1170 rpm is used for replacement of this
pump then find capacity, head and flow rate of replacement 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 [𝑄 = 2350𝑔𝑝𝑚, 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜 =
62.14𝑓𝑡]

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1
3. 𝐷𝐸𝑆𝐶𝑂 − 2019: A Kaplan turbine of 10 Scale model has a head of 5𝑚. the prototype develops
8500𝐾𝑊 at 150𝑟𝑝𝑚 & 10𝑚 head. Determine the speed of the model and specific speed of the
prototype turbine. [𝑁𝑚 = 1060.66 𝑟𝑝𝑚, 𝑁𝑠 = 777]

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4. 𝐸𝐺𝐶𝐵 2017: An impulse turbine develops 4500𝐾𝑊 under a head of 200𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟s. The turbine
runner has a speed of 200𝑟𝑝𝑚 and discharges 0.8 cubic meter of water per second. If the head
on the same turbine falls during summer season to 184.3 meters find the new discharge power
and speed of the turbine. [𝑁 = 192𝑟𝑝𝑚, 𝑄 = 0.768𝑚3 /𝑠, 𝑃 = 3980.6𝐾𝑊]

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5. 𝐴𝑃𝑆𝐶𝐿 2021: A turbine running at 500𝑟𝑝𝑚 and discharge is 14𝑚3/𝑠 under the head of 400𝑚
and generate 17𝑀𝑊 power. If head change is 300𝑚 and no other correction then find the speed,
discharge, discharge and power. [𝑁2 = 433𝑟𝑝𝑚, 𝑄2 = 12.12𝑚3 /𝑠, 𝑃2 = 11.04𝑀𝑊]

6. 𝐵𝑊𝐷𝐵 − 2020: A centrifugal pump delivers 2.5𝑚3/𝑠 under a head of 14𝑚 and running at speed
of 2010𝑟𝑝𝑚. The impeller diameter of pump is 125𝑚𝑚. if a 104𝑚𝑚 diameter impeller is fitted
and the pump runs at speed of 2210𝑟𝑝𝑚. What is the volume flow and head at new pump? [𝑄2 =
1.583𝑚3 /𝑠, 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜 = 11.715𝑚]

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7. 𝐸𝑅𝐿 − 2022: Pump characteristics curve was given. At Best effective point 𝐻 = 65𝑚 and 𝑄 =
0.035𝑚3 /𝑠 for 1430𝑟𝑝𝑚 and 128𝑚𝑚 diameter of pump. Pump need to work on 0.016𝑚3 /𝑠 and
30𝑚 of head. Find the pump size and rpm to work on this head and flow rate.

Pump
1. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 5.44: A centrifugal pump delivers 10𝑙/𝑠 at 900𝑟𝑝𝑚
against a head of 20𝑚. What head will be developed and quantity of water delivered when the
pump runs at 600𝑟𝑝𝑚?

2. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 5.45: The speed of two geometrically similar
centrifugal pumps is 1000𝑟𝑝𝑚. The outside diameter of impeller of first pump is 0.36𝑚. It delivers
27𝑙/𝑠 of water against a head of 17𝑚. If the flow rate of second pump is half of the first pump,
find the diameter of impeller and head for the second pump.

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3. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 5.46: A single stage centrifugal pump delivers
0.5𝑚³/𝑠 of water at 2000𝑟𝑝𝑚 against a head of 32𝑚. The outside diameter of impeller is
250 𝑚𝑚. A geometrically similar multistage pump is required to deliver 0.75𝑚³/𝑠 of water at
1500𝑟𝑝𝑚 against a head of 220𝑚. Find out number of impellers of the multistage pump and the
outside diameter of each of the impeller of the same pump

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4. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 5.47: A centrifugal pump delivers 130𝑙/𝑠 of water at
1050𝑟𝑝𝑚. The outside diameter of impeller is 300𝑚𝑚 and it is 65𝑚𝑚 wide at exit. The blade
angle at outlet is 30°. If the manometric efficiency is 86%, find the specific speed of the pump

5. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 5.48 The scale ratio of the model and prototype of a
centrifugal pump is 0.5. The outside diameter of the impeller of model is 150𝑚𝑚. The model
supplies 0.045𝑚³/𝑠 of water at 7000𝑟𝑝𝑚 against a head of 42𝑚. If the efficiency of the model
and prototype is same, find the discharge, head and speed of the model. Find also the specific
speed of the pump

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6. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 5.49: A centrifugal pump delivers 0.035𝑚³/𝑠 of
water against a total head of 22𝑚 at 1500𝑟𝑝𝑚. The outside diameter of the impeller is 0.42 𝑚.
Find the head, discharge and ratio of powers of a geometrically similar pump of outside impeller
diameter 0.26𝑚 when it is running at 2950𝑟𝑝𝑚.

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7. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 5.50: The linear scale ratio of the model and
1
prototype of a centrifugal pump is 4. The prototype delivers 1550𝑙/𝑠 of water at 550𝑟𝑝𝑚 against
a head 𝑜𝑓 31𝑚 and absorbs 750𝑘𝑊. If the model works against a head of 11 m find the speed,
discharge and power required by the model

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Impulse or Pelton wheel Turbine

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BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 12.2𝑚/𝑠 and supplied with water at the rate of
1370𝑙𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 under a head of 30.5𝑚. If the buckets defect the jet through an angle of 160°. Find
the horse Power and Efficiency of the wheel.

2. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 18.1 + 35𝑡ℎ 𝐵𝐶𝑆: A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10𝑚/𝑠 with a jet of water
flowing at the rate of 700𝑙𝑡/𝑠. Under a head of 30m. The buckets deflected the jet through an
angle of 160°. Calculate the power given by the water to the runner and the hydraulic efficiency
of the turbine. Assume co-efficient of velocity as 0.98.

3. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 18.11: A Pelton wheel is to be designed for a head of 60𝑚 when running at 200𝑟𝑝𝑚. The
Pelton wheel develop 95.6475𝐾𝑊 shaft Power. The velocity if the 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠 = 0.4𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 the
velocity of the jet, overall efficiency = 0.85 and co-efficient of velocity is equal to 0.98.

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4. A double jet Pelton wheel operates under a head of 45𝑚 head and develops 1000𝐾𝑊 when
running at 450𝑟𝑝𝑚. The overall efficiency of the turbine is 86% and the coefficient of velocity for
the nozzle is 0.98. Find the water flow rate and diameter of the nozzle jet.

5. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 32.1: A Pelton wheel develops 2000 𝑘𝑊 under a head of 100 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠, and with
an overall efficiency of 85%. Find the diameter of the nozzle, if the coefficient of velocity for the
nozzle 𝑖𝑠 0.98.

6. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 32.2: A Pelton wheel, having semi-circular buckets and working under a head of
140 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠, is running at 600 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚. The discharge through the nozzle is 500 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/𝑠 and

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diameter of the wheel is 600 𝑚𝑚. Find: (𝑎) Power available at the nozzle, and (𝑏) Hydraulic
efficiency of the wheel, if coefficient of velocity is 0.98

7. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 32.3: A Pelton wheel, working under a head of 500𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠, produces 13000 𝑘𝑊
at 430𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚. If the efficiency of the wheel is 85%, determine (𝑎) discharge of the turbine, (𝑏)
diameter of the wheel, and (𝑐) diameter of the nozzle. Assume suitable data.

8. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 32.5: The Payara Power House, in South India, is equipped with impulse turbines
of Pelton type. Each turbine delivers a maximum power of 14250 𝑘𝑊, when working under a

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head of 900 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 and running at 600 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚. Find the diameter of the jet and the mean
diameter of the wheel

9. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 32.6: A Pelton wheel is required to generate 3750 𝑘𝑊 under an effective head of
400 meters. Find the total flow in liters/second and size of the jet. Assume generator efficiency
95%. overall efficiency 80%, coefficient of velocity 0.97, speed ratio 0.46. If the jet ratio is 10,
find the mean diameter of runner.

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10. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 32.10: A Pelton wheel is supplied water under a head of 200 𝑚 through a
100 𝑚𝑚 diameter pipes. If the quantity of water supplied to the wheel is 1.25 𝑚³/𝑠. Find the
number of jets. Assume 𝐶𝑣 = 0.97.

11. Khurmi 32.11

Job Exam Question

1. 33𝑟ⅆ 𝐵𝐶𝑆: A Pelton wheel develops 1750𝐾𝑊 under a head of 100𝑚 while running at 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒓𝒑𝑚
and discharging to 2500𝑙/𝑠 what is the unit Power of the wheel.
2. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑎ⅆ𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘 2019: A Power house is equipped with Pelton type impulse turbine. Each
turbine delivers 14𝑀𝑊 when working a head 900m and running 600𝑟𝑝𝑚. Find the diameter of
the Jet and Mean diameter of the wheel. Assume overall efficiency is 89% velocity co-efficient
0.98 and speed ratio 0.46.

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3. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 18.1 + 35𝑡ℎ 𝐵𝐶𝑆: A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10𝑚/𝑠 with a jet of water
flowing at the rate of 700𝑙𝑡/𝑠. Under a head of 30𝑚. The buckets deflected the jet through an
angle of 160°. Calculate the power given by the water to the runner and the hydraulic efficiency
of the turbine. Assume co-efficient of velocity as 0.98.

Design of impulse turbine

Khurmi Article 32.14

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Turbine Power
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 5 − 25: Electric power is to be generated by installing a hydraulic turbine–
generator at a site 110 𝑚 below the free surface of a large water reservoir that can supply water
steadily at a rate of 900 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. If the mechanical power output of the turbine is 800 𝑘𝑊 and the
electric power generation is 750 𝑘𝑊, determine the turbine efficiency and the combined turbine–
generator efficiency of this plant. Neglect losses in the pipe

2. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 𝐸𝑥 2 − 61 A geothermal pump is used to pump brine whose density is

1050 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 at a rate of 0.3𝑚3 /𝑠 from a depth of 200 𝑚. For a pump efficiency of 74 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡,
determine the required power input to the pump. Disregard frictional losses in the pipes, and
assume the geo thermal water at 200 𝑚 depth to be exposed to the atmosphere

3. Water moves through the turbine at the rate of 0.23𝑚3 /𝑠. the pressure at point (1) and (2) are
186.4𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 and −19.6𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 respectively. Neglecting heat transfer, determine the
horsepower deliver to the turbine from water.

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Job Exam Question

Wind turbine
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 8.1: A wind turbine with a 12𝑚-diameter rotor, as shown in Figure is
to be installed at a location where the wind is blowing steadily at an average velocity of 10 𝑚/𝑠.
Determine the maximum power that can be generated by the wind turbine.

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Job Exam Question

Pump power
ℎ𝜌𝑔𝑄
𝑃=
𝜂
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 3.58: Determine the shaft power for an 80% efficient pump to discharge
12𝑉 2
30𝐿/𝑠 through the system. The system losses exclusive of the pump losses are and 𝐻 = 16𝑚
2𝑔

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2. 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 3.59 The fluid power produced by the pump of figure is 7𝐾𝑊. For 𝐻 = 20𝑚 & system
8𝑉 2
losses of 2𝑔
. Determine the discharge and the pump head in 𝐻𝑃

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3. Water at 20℃ is pumped at 1500𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛 from the lower to the upper reservoir, as in Fig. Pipe
friction losses are approximated by ℎ𝑓 = 27v2/2g. Where V is the average velocity in the pipe. If
the pump is 75% efficient, what horsepower is needed to drive it?

4. The horizontal pump in figure discharges 20℃ water at 57𝑚3 /ℎ. Neglecting losses what power
in 𝑘𝑤 is delivered to the water by the pump?

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝐵𝐶𝐼𝐶 − 2016: A pump delivers 10 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐 of water at a pressure difference of

2𝑀𝑃𝑎. Calculate the water horse power. [𝑃 = 26.8 𝐻. 𝑃]

2. 𝐷𝑃𝐷𝐶 − 2019: Discharge of a pump is 20𝐿/𝑠, head 40m and efficiency 55%. Pump operates
30𝑚𝑖𝑛/ⅆ𝑎𝑦. Find electrical energy consumption by the pump in Kw-h for 30 ⅆ𝑎𝑦𝑠. [𝑃 =
214𝐾𝑊 − ℎ𝑟]

3. 𝐵𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛 2018: A 1.5𝑚 × 1.5𝑚 × 2𝑚 tank is kept at 11𝑚 above from the ground. If a pump
installed on ground having efficiency of 60% can fill the tank in 30𝑚𝑖𝑛 then find the required
pimp power. [𝑃 = 531.37 𝑊 = 0. 712𝐻. 𝑃]

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4. 𝐵𝑅𝐸𝐵 2018: A pimp having head of 50𝑚, flow rate 60𝐿/𝑠 𝑖𝑓 the suction line is 100𝑚 long &
diameter 100𝑚𝑚, pump has overall efficiency of 70%, then find the power required to drive the
pump, 𝑓 = 0.003 [𝑃 = 74.5𝐾𝑊]

5. 𝐵𝑊𝐷𝐵 2017: A pump discharge water of 150𝑚3/ℎ𝑟 at a height of 20𝑚. Find the pump output
power in 𝐾𝑊 if the motor 𝜂 = 67.64% [𝑃 = 8.175𝐾𝑊]

6. 𝐷𝐸𝑆𝐶𝑂 2019: A motor (𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 90%) deliver power to a pump (𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 80%)
which delivers 50𝐿/𝑠 through a 200𝑚 long pipe a diameter 150𝑚𝑚 having friction factor 𝑓 =
0.0051 Determine input power of the motor (Density of fluid 998𝑘𝑔/𝑚3) [𝐴𝑛𝑠 = 2.164𝐾𝑊]

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7. 𝑆𝐺𝐹𝐿 2017: A motor can lift 500𝑘𝑔 water to 15𝑚 height in 9.1 𝑠𝑒𝑐. determine (𝑎) work done by
the motor. (𝑏) Power of the motor. [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 73575𝐽, 𝑃 = 8.085𝐾𝑊 𝑜𝑟 10.83𝐻. 𝑃]

8. 𝑇𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑔𝑎𝑠 2018: A pump delivers 0.05𝑚3 /𝑠 water to a total height of 15𝑚. Length and diameter
of pipe is 20𝑚 and 155𝑚𝑚 respectively. Overall efficiency of the pump is 65%. Find the power
required to drive the pump. Take friction factor coefficient 𝑓 = 0.054
[𝑃 = 19.11𝐾𝑊 𝑜𝑟 25.61𝐻𝑃]

9. 𝐸𝐿𝐵𝐿 − 2022: A pump of discharge water is 0.085𝑚3 /𝑠 flow through a 25 pipe of elevation is
12𝑚. the diameter of the pipe is 15 𝑐𝑚. find the efficiency of pump when it required to drive the
pump at 20𝐾𝑊.
10. 𝐵𝐴𝐷𝐶 − 2022: A pump lifts water 𝑎𝑡 93.6𝑚3 /ℎ against a total head of 21𝑚. Compute the water
horse power. If the pump has an efficiency of 72%, what size prime mover is required to operate

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the pump? If a direct drive electric motor operating at 80% efficiency is used to operate the
pump, compute the cost of electrical energy in a month of 30ⅆ𝑎𝑦𝑠. The pump is operated for
12 hours daily. The cost of electrical energy is 20 paise per unit
11. 𝑀𝐺𝑀𝐶𝐿 − 2022: Water (𝜌 = 998𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 ) is being pumped to a height of 16𝑚 using a pump
having efficiency 75%. The discharge of the pump is 55𝑙/𝑠. Length of the connecting pipe is 22𝑚
and diameter is 15𝑐𝑚. Determine-
a) Velocity of the water [3.12𝑚/𝑠]
b) Loss of head due to friction [3.64𝑚]
c) Input power of the pump [14.47𝐾𝑊]
Take 𝑓 = 0.05

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Pump & Motor

ℎ𝜌𝑔𝑄
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
√3𝑉𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 × 𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5 − 12: The pump of a water distribution system is powered by a 15𝑘𝑊
electric motor whose efficiency is 90 percent as shown in figure. The water flow rate through the
pump is 50𝑙/𝑠. The diameters of the inlet and outlet pipes are the same, and the elevation
difference across the pump is negligible. If the absolute pressures at the inlet and outlet of the
pump are measured to be 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 300 𝑘𝑃𝑎, respectively, determine the mechanical
efficiency of the pump

2. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 5 − 27: Water is pumped from a lake to a storage tank 18 𝑚 above at a rate of
70𝑙/𝑠 while consuming 20.4𝑘𝑊 of electric power. Disregarding any frictional losses in the pipes
and any changes in kinetic energy, determine (𝑎) the overall efficiency of the pump–motor unit
and (𝑏) the pressure difference between the inlet and the exit of the pump

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝐵𝐴𝐷𝐶 − 2020: A pump is running under a head of 40.8𝑚 having discharge 30𝐿/𝑠. head loss is
4𝑚. The efficiency of motor is 90% and draws power from 3 Phase line of 400𝑉 and 25𝐴.
Determine the pump efficiency. Considering power factor 1.

2. 𝐷𝑊𝐴𝑆𝐴 − 2017 + 𝐷𝑀𝑇𝐶𝐿 − 2019 + 𝐶𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐵𝐿 − 2018: A centrifugal pump delivers 30𝐿/𝑠 of
water at a height of 26𝑚. A 3 − 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝐴𝐶 current supply to the motor voltage and current are
400𝑉 and 17𝐴 respectively. Determine the efficiency of the pump considering the power factor
value is 1 [𝜂 = 64.96%]

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3. 𝐺𝑇𝐶𝐿 − 2016 + 𝑀𝑃𝐿 − 2017: A pump is to deliver 10 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐 of water at a pressure of

10 𝑏𝑎𝑟. If the combined efficiency of the drivers’ motor and the pump is 67%. Calculate the rating
power of the driving motor. [15.123𝐾𝑊 𝑜𝑟 20.27𝐻𝑃]

4. 𝑁𝑃𝐶𝐵𝐿 − 2017 + 𝐷𝑁𝐶𝐶 − 2020: A hydroelectric pump is used to lift water has a suction head
of 1.6𝑚 and delivery head of 17.4𝑚. Discharge of the pump is 60𝑚3/ℎ. Determine the power of
the motor if the combined efficiency of the drive motor and the pump is 70%. [4.437𝐾𝑊]

5. 𝐵𝐶𝑃𝐶𝐿 − 2018 + 𝐴𝑃𝑆𝐶𝐿 − 2019: A submersible pump has a head of 40.5𝑚, discharge of 25𝐿/𝑠.
Rating for running of the pump is: 3ф 𝐴𝐶 supply, 22𝐴, 400𝑉, power factor 0.95, Find efficiency
of the submersible pump. [68.59%]

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6. 𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐵 − 2020: A centrifugal pump has 300𝑚𝑚 diameter pipe with 100𝑚3 /ℎ flow rate. Length
of the pipe is 60𝑚 and suction head is 1.4𝑚 and delivery head is 14.4𝑚. Motor pump efficiency
is 90% and friction factor is 0.06. Calculate power input of the motor. [4.8𝐾𝑊]

7. 𝑆𝐺𝐶𝐿 − 2020: Water is pumped to a tank 18𝑚 high at a rate of 70𝑙/𝑠 by a pump a pump whose
motor consumes 20.4𝐾𝑊 power. The diameter of the delivery pipe is 150𝑚𝑚. Find the overall
efficiency of the combined pimp-motor system, considering no frictional loss. [60.59%]

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8. 𝐵𝑃𝐷𝐵 − 2018: A pump discharge water 30𝑙𝑡/ℎ𝑟. if the pump pressure is 200𝐾𝑃𝑎 and efficiency
90%, then find motor powers. [𝑃 = 1.85𝑊]

9. 𝐵𝑊𝐷𝐵 − 2017: A pump discharge 20𝑙𝑡/𝑠 of water of a height of 30𝑚. 𝑖𝑓 the pump efficiency is
70%, then find the motor power. [𝑃 = 8.40𝑊]

10. 𝑫𝑬𝑺𝑪𝑶 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔: A 3 phase, 5𝐻𝑃, 220𝑉 𝑌 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒ⅆ motor has an efficiency of 85%.
Determine power factor when it draws 15𝐴 currents from line [𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.76774]

11. 𝑃𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 − 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑎 2022: A Pump is raising water at 25𝑚 height of 𝑓 = 0.045, 𝑄 = 0.025𝑚3 /
𝑠, the diameter of the pipe is 12𝑐𝑚 and it is 22𝑚 long, if the overall efficiency 70%, calculate the
power needed to drive the motor.

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12. 𝐷𝐸𝑆𝐶𝑂 − 2019: A motor (𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 90%) deliver power to a pump (𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 80%)
which delivers 50𝑙/𝑠 through a 200𝑚 long pipe a diameter 150𝑚𝑚 having friction factor 𝑓 =
0.0051 Determine input power of the motor (𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 998𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )

Degree of Reaction
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question

1. 𝐵𝑊𝐷𝐵 − 2020: In a reaction stage steam turbine, the blade angle for stator and rotor of each
stage, 𝛼1 = 25°, 𝛽1 = 60°, 𝛼2 = 71.1°, 𝛽2 = 32°. If blade velocity is 300𝑚/𝑠 and steam flow
is 5𝑘𝑔/𝑠. Find out power developed, degree of reaction and axial thrust.

Reciprocating Pump
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 36.2: A double acting reciprocating pump has a stroke of 300 𝑚𝑚 and a
piston of diameter 150 𝑚𝑚. The delivery and suction heads are 26 𝑚 and 4 𝑚 respectively
including friction heads. If the pump is working at 60 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚., find power required to drive the
pump with 80% efficiency.

Job Exam Question

Co-efficient of discharge and slip

𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 = 𝑄𝑡ℎ − 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑄𝑡ℎ − 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
%𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 = =1− = 1 − 𝐶𝑑
𝑄𝑡ℎ 𝑄𝑡ℎ
𝐶𝑑 = 𝐶𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ⅆ𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒

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BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 36.1: A single Acting reciprocating pump has a plunger of diameter 300𝑚𝑚
and stroke of 200𝑚𝑚. if the speed of the pump is 30 𝑟𝑝𝑚 and it delivers 6.5𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/𝑠 of water,
find the coefficient of discharge and the percentage slip of the pump.

2. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 4.1 A single acting reciprocating pump running at 500𝑟𝑝𝑚 delivers
0.00736𝑚3 /𝑠 of water. The diameter of the piston is 200𝑚𝑚 and stroke length 300𝑚𝑚. the
suction and delivery head 𝑎𝑟𝑒 3.5𝑚 and 11.5𝑚 respectively determine.
(a) Theoretical discharge [7.85 × 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠]
(b) Co-efficient of Discharge [0.9375]
(c) % of slip [6.24%]
(d) Power required to rum the pump. [11.55𝐾𝑊]

3. 𝑹𝒂𝒋𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑬𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟒.𝟏: A single acting reciprocating pump, running at 60rpm, delivers
0.53𝑚3 𝑜𝑓 water per minute. the diameter of the piston is 200𝑚𝑚 and stroke length 300𝑚𝑚.
the suction and delivery head are 4𝑚 and 12𝑚 respectfully. Determine (𝑎) Theoretical discharge

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(𝑏) Co-efficient of discharge (𝑐) Percentage of the slip (ⅆ) Power required to drive the pump.
[0.00942𝑚3 /𝑠, 0.937, 6.26%, 1.47𝐾𝑊]

4. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 4.2: A single acting reciprocating pump having bore of 150𝑚𝑚 and a stroke of
300𝑚𝑚 is raising water to height of 20𝑚 above the sump level. The pump has an actual discharge
of 0.0052𝑚3 /𝑠 efficiency of the pimp is 70% if the speed is 60𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑛ⅆ (𝑎) Theoretical
discharge (𝑏) Theoretical Power (𝑐) Actual power (ⅆ) Percentage slip.

5. 𝐶. 𝑃 𝐾𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑎ⅆ𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑚 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 16.1: A single acting reciprocating pump has a bore of 200𝑚𝑚
and stroke of 350𝑚𝑚 and runs at 45𝑟𝑝𝑚. The suction head is 8𝑚 and the delivery head is

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20𝑚. Determine the theoretical discharge of water and power required. If slip is 10%, what is the
actual flow rate?

6. 𝐶. 𝑃 𝐾𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑎ⅆ𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑚: 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 16.2: A double Acting reciprocating pump has a bore of

150𝑚𝑚 and stroke of 250𝑚𝑚 and runs at 35𝑟𝑝𝑚. The piston rod diameter is 20𝑚𝑚. The suction
head is 6.5𝑚 and delivery head is 14.5𝑚. The discharge of water was 4.71𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟/𝑠. Determine the
slip and the power required.

7. 𝑅𝐾 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 20.1: A signal acting reciprocating pump running at 50𝑟𝑝𝑚 delivers
0.01𝑚3 /𝑠 of water. The diameter of the piston is 200𝑚𝑚 and stoke length 400𝑚𝑚, determine
(𝑎) The theoretical discharge of the pump (𝑏) Slip and the percentage of slip of the pump.

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8. 𝑅𝐾 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 20.2: A double acting reciprocating pump running at 40𝑟𝑝𝑚 is discharging
1𝑚3 of water per minute. The pump has a stroke of 400𝑚𝑚. The diameter of the piston is
200𝑚𝑚. The delivery and suction head are 20𝑚 and 5𝑚 respectively. Find the slip of the pump
and power required to drive the pump.

9. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 20.1: A single acting reciprocating running at 30𝑟𝑝𝑚 delivers 0.012𝑚3 /𝑠 of
water. The diameter of the piston is 25𝑐𝑚 and stroke length is 50𝑐𝑚. Determine: (𝑎) The
theoretical discharge of the pump (𝑏) co-efficient of discharge (𝑐) Slip and percentage slip of the
pump. [𝐴𝑛𝑠: (𝑎) 0.01227𝑚3 /𝑠 (𝑏) 0.978 (𝑐) 0.00027𝑚2 /𝑠 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 2.20%]
10. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 20.2: A souble acting reciprocating pump running at 50𝑟𝑝𝑚 is
discharging 900𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 if water per minuter. The pump has stroke of 400𝑚𝑚. The diameter of
piston is 250𝑚𝑚. The diameter of piston is 250𝑚𝑚. The delivery and suction heads are 25𝑚 and
4m respectively. FInad the slip of the pump and power required to driver the
pump. [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0.0027𝑚3 /𝑠, 9.3𝐾𝑊]

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11. The actual discharge of a single acting reciprocating pump is 0.02𝑚3 /𝑠 when running at 55𝑟𝑝𝑚.
The length of the stroke is 500𝑚𝑚 and diameter of stroke is 250𝑚𝑚. For a total static head 16𝑚,
calculate the percentage slip, coefficient of discharge and the power required to drive the pump.

12. A double acting reciprocating pump has 500𝑚𝑚 diameter and stroke of 500𝑚𝑚. The pump is
required to deliver 0.1𝑚3 /𝑠. Frictional losses are estimated to be 1𝑚 in suction pipe and 19𝑚 in
delivery pipe. Velocity of water in delivery pipe is 1𝑚/𝑠. Overall efficiency is 85% and slip is 3%.
Determine the speed of the pump and power required to drive the pump.

13. 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 23.1: A single acting reciprocating pump has a plunger of diameter 250 𝑚𝑚 and
stroke of 350𝑚𝑚. If the speed of the pump is 60 𝑟𝑝𝑚 and it delivers 16.5 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 per second of
water against suction head of 5 𝑚 and a delivery head of 20 𝑚, find the theoretical discharge,
coefficient of discharge, the slip, the percentage slip of the pump and the power required to drive
the pump.

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14. 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 23.4: A double acting reciprocating pump having piston area 0.1𝑚2 has a stroke
0.30𝑚 long. The pump is discharging 2.4𝑚3 of water per minute at 45 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚. through a height
of 10 𝑚. Find the slip of the pump and the power required to drive the pump

15. A single acting reciprocating pump discharge 0.018𝑚3 /𝑠 of water per second running at 60𝑟𝑝𝑚.
Stroke length is 500𝑚𝑚 and diameter of the piston is 220𝑚𝑚. If the total lift is 15𝑚
determin𝑒 (𝑎) Theoretical discharge (𝑏) Slip and percentage slip of the pump, (𝑐) Co-efficient of
discharge (ⅆ) theoretical power required for running the pump.

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16. A three-throw reciprocating pump is delivering 0.1𝑚3 soft water against a head of 100𝑚.
Diameter and stroke length of the cylinder are 250𝑚𝑚 and 500𝑚𝑚 respectively. Friction losses
amount to 1𝑚 in the suction and the 16𝑚 in the delivery pipe. If the velocity of the water in the
delivery pipe is 1.4𝑚/𝑠 pump efficiency 90% and slip 2%, determine the pump speed and the
input power supplied.

17. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 6.6: The actual discharge of a single acting reciprocating is
0.02𝑚³/𝑠 when running at 55 𝑟𝑝𝑚. The length of the stroke is 500 𝑚𝑚 and the diameter of the
piston is 250 𝑚𝑚. For a total static head of 16 𝑚 calculate the percentage slip, coefficient of
discharge and the power required to drive the pump.

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18. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 6.7: The bore and stroke of a double acting reciprocating are
350𝑚𝑚 and 300𝑚𝑚 respectively. The pump discharges 0.038 𝑚³/𝑠 of water at 50𝑟𝑝𝑚 through
a total head of 12𝑚. Find the slip and the power required to drive the pump.

19. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 6.8 A single acting reciprocating pump has a bore of
500 𝑚𝑚 and a stroke of 500𝑚𝑚 respectively. The pump delivers 0.11 𝑚³/𝑠 of water against a
head of 100 𝑚. The head loss due to friction in suction and delivery pipes are 2 𝑚 and
14 𝑚 respectively. The velocity of water in the pipe is 1.5 𝑚/𝑠. If the pump efficiency is 92% and
the slip is 5%, calculate the speed of the pump and the power required to drive the pump.

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐵 − 2019 150mm diameter and 300mm stroke single acting reciprocating pump delivered
200𝑙𝑡 of water per minute and suction and delivery head is 12𝑚 and 4m respectively. The rotation
of motion is 40𝑟𝑝𝑚 find out
(a) Theoretical discharge [3.53 × 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠]
(b) Co-efficient of discharge [0.944]
(c) Pump slip [ 0.2 × 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠]
(d) % 𝑜𝑓 slip [5.66%]
(e) Theoretical horsepower [0.7427𝐻. 𝑃]
(f) How much power will need to run the pump of 80% efficiency. [0.928𝐻. 𝑃]

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Centrifugal Pump

𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜
𝑃𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝜂𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝜂𝑜𝑣𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜 × 𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 × 𝜂𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 35.6: A centrifugal pump is required to lift water to a total head of 40 meters
at the rate of 50 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/𝑠. Find the power required for the pump, if its overall efficiency is 62%.

2. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 35.7 + 36𝑡ℎ 𝐵𝐶𝑆 A centrifugal pump delivers 30𝑙𝑡/𝑠 to a height of
18𝑚 though a pipe of 90𝑚 long and 100𝑚𝑚 diameter. If the overall efficiency of the pump is
75%. Find the power required to drive the pump, Assume 𝑓 = 0.012 [𝑝 = 19.96𝐾𝑊]

3. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.7: It is required to deliver 0.048𝑚3 /𝑠 of water to a height of 24𝑚 through a
150𝑚𝑚 diameter pipe & 120𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 by a centrifugal pump. If 𝜂𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 75% & co-efficient of
friction, 𝑓 = 0.01 for the pipe line, find the power requires to drive the pump. [𝑃 = 22.85𝐾𝑤]

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4. A centrifugal pump delivers 0.055𝑚3 /𝑠 of water to a height of 16𝑚. The diameter of the pipe is
150𝑚𝑚 and it is 22𝑚 long. If the overall efficiency is 75%. Calculate the power needed to drive
the pump. Take, 𝑓 = 0.05.

5. A 15𝐾𝑊 pump with 80% efficiency is discharge oil of specific gravity 0.85 to the
overhead tank as shown in the figure. If losses in the whole system are 1.75𝑚 of flowing
fluid. Find the discharge.

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6. A centrifugal pump having capacity 0.02𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑐 can lift water at height of 100𝑓𝑡. if the efficiency
is 62%. Find HP.

Job Exam Question

1. 𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 2023: A centrifugal pump operates at 1500𝑟𝑝𝑚 whose impeller diameter
is 0.4𝑚. If the efficiency of the pump is 85%, find out the amount of flow in 𝑚3 /𝑠 for that pump

2. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 3.11: A centrifugal pump is delivering 0.04𝑚3 of water per second to a height
of 20𝑚 through a 150𝑚𝑚 diameter and 100𝑚 ling pipeline. If the inlet losses in suction pipe are
equal to 0.33𝑚 and friction factor is 0.06 for the pipeline find the power required to drive the
pump. Assume overall efficiency of the pump as 70%. [17.4𝐾𝑊]
3. 𝐸𝐺𝐶𝐵 − 2017 (𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 19.9): Find the power required to drive a centrifugal pump which
delivers 0.04𝑚3 /𝑠 of water to a height of 20𝑚. Pipe diameter is 15𝑐𝑚 and length is 100𝑚 long
the overall efficiency of the pump is 70% and coefficient of friction 𝑓 = 0.015 [𝑃 = 17.19𝐾𝑊]

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4. 𝐵𝐶𝐼𝐶 − 2019 + 𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐵 − 2017: A centrifugal pump delivers 0.04𝑚3 /𝑠 of water to a height of
14𝑚 through a 15𝑐𝑚 diameter pipe and 25𝑚 long. The overall efficiency of pump is 62.5%. Find
the power required to drive the pump. Take friction factor co-efficient, 𝑓 = 0.045. [𝑃 =
13.86𝐾𝑊]

5. 𝐺𝑇𝐶𝐿 − 2018: A centrifugal pump delivers 0.05𝑚3 /𝑠 of water to a height of 15.8𝑚 through a
15𝑐𝑚 diameter pipe and 100𝑚 ling. The hydraulic efficiency is 74% and 86% respectively. Find
the power required to drive the pump. Take friction factor co-efficient, 𝑓 = 0.05 [𝑃 = 54.41𝐾𝑊]

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6. 𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐵 − 2015 + 𝐺𝑇𝐶𝐿 − 2010: A centrifugal pump having capacity 0.02 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑐 can lift water at
height of 100𝑓𝑡. if 𝜂 = 62% find H.P [𝐻. 𝑃 = 0.3659]

7. 𝐵𝑃𝐷𝐵 − 010 + 𝐺𝑇𝐶𝐿 − 2010: A centrifugal pump is used to raise water at a height of 100𝑓𝑡
with discharge of 2.0 𝐶𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑐. the efficiency of the pump is 62%. Find the input horse power of the
pump. [36.49𝐻. 𝑃]

8. 𝑁𝑃𝐶𝐵𝐿 − 2018: A centrifugal pump delivers 0.6𝑚3 /𝑠 of water against a total height of 25𝑚. The
internal diameter of the pipe is 10𝑐𝑚 and it is 30𝑚 long. If the overall efficiency of the pump is
65%. Calculate the power needed to drive the pump. Assume the friction fraction coefficient is
𝑓 = 0.054.

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9. BUET Mamun sir lecture Problem

Pump Characteristics Curve

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑚 5.37: A centrifugal pump running at 1200 𝑟𝑝𝑚 has the following variation of its
prime variables
𝑸 (𝒍/𝒎) 0 1200 2400 3600 4200 4800 5500 6000 6600 7200
𝑯𝒎 (𝒎) 30 29 27 24 22.5 20.5 18 16 12 8
𝜼 (%) 0 35 60 80 84 85 83 78 65 45

Draw the pump (𝐻 − 𝑄) curve and the efficiency-head curve on the same 𝐻 and 𝑄 axes. Mark
clearly the 𝐵𝐸𝑃 and determine the specific speed of the pump.

2. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑚 5.38: A pump used to transfer water from a sump to an overhead reservoir has
the following 𝐻 − 𝑄 characteristic:

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𝐻 = 23.0 + 11𝑄 − 110𝑄 2

The system curve is given by 𝐻 = 25.0 + 90𝑄 2 In these equations, 𝐻 is in meters and 𝑄 is in 𝑚3 /𝑠
Determine the operating point of the pump. What is the shut-off head of the pump?

3. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑚 5.39: Following is the head-discharge characteristic of a type of centrifugal

pump
𝐻 = 40 − 20𝑄 2
where 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎ⅆ in meters and 𝑄 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 in defined units. The system curve is given by
𝐻 = 10 + 10𝑄 2 (𝑎) Calculate the head and discharge at the operating point when two identical
pumps of the above type are connected in parallel. Calculate the ratio of head and ratio of
discharges occurring at parallel duplex operating point and at single pump operating point.

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4. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑚 5.40: Two pumps each having the same operating characteristics are connected
in series. The pump curve is given by 𝐻 = 40 − 25𝑄 2 and the system curve can be expressed as
𝐻 = 30 + 15𝑄 2 . In the above expressions, 𝐻 = ℎ𝑒𝑎ⅆ in metres and 𝑄 = ⅆ𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 in units
of 100 𝐿/𝑠. Calculate the discharge and head at the operating point. If only one pump is working,
calculate the ratio of head and ratio of discharges occurring at series duplex operating point and
at single pump operating point.

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5. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑚 5.41: A pump is to deliver water from a tank against a total static head of 40 𝑚.
The details of suction and delivery pipes are as follows;
Suction Pipe Delivery Pipe
Length= 5𝑚 Length= 1600𝑚
Diameter= 25𝑐𝑚 Diameter= 20𝑐𝑚
Friction factor 𝑓 = 0.022 Friction factor 𝑓 = 0.025

The pump characteristic is given by the equation 𝐻 = 100 − 6000𝑄 2 where 𝐻 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 pump
head in metres and 𝑄 = ⅆ𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 in 𝑚³/𝑠. Assuming an efficiency of 0.80, calculate the
operating head, operating discharge and power required by the pump. [Neglect minor losses]

Job Exam Question

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Number of Pump Required

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5.22 It is required to pump 1.30 𝑚³/𝑠 of water to a total head of 45 𝑚.
How many pumps of specific speed 40 and running at 1450 𝑟𝑝𝑚 would be needed when
connected in parallel, when the dynamic head in the system can be neglected?

2. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5.23: A discharge of 0.4 𝑚3 /𝑠 of water is needed to be pumped to a

total head of 240 𝑚. How many pumps connected in series and each having a specific speed of
35 and running at a speed of 1500 𝑟𝑝𝑚 would be needed for the job? The dynamic head in the
system can be neglected.

Job Exam Question

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NPSH
𝑃1 𝑃𝑣 𝑉𝑠2
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 = − + = 𝐻𝑎 − 𝐻𝑣 − ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑓𝑠
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5.32 + 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑀𝑎𝑚𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 11: The 𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻
of a centrifugal pump is given by the manufacturers as 7.5m abs. The pump is delivered
0.3𝑚3/𝑠 from a sumo whose water level is 2.05𝑚 below the pump inlet. The vapor pressure
at the relevant temperature is 2.35𝐾𝑃𝑎 abs and 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 97𝐾𝑝𝑎. Total head loss 0.95m.
Determine the 𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 and find whether cavitation occurs or not.

2. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎 5.33: Figure below shows schematically the installation of a centrifugal pump
to pump water from a supply reservoir to a destination. The relevant data of the installation
are given

Height of water level in the supply reservoir above the pump = 3.0 𝑚
Vapor-pressure head = 0.30 𝑚
Total head loss in the suction pipe = 0.40 𝑚
Atmospheric pressure = 10.10 𝑚
NPSHR of the pump = 5.0 𝑚

Calculate the 𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻𝐴 and the safety margin available against cavitation

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3. 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5.34: A single-stage centrifugal pump has a specific speed of 30 and
pumps water against a total head 𝑜𝑓 40 𝑚. Calculate the height of the pump above the sump
so that the 𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻𝐴 has a margin of 2.0 𝑚. The atmospheric pressure and vapour−pressure
head can be taken as 10.3 𝑚 and 0.33 𝑚 respectively. The head loss in the suction pipe can
be taken as 10% of the suction lift.

4. 𝐺𝐴𝑇𝐸 2006: A horizontal shaft centrifugal pump lifts water at 65℃. The suction nozzle is one
meter below pump center line. The pressure at this point equals 200𝑘𝑃𝑎 gauge and velocity
is 3 𝑚/𝑠. Steam tables show saturation pressure at 65℃ is 25 𝑘𝑃𝑎, and specific volume of
the saturated liquid is 0.001020 𝑚3 / 𝑘𝑔. Determine the pump net positive suction head
(𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻) in meter.

5. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 14 − 133: Water enters the pump of a steam power plant at 20𝐾𝑝𝑎 and 50°𝐶
at a rate of 0.15𝑚3 /𝑠. the diameter of the pipe at the pump inlet is 0.25𝑚. what is the net
positive suction head (𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻) at the pump inlet? Take Vapour pressure of water at 50℃ as
𝑃𝑣 = 12.35𝐾𝑝𝑎.
[1.26𝑚]
𝑃1 𝑃𝑣 𝑣 2 20−12.35 Given
NPSH=𝜌𝑔 − 𝜌𝑔 + 2𝑔=1000×9.81 +
Q=0.15m3/s, D=0.25, T=50℃,
3.0552 𝑄
2×9.81
=1.255m P=20KPa, 𝑣 = = 3.055m/s
𝐴
Vapour pressure of water at 50℃ is
𝑃𝑣 =12.35Kpa.

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝑁𝑊𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐿 − 2017 Find the head of a centrifugal pump from water surface when head loss is
1𝑚 and 𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 𝑖𝑠 4𝑚. take vapor pressure head 0.4𝑚 [𝐻𝑎 = 5.4𝑚]

Compressor
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 For isentropic process
=
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝛾−1
=( ) 𝛾
𝑇2 𝑃2
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 ⅆ𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
Brayton cycle এ Isentropic
compression & Expansion হয়

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 12.9: Air enters a compressor with a stagnation pressure of 100𝑘𝑃a and a
stagnation temperature of 35°𝐶, and it is compressed to a stagnation pressure of 900𝑘𝑃𝑎.
Assuming the compression process to be isentropic, determine the power input to the
compressor for a mass flow rate of 0.04𝑘𝑔/𝑠.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 10.8 𝑘𝑊

2. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 12.10: Products of combustion enter a gas turbine with a stagnation pressure
of 0.75 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and a stagnation temperature of 690°𝐶, and they expand to a stagnation pressure
of 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Taking 𝑘 = 1.33 and 𝑅 = 0.287 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 · 𝐾 for the products of combustion, and

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assuming the expansion process to be isentropic, determine the power output of the turbine per
unit mass flow

3. A centrifugal compressor delivers 50𝑘𝑔 of air per minute at a pressure of 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟 and 97℃. The
intake pressure and temperature of the air is 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 and 15℃. If no heat is lost to the surrounding
find (𝑎) index of compressor (𝑏) Power required of if the compressor is isothermal take 𝑅 =
287𝐽/𝐾𝑔. 𝐾

4. Centrifugal air compressor having a pressure compression ratio of 5 compresses air at a rate of
10𝑘𝑔/𝑠. If the initial pressure and temperature of the air is 1 bar and 20℃. Find (𝑎) the final
temperature of the gas and (𝑏) Power required to drive the compressor. Tale 𝛾 = 1.4, 𝐶𝑝 =
1𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝐾

5. A centrifugal air compressor having isentropic efficiency of 70% receives air at 17℃. If the outer
diameter of the blade tip is 1𝑚 and the compressor runs at 5000𝑟𝑝𝑚 find (𝑎) the temperature
rise of the air (𝑏) the static pressure ratio.

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6. A single stage reciprocating air compressor is required to compress 1𝑘𝑔 of air from 1𝑏𝑎𝑟 to
4𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠. The initial temperature is 27℃. Compare the work requirement in the isentropic
compression.

7. 𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.15: An air compressor operates at steady state with air entering at 𝑃1 =
1𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑇1 = 20°𝐶, and exiting at 𝑃2 = 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟. Determine the work and heat transfer per unit of
mass passing through the device, in 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, if the air undergoes a polytropic process with 𝑛 = 1.3.
Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy between the inlet and the exit. Use the ideal gas
model for air

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝑆𝐺𝐹𝐶𝐿 − 2017: A compressor handles 800𝑐𝑓𝑚 air at 30°𝐶 and 200𝐾𝑃a. What is the 𝑐𝑓𝑚 at
standard atmospheric condition? [𝑉1 = 1500𝑐𝑓𝑚]

2. 𝑇𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑠 2021: Air enters a compressor with a stagnation pressure of 100𝐾𝑃𝑎 and a stagnation
temperature of 27°𝐶, and it is compressed to a stagnation pressure of 900𝐾𝑃𝑎 assuming the
compression process to be isentropic, determine the power input to the compressor for a mass
flow rate of 0.02𝐾𝑔/𝑠. [𝑃 = 5.274𝐾𝑊]

3. 𝐴𝑃𝑆𝐶𝐿 − 2019: In air standard Brayton cycle air enters compressor at 0.5𝑀𝑃𝑎 at 15°𝐶 and exit
1.5𝑀𝑃𝑎. Maximum temperature is 1000°𝐶. Compressor efficiency 85%, 𝛾 = 1.4; 𝐶𝑝 =
1.004𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑣 = 0.717𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔, Find out compressor work. [125.43𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔]

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4. 𝑁𝑊𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐿 − 2015: An air compressor compress air of 15°𝐶 and 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟. After compression the
pressure becomes 7𝑏𝑎𝑟 isentropically. Find final temperature and work done for the process.
[𝑇2 = 234.24°𝐶 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ⅆ𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 214.16𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔]

5. 𝐵𝑎𝑘𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎ⅆ − 2021: The air standard thermal efficiency of a Brayton joule cycle 𝑖𝑠 57.5%. Peak
temperature of the cycle is 1000°𝐶. Air enters to the compressor at 30°𝐶 and 1𝑏𝑎𝑟. 𝐾 = 1.4 and
𝑅 = 0.287𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔 𝐾 Find out (𝑎) Compressor size in terms of pressure ratio (𝑏) heat added to
the cycle.
6. 𝐸𝑅𝐿 − 2017: In a thermodynamics cycle mass of working substance is 0.83𝐾𝑔, initial pressure is
0.7𝑀𝑃𝑎, initial volume is 0.823𝑚3 and after expansion volume become 1.425𝑚3 . Find (𝑎) work
done for constant pressure process (𝑏) Work done for isothermal process.
7. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑀. 𝑆𝑐 − 2019: A Brayton cycle having 100𝐾𝑃𝑎 pressure and 20℃ temp at beginning.
Pressure ratio 12: 1 find work done by compressor.

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Number of compressors required

𝑃𝑞+1 1
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = ( )𝑞
𝑃𝑞

If compressor connected in series

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟)𝑛

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒ⅆ
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question

1. 𝐵𝐺𝐹𝐶𝐿 − 2017: A multi stage air is to be designed to elevate the pressure from 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 to 100bar
such that the stage pressure ratio will not exceed 4. Determine number of stages.

2. 𝐸𝐺𝐶𝐵 − 2017: In a series connected compressor inlet pressure is 100𝐾𝑃𝑎 & discharge pressure
is 2000𝐾𝑃𝑎. How many compressors will need if the compression ratio between 4 𝑡𝑜 5. [𝒏 = 𝟐]

3. 𝐺𝑇𝐶𝐿 2018: Discharge pressure of an air compressor is 2000𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑔 and inlet pressure 100𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑔.
How many compressors will be needed if the compression ratio is between 3 𝑡𝑜 5? [𝑛 = 2]

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Power Plant
Hydroelectric power plant
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 = =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝜌𝑔𝑄
𝜓𝜑𝜂𝐻
𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒ⅆ 𝐻. 𝑃 =
75
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜓 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝜑 = (𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 × 𝑅𝑢𝑛 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠)/(365 × 24 × 60

× 60)
𝐻 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎ⅆ
𝜂 = 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 × 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖 × 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎ⅆ
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛ⅆ =
𝐿𝑜𝑎ⅆ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
BUET Lecture
1. 𝑅𝑎𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 4.7: Water flows from a reservoir through a 0.8𝑚 diameter
pipeline to a turbine generator unit and exits to a river that is 30𝑚 below the reservoir surface. If
the flow rate is 3𝑚3 /𝑠 and the turbine-generator efficiency 𝑖𝑠 80%, calculi the power output.
Assume the loss coefficient in the pipeline to be 𝐾 = 2.

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Example from different book

1. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.7: For a hydroelectric power plant, the following data is supplied: Annual
rainfall= 1000𝑚𝑚, Catchment area= 120𝐾𝑚2 , effective head= 250𝑚, Load factor= 40 %
yield factor to allow for run off and evaporation= 50%, Efficiency of power plant= 70%
determine the following (𝑎) Average power produced (𝑏) Capacity of the power plant.

2. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.8 Calculate the power that can be developed from a hydroelectric power
station having the following data: Catchment area= 100𝐾𝑚2 , Average rainfall= 120𝑐𝑚, Run
off= 80% Available head= 300𝑚, overall efficiency of the power station = 75%

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3. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.9: Determine the 𝐻. 𝑃 that can be developed from a hydroelectric power
plant with following data: Catchment area=3 × 108 𝑚2 , mean head= 40𝑚, annual average
rainfall= 110𝑐𝑚, efficiency of turbine= 80%, Efficiency of generator = 85%, Load factor=
45%. Assume that 25% of the rainfall is lost due to evaporation and 4% head lost in Penstock.

4. 𝑃. 𝐾 𝑛𝑎𝑔 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 10.18: The following data refers to a proposed hydroelectric power plant:
Available head = 27 𝑚, Catchment area 430 𝑠𝑞. 𝑘𝑚, Rainfall = 150 𝑐𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟, Percentage of
total rainfall utilized = 65%, Penstock efficiency = 95%, Turbine efficiency = 80%, Generator
efficiency = 86% and Load factor = 0.45. Calculate the power developed

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5. 𝑃𝐾 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 10.17: The available discharge and head of a proposed hydroelectric power
plant are 350 𝑚3 /𝑠 and 30 𝑚 respectively. The turbine efficiency is 87 𝑝𝑒𝑟 cent. The generator
is directly coupled to the turbine. The frequency of the generator is 50 𝐻𝑧 and the number of
poles is 24. Find the least number of machines required if using (𝑎) Francis turbines having a
specific speed of 300 and (𝑏) Kaplan turbines having a specific speed of 820.

6. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5.2: The water in a large lake is to be used to generate
electricity by the installation of a hydraulic turbine–generator. The elevation difference between
the free surfaces upstream and downstream of the dam is 50 𝑚. Water is to be supplied at a rate
of 5000 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. If the electric power generated is measured to be 1862 kW and the generator
efficiency is 95 percent, determine (𝑎) the overall efficiency of the turbine–generator
[76%], (𝑏) the mechanical efficiency of the turbine [80%], and (𝑐) the shaft power supplied by
the turbine to the generator [1960𝐾𝑊]

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7. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 5.13: In a hydroelectric power plant, 100 𝑚3 /𝑠 of water
flows from an elevation of 120 𝑚 to a turbine, where electric power is generated. The total
irreversible head loss in the piping system from point 1 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 2 (excluding the turbine unit) is
determined to be 35 𝑚. If the overall efficiency of the turbine–generator is 80 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡, estimate
the electric power output [66.7𝑀𝑊]

8. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡) 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.24: A Proposed hydroelectric station has a available head of
120𝑚, a catchment area of 200 𝑠𝑞. 𝑘𝑚, the rainfall of which is 120𝑐𝑚 per annum. If 62% of the
total rainfall an be collected the power that could be generated.

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9. 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 3.60: If the overall efficiency of the system & turbine is 80%. What power produced for
𝐻 = 60𝑚 and 𝑄 = 30𝑚3 /𝑠

4𝑉 2
10. 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 3.61: Losses through the system are 2𝑔
exclusive of the turbine. The turbine is
90% efficient and runs at 240𝑟𝑝𝑚. To produce 750𝐾𝑁 for 𝐻 = 100𝑚, determine the discharge
& torques in the turbine shaft.
11. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 6.12: In a hydroelectric power plant water is available at the rate of 175𝑚3/𝑠
under a head of 18𝑚. The turbine run at a speed of 150𝑟𝑝𝑚, with overall efficiency of 82% Find
the number of turbines required if they have the maximum specific speed of 460.

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12. 𝐺𝐴𝑇𝐸 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚: In a hydroelectric station, water is supplied to the turbine to the turbine
at 0.225 𝑚3 /s and under a net head of 20 𝑚. The turbines run at 1000 𝑟𝑝𝑚 and have a specific
speed of 8.5 𝑟𝑝𝑚. If there are 3 identical turbines in the station then determine the overall
efficiency of the turbines.

13. 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 27.1: Two turbo-generators each of capacity 25 000 𝑘𝑊 have been installed at
a hydel power station. During a certain period, the load on the hydel plant varies from 15.000 𝑘𝑊
to 40 000 𝑘𝑊. Calculate (𝑖) the total installed capacity, (𝑖𝑖) the load factor, (𝑖𝑖𝑖) the plant factor,
and (𝑖𝑣) the utilization factor.

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝐺𝑇𝐶𝐿 − 2016: A hydro-electric power plant works at a head of 200 𝑚. If flow rate is 10 𝑚3 /𝑠
maintained through the turbine and the combined turbine-generator efficiency is 76.5%. What
will the total electric power available from the plant? [𝑃 = 15𝑀𝑊]

2. 𝑁𝑊𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐿 − 2019: A hydroelectric power plant works under head of 50𝑚 and discharge
1.5𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐. Turbine generated combined efficiency is 75%. What will be the output of the plant?
[0.5518𝑀𝑊]

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3. 𝐵𝐶𝐼𝐶 − 2019: Water is flowing from a large reservoir of 40𝑚 head in a hydroelectric power plant
through a turbine. If a horizontal thrust of 1𝐾𝑁 is developed in fixed vane, find the power
developed by turbine. The diameter of the exit pipe of the reservoir is 150mm. [𝑃 = 48.428𝐾𝑁]

4. 𝐵𝐶𝑆𝐼𝑅 2021: A hydroelectric power station supplied with water under a head of 20𝑚. The overall
efficiency is 80% and power output 27.468𝑀𝑊 Find flow rate. [𝑄 = 175𝑚3 /𝑠]

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Thermal Power Plant

Boiler Draught

𝟏 𝒎+𝟏
𝒉 = 𝟑𝟓𝟑𝑯( − )
𝑻𝟏 𝒎 + 𝑻𝟐

h Draught (in mm of water)

H Chimney height in meter
𝑻𝟏 Chimney এর বাইলরর atmospheir এ শে air আলি তার temperature
𝑻𝟐 Chimney এর ছভতলর শে হত air আলি তার temperature
m 1 kg coal শক burn করলত শে পছরমান্ fresh air োেলব

BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 16.1: A chimney is 28𝑚 high and the
temperature of the hot gases in the chimney is 320℃. The temperature of the outside air is
23℃ and the furnace is supplied with 15𝑘𝑔 of air per 𝑘𝑔 of fuel burn at. Calculate draught in
𝑚𝑚 of water.

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2. Khurmi Thermo Example 16.2: A boiler uses 18Kg of fuel. Determine the minimum height of
chimney required to produce a draught of 25mm of water. The mean temperature of chimney
gases is 315℃ and that of outside air is 27℃.

3. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 16.3: The following data pertain to a steam power plant: Height
of chimney= 30𝑚, Draught produce= 16.5𝑚𝑚 of water gauge. Temperature of flue 𝑔𝑎𝑠 =
360℃. Temperature of boiler ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 28℃. Atmospheric pressure = 1.013𝑏𝑎𝑟. Determine
the quantity of air used per kg of fuel burnt in the boiler.

4. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 16 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 3: A 30𝑚 high chimney is used to produce a natural draught
of 15𝑚𝑚 of water. The temperature of hot gas in the chimney is 287℃. If the temperature
of outside air is 27℃. Find the mass of air used per kg of fuel.

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5. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 16 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 8: A chimney has a heigh of 60𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠. The temperature of

air is 27℃. Find the fraught in mm of water when the temperature of chimney has is such as
to cause the mass of these gasses discharged in a given time to be maximum.

6. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 16.7: A chimney is 60𝑚 high and the temperature of atmospheric air is
27℃ if 15𝑘𝑔 of air is used. Find for maximum discharge of hot gases (𝑎) the temperature of
hot gases (𝑏) The draught pressure in mm of water.

7. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.2: A chimney is 28 meters high and the temperature of hot gases inside
the chimney is 320℃ The temperature of outside air is 27°𝐶 and furnace as supplied with

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15 𝑘𝑔 of air per kg of coal burnt. Calculate (𝑎) Draught in mm of water. (𝑏) Draught height
in meters of hot gases.

8. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.14: Determine the quantity of air required per kg of coal burnt in a steam
power plant furnace fitted with a 62 𝑚 high stack. The draft produced is 38 𝑚𝑚 of water and
temperature of flue gases is 419°𝐶. Boiler house temperature is 29°𝐶

Job Exam Question

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Boiler efficiency
এর জন্য শেখলত হলব Khurmi এর Thermodynamics বই এর Chapter 15

𝑚𝑠 (ℎ − ℎ𝑓 )
𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ℎ = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔
𝑚𝑓 𝐶

Equivalent evaporation “from and at 100°C”

𝑚𝑠 (ℎ − ℎ𝑓 )
𝐸=
𝑚𝑓 × 2257
ℎ−ℎ𝑓
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 2257
latent heat of evaporation=2257

Boiler 𝐻. 𝑃 = 9.81𝐾𝑊

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 15.4: A coal fired boiler plant consumes 400𝑘𝑔 of coal per hour. The boiler
evaporates 3200𝑘𝑔 of water at 44.5°𝐶 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 superheated steam at a pressure of 12 𝑏𝑎𝑟 and
274.5°𝐶. if the calorific value of fuel is 332760𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔 of coal determine: (𝑎) Equivalent
evaporation “𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑎𝑡 100°𝐶” (𝑏) Thermal efficiency of the boiler. Take 𝐶𝑝 = 2.1𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔. 𝑘
ℎ𝑓 = 186.3𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔, ℎ𝑔 =2782.7𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 2964.4𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔

2. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.5: The steam used by the turbine is 5.4𝐾𝑔/𝑘𝑤ℎ at a pressure of 50𝑏𝑎𝑟 and
a temperature of 350℃. The efficiency of boiler is 82% with feed water at 150℃ (𝑎) How many
kg of 28100𝐾𝑗 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 are requires per kwh? (𝑏) 𝐼𝑓 the cost of coal/tonne is 500𝑡𝑘 what is fuel
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡/𝑘𝑤ℎ. Take at 350℃ ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 3068.4𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔 and at 150℃ ℎ𝑓 = 627𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔.

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3. In a Boiler feed water supplied per hour is 215𝐾𝑔, while coal fire per hour is 25𝑘𝑔. Net enthalpy
rise per 𝐾𝑔 of water is 150𝐾𝑗 for conversion into steam. If the calorific value of coal is
2000𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔. Determine the Boiler efficiency [ 64.5%]

4. 𝑀. 𝑀 𝑅𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 19.12: Calculate the equivalent evaporation of a boiler per 𝑘𝑔 of coal
fired, if the boiler produces 50,000 𝑘𝑔 of wet steam per hour with a dryness fraction of 0.95 and
operating at 10 𝑏𝑎𝑟. The coal burnt per hour in the furnace is 5500 𝑘𝑔 and feed-water
temperature is 40°𝐶. take enthalpy of feed water at 40℃ as 167.54𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔
At 10 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 (℃) ℎ𝑓 (𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔) ℎ𝑓𝑔 (𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔)
179.91 762.79 2015.29

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5. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.8: Determine the boiler efficiency if the boiler generate 20,000 𝑘𝑔 of steam
at 10.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚² dry and saturated. The amount of coal used is 2100 𝑘𝑔 and the calorific value of
coal is 8600 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔. The feed water temperature is 105° 𝐶

6. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.23: A boiler working at a pressure of 10 𝑏𝑎𝑟 generates 2100 𝑘𝑔 of dry and
saturated steam per hour. The feed water is heated by an economizer to a temperature of
105°𝐶. Coal consumed is 208 𝑘𝑔 and calorific value of coal is 30200 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. If 12% of coal
remains unburnt determine the thermal efficiency of boiler. At 10𝑏𝑎r and 105℃ take ℎ𝑔 =
2776𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑓 = 439𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔.

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Job Exam Question

1 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 15.1 + 34𝑡ℎ 𝐵𝐶𝑆: A boiler evaporates 3.6𝐾𝑔 of water per Kg of coal into dry
saturated steam at 10𝑏𝑎𝑟. The temperature of feed water is 32℃. Find the equivalent
evaporation from and at 100℃ as well as the factor of evaporation at 32℃. [At 32℃ enthalpy
134𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔 and at 10bar enthalpy 2776.2𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔. ]

7. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 15.2 + 30𝑡ℎ 𝐵𝐶𝑆: The following observation were made in a boiler
trail: Coal used 250𝐾𝑔 of calorific value 29,800𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔. Water evaporate 2000𝑘𝑔, steam pressure
11.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 dryness fraction of steam 0.95 and feed water temperature 34°𝐶. Calculate the

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equivalent evaporation “𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑎𝑡 100°𝐶” per kg of coal [0.682] and the efficiency of the
boiler [68.2%]. Enthalpy of feed water at 34°𝐶 is 142.4𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔 and enthalpy of steam at 11.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟
is ℎ𝑓 = 790𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔, ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 1991.4𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔. [𝐸 = 0.682𝐾𝑔/𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙, 𝜂 = 0.682]

8. 𝐴𝑃𝑆𝐶𝐿 − 2016 + 𝐵𝑂𝐹 − 2021 + 𝑁𝑊𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐿 − 2021: A boiler produces steam of enthalpy
2620𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔 with the feed water enthalpy 270 𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔. If the steam rate 50𝐾𝑔/ℎ𝑟 then find the
steam generation factor and the boiler power in 𝐾𝑊. The latent heat of evaporation is
2257𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔 [1.04, 32.638𝐾𝑊]

9. 𝐴𝑃𝑆𝐶𝐿 − 2019: In a power plant water tube boiler is used to produce steam at 1𝑡𝑜𝑛/ℎ𝑟. Fuel
burns 50𝐾𝑔/ℎ𝑟. Specific enthalpy of steam 2700𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔 and specific enthalpy of water
210𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔. Heating value of fuel is 85000𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑗. What is the efficiency of boiler? [𝜂 = 58.58%]

10. 𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 2018 + 33𝑟ⅆ 𝐵𝐶𝑆 + 28𝑡ℎ 𝐵𝐶𝑆: In a boiler feed water supplied per hour
205𝑘𝑔, while Coal fired per hour 23𝑘𝑔. the net enthalpy rise per 𝑘𝑔 of water is 145𝐾𝑔. if the
calorific value of the coal is 2050𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔. then calculate the boiler efficiency. [63%]

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11. 𝐸𝑅𝐿 − 2017: In a boiler plant mass installation is 8𝑡𝑜𝑛/ℎ𝑟. If the enthalpy of steam is
2676𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔 and feed water is 420𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔. Find the boiler power in 𝐾𝑊 and 𝐻𝑃.
[5013𝐾𝑊, 511𝐵. 𝐻. 𝑃]

12. 𝑆𝐺𝐹𝐶𝐿 − 2017: A boiler steam pressure is 11.5𝑏𝑎𝑟 and feed water temperature is 34°𝐶. Dryness
fraction is 0.85. enthalpy of saturated water = 790𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔, enthalpy of saturated steam =
1991.4𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔, enthalpy of feed water = 142.4𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔, latent heat of evaporation= 2257𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔.
find (𝑎) Specific enthalpy of steam [2482.7𝐾𝑔/𝑘𝑔] (𝑏) Evaporation factor [1.037]

13. 𝑁𝑊𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐿 − 2017: A boiler is made of iron plates 12𝑚𝑚 thick. If the temperature of the outside
surface be 120°𝐶 and that of the inner 100°𝐶, calculate the mass of water evaporated per hour.
Assume that the area of heating surface is 5𝑚2 and k for iron 84𝑊/𝑚𝑘 [𝑚 = 55.75 × 103 𝑘𝑔/
ℎ𝑟]

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14. 𝐸𝐺𝐶𝐵 − 2020: Steam enters into a superheater at pressure of 9𝑎𝑏r with 95% dry quality and
steam leaves superheater at 250°𝐶 at constant pressure. Find the change in entropy per unit mass
of steam, Given 𝐶𝑝 = 2.2𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔. 𝑘.
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑏𝑎𝑟) 𝑆𝑓 (𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔. 𝑘) 𝑆𝑓𝑔 (𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔. 𝑘) 𝑆𝑔 (𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔. 𝑘)
9 2.2 4.12 6.32
10 2.4 4.27 6.67
[∆𝑆 = 0.545𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔]

15. 𝐵𝐼𝐹𝑃𝐶𝐿 − 2019: A Power plant consumes 20,000 𝑙/ℎ𝑟 fuel and calorific value of the fuel is
44,000𝐾𝑗/𝐿. What is thermal efficiency of the plant?

Steam quality
BUET Lecture
1. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: A saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water, called wet steam, in a steam line
at 1500 𝑘𝑃𝑎 is throttled to 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 100°𝐶. What is the quality in the steam line?

Example from different book

1. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 3.24: Steam at a pressure of 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 passes into a tank containing water where it gets
condensed. The mass and temperature in the tank before the admission of steam are 50 𝑘𝑔 and
20°𝐶 respectively. Calculate the dryness fraction of steam as it enters the tank if 3 𝑘𝑔 of steam
gets condensed and resulting temperature of the mixture becomes 40°𝐶. Take water equivalent
of tank as 1. 5 𝑘𝑔. At 5 𝐵𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑓 = 640.1𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔 and ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2107.4𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝑁𝑃𝐶𝐵𝐿 2023: If a fluid has ℎ𝑔′ of 2495𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔, ℎ𝑓 = 450𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔 and ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2257𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔. Find
steam quality.
2. 𝐷𝑀𝑇𝐶𝐿 − 2023: At saturation temp 𝑇 = 100°𝐶 pressure of the steam is 𝑃 = 1𝑏𝑎𝑟, enthalpy of
feed water ℎ𝑓 = 490𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔, enthalpy of saturated steam ℎ𝑔 = 2498𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔, ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2257𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔,
find steam quality ‘𝑋’
3. 𝐺𝐴𝑇𝐸: Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 500°𝐶 and 5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and leaves at 60 (𝐾𝑃𝑎)
The minimum possible dryness fraction of steam at the turbine exit is approximately. Super
heated 𝑡 = 500°𝐶
Pressure 𝑻𝒔𝒂𝒕 (℃) 𝑺𝒇 (𝑲𝒋/𝒌𝒈. 𝑲) 𝑺𝒈 (𝑲𝒋/𝒌𝒈. 𝑲) 𝑺(𝑲𝒋/𝒌𝒈. 𝑲)
5MPa 151.9 1.861 6.821 8.087
60KPa 36.2 0.521 8.33 -----------

[𝐴𝑛𝑠: 96.8%]
4. 𝐺𝐴𝑇𝐸: A sample of steam weighing 4.7 𝑘𝑔 if the total heat of the sample is 11000 𝑘𝐽 and the
steam pressure is 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 (absolute). Then determine dryness fraction of a sample of steam is the
properties of steam at 5.0 𝑏𝑎𝑟 are ℎ𝑓 = 640.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔; ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2108.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0.806]

Cooling Tower

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question

P.K Nag Article 8.6

Approach: The approach (A) is defined as the difference between the exit temperature of cooling water
and the wet bulb temperature of the ambient air

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𝑡𝑐2 − 𝑡𝑤𝑏
Range: The cooling range or simply range (R) is defined as the difference in temperatures of the
incoming warm water (𝑡𝐶1 ) and the exiting cooled water (𝑡𝐶2 )

Approach = (Exit temperature of cooling water- wet bulb

temperature of Ambient Air]
Range = [Temperatures of the incoming warm water-
temperature of the existing cooling water]
Efficiency 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑢𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
= 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 × 100% = 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒+𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ ×
100%

1. Water temperature coming into a cooling tower is 36℃ and exit is 31℃. Ambient air
temperature is 28℃ (Say wet bulb temperature is 26℃) Find the approach, range and
efficiency of the cooling tower.
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 36℃ − 31℃ = 5℃
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ = 31℃ − 26℃ = 5℃
5
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100% = 50%
5+5
Gas Turbine Power plant

1. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 7.1: In a gas turbine power plant working on joule cycle air is compressed from
1𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 and 17°𝐶 through a pressure ratio of 6. It is then heated in the combustion chamber
to 700°𝐶 and expanded back to a pressure of 1𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 , calculate the following (𝑎) Cycle
efficiency (𝑏) work ratio (𝑐) specific work output of the plant

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2. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 33.3 (𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜ⅆ𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑠): In an oil gas turbine installation, air is taken at
1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 and 30℃. The air is compressed to 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟 and then heated by burning the oil to a
temperature of 500℃ . if the air flows at the rate of 90𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒, find the power developed by
the plant. Take 𝛾 for air 1.4 and 𝐶𝑝 as 1𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝐾. If 2.4𝑘𝑔 of oil having calorific value of
40,000𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔 is burnt in the combustion chamber per minute, find the overall efficiency of the
plant?

3. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 32.1: ( 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜ⅆ𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑠): A simple closed cycle gas turbine plant receives
air at 1 bar and 15°𝐶 and compressed it to 5𝑏𝑎𝑟 and then heats it to 800°𝐶 in the heating
chamber. The hot air expands in a turbine and back to 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟. Calculate the power developed per
𝐾𝑔 of air supplied per second. Take 𝐶𝑝 𝑓𝑜𝑟 air as 1𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝐾

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4. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 32.2: In a oil gas turbine installation it is taken at pressure of 1𝑏𝑎𝑟
and 27°𝐶 and compressed to a pressure of 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟. The oil with a calorific value of 4200𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔 is
burnt in the combustion chamber to raise the temperature of air to 550°𝐶. if the air flows at the
rate of 1.2𝐾𝑔/𝑠: Find the net power of the installation. Also find air fuel ratio. Take 𝐶𝑝 =
1.05𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝐾

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5. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 32.6: A constant pressure open cycle gas turbine plant works between temperature
range of 15°𝐶 and 700°𝐶 and pressure ratio of 6. Find the mass of air circulating in the installation
if it develops 1100𝐾𝑊. Also find the heat supplied by the heating chamber.

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6. 𝑽𝒂𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒊 𝟓. 𝟏𝟑: Consider an air standard Brayton cycle in which the air enters the compressor
at 1𝑏𝑎𝑟 & 25°𝐶 The pressure leaving the compressor is 3bar and the temperature at turbine inlet
is 650°𝐶. Determine per kg of air (𝑎) cycle efficiency (𝑏) Heat supplied to air (𝑐) Work available
at the shaft (ⅆ) Heat rejected in the cooler (𝑒) Temperature of air leaving the turbine, take 𝛾 =
1.4 and 𝐶𝑝 = 1.005𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔

7. 𝑉𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑛ⅆ𝑎𝑛𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 17.02: A gas turbine plant operates on Brayton cycle with lower and upper
temperature limit being 289𝐾 & 998𝐾 what would be the optimum value of pressure ratio if the

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turbine is to be operated for maximum power output? For the pressure ratio thus calculated
determine the plant efficiency work ratio and specific power output. Assume working substance
to be air and expansion and compression to be isentropic.

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8. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 13.32: Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine plant operating on Brayton
cycle at 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 27°𝐶. The pressure ratio in the cycle is 6. Calculate the maximum
temperature in the cycle and the cycle efficiency. Assume 𝑊𝑇 = 2.5𝑊𝑐 where 𝑊𝑇 and 𝑊𝑐 are the
turbine and the compressor work respectively. Take 𝛾 = 1.4

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9. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 13.33: A gas turbine is supplied with gas at 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 and 1000 𝐾 and expands it
adiabatically to 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟. The mean specific heat at constant pressure and constant volume are
1.0425 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝐾 and 0.7662 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝐾 respectively. Calculate the power developed in 𝑘𝑊 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔
of gas per second and the exhaust gas temperature

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10. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 13.34: An isentropic air turbine is used to 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 0.1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 of air at 0.1 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
and at 285𝐾 to a cabin. The pressure at inlet to the turbine is 0.4 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 . Determine the
temperature at turbine inlet and the power developed by the turbine. Assume 𝐶𝑝 = 1.0 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝐾

11. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 13.35: Consider an air standard cycle in which the air enters the compressor at
1.0 𝑏𝑎𝑟 and 20°𝐶. The pressure of air leaving the compressor is 3.5 bar and the temperature at
turbine inlet is 600°𝐶. Determine per kg of air: (𝑖) Efficiency of the cycle, (𝑖𝑖) Heat supplied to air,
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Work available at the shaft, (𝑖𝑣) Heat rejected in the cooler, and (𝑣) Temperature of air
leaving the turbine. For air 𝛾 = 1.4 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑐𝑝 = 1.005 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝐾.

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12. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 33.1: A gas turbine plant receives air at 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 and 290𝐾 and compresses it
𝑡𝑜 5 𝐵𝑎r. If the temperature of air after compression is 1000𝐾 find the thermal efficiency of the
turbine. Take 𝛾 of air as 1.4

Regeneration of Gas turbine

Inter Cooling Of Gas turbine
Gas turbine এর efficiency এর equation টা আমরা েছে একটি শেছখ
𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘−𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝜂= 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

এখন gas turbine এ turbine এ শে work produce হয় তার 65-80% work comoressor এ খরচ হয় (Source Vasandani
page 17-3)

তাই শকান্ ক্রলম েছে এই compressor এর work done টা কমাইলত পাছর তাহলে efficiency বাড়লব।

এই compressor এর work done টাই কমালন্া হয় inter cooling এর মাধযলম ।

এখালন্ ১ টী compressor এর জায়োয় 2 টী compressor use করা হয় ১ টি Low pressure compressor (L.P) & অন্যটি high
pressor (H.P) Compressor এবং এলের মালে একটি intercooler use করা হয়।

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L.P Compressor: এখালন্ air শক compress কলর pressre & Temperature বাড়ালন্া হয়

Intercooler: এখালন্ pressure শক constant শরলখ tempersture কমালন্া হয়

H.P Compressor: এখালন্ High pressure but low temperature এর air শক compressed করা হয়।

এখন্ question হলো শে L.P & H.P compressor এর মালে শকন্ inter cooler use করা হয়?

কারণ হলো শে high temperature এর air শক compress করলত শবছে energy োলে তাই L.P compressor হলত শবর হওয়া air শক
চুে কলর high pressure compressor এ পাঠালন্া হয় োলত low tempersture এর air শক compress করলত কম েছি োলে
[source: youtube]

1. 𝑲𝒉𝒖𝒓𝒎𝒊 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑𝟐. 𝟑(𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒐): A gas turbine consists of two stage compressors with
perfect intercooler and a single stage turbine. If the plant works between the temperature limits
of 300𝐾 and 1000𝐾 and 1bar and 16𝑏𝑎𝑟 find the net power of the plant per 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟. Take
specific heat at constant pressure as 1𝐾𝑔/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

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Reheating of Gas turbine

𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘−𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝜂=
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

এখন্ Turbine work শক বাড়ালে efficiency বাড়লব এই turbine এর work শক বাড়ালন্ার কাজ টাই করা হয় Re heating এর মাধযলম

Re-heating কলর compressor work শক affect ন্া কলর turbine work শক increase করা হয়

Reheating increases the turbine work without affecting the compressor work [Vasandani page 17-19]

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উপলরর ছচে হলত শেখা োলে শে H.P turbine এর exhaust োস শক আবার combustin কলর (Heating) L.P turbione চাোলন্া হলে তাই এর ন্াম
Re heating (means Re combustion)

1. 𝐾ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 32.4: In a gas turbine plant the air is compressed in a single stage compressor
from 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 to 9𝑏𝑎𝑟 and from an initial temperature of 300𝑘. the same air is then heated to a
temperature of 800𝑘 and then expanded in the turbine. The air is then reheated to a temperature
of 800𝑘 𝑎𝑛ⅆ then expanded in the second turbine. Find the maximum power that can be
obtained from the installation if the mass of air circulated per second is 2𝑘𝑔 take 𝐶𝑝 = 1𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔. 𝐾

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Heat rate

𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

Heat Rate or gross heat rate= 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
Net heat Rate=
𝐻𝑜𝑤 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑

P.K Nag Article 2.6

BUET Lecture

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Example from different book

1. 𝑀. 𝑀 𝑅𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜 19.23: A steam generator evaporates 18000 𝑘𝑔/ℎ of steam at
12.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 and a quality of 0.97 dry from feed water at 105°𝐶, when coal is fired at 2040 𝑘𝑔/ℎ. If
the higher calorific value of coal is 27400 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, find the (a) heat rate of the boiler in
𝑘𝐽/ℎ, (𝑏) equivalent evaporation, and (𝑐) thermal efficiency

At 12.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 take ℎ𝑓 = 806.9𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔, ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 1977.5𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔 and 𝑎𝑡 105℃ ℎ𝑓1 = 440.13𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔

2. 𝑃. 𝐾 𝑛𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 2.16: A coal fired power plant has a turbine generator rated at 1000𝑀𝑊
gross. The plant requires 9% 𝑜𝑓 this power for its internal operations. It uses 9800𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑠 of coal
of heating value 26𝑀𝐽/𝐾𝑔 per day. The steam generator efficiency is 86%. Calculate the gross
and net heat rates and efficiencies (gross and net). [10.616𝑀𝐽/𝐾𝑊ℎ, 11.667𝑀𝑗/𝐾𝑊ℎ,
33.9%, 30.86%]

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝐶𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐵𝐿 − 2018: A two-unit coal fired power plant turbine-generator gross generation is
600𝑀𝑊(Gross) burns 4500 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 of coal per day. The coal has a higher heating value (𝐻𝐻𝑉) of
30𝑀𝐽/𝐾𝑔. if 15% of gross power is consumed by the power station then Determine (𝑎) Gross
heat rate (HR) [9375𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑤ℎ𝑟] (𝑏) Net heat rate (HR). [11029.41𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑤. ℎ𝑟]

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Power plant Economics

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎ⅆ
𝐿𝑜𝑎ⅆ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎ⅆ
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒ⅆ (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑈𝑛ⅆ𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎ⅆ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒)
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎ⅆ =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒ⅆ 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎ⅆ × 8760
১টি 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 এ ছক পছরমান্ 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 হলে 𝐸
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ঐ সমলয় 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 টি ছক পছরমান্ 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 করলত পারত = 𝐶×𝑡 where 𝐸 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 under load
curve, 𝐶 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎ⅆ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 connected load=Consumer end এ েতগুলো equipment install করা আলি?

1
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
BUET Lecture
1. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2012 − 13: A power plant of 210 𝑀𝑊 installed capacity has the
following particulars:

Capital cost Tk. 64,000 per kW installed

Interest and depreciation 12% per year
Annual load factor 60%
Annual capacity factor 54%
Annual running charges Tk. 360 x 106
Energy consumed by power plant auxiliaries 6%
Calculate: (𝑖) the reserve capacity of the plant, (𝑖𝑖) net energy delivered per year, and (𝑖𝑖𝑖) The
cost of power generation per kWh.

2. 𝑃. 𝐾 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 1.1 + 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: The loads on a power plant with respect to time
for 24 hours are given as follows:

Time
0-6 6-8 8-12 12-14 14-18 18-22 22-24
(𝒉𝒓)
Load
40 50 60 50 70 80 40
(𝑴𝑾)
Draw the load curve and find out the load factor of the power station. If the loads above 60 𝑀𝑊
are taken by a standby unit of 20 𝑀𝑊 capacity, find out the load factor and the use factor of the
standby unit [𝐴𝑛𝑠0.71, 0.75 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 0.6]

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3. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2013 − 14 The maximum load on a thermal power plant of
60 𝑀𝑊 capacity is 50 𝑀𝑊 at an annual load factor of 0.50. The loads having maximum demands
of 25 𝑀𝑊, 20 𝑀𝑊, 8 𝑀𝑊, 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 5 𝑀𝑊 are connected to the power station. Determine: (𝑖)
average load on power station, (𝑖𝑖) energy generated per year, (𝑖𝑖𝑖) demand factor, and (𝑖𝑣)
diversity factor. (𝑒) What is diversity factor? What happens to the load factor of a power system
if the diversity factor changes?

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4. 𝑃. 𝐾 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 1.13 + 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 14 − 15: A power station has a maximum
demand of 10 𝑀𝑊 and the daily load on the station is as follows:
Time MW Time MW
6am-8am 3.5 5pm-7pm 8.5
8am-12 noon 8.0 7pm-9pm 10.0
12 noon-1pm 3.0 9pm-11pm 4.5
1pm-5pm 7.5 11pm-6am 2.0
(𝑖) Draw the load curve and the load duration curve. (𝑖𝑖) Choose the suitable size and number of
generating units. (𝑖𝑖𝑖) Draw up the operating schedule of the units. (𝑖𝑣) What reserve capacity would be
necessary? (𝑣) Calculate the load factor, plant capacity factor and plant use factor of the power station

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5. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2017 − 2018: A power plant has an installed capacity of 35 𝑀𝑊,
reserve over peak 3 𝑀𝑊, hours out of service per year 410, and a load factor of 0.48. Find the
capacity and use factors of the power plant

6. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2017 − 18: A 60 𝑀𝑊 thermal power plant has an annual load
factor of 50%. The maximum demand on the plant is 50 𝑀𝑊. The loads having maximum
demands of 25 𝑀𝑊, 20 𝑀𝑊, 8 𝑀𝑊, 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 5 𝑀𝑊 are connected to the power station. Determine:
average load on power station, energy generated per year, and diversity factor

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7. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2015 − 16: A proposed station has the following daily load cycle

Time
6-8 8-11 11-16 16-19 19-22 22-24 24-6
(𝒉𝒓)
Load
20 40 50 35 70 40 20
(𝑴𝑾)
Draw the load curve and the load duration curve and select suitable generator units from
8, 16, 20 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 24 𝑀𝑊 units. Prepare the operation schedule for the machines selected and
determine the load factor from the curve

8. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2019 − 20: A power plant produces (400 + 0.1 𝑛) × 106 𝑘𝑊ℎ of
electricity in a year with a capacity factor of 0.6, where ‘𝑛’ is the last three digits of your student
number. The plant remains unutilized for 760 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 in a year. If the reserve capacity over and
above the peak load is 20 𝑀𝑊, find out the plant capacity, the load factor, and the use factor.
9. 𝑃. 𝑘 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 1.3 + 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 2011 − 12: A power station of 30 𝑀𝑊 capacity
has the maximum annual demand of 25 𝑀𝑊. It supplies loads having maximum demands of
10 𝑀𝑊, 8.5 𝑀𝑊, 5 𝑀𝑊 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 4.5 𝑀𝑊. The annual load factor is 45%. Estimate (𝑎) the average
load, (𝑏) the energy supplied per year, (𝑐) the diversity factor, and (ⅆ) the demand
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. (𝑎) 11.25 𝑀𝑊, (𝑏) 98.55 × 106 𝑘𝑊ℎ, (𝑐) 1.12, (ⅆ) 0.89]

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Example from different book

1. 𝑃. 𝐾 𝑁𝑎𝑔 1.1: A power plant station supplies the following loads to the consumers
Time in
0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-22 22-24
hours
Load in
30 70 90 60 100 80 60
MW
(𝑎) Draw the load curve and estimate the load factor of the plant. (𝑏) What is the load factor of a standby
equipment of 30𝑀𝑊 capacity if it takes up all loads above 70𝑀𝑊? What is its use factor

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2. 𝑃. 𝐾 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 1.2: The peak load on a power plant is 60𝑀𝑊. The loads having maximum
demands of 30𝑀𝑊, 20𝑀𝑊, 10𝑀𝑊 and 14𝑀𝑊 are connected to the power plant. The capacity
of the power plant is 80𝑀𝑊 and the annual load factor is 0.5. Estimate (𝑎) The average load on
the power plant (𝑏) the energy supplied per year (𝑐) demand factor (ⅆ) The diversity factor

3. 𝑃𝐾 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 1.3: A thermal plant of 210𝑀𝑊 capacity has the maximum load of 160𝑀𝑊.
Its annual load factor is 0.6. The coal consumption is 1𝑘𝑔 per 𝐾𝑊𝐻 of energy generated and the
cost of coal is 𝑅𝑠 450.00 per tone. Calculate (𝑎) the annual revenue earned if energy is sold at
𝑅𝑠 1 per 𝐾𝑊ℎ and (𝑏) The capacity of the plant.

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4. 𝑃. 𝐾 𝑁𝑎𝑔 1.4 A power plant has the following annual factors: load 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.75, capacity
factor = 0.60, use factor = 0.65. Maximum demand is 60 𝑀𝑊. Estimate (𝑎) the annual energy
production, (𝑏) the reserve capacity over and above the peak load, and (𝑐) the hours during which
the plant is not in service per year

5. 𝑃. 𝐾 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 1.9: A 300 𝑀𝑊 thermal power station is to supply power to a system having
maximum and minimum demand of 240 𝑀𝑊 and 180 𝑀𝑊 respectively in a year. Assuming the
load duration curve to be a straight line, estimate the (𝑎) load factor, (𝑏) capacity factor.

6. 𝑉. 𝐾 𝑀𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.3: A 100𝑀𝑊 Power station delivers 100𝑀𝑊 for 2ℎ𝑟, 50MW for 6ℎ𝑟
and shut down for the rest of each day. It is also shut down for maintenance for 45 ⅆ𝑎𝑦𝑠 each
year calculate its annual load factor.

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7. 𝑽. 𝑲 𝑴𝒆𝒉𝒕𝒂 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑. 𝟏𝟔: The annual load duration curve of a certain power station can be
considered as a straight line from 20𝑀𝑊 𝑡𝑜 4𝑀𝑊. To meet this load three turbine generator unit
two rated at 10𝑀𝑊 each and one rated at 5𝑀𝑊 are installed Determine (𝑎) installed capacity
(𝑏) Plant factor (Unit generated per annum (𝑐) Load factor (ⅆ) utilization factor

8. 𝑃. 𝐾 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 1.8: A power plant has the following annual factors: Load factor = 70%;
Capacity factor = 50%; Use factor = 60%; Maximum demand = 20𝑀𝑊. Estimate (𝑎) annual
energy production, (𝑏) reserve capacity over and above the peak load, and (𝑐) the hours per year
during which the plant is not in service.
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. (𝑎) 122.8 × 106 𝑘𝑊ℎ, (𝑏) 8 𝑀𝑊, (𝑐) 2060 ℎ]
9. 𝑹𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 9.1: The maximum demand of a power station is 96000𝐾𝑊 and daily load
curve is described as follows:
Time (𝒉𝒓) 0-6 6-8 8-12 12-14 14-18 18-22 22-24
Load
48 60 72 60 84 96 48
(𝑴𝑾)
(a) Determine the load factor of power station
(b) What is the load factor of standby equipment rated at 30𝑀𝑊 that takes up all load in excess
of 72𝑀𝑊? Also calculate its use factor

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10. 𝑅𝑎𝑗𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 9.5: A 60𝑀𝑊 power station has an annual peak load of 50𝑀𝑊. The power
station supplies loads having maximum demands of 20𝑀𝑊, 17𝑀𝑊, 10𝑀𝑊 and 9𝑀𝑊. The
annual load factor is 0.45 Find: (𝑎) Average load (𝑏) Energy supplied per year (𝑐) Diversity Factor
(ⅆ) Demand Factor

11. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.2: A central power station has annual factors as follows: Load factor= 60%,
Capacity factor= 40%, Use factor= 45% power station has a maximum demand of 15,000𝐾𝑊
determine:
(a) Annual energy production [78.84 × 106 𝐾𝑤ℎ𝑟]
(b) Reverse capacity over & above peak load [7500𝐾𝑊]
(c) Hours per years not in service [973.33ℎ𝑟]

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12. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 2.4: The annual peak load on a 30𝑀𝑊 power station is 25𝑀𝑊. The power station
supplies loads having maximum demands of 10𝑀𝑊, 8.5𝑀𝑊, 5𝑀𝑊 & 4.5𝑀𝑊. the annual load
factor is 45% find
(a) Average load [11.25𝑀𝑊]
(b) Energy supplies per year [98.55 × 103 𝐾𝑤ℎ𝑟]
(c) Demand Factor [0.89]
(d) Diversity Factor [1.12]

13. V.K Mehta Example 3.11 (Page 54):

A power station has to meet the following demand:
Group A: 200 kW between 8 A.M. and 6 P.M.
Group B: 100 kW between 6 A.M. and 10 A.M.
Group C: 50 kW between 6 A.M. and 10 A.M.
Group D: 100 kW between 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. and then between 6 P.M. and 6 A.M.
Plot the daily load curve and determine (𝑖) diversity factor (𝑖𝑖) units generated per day (𝑖𝑖𝑖) load
factor.

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14. 𝑉𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑡 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 30.1: Baghabari Burge mounted Power plant under goes linear load change
daily as follows
Time MW Time MW
12.00 am 20 12.30 pm 40
2.00 am 10 1.00 pm 50
6.00 am 10 5.00 pm 50
8.00 am 50 6.00 pm 70
12.00 pm 50 12.00 am 20
(a) Plot the Chronological load curve & Load duration curve (𝑏) Find the load factor

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15. A generating station has a maximum demand of 25𝑀𝑊, a load factor of 60%, a plant capacity
factor of 50% and a plant use factor of 72%. Find (𝑎) The reserve capacity of the plant (𝑏) the
daily energy produced and (𝑐) Maximum energy that could be produced daily if the plant while
running as per schedule were fully loaded.

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16. A power station has the following daily load cycle:

Time 6-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-6
Load (𝑴𝑾) 20 40 60 20 50 20

Plot the load curve and load duration curve. Also calculate the energy generated per day and
load factor.

17. P.K Nag Example 1.10: The maximum load on a thermal power plant of 60𝑀𝑊 capacity is 50𝑀𝑊
at an annual load factor of 60%. The coal consumption is 1𝑘𝑔 per unit of energy generated and
the cost of coal is 𝑇𝑘 600 per tons of coal. Find (𝑎) the annual revenue earned if the energy is
sold at 𝑇𝑘 2 per kWh and (𝑏) the capacity of the plant

18. 𝑃. 𝐾 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 1.13: A Power station has to supply load as follows:
Time (hours) 0-6 6-12 12-14 14-18 18-24
Load (MW) 30 90 60 100 50

(a) Draw the load curve (𝑏) Draw the load duration curve (𝑐) Select suitable generating units to
supply the load (ⅆ) Calculate the load factor (𝑒) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 the capacity of the plant and the
plant capacity factor

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19. 𝑃. 𝑘 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 1.2: A central power station has annual load factor, capacity factor and use
factor as 60%, 40% 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 45%, respectively. The maximum demand is 15 𝑀𝑊. Estimate (𝑎) the
annual energy production and revenue earned if the cost of energy is 𝑅𝑠 1/𝑘𝑊ℎ, (𝑏) the reserve
capacity over and above the peak load, and (𝑐) the hours per year the station is not in service.
[Ans: (a) 78.84 × 106 𝐾𝑊ℎ, Rs: 78.84 × 106, (b)7.5MW (c) 974hr]
20. 𝑃. 𝑘 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 1.8: A power plant has the following annual factors: Load factor= 70%;
Capacity factor = 50%; Use factor = 60%; Maximum demand = 20𝑀𝑊. Estimate (𝑎) annual
energy production, (𝑏) reserve capacity over and above the peak load, and (𝑐) the hours per year
during which the plant is not in service.
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. (𝑎) 122.8 × 106 𝑘𝑊ℎ, (𝑏) 8 𝑀𝑊, (𝑐) 2060 ℎ]
21. P.k Nag Exercise 1.9: A 60 MW turbogenerator set has an overall efficiency of 25%. The calorific
value of coal used is 24 MJ/kg. Estimate the consumption of coal per kWh and also per day of 24h
if the load factor is 30%.

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[Ans. 0.6 kg. 259.2 tones]

22. Nagpal Example 2.5: For a power station the yearly load duration curve is a straight line from
30,000 to 4,000 kW. To meet the load three turbo-generator are installed. The capacity of two
generators is 15,000 kW each and the third is rated at 5,000 kW. Determine the following: (a)
Load factor (b) Capacity factor or plant factor (c) Maximum demand

23. Nagpal Example 2.6: A power station has two 60 MW units each running for 7000 hours a year
and one 30 MW unit running for 1500 hours a year. The energy produced per year is 700 × 106
kWh. Calculate the following: (a) Plant load factor (b) Plant use factor or utilization factor

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24. Nagpal Example 2.8: A power station is to supply three regions of load whose peak loads are 20
MW, 15 MW and 25 MW. The annual load factor is 50% and the diversity factor of the load at the
station is 1.5. Determine the following: (a) Maximum demand on the station, (b) Installed capacity
suggesting number of units, (c) Annual energy supplied

25. Nagpal Example 2.11: In a 60 MW steam power station working at 40% load factor the energy
cost is found to be 1.5 paise/kWh. Calculate the cost of energy if the power station load factor is
improved to 50%. Due to increased energy generation the fuel cost increases the annual,
generation cost by 6%.

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26. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 2.13: the load of a residential consumer for a day was found to be as follows
12 midnight to 6 a.m No Load 2.00 p.m to 3.30p.m No Load
6 a.m to 8 a.m 120W 3.30p.m to 5 p.m 120W
8 a.m to 9.30am 540W 5 p.m to 6.30 p.m 360W
9.30am to 11.30 a.m No Load 6.30 p.m to 9.00 p.m 480W
9.00 p.m to 12
11.30 a.m to 2.00 p.m 480W 120W
midnight
Calculate (𝑎) Energy consumed (𝑏) Load Factor

27. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 2.14: In a steam power station having a maximum demand of 20𝑀𝑊 the boiler efficiency
and turbine efficiency are 80% and 90% respectively. If the coal consumption is 1 𝑘𝑔 per unit of
energy generated and cost of coal 𝑅𝑠. 40 𝑝𝑒𝑟 tonne; determine: (𝑎) The thermal efficiency of
power station, (𝑏) Cost of coal per year. Annual load factor is 50%

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28. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 2.25: A diesel engine power plant has one 700 𝑘𝑊 and two 500 𝑘𝑊 generating units.
The fuel consumption is 0.28 𝑘𝑔. per kWh and the calorific value of fuel oil is 10,200 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 per kg.
Estimate the fuel acquired for a month and overall efficiency of the plant. Plant capacity factor =
40%.

29. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 2.39: A 200 𝑀𝑊 thermal power station is to supply power to a system having maximum
and minimum demand 140 𝑀𝑊 and 40 𝑀𝑊 respectively during the year. Assuming load
duration curve to be a straight line, determine the following (𝑎) Load factor (𝑏) Capacity factor

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30. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 2.42: A hydro power plant is to be used as peak load plant at an annual load factor
𝑜𝑓 30%. The electrical energy obtained during the year is 750 × 105 𝑘𝑊ℎ. Determine the
maximum demand. If the plant capacity factor is 24% find reserve capacity of the plant.

31. 𝑵𝒂𝒈𝒑𝒂𝒍 𝟐. 𝟒𝟕: A common load is to be shared by two power plants. One power plant is a base
load plant with 30 𝑀𝑊 installed capacity and other power plant is a standby plant with 20 𝑀𝑊
capacity. The yearly output of the base load plant 𝑖𝑠 130 × 106 𝑘𝑊ℎ and that of standby plant is
9 × 106 𝑘𝑊ℎ. The peak load taken by the standby plant is 15 𝑀𝑊 and this plant works for
2800 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 during the year. The base load plant takes a peak of 25 𝑀𝑊. Determine the following
for both plants: (𝑎) Annual load factor (𝑏) Plant use factor (𝑐) Capacity factor.

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32. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 2.49: Determine the thermal efficiency of a steam power plant and its coal bill per
annum using the following data
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 ⅆ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛ⅆ 24000 𝑘𝑊
𝐿𝑜𝑎ⅆ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 40%
𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 90%
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 92%
𝐶𝑜𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 0.87 𝑘𝑔/𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑠. 280 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒.

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33. 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 2.52: The maximum (peak) load on a thermal power plant of 60 𝑀𝑊 capacity is 50 𝑀𝑊
at an annual load factor of 50%. The loads having maximum demands of 25 𝑀𝑊, 20 𝑀𝑊, 8 𝑀𝑊
and 5 𝑀𝑊 are connected to the power station. Determine: (𝑎) Average load on power station
(𝑏) Energy generated per year (𝑐) Demand factor (ⅆ) Diversity factor

34. 𝑃. 𝑘 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 1.6: A power plant of 210 𝑀𝑊 installed capacity has the following
particulars:

Capital cost Rs.18,000 per kW installed

Interest and depreciation 12% per year
Annual load factor 60%
Annual capacity factor 54%
Annual running charges Tk. 200 × 106
Energy consumed by power plant auxiliaries 6%

Calculate (𝑎) the cos of power generation per KWh and (𝑏) The reverse capacity

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Job Exam Question

1. 𝑃. 𝐾 𝑁𝑎𝑔 1.11 + 𝑆𝐺𝐹𝐿 − 2023: A thermal power plant consists of two 60𝑀𝑊 units, each
running for 8000ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟s, and one 30𝑀𝑊 unit running for 2000 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 per year. The energy
producing by the plant is 876 × 106 𝐾𝑊ℎ per year. Determine the plant load factor and plant use
factor. Consider the maximum load as equal to the plant capacity.

2. 𝑃𝐾 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 1.12 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑉. 𝐾 𝑀𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑎 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3.7: The following loads are connected
to a power plant:
Type of load Max. demand (MW) Diversity factor Demand factor
Domestic 15 1.25 0.7
Commercial 25 1.2 0.9
Industrial 50 1.3 0.98

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If the overall diversity factor is 1.6 determine (𝑎) the maximum load (𝑏) connected load of each
type.

3. 𝑃. 𝐾 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 1.1 + 𝐵𝐶𝑃𝐶𝐿 − 2023 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.1: A Power station has a
maximum has a maximum demand of 80 × 103 𝐾𝑊 and daily load curve is defined as follows

Time (𝒉𝒓) 0-6 6-8 8-12 12-14 14-18 18-22 22-24

Load
40 50 60 50 70 80 40
(𝑴𝑾)
(a) Determine the load factors of power station (𝑏) what is the load factors of stand by equipment
rated at 25𝑀𝑊 that takes up all load in excess of 60𝑀𝑊? Also calculate its use factor.

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4. Nagpal Example 2.29: NWPGCL-2018+CPGCBL-2018 Same as BUET Term final 2014-15

A power station has to supply load as follows
Time (Hours) 0-6 6-12 12-14 14-18 18-24
Load (MW) 30 90 60 100 50
(a) Draw load curve
(b) Draw load duration curve
(c) Choose suitable generating units to supply the load [1540 × 106 𝐾𝑊ℎ𝑟]
(d) Calculate load factor [0.6417]
(e) Calculate plant capacity [330𝑀𝑊]

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5. 𝐵𝐶𝑃𝐶𝐿 − 2018 + 𝐷𝑀𝑇𝐶𝐿 − 2019: A power plant has peak load 75𝑀𝑊. It has maximum
connected load 45𝑀𝑊, 30𝑀𝑊, 20𝑀𝑊 & 10𝑀𝑊. If plant capacity is 105𝑀𝑊 and load factor 0.6
then find (𝑎) Average load [45𝑀𝑊] (𝑏) Demand factor [0.714]

6. 𝑁𝑊𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐿 − 2017: A nuclear power plant name plate capacity 4000𝑀𝑊, it generates
32000000𝑀𝑊ℎ𝑟 in a year and A Gas Turbine Power plant nameplate data capacity 400MW, it
generates 1600000𝑀𝑊ℎr in a year then find capacity factor of each plant. [𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 =
0.913, 𝐺𝑎𝑠 = 0.456]

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7. 𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐵 − 2018: A nuclear power plant nameplate capacity 200𝑀𝑊 and yearly generated power
is 1625𝐺𝑊ℎ𝑟. A gas-based power plant nameplate capacity is 700𝑀𝑊 and yearly generated
power is 5850𝐺𝑊ℎr. Find the plant capacity (Utilization) factor for both plants. [92.75%, 95.4%]

8. 𝐴𝑃𝑆𝐶𝐿 − 2010: A plant capacity is 950MW and produced 567000𝑀𝑊 − ℎ𝑟/𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ. Peak load
is 1000𝑀𝑊. Find (𝑎) Load factor (𝑏) Plant capacity factor. [0.8289]

9. 𝑊𝑍𝑃𝐺𝐶𝐿 − 2016: A base load power plant has the capacity of 18000𝐾𝑊 and a standby power
plant has capacity of 20000𝐾𝑊 and peak load of 12000𝐾𝑊. The standby power plant runs
2910𝐻𝑟𝑠 per year where the base load is year-round. Peak load of standby station unit is

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12000𝐾𝑊. The annual generation of base load power plant is 101350000𝐾𝑊ℎ and standby
power plant is 77350,000𝐾𝑊ℎ. Find the load factor, plant capacity factor and the use factor of
these two power plants.
[𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎ⅆ: 𝑙𝑜𝑎ⅆ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.96 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.6427, 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑏𝑦: 𝐿𝑜𝑎ⅆ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
0.7358 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1.329]

10. 𝑁𝐸𝑆𝐶𝑂 − 2018: A power plants has the following annual factors: load factor= 90%; plant
capacity factor= 40%; plant use factor = 45%. Maximum demand is 15MW. Estimate (𝑎) Annual
energy production [118.26 × 106𝐾𝑊ℎ] (𝑏) The reverse capacity over and above the peak load
[18.75𝑀𝑊] (𝑐) Hours during which the plants is not in service per year. [973.3ℎ𝑟𝑠]

11. 𝑅𝑃𝐶𝐿 − 2019: A generating has a connected load of 43𝑀𝑊 and a maximum demand of 20𝑀𝑊;
the units generated being 61.5 × 106 per annum. Calculate (𝑎) the demand factor [46.511%]
(b) load factor [35.1%].

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12. 𝑃. 𝑘 𝑁𝑎𝑔 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 1.4 + 𝑁𝑎𝑔𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.9: A power station is said to have a use factor of
47% and capacity factor of 40%. For how many hours in a year was the power station not in
service? [Ans: 1305h]

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Solid Mechanics
Normal Stress
BUET Lecture
1. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝐴𝑓𝑠𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 109: Determine the largest weight ‘𝑊’ that can be
supported by the two wires shown in fig. The stress in either wire is not exceeded 30𝐾𝑠𝑖. The
cross-sectional areas of wires 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 are 0.4𝑖𝑛2 and 0.5𝑖𝑛2 respectively.

[𝑊 = 17.1𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠]

2. 𝐵𝑈𝐸𝑇 𝐴𝑓𝑠𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑖𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 108 + 𝐵𝐼𝑇𝐴𝐶 − 2016: An 𝐴𝑙 rod is rigidly attached
between a 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 rod and a 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒 rod as shown in fig. Axial loads are applied at the position
indicated. Find the maximum value of 𝑃 that will not exceed a stress in steel of 140𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐴𝑙 −
90𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐵𝑟 − 100𝑀𝑃𝑎. [𝑃 = 10𝐾𝑁]

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Example from different book

1. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 − 101: A Composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened between a
bronze section and a steel section as shown in figure. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. Determine the stress in each section

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2. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 104: A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100𝑚𝑚 must carry a tensile load
of 400𝐾𝑁. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120𝑀𝑁/𝑚2.
[𝐴𝑛𝑠: 119𝑚𝑚]

3. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 105: A homogenous 800𝑘𝑔 bar 𝐴𝐵 is supported at either end by a cable as shown in
figure. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not exceeded 90𝑀𝑃𝑎 in bronze
and 120𝑀𝑃𝑎 in steel. [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝐴𝑏𝑟 = 43.6𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 32.7𝑚𝑚2 ]

4. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 106: The homogenous bar shown in figure is supported by a smooth pin at "𝐶" and a
cable that from "𝐴" 𝑡𝑜 "𝐵" around the smooth peg at "𝐷". Find the stress in the cable if its
diameter is 0.6𝑖𝑛 and the bar weight 6000𝑙𝑏.

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5. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 107: A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and
bronze section as shown in figure. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated if 𝑃 =
3000𝑙𝑏 and the cross-sectional area of the rod is 0.5𝑖𝑛2 , determine the stress in each
section. [𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 24𝑘𝑠𝑖, 𝜎𝑏𝑟 = 18𝑘𝑠𝑖

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6. Singer 103: The block of weight W in fig hangs from the pin at A. the bars AB and AC are pinned
to the support at B and C. the areas are 800mm2 for AB and 400mm2 for AC. Neglecting the weight
of the bars determine the maximum safe value of W if the stress in AB is limited to 110MPa and
that in AC to 120MPa. [61.7KN]

7. Singer 110: A 12in square steel bearing plate lies between an 8in diameter wooden post and a
concrete footing as shown in figure. Determine the maximum value of the axial load P if the stress
in wood is limited to 1800psi and that in concrete to 650Psi.

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8. Bansal Example 1.8: An axial pull of 35000N is acting on a bar consisting of three length as shown
in figure. If the young’s Modulus is 2.1 × 105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 Determine (a) Stress in each section (b) total
extension of the bar.

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9. Bansal Example 1.14: A rigid bar ACDB is hinged at A and supported in a horizontal position
by two identical steel wires as shown in figure. A vertical load of 30KN is applied at B. Find the
tensile force 𝑇1 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑇2 induced in these wires by the vertical load.

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Job Exam Question

1. APSCL-2016: A rectangular steel bar has width of 35mm and thickness is 10mm. Find the
stress at the section AB, BC and CD.

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[AB=34.285MPa, BC=85.71MPa, CD=62.85MPa]

2. MPL-2021: AC is Aluminum and BC is Wood, stress of Aluminum is 200MPa and stress of wood is
60MPa. Find out the cross-sectional area of AC and BC

3. BUET MSc. 2018: A steel bar of 2m length is under tensile load of 2KN. Find the minimum diameter
of the bar if maximum allowable stress is 150MPA and maximum allowable deflection is 3mm
[4.12mm]

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Shear stress
ʋ
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝜏 =
𝐴
𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝑡
𝜋 2
𝑖𝑓 𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐴 = 𝐷
4
BUET Lecture
1. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 123: A rectangular piece of wood 50mm by 100mm in cross
section is used as a compression block as shown in figure. Determine the maximum axial force P
that can be safely applied to the block if the compressive stress in the wood is limited to 20MN/m2
and the shearing stress parallel to the grain is limited to 5MN/m2. The grain makes an angle of 20°
with the horizontal as shown.

[77.79KN]

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Example from different book

1. Singer 118: A 200mm diameter pulley is prevented from rotating to a 60mm diameter shaft by a
70mm long key as shown in figure. If a torque T= 2.2KN.m is applied to the shaft, determine the
width b if the allowable shearing stress in the key is 60MPa.

[17.46mm]

2. Singer 119: Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown in
Fig. the pin diameter is 20mm.

[94MPa]

3. S. Subramaniam 3.40: A circular hole is punched in a metal plate by a punching machine. If the
force required to punch a hole of 16 mm ∅ is 180 kN in the metal plate, which is 8 mm thick, find
the maximum stress in the material.

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4. S. Subramaniam 3.41: Determine the maximum shear stress in the rivets in the cases shown in
Fig. 3.39. In Fig. (a), P = 25 kN and the diameter of the rivets = 20 mm. In Fig. (b), P = 35 kN and
the diameter of the rivets = 16 mm

5. S. Subramaniam 3.42: Determine the average shear stress in the key in the arrangement shown
in Fig. The key is 60 mm long and the effective torque about the center due to belt tension is 200
Nm

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50
𝐹× = 200000
2
𝐹 = 8000𝑁
Job Exam Question
1. Singer-115 (APSCL-2019+BITAC-2016+BUET-M.SC 2017): What force is required to punch a 30
mm diameter hole in a plate that is 25mm thick? The shear strength is 350MN/m2.

[υ=549.778KN]

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2. GTCL-2016: Estimate the shearing load at which a 25mm diameter steel bolt will be sheared off if
the shear strength is 140 MPa.

[68.72KN]

3. Singer 116+ BITAC-2021 As in Fig. a hole is to punched out of a plate having a shearing strength
of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. Compute the maximum thickness
of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched.

[t=0.7812in]

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4. Singer-117+SGFL-2023+BITAC-2016 Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis
shown in Fig. If P=400KN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300MPa. Factor of safety is 3.
[D=50.4625mm]

5. KGTDC 2022: A 64mm hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 300MPa
and compressive strength is limited to 350MPa. Determine the thickness of the plate.

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Bearing Stress
BUET Lecture
1. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 126: The lap joint shown in figure is fastened by four ¾ in
diameter rivets. Calculate the maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in
the rivets is limited to 14Ksi & Bearing stress in the Plates is limited to 18Ksi. [24.74Kips]

Example from different book

1. Singer 127: In the clevis shown in figure find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum
thickness of each yoke, P=14Kips shearing stress=12Ksi, bearing stress=20ksi [d=0.8618in,
t=0.4061in]

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Job Exam Question

1. KGDL-2021 Assume that a 20mm diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110mm wide. The
allowable stress are 120MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60MPa for shearing of rivet.
Determine (a) minimum thickness of each plate [7.85mm]. (b) largest average tensile stress in the
plates. [26.68MPa]

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Thin wall pressure Vessel

Tangential or circumferential stress Longitudinal Stress
𝑷𝑫 𝑃𝐷
𝟐𝒕 4𝑡

𝑷𝑫 𝑃𝐷
𝟐𝒕𝜼𝒍 4𝑡𝜂𝑐
𝜼𝒍 = 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝜂𝑐 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
আমালের শকর শখয়াে রাখলত হলব শে circumferential stress
এ longitudinal joint efficiency হলব

𝑃𝐷 𝑃𝐷
− 𝑃𝐷
2 4𝑡
Maximum shear stress= 2
= 8𝑡
[Bansal Eqn: 17.2A]
𝑃𝐷
For cylindrical shape, Allowable stress= [that means circumferential stress cylinder এর জন্য]
2𝑡
𝑃𝐷
For spherical vessel allowable stress= 4𝑡
𝑃𝐷
If Maximum allowable wanted than tangential= 2𝑡

BUET Lecture
1. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 133+NWPGCL-2018 +BPDB-18: A cylindrical steel pressure
vessel 400mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20mm is subjected to an internal pressure of
4.5MN/m2. (a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stress in the steel [45MPa, 22.5MPa] (b)
to what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to
120MN/m2? [12MPa] (c) if the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the
type of fracture that would occur.

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2. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 135: Calculate the minimum wall thickness for a cylindrical
vessel that is to carry a gas at a pressure of 1400psi. the diameter of the vessel is 2ft and stress is
limited to 12ksi. [t=1.4in]

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3. BUET Afsar Sir Lecture+ Singer 136+ Titas-2021: A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from
plating that has a thickness of 20mm. The diameter of pressure vessel is 450mm and its length is
2m. Determine maximum internal pressure that can be applied if longitudinal stress is limited to
140MPa and circumferential stress is limited to 60MPa. [P=5.33MPa]

4. BUET Afsar Sir Lecture+ Singer-137 (EGCB-2020): A water tank, 22ft in diameter, is made from
steel plates that are ½ in thick. Find the maximum height to which the tank may be filled if the
circumferential stress is limited to 6000psi. The specific weight of water is 62.4lb/ft3. [52.45ft]

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5. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 138: The strength of the longitudinal joint in Figure is 33 kips/ft,
whereas for the girth joint it is 16 kips/ft. Calculate the maximum diameter of the cylindrical tank
if the internal pressure is 150 psi.

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6. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 141: The tank shown in is fabricated from -in. steel plate.
Calculate the maximum longitudinal and circumferential stress caused by an internal pressure of
125 psi.

Longitudinal Circumferential

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7. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 142: A pipe carrying steam at 3.5MPa has an outside diameter
of 450 mm and a wall thickness of 10 mm. A gasket is inserted between the flange at one end of
the pipe and a flat plate used to cap the end. How many 40mm diameter bolts must be used to
hold the cap on if the allowable stress in the bolts is 80 MPa, of which 55 MPa is the initial stress?
What circumferential stress is developed in the pipe? Why is it necessary to tighten the bolt
initially, and what will happen if the steam pressure should cause the stress in the bolts to be
twice the value of the initial stress?

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Example from different book

1. Singer 132: A large pipe called penstock in hydraulic work, is 1.5m in diameter. Here it is composed
of wooden staves bound together by steel hoops each 300mm2 in cross-sectional area and is used
to conduct water from a reservoir to a power house. If the maximum tensile stress permitted in
the hoops is 130MPa, what is the maximum spacing between hoops under a head of water of
30m. [177mm]

5
2. Singer 134: The wall thickness of a 4ft diameter spherical tank is in. Calculate the allowable
16
internal pressure if the stress is limited to 8000psi. [P=208.33psi]

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3. Singer 140: At what angular velocity will the stress in a rotating steel ring equal to 150MPa, if its
mean radius is 220mm? the density of steel is 7.85Mg/m2. [628.33rad/sec]

4. Rajput Strength of material Example 9.2: Calculate the bursting pressure for a cold drawn
seamless steel tubing of 60mm inside diameter with 2 mm wall thickness. The ultimate strength
of steel is 380 MN/m2

5. Rajput Example 9.3: Calculate the thickness of the metal required for a cast-iron main 800 mm
in diameter for water at a pressure head of 100m if the maximum permissible tensile stress is 20
MN/𝑚2 and weight of water is 10 kN/𝑚3

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6. Hibbler Example 8.1: A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of 1.2 m and a thickness
of 12 mm. Determine the maximum internal pressure it can sustain so that neither its
circumferential nor its longitudinal stress component exceeds 140 MPa. Under the same
conditions, what is the maximum internal pressure that a spherical vessel with a similar inner
diameter can sustain?

7. Khurmi Example 31.5: A cylindrical sell of 500mm diameter is required to withstand an internal
pressure of 4MPa. Find the minimum thickness of the shell, if maximum tensile strength in the
plate material is 400MPa and efficiency of the joints is 65%. Take factor of safety as 5.

8. Khurmi Example 31.11: A boiler shell of 2m diameter is made up of mild steel plates of 20mm
thick. The efficiency of the longitudinal and circumferential joint is 70% and 60% respectively.

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Determine the safe pressure in the boiler, if permissible tensile stress in the plate section through
the rivets us 100MPa. Also determine the circumferential stress in the plate and longitudinal
stress through the rivets

9. Rajput 9.4: A cylindrical water tank of height 25 m, inside diameter 2·2 m, having vertical axis is
open at the top. The tank is made of steel having yield stress of 210 MN/𝑚2 . Determine the
thickness of steel used when the tank is full of water. Given: Efficiency of the longitudinal joint =
70 %; Factor of safety = 3.

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10. Rajput 9.5: A boiler shell is to be made of 15 mm thick plate having tensile stress of 120 MN/𝒎𝟐 .
If the efficiencies of the longitudinal and circumferential joints are 70% and 30% respectively,
determine: (i) Maximum permissible diameter of the shell for an internal pressure of 2 MN/𝑚2 .
(ii) Permissible intensity of internal pressure when the shell diameter is 1·5 m.

11. Rajput 9.6: A cylindrical air drum is 2·25 m in diameter with plates 1·2cm thick. The efficiencies of
the longitudinal and circumferential joints are respectively 75% and 40%. If the tensile stress in
the plating is to be limited to 120 MN/𝑚2 find the maximum safe air pressure.

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12. Bansal Example 17.6: A boiler is subjected to an internal steam pressure of 2 N/𝑚𝑚2 . The
thickness of boiler plate is 2.0cm and permissible tensile stress is 120N/mm2. Find out the
maximum diameter, when efficiency of longitudinal joint is 90% and that of circumferential joint
is 40%.

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13. Bansal Example 17.8: A cylinder of thickness 1.5 cm, has to withstand maximum internal pressure
of 1.5 N/mm2. If the ultimate tensile stress in the material of the cylinder is 300 N/mm2, factor of
safety 3.0 and joint efficiency 80%, determine the diameter of the cylinder

14. GATE Exam: A spherical shell of diameter 500 mm and thickness 8 mm is completely filled with a
liquid at atmospheric pressure. Taking efficiency of joint as 75% and permissible stress as 80
N/mm2; determine the maximum pressure that can be permitted

𝑝ⅆ
𝑓=
4𝑡𝜂
𝑝 × 500
80 =
4 × 8 × 0.75
𝑝 = 3.84𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

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15. GATE Exam: A pressure vessel is to be fabricated using 12 mm thick plate with permissible tensile
stress of 12 kN/cm2. Determine the maximum permissible diameter of the vessel for an internal
pressure of 180 N/cm2. if the longitudinal and circumferential joints have efficiencies 70% and
30%, respectively.

16. A thin-walled vessel is subjected to an internal pressure of 5MPa. The diameter of the cylinder is
400mm. If materials have a yield point of 300MPa and a safety factor of 3 is employed. Determine
the required wall thickness.

17. Bansal Example 17.21: A vessel in the shape of a spherical shell of 1.20 m internal diameter and 2
mm shell thickness is subjected to pressure of 1.6 N/mm². Determine the stress induced in he
material of the vessel.

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18. Bansal; Example 17.22: A spherical vessel 1.5m diameter is subjected to an internal pressure of 2
N/𝑚𝑚2 . Find the thickness of the plate required if maximum stress is not exceeded 150 N/𝑚𝑚2 .
And joint efficiency is 75%.

Job Exam Question

1. BCIC-2016+MPL-2017: A thin wall pressure vessel is 50 mm mean radius with a wall 2.5 mm thick.
Calculate the maximum allowable internal pressure if the stress in the wall must not exceed
150MPa. [P=7.5MPa]

2. BCIC-2019+BPDB-2018+NPCBL-2018+NWPGCL-17+27th BCS: A thin-walled steel boiler has a

mean radius of 40mm and its thickness is 2mm. Assuming the internal pressure is 25MPa, find out
the (a) longitudinal stress [250MPa] (b) hoop stress [500MPa] (c) the maximum shear stress.
[125MPa]

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3. GTCL-2016: Find out the bursting pressure of a steel pipe of 20mm wall thickness and 280 MPa
tensile strength. [37.33MPa]

4. PGCL-2017: A boiler is subjected to an internal pressure 50MPa. If the boiler has a mean radius
300mm and hoop stress is 150MPa. Find the wall thickness and also find the longitudinal stress in
its wall. [t=0.1m; σl=75MPa]

5. 28th & 37th BCS: Find the thickness of the metal necessary for a steel cylindrical shell of internal
diameter 15cm to withstand an initial pressure of 500Kg/cm2. The maximum hoop stress in the
section is not exceed 1500kg/cm2. [t=2.5cm]

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6. PGCB-2020: A thin wall cylindrical vessel has diameter of 300mm and its circumferential strength
is 180MPa and longitudinal strength 75MPa. Calculate minimum thickness of the vessel if
maximum internal pressure is 3MPa. [P=5.33MPa]

7. Jamuna oil-2019: A pressure vessel having diameter 400mm, internal pressure 50MPa, maximum
value of tangential and longitudinal stress is 140MPa and 190MPa respectively, find out the
thickness of the pressure vessel. [t=72.42mm]

8. DPDC-2020: A thin-walled cylindrical tank with vertical axis is fully filled with water of 25m and ID
is 2.2m. The tank is opened in atmosphere. Find out the minimum thickness of the tank. The yield
and ultimate strength are 210 and 380MN/mm2. Factor of safety 3. [t=3.85mm]

9. High tech park-2020: A cylindrical vessel having 40mm internal diameter & thickness of the vessel
is 5mm. if the allowable stress is 30MPa. Determine the maximum internal pressure of the vessel.
[P=7.5MPa]

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10. Bankers’ selection-2019: Find the thickness for a tube of internal diameter 100mm subjected to
5
an internal pressure, which is 8 of the value of maximum permissible circumferential stress. Also
find the increase in the internal diameter of such a tube when the internal pressure is 90N/mm2.
Take E=205KN/mm2, µ=0.29, neglect longitudinal strain. [t=31.25mm, ∆D=0.06mm]

11. BGFIC-2021: A thin wall pressure vessel of 0.36m diameter having allowable circumferential stress
175MPa and longitudinal stress 70MPa factor of safety 4. Find a) minimum thickness if the
external pressure is 3MPa [t=15.428mm] b) If burst, sketch the type of fracture

12. ELB-2022: Water tank A is connected to the tank of B with a pipe showing in figurer. Where the
tank B is open. Find the hoop stress at the thickness of 3mm of the tank A.

13. BGFCL-2021: A thin wall pressure vessel of 0.36m diameter having allowable circumferential
stress 175MPa and longitudinal stress 70MPa factor of safety 4. Find a) minimum thickness if the
external pressure is 3MPa b) If burst, sketch the type of fracture.

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14. DESCO-2019: The allowable stress of a boiler is 200MPa abd the inpernal pressure is 10MPa.Find
(a) Diameter to thickness ratio (b) longitudinal stress when internal pressure is 10MPa.

15. Titas-2018: A pressure vessel of 60mm inner diameter has thickness of 2mm. Determine the
nursting pressure when strength of vessel material is 350MN/m2
16. SGFL-2023: A cylinder has internal pressure of 20MPa, Diameter of 300mm, thickness of 6mm.
Find out the hoop stress and maximum shear stress.
17. BDCCL-2022: A cylindrical tank having dimeter of 2000mm with wall thickness 15mm. calculate
the maximum allowable internal pressure and maximum shear stress if the stress in the wall must
not exceed 50MPa.

No of Bolt required

BUET Lecture
1. BUET Afsar Sir Lecture+ Singer 142: A pipe carrying steam at 3.5MPa has an outside diameter of
450mm and a wall thickness of 10mm. A gasket is inserted between the flange at one and of the
pipe and a flat plate used to cap the end. How many 40mm diameter bolts must be used to hold
the cap on if the allowable stress in the bolts is 80MPa, of which 55MPa is the initial stress? [17]

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Example from different book

1. Singer 326: A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten steel 20mm diameter bolts spaced evenly
around a bolt circle 400mm in diameter. Determine the torque capacity of the coupling if the
allowable shearing stress in the bolts is 40MPa. [25.1 KN.M]

2. Singer 328: A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight 10-mmdiameter steel bolts on a bolt circle
400 mm in diameter, and six 10-mmdiameter steel bolts on a concentric bolt circle 300 mm in
diameter, what torque can be applied without exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa in the bolts?
[10.7 KN.m]

3. Singer 330: Determine the number of 10mm diameter steel bolts that must be used on the
400mm bolt circle of the coupling described

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4. Bansal Example 16.18+Rajput Example 11.28 Two shafts are connected end to end by means of
a flanged coupling in which there are 12 bolts, the pitch circle diameter being 25 cm. The
maximum shear stress is limited to 55 N/mm2 in the shafts and 20 N/mm2 in the bolts. If one shaft
is solid of 5cm diameter and the other is hollow of 10 cm external diameter, calculate the internal
diameter of the hollow shaft and the bolt diameter so that both shafts and the coupling are all
equally strong in torsion.

5. Bansal Example 16.19: A shaft is to be fitted with a flanged coupling having 8 bolts on a circle of
diameter 150 mm. The shaft may be subjected to either a direct tensile load of 400 kN or a twisting
moment of 18 kNm. If the maximum direct and shearing stresses permissible in the bolt material
are 125 N/mm2 and 55 N/mm2 respectively, find the minimum diameter of the bolt required.
Assume that each bolt takes an equal share of the load or torque.

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6. Rajput 11.27: A shaft is to be fitted with a flanged coupling having 8 bolts on a circle of diameter
150 mm. The shaft may be subjected to either a direct tensile load of 400 kN or a twisting moment
of 18 kNm. If the maximum direct and shearing stresses permissible in the bolt material are 125
MN/m2 and 55 MN/m2 respectively find the minimum diameter of the bolt required. Assume that
each bolt takes an equal share of the load or torque.

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Job Exam Question

1. DMTCL-2019: A pipe of diameter 300mm and the inside pressure is 500KPa. A disk is fitted on the
end of pipe with some belts. Initial tension of each bo;t 2KN. If each bolt can withstand maximum
5KN tension. Find out number of bolts [N=12]

2. NWPGCL-2019: Determine the number of bolts required having a diameter of 20mm place around
a bolt circle of diameter 400mm that can transmit a torque of 20KNm and allowable shearing
stress in the bolt is 40MPa

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[N=8]

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Strain/Hook’s Law
𝐹𝐿
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝛿) =
𝐴𝐸
BUET Lecture
1. BUET Asfar Sir Lecture + Nash Example-1.4: Determine the total increase of length of a bar of
constant cross section hanging vertically and subject to its own weight as the only load. The bar
is initially straight.

2. BUET Afsar Sir Lecture + Nash-2.7:

3. BUET Afsar Sir Lecture + Singer 207: A steel wire 30ft long hanging vertically supports a load of
500lb. Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to
exceed 20Ksi and total elongation is not exceeded to 0.20in. Assume that E=29×106Psi

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বু লয়লটর সব গুো শেকচার এ উপলরর সেভ টা শেয়া

4. BUET Afsar Sir Lecture + Singer 209: An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5𝑖𝑛2 .
carries the axial loads applied at the positions shown in figure. Compute the total change in length
of the bar if 𝐸 = 10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖. Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling.

5. BUET Afsar Sir Lecture+ Singer 211: A Bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum
bar as shown in figure. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of

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P that will not exceed an overall deformation of 3.0mm or the following stress 140MPa in steel,
120MPa in Bronze, 801Mpa in Al. Assume Est=200GPa, Eal=70GPa, EBr=83GPa

6. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 212: The rigid bar ABC shown in figure is hinged at A and
supported by a steel rod at B. Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in
the steel rod is limited to 30 𝑘𝑠𝑖 and the vertical movement of end C must not exceed. 0.10 in.

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7. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 213: The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown
in figure, is horizontal before the load P is applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if its
magnitude is 50 kN.

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8. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 214: The rigid bars AB and CD shown in figure are supported
by pins at A and C and the two rods. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied as shown
if its vertical movement is limited to 5 mm. Neglect the weights of all members

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9. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 215: A uniform concrete slab of total weight W is to be
attached, as shown in figure to two rods whose lower ends are on the same level. Determine the
ratio of the areas of the rods so that the slab will remain level

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Example from different book

1. Singer 232: A horizontal bar of negligible mass hinged at A in the following figure and assumed
rigid is supported by a bronze rod 2m long and a steel rod 1m long. Using the date in the
accompanying table compute the stress in each rod.

Steel Bronze
Area (mm2) 600 300
E (GPa) 200 83
Proportional Limit (MPa) 400 140

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2. Rajput Example 1.5: A steel bar is 900 mm long; its two ends are 40 mm and 30 mm in diameter
and the length of each rod is 200 mm. The middle portion of the bar is 15 mm in diameter and
500 mm long. If the bar is subjected to an axial tensile load of 15kN, find its total extension. Take
E = 200 GN/𝑚2 (G stands for giga and 1G = 109 )

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3. Subramaniam Example 3.35: The steel rod shown in figure is in two parts. It has a diameter of
10mm for a length of 1m and of 20mm for the remaining length of 1.5m, if it is constrained
between two supports A and B and is stress free at 20℃, find the stress in the material when it is
heated to 70℃ take 𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝛼 = 12 × 10−6 /℃

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Job Exam Question

1. Singer problem 206+ PGCB-2021: A steel rod having a cross sectional area of 300mm2 and a length
of 150m is suspended vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20KN at the lower end.
If the unit mass of steel is 7850kg/m3 and E=200GPa, find the total elongation of the rod.
[δ=54.33mm]

2. Beer & Jonston Exercise 2.27+ SGFCL-2020: Link BD is made of brass (E=105Gpa) and has a cross-
sectional area of 240mm2. Link CE is made of aluminum (E=72Gpa) and has a cross-sectional area
of 300mm2. Knowing that they support rigid member ABC and force P=50KN determine the
deflection at B and C.

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[δB=0.694mm, δc=0.1928mm]

3. GATE Exam: With a steel tape of 30 m long and 15 mm × 0.8 mm cross-section a length was
measured. The measured length was 120 m. During measurement a force of 100 N more than the
normal was applied. What is the actual length of the line? Modulus of elasticity = 2 × 105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

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4. GATE Exam: A composite bar is made from one copper strip of 5 mm thickness in between 2 steel
strips of 5 mm thickness each. The length of the bar is 2 m. Width of the bar is 20 mm. The
composite bar hung vertical, is subjected to an axial load of 60kN. 𝐸𝑠 = 2 × 105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 & 𝐸𝑐 =
1 × 105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2. Determine stresses and elongation in the bar.

5. PGCB-2019: A 1cm diameter shaft with gage length of 25cm is used for tensile test. If tensile load
25KN causes the deformation of 0.0227cm, then find out modulus of elasticity?

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6. SGFCL-2010: A steel rod pf 1cm2 in area and 1cm in length pulled by 2000kg where E=200GPa.
Find the elongation.

7. Biman-2018: Find the deflection of a solid circular steel bar having load 500kg, length 2.5m,
diameter 60mm and E=200GPa [2.16×10-6m]

8. GTCL-2010: A steel rod of 1cm2 in area and 1cm in length pulled by 200Kg where E=200Gpa. Find
the elongation [9.81×10-6m]
9. ERL-2017: Find the maximum load P that will not exceed overall deflection 3mm.

[p=

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10. Jamuna oil-2019: A steel pipe is under load of 2000N; length of the bar is 2m and is under
maximum stress of 150Mpa. For that condition maximum deflection is 30mm, then find the
required diameter, E=200Gpa [D=4.12mm]

11. BPDB-2010+GTCL-2010: A steel rod of 1cm2 in cross-sectional area and 10cm long is subjected to
an axial pull of 2000Kgf. Find the elongation of the road considering E-200Gpa. [δ=9.81×10-5m]

12. BUET M.Sc.-2018: A steel bar of 2m length is under tensile load of 2KN. Find the minimum
diameter of the bar if maximum allowable stress is 150MPA and maximum allowable deflection
is 3mm. [Est=200Gpa] [d=4.12mm]

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13. CPGCBL-2018: Determine the allowable cross section area of a bar of length 2m, the maximum
allowable tensile stress 150Mpa and E=200Gpa. The deformation due to tensile pull is 0.003m.
14. PGCB-2019: A 1cm diameter shaft with gauge length of 25cm is used for tensile test. If tensile load
25KN causes the deformation of 0.0227cm then find out modules of elasticity.

Statically Indeterminate Members

BUET Lecture

1. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 236: A rigid block of mass M is supported by three
symmetrically spaced rods as shown in Figure. Each copper rod has an area of 900 𝑚𝑚²; 𝐸 =
120 𝐺𝑃𝑎; and the allowable stress is 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The steel rod has an area of 1200 𝑚𝑚²; 𝐸 =
200 𝐺𝑃𝑎; and the allowable stress is 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Determine the largest mass M which can be
supported

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2. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 237: In Prob. 236, how should the lengths of the two identical
copper rods be changed so that each material will be stressed to its allowable limit?

3. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 238: The lower ends of the three bars in Figure are at the same
level before the uniform rigid block weighing 40 kips is attached. Each steel bar has a length of
3 𝑓𝑡. an area of 1.0𝑖𝑛2 , and 𝐸 = 29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖. For the bronze bar, the area is 1.5𝑖𝑛2. and 𝐸 =
12 × 106 psi. Determine (a) the length of the bronze bar so that the load on each steel bar is twice
the load on the bronze bar, and (b) the length of bronze that will make the steel stress twice the
bronze stress

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4. BUET Afsar Sir Class Lecture+ Singer 239: The rigid platform in Figure has negligible mass and rests
on two steel bars, each 250.00 𝑚𝑚 long. The center bar is aluminum and 249.90 𝑚𝑚 long.
Compute the stress in the aluminum bar after the center load 𝑃 = 400𝐾𝑁 has been applied. For
each steel bar, the area is 1200 𝑚𝑚² and 𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎. For the aluminum bar, the area is
2400𝑚𝑚² and 𝐸 = 70𝐺𝑃𝑎.

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5. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 245: The composite bar in Fig. P-245 is firmly attached to
unyielding supports. Compute the stress in each material caused by the application of the axial
load 𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

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6. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 247: The composite rod in Fig. P-247 is stress-free before the
axial loads 𝑃1 , and 𝑃2 are applied. Assuming that the walls are rigid, calculate the stress in each
material if 𝑃1 = 150𝐾𝑁 and 𝑃2 = 90𝐾𝑁

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7. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 253: As shown in Fig. P-253, a rigid beam with negligible
weight is pinned at one end and attached to two vertical rods. The beam was initially horizontal
before the load 𝑊 = 50 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 was applied. Find the vertical movement of 𝑊

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Example from different book

Job Exam Question

Spring Elongation
𝑊𝑅
Shear stress in spring 𝑞𝑠 = 16 𝜋𝑑3

16𝑃𝑅 4𝑚 − 1 0.615
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( + )
𝜋ⅆ3 4𝑚 − 4 𝑚
𝐷
Where 𝑚 = 𝑑 the ratio of the mean diameter of the spring to the diameter of the spring wire.

64𝑃𝑅 3 𝑛
𝛿=
𝐺ⅆ 4
32𝑊 2 𝑅3 𝑛
Strain Energy in Spring = 𝐺𝑑 4

BUET Lecture
3
1. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 345: A helical spring is fabricated by wrapping wire 4
in
diameter around a forming cylinder 8in diameter. Compute the number of turns required to
permit an elongation of 4 in. Without exceeding a shearing stress of 18ksi. 𝐺 = 12 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

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2. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment + Singer 347: Two steel springs arranged in series as shown in figure
support a load P. The upper spring has 12 turns of 25 mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 100
mm. The lower spring consists of 10 turns of 20mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 75 mm. If
the maximum shearing stress in either spring must not exceed 200 MPa, compute the maximum
value of P and the total elongation of the assembly. Use G=83GPa. Compute the equivalent spring
constant by dividing the load by the total elongation

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3. BUET Afsar Sir lecture+ Singer 348: A rigid bar, pinned at point O, is supported by two identical
springs as shown in Figure. Each spring consists of 20 turns of in diameter wire having a mean
diameter of 6 in. Determine the maximum load 𝑊 that may be supported if the shearing stress in
the springs is limited to 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖

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4. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment + Singer 349: A rigid bar, hinged at one end, is supported by two
identical springs as shown in Fig. P-349. Each spring consists of 20 turns of 10-mm wire having a
mean diameter of 150 mm. Compute the maximum shearing stress in the springs,. Neglect the
mass of the rigid bar

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Example from different book

1. GATE Exam: A close coiled helical spring of 10 cm mean diameter carries an axial load of 80 N.
The spring is having 20 turns of 8 mm diameter wire. Find shear stress developed and deflection.
(Modulus of rigidity =8.4 × 106 𝑁/𝑐𝑚2 )

2. Singer 342: A load P is supported by two steel springs arranged in series as shown in figure the
upper spring is 20 turns of 20mm diameter wire on a mean diameter 150mm. Lower spring has of
15 turns of 10mm diameter wire on a mean diameter of 130mm, if G=83GPa and 𝛿 = 83𝑚𝑚,
determine P.

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3. Singer 343: Determine the maximum shearing stress and elongation in a helical spring composed
of 20 turns of 20mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 90mm when the spring is supporting a
load of 1.5KN take G=83GPa. [𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 100𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝛿 = 105𝑚𝑚]

4. Singer 344: Determine the maximum shearing stress and elongation in a bronze helical spring
composed of 20 turns of 10 in diameter wire on a mean radius of 4in when the spring is supporting
a load of 500lb take G=6 × 106 𝑃𝑠𝑖. [𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 12.1𝑘𝑠𝑖, 𝛿 = 6.83𝑖𝑛]

5. Singer 346: Compute the maximum shearing stress developed in a phosphor bronze spring having
a mean diameter of 200mm and consisting of 24 turns of 20mm diameter wire when the spring is
stretched 100mm. G=42GPa.

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Job Exam Question

Percentage of elongation
∆𝐿
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
𝐿
∆𝐿 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐿𝑒 ) – 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝐿𝑔 )

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question

1. DMTCL-2019+BCPCL-2018: A circular test bar specimen of diameter of 80mm and length 600mm
is subjected to elongation test. Test result shows: gauge length 200mm, Yield load 225KN,
breaking load 242KN, Final length after elongation 249mm. Find the braking strength and percent
of elongation? [48.14Mpa, 24.5%]

2. DPDC-2020: A rectangular test bar specimen is subjected to tension test. Test to tension test. Test
result shows: - thickness at the grip is 6mm, width inside gauge section is 40mm, gauge length
200mm, Yield load 225KN, braking load 242KN, Final length after elongation 249mm. Find the
tensile strength and percent of elongation?

[tensile strength=937.5Mpa, %elongation=24.5%]

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3. CPGCBL-2021+GTCL-2021+JGTDSL-2021: A circulate bar fails at 60KN gauge length 53mm and

elongation length 58mm. Calculate the percentage of elongation and tensile strength of the bar.
[%=9.43%, Tensile strength=452Mpa]

Stress strain Curve

BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Rajput 1.3: The following observations were made during a tensile test on a mild steel specimen
40 mm in diameter and 200 mm long. Elongation with 40 kN load (within limit of proportionality),
𝜹𝒍 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟒𝒎𝒎
𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 161𝐾𝑁
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 242𝐾𝑁
𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 249𝑚𝑚

Determine:
(i) Young's modulus of elasticity,
(ii) Yield point stress,
(iii) Ultimate stress, and
(iv) Percentage elongation

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2. Rajput 1.20: A concrete cylinder of diameter 150 mm and length 300 mm when subjected to an
axial compressive load of 240kN resulted in an increase of diameter by 0.127 mm and a decrease
𝑙
in length of 0.28 mm. Compute the value of Poisson’s ratio 𝜇(= 𝑚) m and modulus of elasticity E.

3. Rajput 1.21: For a given material, Young’s modulus is 110 GN/m2and shear modulus is 42 GN/m2.
Find the Bulk modulus and lateral contraction of a round bar of 37.5mm diameter and 2.4m length
when stretched 2.5mm

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4. Rajput Example 1.22: The following data relate to a bar subjected to a tensile test:
Diameter of the bar d=30mm
Tensile load P=54KN
Gauge length L=300mm
Extension of the bar 𝛿𝑙=0.112mm
Change in diameter 𝛿ⅆ = 0.00366𝑚𝑚

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5. Bansal Example 1.4: A tensile test was conducted on a mild steel bar. The following data was
obtained from the test.
Diameter of the steel bar 3cm
Gauge length of the bar 20cm
Load at elastic limit 250KN
Extension at a load of 150KN 0.21mm
Maximum load 380Kn
Total extension 60mm
Diameter of the rod at the failure 2.25cm
Determine (a) the Young’s Modulus (b) the stress at elastic limit (c) the percentage of elongation
(d) the percentage decrease in area [202.095GN/m2, 353.68MN/m2, 30%, 43.75%]

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6. Bansal 2.9: A bar of 30 mm diameter is subjected to a pull of 60kN. The measured extension on
gauge length of 200 mm is 0.1 mm and change in diameter is 0.004 mm. Calculate: (a) Young’s
modulus (b) Poisson’s ratio (c) Bulk Modulus

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7. Singer 203: The following data were recorded during a tensile test of a 14mm diameter mild steel
rod. The gage length was 50mm
Load (N) Elongation (mm) Load (N) Elongation (mm)
0 0 46200 1.25
6310 0.010 52400 2.50
12600 0.020 58500 4.50
18800 0.030 68000 7.50
25100 0.040 69000 12.5
31300 0.050 67800 15.5
37900 0.060 65000 20.0
40100 0.163 61500 Fracture
41600 0.433
Plot the stress strain diagram and determine the following mechanical properties: (a) Proportional
limit (b) Modulus of elasticity (c) yield point (d) Ultimate strength (e) Rupture strength

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8. Singer 204: The following data were obtained during a tension test of an aluminum alloy. The
initial diameter of the specimen was 0.505in and the gage length was 2.0in. Plot the stress strain
diagram and determine the following mechanical properties (a) Proportional limit (b) Modulus of
elasticity (c) yield point (d) yield strength at 0.2% offset (e) ultimate strength (f) rupture strength

Load (lb) Elongation (in) Load (lb) Elongation (in)

0 0 14000 0.0200
2310 0.00220 14400 0.0250
4640 0.00440 14500 0.0600
6950 0.00660 14600 0.0800
9290 0.00880 14800 0.100
11600 0.0110 14600 0.120
12600 0.0150 13600 Fracture

9. Subramianian example 3.63: In conducting the tensile test on a specimen of an alloy, the
following test data were recorded up to failure. The specimen had a diameter of 14mm and the
gauge length was 150mm. the last diameter at the waist was 10.8mm. Draw the stress strain

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diagram and determine (a) the yield stress (b) percentage of elongation (c) percentage reduction
in area (d) ultimate strength € breaking stress (f) true stress at rupture.

10. Subramanian chapter 3 exercise 63: From the following data on the tension test on an alloy, (a)
plot a stress strain diagram (b) find the proportional limit, yield point, modulus of elasticity,
ultimate strength and rupture strength (c) find the yield strength at 0.2% offset and (c) find the

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percentage of elongation. The initial diameter of the specimen was 12.5mm and the gauge length
50mm final diameter at fracture is 10mm.

11. Hibbler Exercise 3.13: A bar having a length of 125mm and cross-sectional area of 437.5mm2 is
subjected to an axial force of 40kN. If the bar stretches 0.05mm, determine the modulus of
elasticity of the material. The material has linear-elastic behavior

12. Khurmi Solid Example 36.1: A mild steel rod of 12mm diameter was tested for tensile strength
with the gauge length of 60mm. Following were the observations:

Final Length 78mm

Final Diameter 7mm
Yield Load 34KN
Ultimate Load 61KN

Calculate (a) yield stress (b) Ultimate tensile stress (c) percentage reduction (d) Percentage
elongation

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13. Bansal Example 1.1: A rod 150cm long and of diameter 2.0cm is subjected to an axial pull of 20KN.
If the modulus of the material of the rod is 2 × 105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . Determine (a) The Stress (b) The
strain (c) the elongation of the rod

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Job Exam Question

1. PGCL-2021: The following data were obtained during tensile test of a 13mm diameter rod.
determine
a) Elastic limit
b) Yield Strength
c) Tensile strength
d) Percentage of elongation

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Poisson ratio & Modulus of elasticity

𝐸
Modulus of Rigidity 𝐺 = 2(1+ʋ)

𝐸
Bulk modulus 𝐾 = 3(1−2ʋ)

9 3 1
= +
𝐸 𝐺 𝐾
BUET Lecture
1. BUET Lecture: A tensile stress is to be applied along the long axis of a cylindrical brass rod that
has a diameter of 10 mm. Determine the magnitude of the load required to produce a
2.5 × 10−3 𝑚𝑚 change in diameter if the deformation is entirely elastic. For brass take
Poisson ratio as 0.34

Example from different book

1
1. Bansal 2.8: For a material, Young’s modulus is given as 1.2 × 105N/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio 4.
Calculate the Bulk modulus

2. Bansal 2.10: Determine the Poisson’s ratio and bulk modulus of a material, for which Young’s
modulus is 1.2 × 105 N/𝑚𝑚2 and modulus of rigidity is 4.8 × 104 N/𝑚𝑚2

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3. Bansal 2.12: Calculate the modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus of a cylindrical bar of diameter
30 mm and of length 1.5 m if the longitudinal strain in a bar during a tensile stress is four times
the lateral strain. Find the change in volume, when the bar is subjected to a hydrostatic pressure
of 100 N/𝑚𝑚2 Take E = 1 × 105 N/𝑚𝑚2

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4. Bansal chapter 2 Exercise 9 A bar of 20 mm diameter subjected to a pull of 50 kN. The measured
extension on gauge length of 250 mm is 0.12 mm and change in diameter is 0.00375 mm.
Calculate (i) Young’s modulus (ii) Poisson’s ratio and (iii) Bulk modulus.
[Ans. (i) 1.989 × 105 N/mm2, (ii) 0.234, (iii) 1.2465 × 105 N/mm2]
5. Bansal chapter 2 Exercise 10
Determine the Poisson’s ratio and bulk modulus of a material, for which Young’s modulus is
1.2 × 105 N/mm2 and modulus of rigidity is 4.5 × 104N/mm2 [Ans. 0.33, 1.2 × 105N/mm2]
6. Khurmi Example 6.11: An alloy specimen has a modulus of elasticity of 120GPa and modulus of
rigidity of 45GPa. Determine the Poisson’s ratio of the material

7. Khurmi Example 6.12The Young’s modulus of a material is 125GPa and Poisson’s ratio is 0.25.
Find the modulus of rigidity & Bulk Modulus of this material. [G=50GPa, 83.34GPa]
8. Subramanian Example 3.49: A 25 mm diameter bar when subjected to a force of 40Kn has an
extension of 0.08mm on a gauge length of 200mm. if the diametrical reduction is 0.003mm find
the values of E, G,K and Poisson’s ratio [E=203GPa, v=0.3, G=78.1GPa, K=169.2GPa]

9. Subranaiam Exercise 48 (chapter 3) If for a material the modulus of elasticity is 140GPa and the
modulus of rigidity is 54GPa, find the values of Poisson’s Ratio and bulk modulus. [0.296,
114.38GPa]

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10. Subramanian chapter 3 Exercise 49: A bar of certain material 60mm×60mm in cross section is
subjected to an axial pull of 180KN. The extension over a length of 100mm is 0.05mm and
decrease in each side is 0.00525mm. Calculate modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, modulus of
rigidity and bulk modulus. [E=100GPa, Poisson=0.175, G=42.55GPa, K=51.28GPa]
11. Hibbler Example 3.6: An aluminum specimen shown inn fig had a diameter of 25mm and a gage
length of 250mm. If a force of 165Kn elongates the gage length 1.20mm, determine the modulus
of elasticity. Also determine by how much the force causes the diameter of the specimen to
contract. Take 𝐺 = 26𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝜎 = 440𝑀𝑃𝑎

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12. Hibbler Exercise 3.27: The elastic portion of the stress–strain diagram for an aluminum alloy is
shown in the figure. The specimen from which it was obtained has an original diameter of 12.7
mm and a gage length of 50.8 mm. When the applied load on the specimen is 50 kN, the diameter
is 12.67494 mm. Determine Poisson's ratio for the material.

13. Hibbler F3-13: A 100mm long rod has a diameter of 15mm. if an axil tensile load of 10KN is applied
to it, determine the change in its diameter E=70GPa, 𝑣 = 0.35

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14. Hibbler F3-14: A solid circular rod that is 600mm long and 20mm in diameter is subjected to an
axial force of P=50KN. The elongation of the rod is 𝛿 = 1.40𝑚𝑚 and its diameter becomes ⅆ′ =
19.9837𝑚𝑚. Determine the modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity of the material. Assume
that the material does not yield.

15. Rajput Example 11.1: In a tensile test a test piece of 25 mm diameter, 200 mm gauge length,
stretched 0·0975 mm under a pull of 50 kN. In a torsion test, the same rod twisted 0·025 radian
over a length of 200 mm when a torque of 0·4 kNm was applied. Evaluate Poisson’s ratio and the
bulk modulus

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Job Exam Question

1. NWPGCL-2015: For a materials modulus of elasticity 200GPa & Poisson ratio 0.3. Find modulus of
rigidity &Bulk Modulus. [76.9GPa, 166GPa]

2. SGFL 2023: Determine the force required to reduce the diameter of a shaft from 150mm to
149mm. Take Poisson ratio =0.3 and E=200×108kg/cm2.
3. NPCBL-2023: A both end fixed steel bar has initial temperature of 0°C and at what temperature it
will develop a thermal stress of 35MPa. Take α=18µm/°C and E=80GPa.

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Resilience or Strain Energy

strain energy or resilience: When a body is subjected to a load within the elastic limit, it undergoes
deformation. But its original shape is regained as soon as the load is released. At the loaded condition, it
has got stored energy which is called elastic strain energy or resilience
1 1 𝜎 𝜎2
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2 × 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 × 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2 × 𝜎 × 𝐸 × 𝑉 = 2𝐸 × 𝑣

proof resilience: Maximum amount of strain energy that can be stored within
elastic limit is called proof resilience

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question

1. GATE Exam: What is the strain energy stored in steel specimen of 1.6 cm2 cross-section and gauge
length 6 cm if it stretches 0.005 cm under a load of 30,000 N? if the load at elastic limit is 48,000
N, find the proof resilience.

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Thermal stress

Thermal stress 𝜎𝑇 = 𝛼𝐸∆𝑇

Elongation due to thermal stress 𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇

𝜎𝐿
𝛿𝑇 = ∆ +
𝐸
BUET Lecture
1. BUET Afsar Sir Lecture+ Singer 265: A Bronze bar 3m long with a cross sectional area of 320mm 2
is placed between two rigid walls. At a temperature of -20°C the gap ∆=2.5mm. Find the
temperature at which the compressive stress in the bar will be 35MPa. Use α=18×10-6m/(m.°C)
E=80GPa.

2. BUET Afsar Sir Lecture+ Singer 266: Calculate the increase in stress for each segment of the
compound bar shown in figure. If the temperature increases by 100℉

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3. BUET Afsar Sir Lecture + Singer 268: The rigid bar ABC in figure is pinned at B and attached to the
two vertical rods. Initially, the bar is horizontal and the vertical rods are stress-free. Determine
the stress in the aluminum rod if the temperature of the steel rod is decreased by 40°C. Neglect
the weight of bar ABC

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4. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 269: As shown in fig there is gap between the aluminum bar
and the rigid slab that is supported by two copper bars. At 10°C, ∆=0.18mm. Neglecting the mass
of the slab, calculate the stress in each rod when the temperature in the assembly is increased to
95°C for each copper as A=500mm2, E=120GPa, and α=16.8µm(m°C). For the aluminum bar,
A=400mm2, E=70GPa, and α=23.1µm(m°C)

σcu=171.36MPa σal=120.64MPa

5. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 270

6. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 271: A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported as shown in
figure If W = 80 kN, compute the temperature change that will cause the stress in the steel rod to
be 55 MPa. Assume the coefficients of linear expansion are 11.7 µm/(m °C) for steel and 18.9
µm/(m·°C) for bronze.

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7. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 272: For the assembly in previous problem, find the stress in
each rod if the temperature rises 30°C after a load 𝑊 = 120 𝑘𝑁 is applied

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8. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 273: The composite bar shown in figure is firmly attached to
unyielding supports. An axial force 𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 is applied at 60°F. Compute the stress in each
material at 120°F. Assume 𝛼 = 6.5 × 10−6 𝑖𝑛./(𝑖𝑛. °𝐹) for steel and 12.8 × 10−6 𝑖𝑛./(𝑖𝑛. °𝐹 for
aluminum.

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9. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 274: At what temperature will the aluminum and steel
segments in previous problem have numerically equal stresses?

10. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 275: A rigid horizontal bar of negligible mass is connected to
two rods as shown in figure. If the system is initially stress-free, calculate the temperature change
that will cause a tensile stress of 90 MPa in the brass rod. Assume that both rods are subjected to
the change in temperature.

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Example from different book

1. Singer 258: A steel rod 2.5m long is secured between two walls. If the load on the rod is zero
at 20°C compute the stress when the temperature drops to -20°C. the cross-sectional area of
the rod is 1200mm2 α=11.7µm/(m°C) and E=200GPa. Solve assuming (a) that the wall is rigid
(b) that the wall spring together a total distance of 0.5mm as the temperature drops.

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2. Rajput Exercise 1.29 A railway line is laid so that there is no stress in the rails at 60°C. Calculate
the stress in the rails at 20°C, if (i) no allowance is made for contraction; (ii) there is an
allowance of 5 mm for contraction per rail The rails are 30 mm long. 𝐸 = 210 𝐺𝑁/𝑚2, 𝛼=
0.000012 per °C.
[Ans. (i) 100.8 MN/𝑚2 , (ii) 65.8 MN/𝑚2 ]
3. Subramanian Example3.34: A bar, 20 mm diameter and fixed at A, is stretched with a force
of 10kN to bring to support B and fix it. Length AB =2m. Temperature is 27°C. Determine at
what temperature will the stress become zero? What will be the stress in the bar if the
temperature rises to (i) 40°C and (ii) 50"C?

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4. Hibbler Example 4.10: The steel bar shown in Figure is constrained to just fit between two
fixed supports when 𝑇1 = 30℃. If the temperature is raised to 𝑇2 = 60℃ , determine the
average normal thermal stress developed in the bar. Take thermal expansion coefficient as
12 × 10−6 /℃ and 𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎

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5. Hibbler Example 4.11: The rigid beam in Figure is fixes to the top of the three posts made of
steel and Aluminum. The posts each have a length of 250mm when no load is applied to the
beam and the temperature is 𝑇1 = 20℃ Determine the force supported by each post if the
bar is subjected to a uniform distributed load of 150Kn/m and temperature is raised to 𝑇2 =
80℃. Take 𝛼𝑠𝑡 = 12 × 10−6 , 𝛼𝑎𝑙 = 23 × 10−6 , 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝐸𝑎𝑙 = 73.1𝐺𝑃𝑎

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6. Hibbler Exercise 4.69: Three bars each made of different materials are connected together
and placed between two walls when the temperature is 𝑇1 = 12°C. Determine the force
exerted on the (rigid) supports when the temperature becomes 𝑇2 = 18°C. The material
properties and cross-sectional area of each bar are given in the figure.

7. Hibbler 4.70: The steel bolt has a diameter of 7 mm and fits through an aluminum sleeve as
shown. The sleeve has an inner diameter of 8 mm and an outer diameter of 10 mm. The nut
at A is adjusted so that it just presses up against the sleeve. If the assembly is originally at a

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temperature of 𝑇1 = 20°C and then is heated to a temperature of 𝑇2 = 100°C, determine the

average normal stress in the bolt and the sleeve. 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200 GPa, 𝐸𝑎𝑙 = 70 GPa, 𝛼𝑠𝑡 =
14 × 10−6°C, 𝛼𝑎𝑙 = 23× 10−6°C

8. Khurmi Example 5.7: A composite bar made up of aluminum and steel is held between two
supports as shown in figure. The bars are stress free at a temperature of 38℃. What will be
the stressed in the two bars when the temperature is 21℃, if the supports are unyielding? It
can be assumed that the change of temperature is uniform all along the length of the bar.
Take E for steel as 200GPa; E for aluminum as 75GPa and coefficient of expansion for steel as
11.7 × 10−6 /℃ and and coefficient of expansion for aluminum as 23.4 × 10−6 /℃

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9. Bansal Example 1.29: A steel rod of 3cm diameter and 5m long is connected to two grips and
the rod is maintained at a temperature of 95℃. Determine the stress and pull extered when
the temperature falls to 30℃ if (a) the ends do not yield and (b) the ends yield by 0.12cm.
Take 𝐸 = 2 × 105 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 and 𝛼 = 12 × 10−6 /℃.

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10. Rajput 1.39: A steel rod 15 m long is at a temperature of 15°C. Find the free expansion of the
length when the temperature is raised to 65°C. Find the temperature stress produced when:
(i) The expansion of the rod is prevented;
(ii) The rod is permitted to expand by 6 mm.
Take 𝛼 = 12 × 10−6 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℃ and 𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎

11. Rajput Example 1.42: A composite bar made up of aluminum and steel is held between two
supports. as shown in figure. The bars are stress-free at a temperature of 40°C. What will be
the stresses in the two bars when the temperature is 20°C if (i) the supports are non-yielding,
and (ii) the support. come nearer to each other by 0.1 mm. It can be assumed that the change
of temperature is uniform all along the length of the bar.
𝐸𝑠 = 210𝐺𝑁/𝑚2 𝛼𝑠 = 11.7 × 10−6 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℃
2
𝐸𝑎𝑙 = 74𝐺𝑁/𝑚 𝛼𝑎𝑙 = 23.4 × 10−6 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℃

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12. Rajput Example 1.43 (1st Part): A flat bar of aluminum alloy 25 mm wide and 5 mm thick is
placed between two steel bars each 25 mm wide and 10 mm thick to form a composite bar
25 𝑚𝑚 × 25 𝑚𝑚 as shown in Figure. The three bars are fastened together at their ends
when the temperature is 15°C. Find the stress in each of the materials when the temperature
of the whole assembly is raised to 55°C
𝐸𝑠 = 200𝐺𝑁/𝑚2 𝛼𝑠 = 1.2 × 10−5 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℃

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200 𝛼𝑎𝑙 = 2.3 × 10−5 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℃

𝐸𝑎𝑙 = 𝐺𝑁/𝑚2
3

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13. Subramanimum 3.32: A steel bar 1.5 m long and 12 mm diameter is supported by a rigid
support at one end and a spring of stiffness 10 kN/mm at the other. If the temperature of the
bar is raised by 20°C, find the stress in the bar𝛼 = 11.6 × 10−6 °𝐶 C and 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎

14. Subramanimum 3.33: A copper rod and a steel rod are joined together as shown in Figure.
There is a gap of 0.1 mm between the rigid support and the end of the bar at 27°C. Determine
the stresses in the bars when the temperature becomes 50°C. E for steel = 200 GPa, E for
copper = 120 GPa; a for steel = 12 × 10−6 /°𝐶, and a for copper 16 × 10−6 /°𝐶.

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15. Subramanium 3.39: In a railway track, rails are placed and joined together such that they are
stress-free at 15°𝐶. If no allowance is provided for expansion, find the maximum stress in the
rails at peak summer temperature of 50°𝐶 for a rail length of 30m. If an expansion allowance
of 8𝑚𝑚 per rail is provided, what will be the stress in the rails and at what maximum
temperature is it possible to maintain the rails stress-free. 𝐸 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑠 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝛼 =
12 × 10−6 °𝐶

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Job Exam Question

1. Singer 263: Titas 2021+NPCBL-2021: Steel railroad reels 10m long are laid with a clearance of
3mm at a temperature of 15°C. At what temperature will the rails just touch? What stress would
be introduced in the rails at that temperature if there were no initial clearance? Assume
α=11.7µm/m°C and E=200GPa [T=40.64°C, σth=60MPa]

2. NWPGCL 2019: In summer highest average temperature is 43°C where as in winter is 3°C. How
much clearance should maintain when rails are laid. Length of the rail is, L=10m, if α=0.1µm/m°C
and E=20GPa. [4×10-5m]

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3. BIFPCL 2019: A 2.5m long bar is placed between two rigid walls. The area of the rod is 1200mm2.
At 20°C the gap is 2mm. if the temperature rises to 200°C. Determine the stress developed into
the rod. Taking thermal expansion coefficient 11.7µm/m°C and E=200GPa. [262.2MPa]

4. BPDB-2018+NWPGCL-2018: A bar of length 3m and area 320mm2 is supported between two

rigid bodies. The bar is stress free at 5°C. Find the temperature at which the compressive stress
will be 36MPa. Using E=80GPa and α=18×10-6m/m°C [T=30°C]

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5. BPDB-2021: A 2.4m bar is placed between two rigid walls. The bar is stress free at 20°C. What will
be the thermal stress at 30°C if co-efficient of thermal expansion is 1.2×10-5m/m°C and E=200GPa?
[σ=24MPa]

6. DWASA-2017: A 2m long pressure vessel having inner surface and outer surface temperature are
80°C and 30°C. Determine thermal stress if co-efficient of thermal expansion α=2×10-5m/m°C and
E=200GPa. [σ=200MPa]

7. Bankers Selection-2019: A circular section tapered bar is rigidly fixed as shown in figure. If the
temperature is raised by 30°C, Calculate the maximum stress in the bar. Take E=2×105N/mm2
,α=12×10-6/°C

[σ=144MPa]

8. 34th & 35th BCS: A steel rod ABC is held between two rigid supports A & C as shown in figure. Find
the stress developed in two parts of the rod when it is heated through 15K, Assume 𝛼 =
12 × 10−6 /𝐾, E=200GPa.

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9. NPCBL-2023: A both end fixed steel bar has initial temperature of 0°C and at what temperature it
will develop a thermal stress of 35MPa. Take α=18µm/°C and E=80GPa.

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Hoop Stress
Rajput Article 1.14

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Torque
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝐹𝑟
𝐼𝛼 = 𝐹𝑟
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question

1. EGCB-2020: Two solid cylinder A and B have the same mass m and the radii 2r and r
respectively. Each is accelerated from restwith a force applied as shown. In order to impact
identical angular acceleration to both cylinders what is the relationship between F1 and F2.

[F1=F2]

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Torsional stress

For Solid Shaft For Hollow Shaft

16𝑇 𝑇𝑅 16𝑇
Stress 𝜏 = τ= = 𝐷
𝜋𝑑3 𝐽 𝜋(𝐷4 −𝑑4 )

2𝜋𝑁
𝑃 =𝑇×𝜔 = 𝑇 = 2𝜋𝑓 × 𝑇
60
𝑃
Torque 𝑇 =
2𝜋𝑓
𝑇𝐿
Angle of twist 𝜃 =
𝐺𝐽
এই chapter এর problem solve করার সময় ককছু কিকিস মাথায় রাখতে হতে
𝑇𝐿
(a) Relayive angle of twist 𝜃𝐴/𝐵 =∑ এ শেলে T এর direction (clockwise and
𝐺𝐽
anticlockwise) এর উপর depent কলর +/- হয়।
(b) Shaft এর এক end fixed থাকতে angle of twist maximum হয় 𝜃 = 𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵
(c) Shaft এর 2 end fixed থাকতে ∑ 𝑴 = 𝟎 , 𝑻 = 𝑻𝑨 + 𝑻𝑩 , 𝜃𝐴 = 𝜃𝐵

BUET Lecture
1. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment + Singer 323: A shaft composed of segment AC, CD and DB is fastened
to rigid supports and loaded as shown in figure. For Bronze G=35GPa, For Al G=28Gpa, and for
steel G=83GPa. Determine the maximum shearing stress developed in each segment.

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2. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment + Singer 324: The compound shaft shown in figure is attached to rigid
supports. For the bronze segment AB, the maximum shearing stress is limited to 8000 psi and for
the steel segment BC, it is limited to 12ksi. Determine the diameters of each segment so that each
material will be simultaneously stressed to its permissible limit when a torque 𝑇 = 12𝑘𝑖𝑝 ft is
applied. For bronze, 𝐺 = 6 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 i and for steel, 𝐺 = 12 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

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3. BUET Afsar Sir Lecture+ Singer 311: An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50mm is
loaded by torques applied to gear attached to it as shown in figure. Using G=28Gpa, determine
the relative angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A. [θD/A=6.34°]

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4. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 306: A steel marine propeller shaft 14 in. in diameter and 18 ft
long is used to transmit 5000 hp at 189 rpm. If 𝐺 = 12 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖, determine the maximum
shearing stress.

5. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 308: A 2in diameter steel shaft rotates at 240rpm. If the
shearing stress is limited to 12Ksi, determine the maximum horsepower that can be transmitted

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6. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 309: A steel propeller shaft is to transmit 4.5MW at 3Hz
without exceeding a shearing stress of 50MPa or twisting through more than 1° in a length of
26diameter, compute the proper diameter if G=83GPa. [d=0.352m]

7. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 310: Show that a hollow circular shaft whose inner diameter is
15
half the outer diameter has a torsional strength equal to 16
of that of a solid shaft of the same
outside diameter

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8. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 311: An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50 mm is
loaded by torques applied to gears attached to it as shown in figure. Using G = 28 GPa, determine
the relative angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A.

9. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 312: A flexible shaft consists of a 0.20-in.-diameter steel wire
encased in a stationary tube that fits closely enough to impose a frictional torque of 0.50 lb-in./in.

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Determine the maximum length of the shaft if the shearing stress is not to exceed 20 ksi. What
will be the angular deformation of one end relative to the other end? 𝐺 = 12 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖.

10. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment + Singer 313: Determine the maximum torque that can be applied to
a hollow circular steel shaft of 100-mm outside diameter and an 80-mm inside diameter without
exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa or a twist of 0.5 deg/m. Use G = 83 GPa

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11. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment + Singer 314: The steel shaft shown in figure rotates at 4 Hz with 35
kW taken off at "𝐴", 20 kW removed at "𝐵", and 55kW applied at C. Using G = 83 GPa, find the
maximum shearing stress and the angle of rotation of gear A relative to gear C

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12. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment + Singer 316: A compound shaft consisting of a steel segment and an
aluminum segment is acted upon by two torques as shown in figure. Determine the maximum
permissible value of T subject to the following conditions: 𝜏𝑠𝑡 ≤ 83MP, 𝜏𝑎𝑙 ≤55 MPa, and the
angle of rotation of the free end is limited to 6°. For steel, G=83 GPa and for aluminum, G = 28.GPa

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13. BUET Afsar Sir Lecture+ Singer 317: A hollow bronze shaft of 3 in. outer diameter and 2 in. inner
diameter is slipped over a solid steel shaft 2 in. in diameter and of the same length as the hollow
shaft. The two shafts are then fastened rigidly together at their ends. For bronze, 𝐺 =
6 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖, and for steel, 𝐺 = 12 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖. What torque can be applied to the composite shaft
without exceeding a shearing stress of 8000 psi in the bronze or 12 ksi in the steel?

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14. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 318: A solid Aluminum shaft 2in diameter is subjected to two
torques as shown in figure. Determine the maximum shearing stress in each segment and the
angle of rotation at the free end. Use G=4×106Psi

15. BUET Afsar Sir Assignment+ Singer 319: The compound shaft shown in figure is attached to rigid
supports. For the bronze segment AB, the diameter is 75 mm, 𝜏 ≤ 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎, and G=35GPa. For
the steel segment BC, the diameter is 50 mm, 𝜏 ≤ 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎, and G=83 GPa. If a=2m and b = 1.5
m, compute the maximum torque T that can be applied

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Example from different book

16. Singer 301: A solid shaft in a rolling mill transmits 20KW at 2HZ. Determine the diameter of the
shaft if the shearing stress is not exceeded to 40MPa and the angle of twist is limited to 6° in a
length of 3m. use G=83GPa

17. Singer 302: Two shafts of different materials are rigidly fastened together and attached to rigid
supports as shown in fig. Compute the maximum shearing stress developed in the assembly?

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18. Singer 303: A shaft with a constant diameter of 2in is loaded as shown in figure. Torques applied
to gears fastened to it. If G=12×106Psi, compute in degrees the relative angle of twist between
gears A and D.

19. Singer 304: A steel shaft 3ft long that has a diameter of 4in, is subjected to a torque of 15Kip.ft.
Determine the maximum shearing stress and the angle of twist use G=12×106Psi. [14.324Ksi,
1.23°]

20. Bansal 16.3: In a hollow circular shaft of outer and inner diameters of 20 cm and 10 cm
respectively, the shear stress is not to exceed 40 N/mm². Find the maximum torque which the
shaft can safely transmit.

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21. Bansal 16.7: A hollow shaft of external diameter 120 mm transmits 300kW power at 200rpm.
Determine the maximum internal diameter if the maximum stress in the shaft is not to exceed 60
N/mm².

22. Bansal 16.8: Find the maximum shear stress induced in a solid circular shaft of diameter 15cm
when the shaft transmits 150 kW power at 180 r.p.m.

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23. Bansal 16.10: A solid steel shaft has to transmit 75kW at 200 rpm. Taking allowable shear stress
as 70𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , find suitable diameter for the shaft, if the maximum torque transmitted at each
revolution exceeds the mean by 30%.

24. Bansal 16.11: A hollow shaft is to transmit 300kW power at 80 r.p.m. If the shear stress is not to
exceed 60 N/mm² and the internal diameter is 0.6 of the external diameters, find the external and
internal diameters assuming that the maximum torque is 1.4 times the mean

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25. Singer 324: the compound shaft as shown in fig is attached to rigid supports for the bronze
segment AB the maximum shearing stress is limited to 800Psi and for the steel segment BC it is
limited to 12Ksi determine the diameter of each segment so that each material will be
simultaneously stressed to its permissible limit when a torque T=12 Kips. Ft is applied for Bronze
G=6×106 Psi & for steel G=12×106 Psi [2.13, 4.26]

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26. Beer and Jonston Mechanics Of materials Example: -3.01: A hollow cylindrical steel shaft is 1.5
m long and has inner and outer diameters respectively equal to 40 and 60 mm. (a) What is the
largest torque that can be applied to the shaft if the shearing stress is not to exceed 120 MPa? (b)
What is the corresponding minimum value of the shearing stress in the shaft?

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27. Determine the maximum torque that can be applied to a hollow circular steel shaft of 100mm
outside diameter and an 80mm inside diameter without exceeding a shearing stress of 60Mpa or
a twist of 0.5deg/m. use G=83GPa.

28. A torque 30Nm is applied on a solid circular shaft of 10mm diameter. Find shear stress.
[152.78MPa]

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1. GATE Exam: A 2 m long steel drive shaft with 6 cm outer and 4 cm inner diameter transmits
150kw at 1,500 rpm. Taking modulus of rigidity. Determine maximum shear stress and angle of
twist. 𝐺 = 8 × 106 𝑁/𝑐𝑚2

2. GATE Exam: A hollow shaft is to transmit a torque 3500 Nm. The diametral ratio of the hollow
shaft is 0.5. The permissible shear stress of the material is 80 MPa. The outside diameter of the
shaft is

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3. GATE Exam: A 2.5 m long steel shaft of circular cross section is subjected to torques as shown in
the figure. Torque at B = 500 Nm (anticlockwise) Torque at C = 1,000 Nm (clockwise) Determine
the diameter of the shaft if permissible shear stress is 6000kN/m2 Modulus of rigidity = 80GN /m2

4. Hibler Example 5.2: The solid shaft and tube shown in figure are made of a material having an
allowable shear stress of 75MPa. Determine the maximum torque that can be applied to each
cross section and show the stress acting on a small element of material at point A of the shaft and
point B and C of the tube.

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5. Hibbler Example 5.4: A solid shaft AB, shown in fig is to be used to transmit 5hp from the motor
M to which it attached. If the shaft rotates at 𝜔 = 175𝑟𝑝𝑚 and the steel has an allowable shear
stress of 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 100𝑀𝑃𝑎 determine the required diameter of the shaft to the nearest mm.

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6. Hibbler Example 5.3: The pipe shown in figure has an inner radius of 40mm and an outer radius
of 50mm. If its end is tightened against the support at A using the torque wrench, determine the
shear stress developed in the material at the inner and outer walls along the central portion of
the pipe.

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7. Hibbler 10th Edition Exercise 5-14: A steel tube having an outer diameter of 60mm is used to
transmit 6.75KW when turning at 27 rev/min. Determine the inner diameter d of the tube to the
nearest mm if the allowable shear stress is 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 70𝑀𝑃𝑎

8. Hibbler Exercise 5-30: A ship has a propeller drive shaft that is turning at 1500rev/min while
developing 1500KW. If it is 2.4m long and has a diameter of 100mm, determine the maximum
shear stress in the shaft caused by torsion

9. Hibbler Exercise 5-31: The motor A develops a power of 300W and turns its connected pully at
90rev/min. Determine the required diameter of the steel shafts on the pullys at A and B if the
allowable shear stress is 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 =85MPa

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10. Hibbler Exercise 5-35: The motor delivers 12KW to the pulley at A while turning at a constant rate
of 1800rpm. Determine to the nearest multiples of 5mm the smallest diameter of shaft BC if the
allowable shear stress for steel is 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 84𝑀𝑃𝑎. The belt does not slip on the pulley.

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11. Hibler 5-39: The drive shaft of the motor is made of a martial having an allowable shear stress of
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 =75MPa. If the outer diameter of the tubular shaft is 20mm and the wall thickness is 2.5mm,
determine the maximum allowable power that can be supplied to the motor when the shaft is
operating at an angular velocity of 1500rev/min.

12. Hibbler 5-40: The pump operates using the motor that has a power of 85KW. If the impeller at B
is turning at 150rev/min determine the maximum shear stress in the 20mm diameter transmission
shaft at A.

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13. Hibler 5-44: A motor delivers 375KW to the shaft which is tubular and has an outer diameter of
50mm. if it is rotating at 200rad/s, determine its largest inner diameter to the nearest mm if the
allowable shear stress for the material is 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 175𝑀𝑃𝑎

14. Hibbler The A-36 steel tubular shaft is 2m long and has an outer diameter of 50mm. When it is
rotating at 40rad/s, it transmits 25kw of power from the motor M to the pump P. Determine the
smallest thickness of the tube if the allowable shear stress is 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 80𝑀𝑃𝑎

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15. Hibbler Exercise 5-47: The propellers of a ship are connected to an A-36 steel shaft that is 60m
log and has an outer diameter of 340mm and inner diameter of 260mm. If the power output is
4.5MW when the shaft rotates at 20rad/s. Determine the maximum torsional stress in the shaft
and its angle of twist.

16. Hibbler Exercise 5-69: The tubular drive shaft for the propeller of a hovercraft is 6m long. If the
motor drivers 4MW of power to the shaft when the propeller rotates at 25rad/s, determine the
required inner diameter of the shaft if the outer diameter is 350mm. What is the angle of twist
when it is operating? Take 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 90𝑀𝑃𝑎 and G=75GPa.

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17. Hibbler Exercise 5-71: The A-36 hollow steel shaft is 2m long and has an outer diameter of 40mm.
When it is rotating at 80rad/s, it transmits 32KW of power from the engine E to the generator G.
Determine the smallest thickness of the shaft if the allowable shear stress is 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 =140MPa and
the shaft is restricted not to twist more than 0.05rad. Take 𝐺 = 75𝐺𝑃𝑎

18. Hibbler: The A-36 solid steel shaft is 3m long and has a diameter of 50mm. It is required to
transmit 35KW of power from the engine E to the generator G. Determine the smallest angular
velocity of the shaft if it is restricted not to twist more than 1°. Take 𝐺 = 75𝐺𝑃𝑎

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19. Hibbler Exercise 5-83: A rod is made from two segments: AB is steel and BC is brass. It is fixed at
its ends and subjected to a torque of T=680N.m. If the steel portion has a diameter of 30mm,
determine the required diameter of the brass portion so that reactions at the walls will be the
same 𝐺𝑠𝑡 = 75𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝐺𝑏𝑟 = 39𝐺𝑃𝑎

Job Exam Question

1. Singer 305+BAPEX 2023: What is the minimum diameter of a solid shaft that will not twist through
more than 3° in a 6m length when subjected to a torque of 12KN.m? what maximum shearing
stress is developed? Use G=83GPa. [d=114mm, τ=41.3MPa]

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2. Singer 307+ PGCB-2019 A solid steel shaft 5m long is stressed at 80MPa when twisted through 4°,
using G=83GP, Compute the shaft diameter. What power can be transmitted by the shaft
diameter at 20Hz. [D=0.138m, P-5.1876MPa]

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3. BCPCL-2023: A solid shaft of 3m length is subjected to a 200N.m torque with an angle of twist of
4° which develop a torsional stress of 86MPa. Determine the min diameter. Take G=83GPa.
4. BDCCL-2022
a Circular shaft of 100mm diameter is running at 200rpm. If the shear stress is not exceeded
70MPa. Find the torque and power which can be transmitted by the shaft
5. Singer 322 + ELB 2022: A solid steel shaft is loaded as shown in figure Using G=83Gpa, determine
the required diameter of the shaft if the shearing stress is limited to 60Mpa and the angle of
rotation at the free end is not exceed 4 deg

6. SGFCL 2017 Find the maximum torsional shear stress in a solid shaft diameter 10mm, applied
torque is 30N.m and length of the shaft is 4m. [τ=152.78MPa]

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7. BPDB-2015: A shaft is transmitted 50hp speed of the shaft is 400rpm. What is the torque?

8. Biman-2018: Engine power developed 40KW, Solid shaft rpm 200, if the shaft diameter is 40mm
then find maximum torsional stress develop in the shaft. [151.98MPa]

9. BCIC-2016: A steel shaft has a solid cross section and transmits power at 100rpm. Take E= 200
GPa, G= 84 GPa, length = 1200mm, diameter = 15mm, if the torque developed is 9550 N-mm,
calculate the power transmitted and maximum shear stress developed. [P=100w or 0.1KW,
τ=14.41MPa]

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10. PGCB-2018+DWASA-2017+NPCBL-2017+NWPGCL-2021: A cylindrical shaft is running under a

torsional force of 100N-m inside and outside diameter of the shaft is 30mm and 50mm. Determine
maximum shear stress of the shaft. [4.68MPa]

11. PGCB-2013: Find the maximum torsional shear stress in a solid shaft diameter 10mm and applied
torque is 30N.m.[152.78MPa]

12. Bangladesh Bank-2019: A hollow shaft is subjected to a torque 5MN-mm and bending moment
3MN-mm. Determine the diameter of the shaft. Maximum shear stress is 82KN/mm2 & internal
diameter is half of external diameter [d=3.46mm, D=6.91mm]

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13. Baakrabad-2021+BGFCL-2021: A circular bar is subjected to torque at D. Determine the maximum

angle of twist a=20in, b=40in, T=500lb-in, d=1in, G=5.6×106 Psi

[θ=0.6932°]

14. BIWTA-2019: A shaft shown in figure below, which diameter is 25mm, length is 1m. Determine
the maximum shear stress and angle of twist of the shaft. Where, shear modulus is 80GPa

. [T=32.59MPa, θ=1.867°]

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15. BIWTA-2016: A solid steel shaft in a rolling mill transmits 20Kw at 2HZ. Determine the diameter
of the shaft if the shearing stress is not exceeded 40MPa. [D=58.73mm]

16. BREB-2018: Solid circular shaft having diameter 60mm & torque 200Nm. Find maximum shearing
stress in that shaft? [τ=47.157MPa]

17. BADC-2022: A hollow cylinder 2m long has an outside diameter of 50mm and inside diameter of
30mm. If the cylinder is carrying a load of 25KN, find the stress in the cylinder. Also find the
deformation of the cylinder, if the value of modulus of elasticity for the cylinder material is
100GPa.

18. BPI-2020: The drive shaft in an automobile delivers 200Nm of torque as it rotates at 3600rpm.
Calculate the HP delivered

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SFD & BMD

Simple supported beam with point load

1. Beer And Jonston Example 5.01: BCIC-2016+BPDB-2018+GTCL-2010+BADC-2020: A
concentrated load P is applied at the midspan of a simply supported beam of length L. Draw the
bending moment and shear force diagram and the point on the beam which will be most critically
stressed.

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2. PGCB 2013: Construct shear force and bending moment diagram showing peak values for the
simply supported beam loaded with the forces shown in figure.

3. PGCB-2018+BAPEX-2016+EGCB-2022: Draw bending moment diagram of the following loading

condition.

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4. BUET Mamun Sir Lecture:

5. Mamun Sir Lecture + Singer 425: Draw shear stress and moment diagram for the beams.

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6. Titas gas-2018+ DNCC-2020 Write down the SFD & BMD of the following condition

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Simple supported with uniformly distributed

1. BUET Mamun Sir Lecture

2. BUET Mamun Sir Lecture Singer 401

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3. BUET Mamun Sir Lecture Singer 406

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4. Beer & Johnston Example 5.02 APSCL-2016+BOF-2021 Draw SFD of the Beam.

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5. Singer 405+DESCO-2019 Draw SFD and BMD

6. Singer 408: For the beam as shown in following figure draw shear and moment diagram.

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Simple supported with uniformly varied load

1. Singer 416

2. Singer 417

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Overhanging beam with point load

1. Singer 403 BITAC-2016: Draw the SED of the beam shown in bellow.

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2. Singer 423 (31st BCS)

3. Singer 401

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4. Beer & Jonston Sample Problem 5.3 (Banker selection-2019)

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5. Beer and Jonston Sample problem 5.1 Bangladesh Bank -2019

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Cantilever with point load

1. BUET Mamun Sir lecture

2. Hibler Solid example 6.5

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3. Bansal Example 6.1: A cantilever beam of length 2 m carries the point loads as shown in
Fig. 6.15. Draw the shear force and B.M. diagrams for the cantilever beam

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4. CPGCBL-2018: Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram of the following loaded

beam.

5. PGCL-2017+BAERA-2021: A cantilever of length L carries a point load P at the tip of the beam.
Draw the SFD and BMD and also find point at which critical stress occurs

6. NPCBL-2018+BCMCL-2020

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7. Bangladesh Fisheries 2017+EGCB: Draw a cantilever beam of 2m long. 1KN force acting in the
free end 2KN force acting 1m from free end. Draw shear force and bending moment diagram

8. GTCl-2016+BCMCL-2020: Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram.

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1. EGCB-2017+GTCL-2018

Cantilever with uniformly distributed load

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1. Bansal Example 6.2: A cantilever of length 2.0 m carries a uniformly distributed load of 1 kN/m
run over a length of 1.5 m from the free end. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams
for the cantilever.

2. Bansal Example 6.4: A cantilever of length 2m carries a uniformly distributed load of 1.5 kN/m
run over the whole length and a point load of 2kN at a distance of 0.5 m from the free end. Draw
the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the cantilever.

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3. BIWTA-2016: A uniformly distributed load of magnitude W is applied over the whole span of a
simply supported beam of length L. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram of the
beam.

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4. DESCO-2019: Write down the stresses developed at point A. Draw a 2D element diagram of the
loads.

5. BPDB-2018: A concentrated load P is applied at the midspan of a simply supported beam of length
L, Draw the bending moment and shear force diagram and identify the point that has highest
tensile stress.

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Shear stress theory

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question

1 RPGCL-2022+DMTCL 2022: A machining material has a yield strength of 500MPa and ultimate
strength of 750MPa. The material is subjected to a load where stress and strain are proportional
and strain is 0.1% and E=200GPa. Determine-
a) Shear stress using maximum shear stress theory
b) Shear stress using distortion energy theory
c) Stress induced in the material
d) Strain energy of the material at proportional limit.

2 BCIC-2019: Ultimate tensile stress 750MPa yield tensile stress 670MPa, endurance
strength=200MPa, mid-range stress=110MPa, Alternating stress 190MPa. Find shear yield stress
by maximum distortion energy theory or maximum shear stress theory. [367.4MP]

Principal stress

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BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Hibbler 9.16 (8th Edition): Determine (a) the principal stresses (b) The maximum in plane share
stress and average normal stress at the point

Job Exam Question

1. 36th BCS: If an element is subjected to the state of stress shown on figure find the principal
stress. [6.48Ksi, -10.48ksi]

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2. NPCBL-2018: A shaft is applied with a torsional force. Shear force develops 150MPa on the
surface of the shaft.Draw the Mohr circle. Write the equation for the principal shear forces.
Consider 2D principal plane.

3. PGCB-2013: For the plane stress shown in the stress element. Draw the Mohr’s circle to find the
maximum in plane shearing stress & corresponding normal stress. [Shear: 2,-2 Normal:
max=10MPa, -6MPa]

4. BUET M.SC-2022: Given σx= 200MPa, σy=0, τxy=80MPa. Find the principal stresses and maximum
shear stress.

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5. DESCO-2019: A 1m long bar of rectangular cross section of 10mm×5mm. A 7000N axial tensile
load applied. Find principal stress and maximum shear stress
6. BUET Msc. 2023: Principal stress at a 2D element is 100MPa and -50MPa. If in plane shear stress
τxy=50MPa. Determine the normal stress at the point σx and σy
7. GATE Exam: A cantilever beam of circular cross section as shown in figure is subjected to a
vertical load of 10 kN and a twisting moment of 20 kN m at the free end. Find the maximum
shear stress and the maximum principal stress.

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Combine stress
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question
1. BPDB-2023+ Hibler 9-37 10th edition: The shaft has a diameter d and is subjected to the loadings
shown. Determine the principal stress and the maximum in plane shear stress that is developed
at point A. the bearing only support vertical reaction P=500N, F=400N d=50mm; L=400mm

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Column
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑃 = 𝑁 𝐿2𝑒

𝜋 4
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 = 𝐵𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎ⅆ, 𝐼 = ⅆ
64
𝐿𝑒 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

𝐿 𝐼
𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛ⅆ𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐾 = 𝑟𝑎ⅆ𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √
𝐾 𝐴

Khurmi Strength of material Table 34.1

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Khurmi Strength of material Example 34.1: A steel rod 5m long and of 40mm diameter is used as
a column, with an end fixed and the other free, Determine the crippling load (Buckling load) by
Euler’s formula. Take E as 200GPa.

2. Khurmi Example 34.9: A hollow cylindrical steel tube of 38mm external diameter and 2.5mm thick
is used as a column of 2.3m long with both ends hinged. Determine the slenderness ratio.

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3. Singer 1102: A 50mm by 100mm timber is used as a column with fixed ends. Determine the
minimum length at which Euler’s formula can be used if E=10GPa and the proportional limit is
30Mpa. What central load can be caried with a factor of safety of 2 if the length is 2.5m [L=1.66m,
P=32.9KN]

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4. Singer 1104: A square steel bar is to support a load of 20Kips by a length of 10ft. Assuming
rounded ends. Determine the length of each side. Use E=29×106Psi. [1.86in]

5. Singer 1112: Determine the slenderness ratio of a 5m column with build in ends if its cross section
is (a) Circular with a radius of 40mm and (b) 50mm square [125, 173]

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6. Singer 1113: Find the slenderness ratio of a 12ft column with one end fixed and the other hinged
if its cross section is (a) circular with radius of 2in and (b) 2.5in square.

7. Beer & Jonston Example 10.01: A 2-m-long pin-ended column of square cross section is to be
made of wood. Assuming 𝐸 = 13 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 12 MPa, and using a factor of safety of 2.5 in
computing Euler’s critical load for buckling, determine the size of the cross section if the column
is to safely support a 100-kN load,

8. Hibbler Example 13.1: The A992 steel 𝑊200 × 46 member shown in Figure is to be used as a pin-
connected column. Determine the largest axial load it can support before it either begins to buckle
or the steel yields. Take E=200GPa, A=5890mm2, 𝐼𝑥 = 45.5 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 , , 𝐼𝑦 = 15.3 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 .
Yield stress =345MPa.

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9. Hibbler Exercise 13-18: The 𝑊250 × 67 is made of A992 steel and is used as a column that has a
length of 4.55 m. If the ends of the column are fixed supported, can the column support the critical
load without yielding?

10. Hibbler Exercise 13-19: The 50-mm-diameter C86100 bronze rod is fixed supported at A and has
a gap of 2 mm from the wall at B. Determine the increase in temperature ΔT that will cause the
rod to buckle. Assume that the contact at B acts as a pin. Take E=103GPa, column is one end fixed
and the other end pinned.

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11. Hibbler 13.21: The 3-m wooden rectangular column has the dimensions shown. Determine the
critical load if the ends are assumed to be pin connected. E = 12 GPa, 𝜎𝑦 = 35 MPa.

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12. Hibbler 13.30: A 6061-T6 aluminum alloy solid circular rod of length 4 m is pinned at one end
while fixed at the other end. If it is subjected to an axial load of 15 kN and F.S. = 2 against buckling,
determine the minimum required diameter of the rod to the nearest mm. Take E=68.9GPa.

13. Khurmi Example 34.2: A hollow alloy tube 4m long with external and internal diameters of 40mm
and 25mm respectively was found to extend 4.8mm under a tensile load of 60KN. Find the
buckling load for the tube with both ends pinned. Also find the safe load on the tube. Taking a
factor of safety as 5.

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14. Khurmi Exercise 34.1: A mild steel column of 50mm diameter is hinged at both of its ends. Find
the crippling load for the column, if its length is 2.5m. Take E for the column material as 200GPa.
[Ans:96.9KN]

15. Rajput 14.4: A slender pin ended aluminum column 1.8 m long and of circular cross section is to
have an outside diameter of 50 mm. Calculate the necessary internal diameter to prevent failure
by buckling if the actual load applied is 13·6kN and the critical load applied is twice the actual
load. Take E for aluminum as 70 GN/m2

16. Rajput Example 14.7: Calculate the critical load of a strut which is made of a bar circular in section
and 5 m long and which is pin-jointed at both ends. The same bar when freely supported gives
midspan deflection of 10 mm with a load of 80 N at the center.

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17. Bansal Example 19.4: A hollow mild steel tube 6m long 4cm internal diameter and 5mm thick is
used as a strut with both end hinged. Find the crippling load and safe load taking factor of safety
as 3. Take 𝐸 = 2 × 105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2.

18. Bansal Example 19.4(a): A simply supported beam of length 4 meter is subjected to a uniformly
distributed load of 30 kN/m over the whole span and deflects 15 mm at the center. Determine
the crippling loads when this beam is used as a column with the following conditions: (i) one end
fixed and other end hinged (ii) both the ends pin jointed

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19. Bansal Example 19.5: A solid round bar 4m long and 5cm in diameter was found to extend 4.6mm
under a tensile load of 50KN. This bas is used as a strut with both ends hinged. Determine the
buckling load for the bar and also the safe load taking factor of safety as 4.0.

20. Bansal Example 19.6: A hollow alloy tube 5 m long with external and internal diameters 40 mm
and 25 mm respectively was found to extend 6.4 mm under a tensile load of 60 kN. Find the
buckling load for the tube when used as a column with both ends pinned. Also find the safe load
for the tube, taking a factor of safety = 4.

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21. Bansal Example 19.7: Calculate the safe compressive load on a hollow cast iron column (one end
rigidly fixed and other hinged) of 15 cm external diameter, 10 cm internal diameter and 10 m in
length. Use Euler's formula with a factor of safety of 5 and E = 95 kN/mm².

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Job Exam Question

1. DESCO 2019: Two columns are clamped at both sides. For the first one buckling load 100N. The
diameter of the second one is half of first one. Find buckling load of the second one if the other
parameters are same. [P2=6.25N]

2. APSCL-2019: Find out maximum allowable tensile load be for buckling for 30mm diameter
column, effective length 1.5m. Young modulus E=105GPa. [P=18.31KN]

3. DTCA-2022: A 2m long beam has a cross section 10mm×20mm. Critical load 1KN. Find out
slenderness ratio and bending stiffness [ S=692.82, E=2.43×1011Pa]

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4. Consider a rectangular steel bar 50×40mm in cross section at each end subjected to axial
compression the bar is 2m long and E is 200GPa. Determine the buckling load and axial stress
using Euler’s Formula. [P=131.59Kn, σ=65.798MPa]

5. BUET M.Sc-2022: When a Column is subjected to 986N bending loads find the EI of length 1m.
[99.9N.m2]

Show the deflection of columns under different conditions.

6. RPGCL-2022: A column with a cross section is 19mm×21mm is subjected to compressive load. If
the length of the column is 399mm and is pinned joint, then determine-
a) The minimum area moment of inertia [12003.25mm4]
b) The buckling load P if the column if Euler column. [148.78KN]

7. BCPCL-2018: Both end hinged column 1m length, 20mm×30mm. Find flowing parameters (a)
Second moment of inertia [45000mm4](b) Radius of gyration [8.66mm] (c) Slenderness ratio
[5.47] (d) Critical buckling load.[88826.855N]

8. BIWTA -2023: Buckling load for a column with hinged end was given 1KN, what will be the buckling
load for the same type of column if ends are fixed?

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Flexural stress or Stress in Beam

𝑀 𝐹𝐿
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎 = =
𝑆 𝑆
𝜎 𝑀 𝐸 𝐼
= = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑆 =
𝐶 𝐼 𝑅 𝐶

Rectangle Circle Tube Triangle

𝑏ℎ2 𝜋ⅆ 3 𝜋 𝑏ℎ2
𝑆= 𝑆= 𝑆= (𝑅4 − 𝑟 4 ) 𝑆=
6 32 4𝑅 24
3𝑣
Maximum shear stress 𝜏 = 2𝐴 (singer equation 5-6) where 𝑣 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

BUET Lecture
1. BUET Helali Sir Class Lecture: Find the maximum bending stress and bending stress at 2m from
left and 30mm from top surface of the beam

2. Mamun Sir Lecture+ Singer 505 + CPGCBL -2022: A high steel band saw 20mm wide by 0.80mm
thick runs over pulleys 600mm in diameter. What maximum flexural stress is developed? What

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minimum diameter pulleys can be used without exceeding a flexural stress of 400MPa? Assume
E=200GPa.

Example from different book

3. Singer 501: A beam 150mm wide by 250mm deep supports the loads shown in figure determine
the maximum flexural stress. [σ=10.24MPa]

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4. Singer 503: A cantilever beam, 50mm wide by 150mm height and 6m long. Carries a load that
varies uniformly from zero at the free end to 1000N/m at the wall. Compute the magnitude &
location of the maximum flexural stress. [32MPa]

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5. Singer 504: A simply supported beam 2in wide by 4in high and 12ft long is subjected to a
concentered load of 2000lb at a point 3ft from one pf the supports. Determine the maximum
flexural stress. [10121.83Psi]

6. singer 508: Determine the minimum height h of the beam shown in fig. if the flexural stress is not
exceeded 20MPa.

[137mm]

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7. Singer 526: A wood beam 6in wide by 12in deep is loaded as shown in figure. If the maximum
flexural stress is 1200Psi, find the maximum values of w0 and P that can be applied simultaneously.

8. Khurmi Solid 14.2: A copper wire of 2mm diameter is required to be wound around a drum. Find
the minimum radius of the drum, if the stress in the wire is not to exceed 80MPa take modulus of
elasticity for the copper as 100GPa

9. Khurmi Solid Mechanics Example 14.3: A metallic rod of 10mm diameter is bent into a circular
from of radius of 6m. If the maximum bending stress developed in the rod is 125MPa, find the
value of Young’s Modulus for the rod Material.

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10. Hibbler 6.12: The simply supported beam in Figure (a) has the cross-sectional area shown in figure
(b). Determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress distribution
over the cross section at this location. Also what is the stress at point B?

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11. A Beam 150mm wide by 250mm deep supports the loads shown in figure. Determine the
maximum flexural stress.

12. A cantilever beam 50mm wide by 150mm Hight and 6m long carries a load that varies uniformly
from zero at the free end to 1000N/m at the wall compute the magnitude and location of the
maximum flexural stress.

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13. A simply supported beam 2 in wide by 4 in high and 12ft long is subjected to a concentrated load
of 2000lb at a point 3ft from one of the supports. Determine the maximum flexural stress.

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14. Beer & Jonston Mechanics Of materials Sample Problem 4.1: The rectangle shown is extruded
from an aluminum alloy for which 𝜎𝑌 = 40𝐾𝑠𝑖, 𝜎𝑈 = 60𝐾𝑠𝑖 and 𝐸 = 10.6 × 106 𝑃𝑠𝑖. neglecting
the effect of fillets, determine (a) the bending moment M for which the factor of safety will be 3
(b) the corresponding radius of curvature of the tube. Take 𝐼 = 12.97𝑖𝑛4

15. Beer & Jonston Exercise 4.21: A steel band saw blade, that was originally straight, passes over
8-in.-diameter pulleys when mounted on a band saw. Determine the maximum stress in the blade,
knowing that it is 0.018 in. thick and 0.625 in. wide. Use 𝐸 = 29 × 106 psi.

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16. Beer & Jonston Exercise 4.22 [4th Edition] : Straight rods of 6mm diameter and 30m length are
stored by coiling the rods inside a drum of 1.25m inside diameter. Assuming that the yield strength
is not exceeded determine (a) the maximum stress in a coiled rod (b) the corresponding bending
moment in the rod Use E=200GPa.

17. Bansal R.K 7.1: A steel plate of width 120mm and of thickness 20mm is bent into a circular arc of
radius 10m. Determine the maximum stress induced and the bending moment which will.
produce the maximum stress. Take 𝐸 = 2 × 105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

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18. Bansal Example 7.2: Calculate the maximum stress induced in a cast iron pipe of external diameter
40 mm, of internal diameter 20 mm and of length 4 meter when the pipe is supported at its ends
and carries a point load of 80 N at its center.

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19. Bansal Example 7.3: A cantilever of length 2 meter fails when a load of 2 kN is applied at the free
end. If the section of the beam is 40 mm x 60 mm, find the stress at the failure.

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20. Bansal Example 7.4: A rectangular beam 200 mm deep and 300 mm wide is simply supported over
a span of 8 m. What uniformly distributed load per meter the beam may carry, if the bending
stress is not to exceed 120 N/mm².

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21. Bansal Example 7.5: A rectangular beam 300 mm deep is simply supported over a span of 4
meters. Determine the uniformly distributed load per meter which the beam may carry, if the
bending stress should not exceed 120 N/mm². Take 𝐼 = 8 × 106 𝑚𝑚4

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22. Bansal Example 7.6: A square beam 20 mm x 20 mm in section and 2 m long is supported at the
ends. The beam fails when a point load of 400 N is applied at the center of the beam. What
uniformly distributed load per meter length will break a cantilever of the same material 40 mm
wide, 60 mm deep and 3 m long?

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Job Exam Question

1. Singer 522+MGMCL-2022: A box beam is composed of four planks, each 2 inches by 8 inches,
securely spiked together to form the section shown in figure. If I=981.3in4, wo=300lb/ft and
P=6000lb then find flexural stress.

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2. NWPGCL-2018: Find the tensile stress and the point where it has maximum bending.
3. SGFCL-2017+BUET M.SC 2017: A cantilever of length 2 meter fails when a load of 2KN is applied
at the free end. If the section of the beam is 40mm×60mm, find the stress at the failure
[166.67MPa]

4. PGCB 2018: A cantilever of length 2 meter fails when a load of 2KN is applied at free end . If the
stress at failure is 170MPa, then find the height of cross section.

[h=0.059m]

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5. BPDB-2016: A cantilever beam that carries a point load P=1000N at its free and end of length is
2m, width of 0.25m. if the stress is 100MPa, find the height of the beam.

[0.0219m]

6. BPDB-2021: A 2m long cantilever beam with point load at the end shown in figure. If maximum
value of stress is 300MPa then what will be the minimum value of h

[h=0.02m]

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7. MPL-2017: In a straight solid rod (dia 32mm, E=200GPa) is kept in a circular plate of radius 1m.
determine bending stress, that cannot exceed proportional limit.
8. Petro-Bangla 2022: A Pulley is being driven by a rubber belt having thickness 15mm and width
110mm stress 5MPa. Determine the diameter of pulley if the modulus of elasticity is 100MPa
9. Both end hinged column 1m length, 20mm×30mm. Find flowing parameters (a) Second moment
of inertia (b) Radius of gyration (c) Slenderness ratio (d) Critical buckling load.
10. DSCC 2023: A column of 100mm diameter having flexural stress of 70MPa and applied load 50N.
Find the moment and applied stress.
11. BAERA 2023: In a cantilever beam a point load of 1 kN applied at the free end. Length of beam is
2m. Find force couple in the fixed end.
12. DMTCL-2023: If a steel plate has dimensions of b=100mm and h. it has a radius of curvature of
20m for bending moment of 1KN.m. E=200GPa. Determine the value of “h”.
13. BDCCL-2022: A column of 100mm dimeter having flexural stress 70MPa and applied load is 50N.
Find the moment and maximum shear stress.
14. EGCB-2022: A cantilever beam carries load at the end, length is 2m, allowable stress is 200MPa.
Cross section width is 100mm. Find the value of height h

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Machine Design
Factor of safety
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question

1. SGFCL-2017: Which load a 4cm dia bolt can resist if maximum strength is 250MPa and factor
of safety is 4. [F=78.53JN]
2. A 25mm diameter shaft is statically torqued to 230N.m. It is made of cast 195-T6 aluminum
with a yield strength in tension of 160MPa and a yield strength in compression of 170MPa. It
is machined to final diameter. Estimate the factor of safety of the shaft.

3. GATE Exam: A steel pipe is to be used to support a load of 150 kN. Pipes having outside
diameter of 101.6 mm are available in different thicknesses of 3mm, 3.5mm, 3.65 mm, and
3.85 mm. Assuming a factor of safety of 1.8, choose the most economical thickness. (Yield
stress=250N/mm2)

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Stress Concentration
Beer & Jonston Section 4.7
𝑀𝐶
𝑘=𝜎
𝐼
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question
1. Beer & Jonston Example 4.04+SGCL-2020 Grooves 10mm deep are to be cut in a steel bar which
is 60mm wide and 9mm thick as shown. Determine the smallest allowable width of the grooves if
the stress in the bar is not exceed 150MPa when the bending moment is equal to 180N.m.

[9.6mm]

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Stress concentration factor

𝐾𝑓 = 1 + 𝑞(𝐾𝑡 − 1)

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Sigly Machine design 6591: A steel shaft in bending has an ultimate strength of 690MPa and a
shoulder with a fillet radius of 3mm connecting a 32mm diameter with a 38mm diameter. The
notch sensitivity is 0.84 and the stress concentration factor is 1.65. Find the fatigue stress
correction factor.
𝐾𝑓 = 1 + 𝑞(𝐾𝑡 − 1) = 1 + 0.84 × (1.65 − 1) = 1.55

Job Exam Question

Theories of failure
Principal stress Maximum shear Distortion Strain energy
Maximum strain
theory stress energy theory
𝜎
𝜎𝑦𝑡 𝑆𝑦𝑡 𝜎𝑦 ( 𝑦 )2=𝜎𝑥2 + 𝜎𝑦2 − 1 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑇 =
𝑁 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ɛ= 𝑁
2 𝑈= × ( )2
2×𝑁 𝐸×𝑁 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 + 3𝜏𝑥𝑦 2𝐸 𝑁

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. The state of stress is given as 𝜎𝑥 =100N/mm2 𝜎𝑦 =40N/mm2, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 =40N/mm2. If the yield strength of
the material is 300MP, find factor of safety using maximum shear stress theory. [2.5]

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2. The surface of a steel machine member is subjected to known principal stresses. Determine the
tensile yield strength required to provide factor of safety of 2 with respect to initial yielding using
MSST and MDET.

[ According to Shear stress theory Sy=600MPa, according to maximum distortion energy

Sy=529.15MPa]

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Job Exam Question

1. BAPEX-2016: Write name of three theories of failure of ductile materials and two theories of
brittle materials.
2. ERL 2022: Maximum yield strength for tensile and compressive is 350MPa and shear stress is
100MPa, find out factor of safety by using maximum distortion energy theory and maximum shear
stress theory. [N=1.75, N=2.02]

583
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3. RPGCL-2022+DMTCL 2022: A machining material has a yield strength of 500MPa and ultimate
strength of 750MPa. The material is subjected to a load where stress and strain are proportional
and strain is 0.1% and E=200GPa. Determine-
a) Shear stress using maximum shear stress theory [125MPa]
b) Shear stress using distortion energy theory [44.33MPa]
c) Stress induced in the material [210MPa]
d) Strain energy of the material at proportional limit. [148.3KJ]

Fatigue Failure
Fatigue: Impact cyclic loading (অল্প সমলয় অলন্ক শবছে শোড) এর জন্য material এ crack generate হওয়ালক বলে fatigue.
Fatigue এর জন্য material yield strength এর আলেই fail কলর।
S-N Curve: ককাি material এর S-N curve িািা থাকতে ঐ material কখি fail করতে & ককাি stress এর িিয fail করতে ো
িািতে পারে

Endurance limit stress: এই stress apply করলে material কখলন্া fail করলব ন্া।

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Where 𝜎𝑢 = 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 , 𝜎𝑦 = 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙ⅆ 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝑒 = 𝐸𝑛ⅆ𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜎𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝜎𝑚 =
2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜎𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝜎𝑣 =
2
Gerber Goodman Soderberg
1 𝜎𝑚 𝜎𝑣
= +
𝟏 𝝈𝒎 𝝈𝒗 𝑁 𝜎𝑢 𝜎𝑒
= ( )𝟐 × 𝑵 + stress concentration factor শেয়া 1 𝜎𝑚 𝜎𝑣
𝑵 𝝈𝒖 𝝈𝒆 = +
থাকলে 𝑁 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑒
Where N=factor of safety 1 𝜎𝑚 𝐾𝑓 × 𝜎𝑣
= +
𝑁 𝜎𝑢 𝜎𝑒
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Khurmi machine design example 6.3 A machine component is subjected to a flexural stress which
fluctuates between 300MPa and -150MPa Determine the value of minimum ultimate strength
according to (1) Gerber relation [924.34MPa] (2) Modified goodman relation [1050MPa] (3)
Soderberg relation [1172.72MPa]. take yield strength = 0.55 Ultimate strength; Endurance strength =
0.5 Ultimate strength; and factor of safety = 2.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

2. Bhandari Design of Machine Element Example 5.17: A machine component is subjected to

fluctuating stress that varies from 40 to 100N/mm2. The corrected endurance limit stress for the
machine component is 270N/mm2. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the material
are 600 and 450N/mm2 respectively. Find the factor of safety using (a) Gerber theory (b)
Soderberg line (c) Goodman line

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

3. Sigly Machine design Example 6-6: A steel shaft in bending has an ultimate strength of 690MPa
and a shoulder with a fillet radius of 3mm connecting a 32mm diameter with a 38mm diameter.
The notch sensitivity is 0.84 and the stress concentration factor is 1.65. Find the fatigue stress
correction factor.
𝐾𝑓 = 1 + 𝑞(𝐾𝑡 − 1) = 1 + 0.84 × (1.65 − 1) = 1.55

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Job Exam Question

1. CPGCBL-2022
Write four fatigue failure theories.

2. NPCBL-2018: A machine element is subjected to fluctuating load has followed data: Ultimate
tensile strength of 750MPa, fully connected endurance limit of 200MPa, alternating stress of
190MPa, mid-range stress of 110MPa. Find safety factor guarding against fatigues failure using
modified Goodman equation
3. PGCB-2017: A large plate is fabricated from a steel alloy has a length of crack 3mm. the fractural
toughness is 80MPa√m. Determine allowable internal stress.
Given Fractural toughness 𝐾𝑙𝑐 = 80𝑀𝑃𝑎√𝑚, Crack length a=3mm=0.003m, factor of safety n=1
We know 𝐾𝑙𝑐 = 𝑛𝜎√𝜋𝑎=1 × 𝑎 × √𝜋 × 0.003
𝐾𝑙𝑐 80
𝜎= = = 824.05MPa
√𝜋×0.003 √𝜋×0.003

Spring design
Khurmi Machine Design

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Khurmi Machine design 23.1: A compression coil spring made of an alloy steel is having the
following specifications: Mean diameter of coil = 50 mm; Wire diameter = 5 mm ; Number of
active coils = 20.If this spring is subjected to an axial load of 500 N ; calculate the maximum shear
stress (neglect the curvature effect) to which the spring material is subjected

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

2. The basis leaf spring has the following date: No. of leaf=15, Each leaf’s width=15mm, thickness
12mm, main leaf’s span L=2l=400mm, E=200GPa. Under a static load W the tip deflects by 40mm.
Find (a) W (b) The maximum stress (c) Energy absorbed

Job Exam Question

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Mechanics
Statics:
Equilibrium Forces in a Plane
Law of Sines:
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3 2𝑚1 𝑚2
= = 𝑇= 𝑔
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛾 (𝑚1 +𝑚2 )
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Beer 10th edition 2.26: Cable AC exerts on beam AB a force P directed along line AC. Knowing that
P must have a 350-lb vertical component, determine (a) the magnitude of the force P, (b) its
horizontal component.

2. Beer 10th Edition 2.40: Determine (a) the required tension in rope AC if the resultant of the three
forces exerted at point C is to be horizontal

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

3. Beer & Jonston 2.43 (11th edition): Two cables are tied together at C and loaded as shown. Draw
the free-body diagram needed to determine the tension in AC and BC

592
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

4. Beer & Jonston 2.F1 (11th edition): Two cables are tied together at C and loaded as shown. Draw
the free-body diagram needed to determine the tension in AC and BC

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

5. Beer & Johnston 11th Edition Exercise 2.36: Knowing that the tension in rope AC is 365 N,
determine the resultant of the three forces exerted at point C of post BC

6. Beer & Jonston 2.131 (11th edition): Two cables are tied together at C and loaded as shown.
Knowing that P=360 N, determine the tension (a) in cable AC, (b) in cable BC.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

7. Beer & Jonston 2.132 (11th edition): Two cables tied together at C are loaded as shown. Knowing
that the maximum allowable tension in each cable is 800 N, determine (a) the magnitude of the
largest force P that can be applied at C, (b) the corresponding value of α

8. Khurmi Mechanics Example 5.3: A light string ABCDE whose extremity A is fixed has weight
𝑊1 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑊2 attached to it at B and C. it passes round a small smooth peg at D carrying a weight of
300N at the free end E as shown in figure. If in the equilibrium position BC is horizontal and AB
and CD make 150° and 120° with BC find (a) Tension in the Portion AB BC and CD of the string
and (b) Magnitudes of 𝑊1 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑊2

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Job Exam Question

1. Beer & Johnston 2.44 (10th edition) APSCL-2019: Two cables are tied together at C and are loaded
as shown. Determine the tension (a) in Cable AC (b) in cable BC [TAC=341.61N, TBC=483.15N]

596
Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Rigid Bodies: Equivalent Systems of Forces

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Beer & Jonston 3.10 (11th edition): Rod AB is held in place by the cord AC. Knowing that c= 840
mm and that the moment about B of the force exerted by the cord at point A is 756 N·m,
determine the tension in the cord.

2. Two steel truss members AC and BC each having cross sectional area of 100𝑚𝑚2 , are subjected
to a horizontal force F as shown in the figure. All the joints are hinged. If F=1KN, the magnitude
of the vertical force developed at the point B in KN is –

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Job Exam Question

Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

∑ 𝑀𝑜 = 0

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Beer & Jonston 4.27: Determine the reactions at A and B when (a) α=0, (b) α =90°,(c) α=30°. [exam
এ শে শকান্ একটা angle এর জন্ু reaction শবর করলত বেলত পালর।]

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2. Beer & Jonston 4.36: A light bar AD is suspended from a cable BE and supports a 20-kg block at C.
The ends A and D of the bar are in contact with frictionless vertical walls. Determine the tension
in cable BE and the reactions at A and D.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

3. Beer & Jonston 4.43 The rig shown consists of a 1200-lb horizontal member ABC and a vertical
member DBE welded together at B. The rig is being used to raise a 3600-lb crate at a distance x 5
12 ft from the vertical member DBE. If the tension in the cable is 4 kips, determine the reaction at
E, assuming that the cable is (a) anchored at F as shown in the figure,

601
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

4. 4.45 (11th edition): A 175-kg utility pole is used to support at C the end of an electric wire. The
tension in the wire is 600N, and the wire forms an angle of 15° with the horizontal at C. Determine
the largest and smallest allowable tensions in the guy cable BD if the magnitude of the couple at
A may not exceed 500 N.m.

5. Sample Problem 4.6: A man raises a 10-kg joist with a length of 4 m by pulling on a rope. Find the
tension T in the rope and the reaction at A

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

6. Beer & Jonston 4.61: A 500-lb cylindrical tank, 8 ft in diameter, is to be raised over a 2-ft
obstruction. A cable is wrapped around the tank and pulled horizontally as shown. Knowing that
the corner of the obstruction at A is rough, find the required tension in the cable and the reaction
at A

603
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

7. 4.66: A 12-ft wooden beam weighing 80lb is supported by a pin and bracket at A and by cable BC.
Find the reaction at A and the tension in the cable

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

8. Beer & Jonston 4.70: One end of rod AB rests in the corner A and the other end is attached to
cord BD. If the rod supports a 150-N load at its midpoint C, find the reaction at A and the tension
in the cord.

Job Exam Question

1. PGCB-2017+CPGCBL-2018+ Beer exercise 4.19 (11th edition) The bracket BCD is hinged at C and
attached to a cable at B. For the loading shown determine the tension in the Cable. [T=200N]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

2. Beer & Jonston 4.23 (11th Edition) BCPCL-2016: For each of the plates and loadings shown,
determine the reactions at A and B.

[FB=30lb]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

3. BAPEX-2016: Find the tension at AC.

[TAC=714.3N]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

4. Bangladesh Bank-2020 What is the tension in the rope?

[T=588.6N]

5. BGFCL-2017: Determine the tension of each of rings where the string is frictionless

6. DMTCL-2019+NPCBL-2017: Determine reaction force of point B along vertical direction of the

truss shown

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

[By=3.5KN]

7. PGCB-2019: An 80Kg mass is supported at the tip of long AB rigid bar shown in figure. Find the
reaction at point A

[784.8N]

8. ERL-2017: Find the reaction at Point B

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

[4.5]

9. Beer & Jonston Exercise 4-26,4-27 (11th Edition) GTCL-2022+ BCPCL-2023: A rod AB hinged at A
and attached at B to cable BD, supports the loads shown. Knowing that d=150mm, determine (a)
the tension in cable BD (b) the reaction at A

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10. Beer & Jonston 10th Edition Ex:4.64+ BPDB-2018: A 2KN cylindrical tank, 2m diameter is to be
raised over a 1m high obstruction. A cable is wrapped around the tank and pulled horizontally as
shown. Knowing that the corner of the obstruction at A is rough, find the required tension in the
cable and the reaction at A.

[T=2KN, R=2.83KN]

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11. BCMCL-2020+ Beer exercise 4.69 (11th edition) A 50kg crate is attached to the trolley-beam
system shown. Knowing that a=1.5m, determine (a) the tension in cable CD [498.87N] and (b) the
reaction at B. [457.43N]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

12. BCIC-2016: Draw free body diagram of member ACB and CD. Considering the system in static
equilibrium, find out the force P if the compressive force in member CD is 2KN.

[P=0.707KN]

13. BITAC-2021: AB=BC and BD horizontal. Express reaction at A using P and θ.

RA=P√𝟏 + 𝟒𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽

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14. Bear and Jonston Example 4.1 (Bakrabad 2021+ BGFCL-2021): Find out External force at D and E
Find out force acting on AC and AB

[FE=70KN, FD=80KN, AB=34.64KN, AC=17.32KN]

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15. MPL-2021: AC is Aluminum and BC is Wood, stress of Aluminum is 200MPa and stress of wood is
60MPa. Find out the cross-sectional area of AC and BC

16. NWPGCL-2018: If force P is applied at point C to cut a wire at point A, what will be the shear force
at rivet of point B?

17. Beer & Jonston 6.170: BUET M.sc-2017: Knowing that each pulley has a radius of 250mm,
determine that each pulley has a radius of 250mm, determine the components of the reactions
at D and E.

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18. High Park 2020: Find the forces at Point A.

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Centroid determination

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∑ 𝑥̅ 𝐴 ∑ 𝑦̅𝐴
Centroid 𝑋̅= ∑ 𝐴 , 𝑌̅= ∑ 𝐴

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Beer sample problem 5.1: For the plane area shown, determine (a) the first moments with respect
to the x and y axes; (b) the location of the centroid.

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2. Beer & Jonston P5.1

3. Beer P5.5

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4. P5.7

5. P5.8

6. Beer & Jonston Sample Problem 5.4: Determine by direct integration the centroid of a parabolic
spandrel.

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7. Sample Problem 5.5 Determine the location of the centroid of the circular arc shown

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8. Sample Problem 5.6: Determine the area of the surface of revolution shown that is obtained by
rotating a quarter-circular arc about a vertical axis

1. Hibbler Example 9.10: Locate the centroid of the area shown.

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2. Beer & Jonston 12th Edition Exercise 5.1: Locate the center of the following

3. Khurmi Example 6.2: Find the center of gravity of a channel section 100𝑚𝑚 × 50𝑚𝑚 × 15𝑚𝑚

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4. Khurmi Example 6.5+ Bansal Example 9.4+ Rajput 4.3 Determine the center of gravity of the
following section

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5. Bansal Example 9.1

6. Bansal Example 9.2

7. Bansal Example 9.3: Find the centroid of the following section

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8. Rajput Example 4.5

9. Rajput Exercise 1

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[𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑥̅ = 4.59𝑐𝑚, 𝑦̅ = 3.19𝑐𝑚]

10. Rajput Exercise 2

[𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑥̅ = 2.50𝑐𝑚, 𝑦̅ = 3.50𝑐𝑚]

11. Rajput Exercise 3

[𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦̅ = 1.864 𝑐𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚]

12. Bansal Exercise 2:

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13. Bansal Exercise 3(b)

14. Bansal Exercise 7

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Job Exam Question

1. Beer & Jonston Problem 5.137: BPDB-2023+SGFCL-2021 Locate the centroid of the plane area
where h=6 in

2. BUET MSc-2023

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Analysis Of Structure
BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Beer & Jonston Sample Problem 6.1: Using the method of joints, determine the force in each member
of the truss shown

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2. Beer & Jonston 6.1 (11th edition): Determine force in each member of truss

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3. Beer & Jonston 6.2

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4. 6.3

4. GATE Exam: Determine the force on the member ED

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Job Exam Question

Analysis of frame
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Beer & Jonston 6.91 (11th Edition) Knowing that each pulley has a radius of 250 mm, determine
the components of the reactions at D and E

2. Beer And Jonston Review Problem 6.164: Using method of joints determine the force in each
member of the truss shown.

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Job Exam Question

1. DMTCL-2019+ Beer & Jonston 6.76 (10th edition): For the frame and loading shown, draw the
free-body diagram(s) needed to determine the force in member BD and the components of the
reaction at C

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Friction

Static friction 𝐹𝑚 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁

Kinetic Friction 𝐹𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁

Angle of friction tan 𝜃𝑠 = 𝜇𝑠

Example from different book

1. Bansal 6.1: A body of weight 100 Newtons is placed on a rough horizontal plane. Determine the
co-efficient of friction if a horizontal force of 60 Newtons just causes the body to slide over the
horizontal plane.

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2. Bansal example 6.4: The force required to pull the body of weight 50 N on a rough horizontal
surface is 20 N when it is applied at an angle of 25° with the horizontal. Determine the co-efficient
of friction and magnitude of reaction R between the body and the horizontal surface. Does the
reaction pass through the C.G. of the body?

3. Bansal 6.10: A body of weight 500 N is pulled up an inclined plane, by a force of 350 N. The
inclination of the plane is 30° to the horizontal and the force is applied parallel to the plane.
Determine the co-efficient of friction.

4. Bansal 6.11: A body of weight 450 N is pulled up along an inclined plane having inclination 30° to
the horizontal at a steady speed. Find the force required if the co-efficient of friction between the
body and the plane is 0.25 and force is applied parallel to the inclined plane. If the distance
travelled by the body is 10 m along the plane, find the work done on the body.

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5. Beer & Jons ton Sample Problem 8.1: A 100-lb force acts as shown on a 300-lb crate placed on an
inclined plane. The coefficients of friction between the crate and the plane are 𝜇𝑠 =0.25 and
𝜇𝑘 =0.20. Determine whether the crate is in equilibrium, and find the value of the friction force

6. Beer & Jons ton Sample Problem 8.1: A support block is acted upon by two forces as shown.
Knowing that the coefficients of friction between the block and the incline are 𝜇𝑠 =0.25 and

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𝜇𝑘 =0.20, determine the force P required to (a) start the block moving up the incline; (b) keep it
moving up; (c) prevent it from sliding down

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7. Beer & Jons ton Sample Problem 8.1: The movable bracket shown may be placed at any height
on the 3-in. diameter pipe. If the coefficient of static friction between the pipe and bracket is 0.25,
determine the minimum distance x at which the load W can be supported. Neglect the weight of
the bracket

8. Beer & Jonston 8.1 (11th edition): Determine whether the block shown is in equilibrium, and find
the magnitude and direction of the friction force when P=150 N.

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9. Beer & Jonston 8.5: Determine the smallest value of P required to (a) start the block up the incline,
(b) keep it moving up.

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10. Beer & Jonston 8.21: The cylinder shown has a weight W and radius r. Express in terms of W and
r the magnitude of the largest couple M that can be applied to the cylinder if it is not to rotate,
assuming the coefficient of static friction to be (a) zero at A and 0.30 at B, (b) 0.25 at A and 0.30
at B

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11. Beer and Jonston Problem 8.1 10th edition: Determine whether the block is in equilibrium and
find the magnitude and direction of the friction force when θ=25° and P=750N

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12. Khurmi Example 8.1: A body of weight 300 N is lying on a rough horizontal plane having a
coefficient of friction as 0.3. Find the magnitude of the force, which can move the body, while
acting at an angle of 25° with the horizontal

13. Khurmi Example 8.2: A body, resting on a rough horizontal plane, required a pull of 180 N inclined
at 30° to the plane just to move it. It was found that a push of 220 N inclined at 30° to the plane
just moved the body. Determine the weight of the body and the coefficient of friction

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14. Khurmi mechanics book Example 8.5: A body of weight 500N is lying on a plane inclined at an
angle of 25° with the horizontal. It is supported by an effort P parallel to the plane as shown in
figure. Determine the minimum and maximum values of P, for which the equilibrium can exist, if
the angle of friction is 20°.

15. Khurmi Example 8.6: An inclined plane as shown in figure is used to unload slowly a body weighing
400N from a truck 1.2m high into the ground. The coefficient of friction between the underside
of the body and the plank is 0.3. State whether it is necessary to push the body down the plane
or hold it back from sliding down. What minimum force is required to the plane for this purpose?

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16. Rajput Example 6.1: A pull of 25𝑁 at 30° to the horizontal is necessary to move a block of wood
on a horizontal table. If the co-efficient of friction between the bodies in contact is 0.2, what is
the weight of the block

17. The coefficient of friction are 𝜇𝑠 = 0.40 and 𝜇𝑘 = 0.3 between all surfaces of contact. Determine
the smallest force P required to start the 30kg block moving id cable AB (a) is attached as shown
(b) is removed.

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Job Exam Question

1. BIWTA 2019: From the following figure, determine the block will be equlibrium or not? Where
µs=0.4, µk=0.3

[Not in equilibrium]

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2. BWDB-2020: Determne P required (a) to start moving up the inclined surface. (b) to keep it
moving up. Take µs=0.35, µk=0.25

[P=80N, P=154.97N]

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3. BCIC-2022: 20N force is applied on a 10Kg block as shown in the figure. If coefficient of friction is
0.35 then find out the block will move or not?

4. MPL-2021: Find M0 to keep the object stationary. µ (static)=0.3

[276.5N]
5. BCSIR-2021: Drive the expression for starting the block moving up, where m is the mass of the
block, θ is the inclination angle and µ is the friction factor.

6. NWPGCL-2018: A motorcyclist is running with a speed of 30m/s. Suddenly he applied brake, the
motorbike stopped after 75m skidding. Determine the co-efficient of friction between tires and
road.

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7. BUET MSc. -2023: A body of 80Kg it kinetic friction coefficient of 0.25 with the horizontal surface
need to be accelerated at 2.5m/s2 to the right. Find the required force for it

Wedge friction
Lader Friction
Example from Book
1. Hibbler Example 8.2: The uniform 10kg ladder in figure rest against the smooth wall at B, and the
end A rests on the rough horizontal plane for which the co-efficient of static friction is 𝜇𝑠 = 0.3.
Determine the angle of inclination 𝜃 of the ladder and the normal reaction at B if the ladder is on
the verge of slipping.

2. Hibbler Problem F8-2: Determine the minimum force P to prevent the 30-kg rod AB from sliding.
The contact surface at B is smooth, whereas the coefficient of static friction between the rod and
the wall at A is 𝜇𝑠 = 0.2.

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Job Exam Question

1. DMTCL-2019: A 6.5m ladder AB of mass 10kg leans against a wall as shown. Assuming that there
is no friction at B, determine the smallest value of coefficient of static friction at A to hold the
ladder.

Belt friction
Beer & Jonston Section 8.4

𝑇2
𝑙𝑛 = 𝜇𝑠 𝛽
𝑇1
𝑇2
= 𝑒 𝜇𝑠 𝛽
𝑇1

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BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Beer & Jonston Sample Problem 8.8 (11th edition): A hawser thrown from a ship to a pier is
wrapped two full turns around a bollard. The tension in the hawser is 7500 N; by exerting a force
of 150N on its free end, a dockworker can just keep the hawser from slipping. (a) Determine the
coefficient of friction between the hawser and the bollard. (b) Determine the tension in the
hawser that could be resisted by the 150-N force if the hawser were wrapped three full turns
around the bollard

2. Beer & Jonston sample Problem 8.9 (11th edition): A flat belt connects pulley A, which drives a
machine tool, to pulley B, which is attached to the shaft of an electric motor. The coefficients of friction are
μs =0.25 and μk =0.20 between both pulleys and the belt. Knowing that the maximum allowable tension in
the belt is 600 lb, determine the largest torque that the belt can exert on pulley A.

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3. Beer & Jonston 8-112: A flat belt is used to transmit a couple from drum B to drum A. Knowing
that the coefficient of static friction is 0.40 and that the allowable belt tension is 450 N, determine
the largest couple that can be exerted on drum A.

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4. Beer & Jonston Exercise 8.132:

5. Beer & Jonston 8-113: A flat belt is used to transmit a couple from pulley A to pulley B. The radius
of each pulley is 60 mm, and a force of magnitude P=900 N is applied as shown to the axle of
pulley A. Knowing that the coefficient of static friction is 0.35, determine (a) the largest couple
that can be transmitted, (b) the corresponding maximum value of the tension in the belt.

6. Khurmi Mechanics Example 33.8: Find the power transmitted by a belt running over a pulley of
600 mm diameter at 200 rpm. The coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley is 0.25, angle
of lap 160° and maximum tension in the belt is 2.5KN.

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7. Khurmi Exercise 33.2 A pulley is driven by a flat belt running at a speed of 600 m/min. The
coefficient of friction between the pulley and the belt is 0·3 and the angle of lap is 160°. If the
maximum tension in the belt is 700 N, find the power transmitted by the belt. [Ans:3.97KW]

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8. Hibbler Mechanics Example 8.8: The maximum tension that can be developed in the cord shown
in Fig. is 500 N. If the pulley at A is free to rotate and the coefficient of static friction at the fixed
drums B and C is 𝜇𝑠 = 0.25, determine the largest mass of the cylinder that can be lifted by the
cord.

9. Hibbler Exercise 8-120: The 4-lb pulley has a diameter of 1 ft and the axle has a diameter of 1 in.
If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the axle and the pulley is 𝜇𝑠 = 0.20, determine the
vertical force P on the rope required to lift the 20-lb block at constant velocity

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10. Basal Mechanics example 6.20: A belt is running over a pulley of diameter 120 cm at 200 rpm.
The angle of contact is 165° and co-efficient of friction between the belt and pulley is 0.3. If the
maximum tension in the belt is 3000 N, find the power transmitted by the belt.

Job Exam Question

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Moment of inertia of an Area

th
Beer & Jonston Fig 9.12 (11 Edition)

BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Sample Problem 9.1: Determine the moment of inertia of a triangle with respect to its
base.

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2. Beer & Jonston Problem 9.1 (11th Edition) Determine by direct integration the moment of inertia of
the shaded area with respect to the y axis.

3. Beer & Jonston Problem 9.2 (11th Edition): Determine by direct integration the moment of inertia of
the shaded area with respect to the y axis.

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Job Exam Question

Radius of gyration
𝐼
𝑘=√
𝐴
𝜋 4 𝜋 4
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 এর জন্য 𝐼 = 𝑟 = 𝐷
4 64
𝑏ℎ3
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 এর জন্য 𝐼 =
12
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question

1. PGCL-2017+ NWPGCL-2017: Find the least area moment of inertia and corresponding radius of
gyration for the shaded area in the following fig given circular radius is 10mm and rectangular slot
size is 2mm×5mm [5.073mm]

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Dynamics
Low of motion
𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕
𝟏
𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂𝒔
𝑽𝟐 𝒂
𝒂= 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝒓 𝒈

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Beer & Jonston 11.33: An airplane begins its take-off run at A with zero velocity and a constant
acceleration a. Knowing that it becomes airborne 30 s later at B and that the distance AB is 900 m,
determine (a) the acceleration a (b) the take-off velocity 𝑣𝐵

2. Beer & Jonston 11.34: A motorist is traveling at 54 km/h when she observes that a traffic light
240 m ahead of her turns red. The traffic light is timed to stay red for 24 s. If the motorist wishes
to pass the light without stopping just as it turns green again, determine (a) the required uniform
deceleration of the car, (b) the speed of the car as it passes the light.

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Job Exam Question

1. NWPGCL-2018: A motorcyclist is running with a speed of 30m/s. Suddenly he applied brake, the
motorbike stopped after 75m skidding. Determine the co-efficient of friction between tires and
road. [µ=0.612]

2. GTCL-2016: A bus starts from rest with a constant acceleration of 1m/s2. Determine the time
required for it to attain a speed of 25 m/s and the distance travelled. [25sec, 312.5m]

3. CPGCBL-2017: A package lift is hung in a spring scale. The package is moving downwards with an
acceleration 1m/s2. The tension required to hold the package is 60N. Determine the weight of the
package.

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4. PGCB-2017: A circular disc of radius 100mm and mass 1kg, initially at rest at position A, rolls
without slipping down a curved path as shown in figure. What is the speed V of the disc when it
reaches position B? Consider gravitational acceleration as 10m/s2

Dependent Motion
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Bear Johnston 10th edition Exercise 11.51: Slider block B moves to the right with a constant
velocity of 300 mm/s. Determine (a) the velocity of slider block A, (b) the velocity of portion C of
the cable, (c) the velocity of portion D of the cable, (d) the relative velocity of portion C of the
cable with respect to slider block A

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Job Exam Question

1. Beer & Jonston (10th edition exercise 11.49) DPDC-2019: Slider block A moves to the left with a
constant velocity of 6m/s. Determine (a) the velocity of block B [2m/s] (b) the relative velocity of
portion C of the cable with respect to portion D. [8m/s]

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Tangential and normal component of motion

ⅆ𝑣
∑ 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑡 = 𝑚
ⅆ𝑡
𝑣2
∑ 𝐹𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚
𝑟

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Beer & Jonston 12.37: During a hammer thrower’s practice swings, the 7.1-kg head A of the
hammer revolves at a constant speed 𝑣 in a horizontal circle as shown. If r=0.93 m and u=60°,
determine (a) the tension in wire BC, (b) the speed of the hammer’s head.

Job Exam Question

1. Beer & Jonston Sample Problem 11.10(10th Edition) 11th edition sample problem 11.16 DWASA-
2017: A motorist is traveling on a curved section of highway of radius 2500 ft at the speed of 60

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mi/h. The motorist suddenly applies the brakes, causing the automobile to slow down at a
constant rate. Knowing that after 8 s the speed has been reduced to 45 mi/h, determine the
acceleration of the automobile immediately after the brakes have been applied. [

2. SGFCL-2017+DWASA-2017: A motorcyclist runs his vehicle on a curved path of radius 500m with
a constant velocity 70Km/hr. Determine the normal and tangential component of acceleration
[a=0.756m/s2]
3. Beer & Jonston Sample Problem 12.5: GTCL-2018 + Meghna Oil 2018: The bob of a 2-m pendulum
describes an arc of circle in a vertical plane. If the tension in the cord is 2.5 times the weight of
the bob for the position shown, find the velocity and the acceleration of the bob in that position.
[an=16.02m/s2, at=4.905m/s2]

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Minimum Radius of Curvature:

𝑣2
𝑅=
𝑎𝑛
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question
1. SGFCL-2017+DWASA-2018: A motorcyclist runs his vehicle on a curved path of radius 500m.
Velocity of motorcycle is 70Km/hr. Determine the acceleration.

Projectile
1 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝛼 − 𝑔( )2 (1 + tan 𝛼 2 )
2 𝑣
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question
1. BOF-2021: A projectile thrown from ground with an initial velocity of 240m/s towards at 3650m
horizontal distance and 610m above the ground. Determine angle of projection with the ground.
[θ=30.28°]

Conservation of Energy
Article 13.2

Elastic potential energy

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BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Beer & Jonston 13.9: A 2.5-lb collar is attached to a spring and slides along a smooth circular
rod in a vertical plane. The spring has an undeformed length of 4 in. and a spring constant k.
The collar is at rest at point C and is given a slight push to the right. Knowing that the maximum
velocity of the collar is achieved as it passes through point A, determine (a) the spring
constant k, (b) the force exerted by the rod on the collar at point A.

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2. Beer & Jonston 13.64: A 2-kg collar is attached to a spring and slides without friction in a
vertical plane along the curved rod ABC. The spring is undeformed when the collar is at C and
its constant is 600 N/m. If the collar is released at A with no initial velocity, determine its
velocity (a) as it passes through B, (b) as it reaches C.

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Job Exam Question

1. Beer & Jonston 13.60+ DPDC-2019: A 500-g collar can slide without friction on the curved rod
BC in a horizontal plane. Knowing that the undeformed length of the spring is 80 mm and that
k 5 400 kN/m, determine (a) the velocity that the collar should be given at A to reach B with
zero velocity, (b) the velocity of the collar when it eventually reaches C.

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Impact
1. Beer & Jonston Article 13.4

𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴′ + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵′
Coefficient of restitution 𝑣𝐵′ − 𝑣𝐵′ = 𝑒(𝑣𝐴 − 𝑣𝐵 )

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Beer & Jonston 13.18: A 20-Mg railroad car moving at a speed of 0.5 m/s to the right collides with
a 35-Mg car at rest. After the collision, the 35-Mg car moves to the right at a speed of 0.3 m/s.
Determine the coefficient of restitution between the two car.

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2. Beer & Jonston 13.175: A 1-kg block B is moving with a velocity Vo of magnitude Vo= 2 m/s as it hits
the 0.5-kg sphere A, which is at rest and hanging from a cord attached at O. Knowing that µ k= 0.6
between the block and the horizontal surface and е=0.8 between the block and the sphere, determine
after impact (a) the maximum height h reached by the sphere, (b) the distance x traveled by the block.

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3. Khurmi theory of Machine Example 3.19: A sphere of mass 50 kg moving at 3 m/s overtakes and
collides with another sphere of mass 25 kg moving at 1.5 m/s in the same direction. Find the
velocities of the two masses after impact and loss of kinetic energy during impact in the following
cases: 1. When the impact is inelastic, 2. When the impact is elastic, and 3. When coefficient of
restitution is 0.6.

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Job Exam Question

Velocity vector diagram

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question
1. Beer & Jonston 15.152 ELBL-2022: Two rotating rods are connected by slider block P. The rod
attached at A rotates with a constant clockwise angular velocity ωA=6 rad/s. For the given data,
determine (a) the angular velocity of the rod attached at B, (b) Draw the velocity vector diagram.
here b=8in.

Angular velocity of rod

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Small wheels have been attached to the ends of rod AB and roll freely along the surfaces shown.
Knowing that wheel A moves to the left with a constant velocity of 1.5m/s, determine (a) the
angular velocity of the rod (b) the velocity of end B of the rod.

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Job Exam Question

1. Beer & Jonston 15-95:BR-Power-2024+EGCB-2017+BCPCL-2016: Two 25-in. rods are pin-
connected at D as shown. Knowing that B moves to the left with a constant velocity of 24 in./s,
determine at the instant shown (a) the angular velocity of each rod, (b) the velocity of E.

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2. Beer Jonston 12 Edition 15.96: Two 500-mm rods are pin-connected at D as shown. Knowing that
B moves to the left with a constant velocity of 360 mm/s, determine at the instant shown (a) the
angular velocity of each rod, (b) the velocity of E.

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Thermodynamics
1st law of thermodynamics
Thermodynamics এর 1st law বলে শে Heat and work are mutually convertible

ছকন্তু সমসযা হলো শে work শক পু রাপু ছর heat এ convert করা সম্ভব হলেও Heat শক পু রাপু ছর available work এ convert করা সম্ভব ন্য়, শে heat টা
work এ convert হয় ন্া শসটা system এর internal এর internal energy শক increase কলর। তাই 1st law of thermodynamics এর practical
equation হলো

∫ ⅆ𝑄 = ∫ ⅆ𝑢 + ∫ ⅆ𝑤 [ For non-cyclic process]

Where,

∫ ⅆ𝑄 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

∫ ⅆ𝑤 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 ⅆ𝑜𝑛𝑒

∫ ⅆ𝑢 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

এটার simplification করলে পালবা 𝑄 = ∆𝐸 + 𝑊

BUET Lecture

1. BUET Monjur Sir Lecture: Consider water in a fixed total volume of 𝑉 = 5𝑚3. Initially there is
𝑉𝑓 = 0.05𝑚3 of liquid water and 𝑉𝑔 = 4.95𝑚3 of water vapor. The initial pressure is 𝑃1 =
100𝐾𝑃𝑎 . Heat is added isochorically until the saturated vapor state is reached. Determine 𝑄1→2

2. BUET Monjur Sir Lecture: A 3𝑚³ rigid tank contains hydrogen at 250𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 550𝐾. The gas is
now cooled until its temperature drops to 350𝐾. Determine (a) the final pressure in the tank and
(b) the amount of heat transfer.

3. BUET Monjur Sir Lecture: Argon is compressed in a polytropic process with 𝑛 = 1.2 from 120𝑘𝑃𝑎
and 10℃ to 800𝑘𝑃𝑎 in a piston-cylinder device. Determine the work produced and heat
transferred during this compression process, in 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔.
4. BUET Monjur Sir Lecture: Stainless steel ball bearings (𝜌 = 8085 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³ 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝐶𝑝 = 0.480 𝑘𝐽/
𝑘𝑔°𝐶) having a diameter of 1.2 𝑐𝑚 are to be quenched in water at a rate of 800 per minute. The
balls leave the oven at a uniform temperature of 900°C and are exposed to air at 25°𝐶 for a while
before they are dropped into the water. If the temperature of the balls drops to 850°𝐶 prior to
quenching, determine the rate of heat transfer from the balls to the air.

5. BUET Monjur Sir Assignment Refrigerant-134𝑎 at 1𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 90°𝐶 is to be cooled to 1MPa and
30°𝐶 in a condenser by air. The air enters at 100𝑘𝑃a and 27°𝐶 with a volume flow rate of
600 𝑚³/𝑚𝑖𝑛 and leaves at 95𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 60°𝐶. Determine the mass flow rate of the refrigerant

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6. BUET monjur Sir Assignment: Air (𝐶𝑝 = 1.005 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. °𝐶) is to be preheated by hot exhaust gases
in a cross-flow heat exchanger before it enters the furnace. Air enters the heat exchanger at
95𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 20°𝐶 at a rate of 0.6𝑚³/𝑠. The combustion gases (𝐶𝑝 = 1.10 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. °𝐶) enter at
160°𝐶 at a rate of 0.95 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 and leave at 95°𝐶. Determine the rate of heat transfer to the air
and its outlet temperature.

7. BUET Lecture: Given saturated ammonia vapor at 𝑃1 = 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 compressed by a piston to 𝑃2 =
1.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 in a reversible adiabatic process, find the work done per unit mass.

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Example from different book

1. Cengel Thermo Example 2.10: A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred
by a paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the fluid is 800 kJ. During the cooling process,
the fluid loses 500 kJ of heat, and the paddle wheel does 100 kJ of work on the fluid. Determine
the final internal energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel

2. Cengel thermo Example 2-11: A fan that consumes 20 W of electric power when operating is
claimed to discharge air from a ventilated room at a rate of 1.0 kg/s at a discharge velocity of 8
m/s Determine if this claim is reasonable

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3. Cengel thermo Example 2-12: A room is initially at the outdoor temperature of 25℃. Now a large
fan that consumes 200 W of electricity when running is turned on The heat transfer rate between
the room and the outdoor air is given as 𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 ) where 𝑈 = 6𝑊/𝑚2 ℃ the overall heat
transfer coefficient, 𝐴 = 30𝑚2 is the exposed surface area of the room, and 𝑇𝑖 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑇0 are the
indoor and outdoor air temperatures, respectively. Determine the indoor air temperature when
steady operating conditions are established.

4. Cengel Thermo Exercise 2-43: A water pump that consumes 2 kW of electric power when
operating is claimed to take in water from a lake and pump it to a pool whose free surface is 30
m above the free surface of the lake at a rate of 50 L/s. Determine if this claim is reasonable

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5. Cengel Exercise 2-44: A classroom that normally contains 40 people is to be air-conditioned with
window air-conditioning units of 5-kW cooling capacity. A person at rest may be assumed to
dissipate heat at a rate of about 360 kJ/h. There are 10 lightbulbs in the room, each with a rating
of 100 W. The rate of heat transfer to the classroom through the walls and the windows is
estimated to be 15,000 kJ/h. If the room air is to be maintained at a constant temperature of
21℃, determine the number of window air-conditioning units required. Answer: 2 units

6. Cengel Exercise 2-49: The 60-W fan of a central heating system is to circulate air through the
ducts. The analysis of the flow shows that the fan needs to raise the pressure of air by 50 Pa to
maintain flow. The fan is located in a horizontal flow section whose diameter is 30 cm at both the
inlet and the outlet. Determine the highest possible average flow velocity in the duct.

7. Moran Example 2.2: Four kilograms of a certain gas is contained within a piston-cylinder
assembly. The gas undergoes a process for which the pressure-volume relationship is
𝑃𝑉 1.5 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is 0.1 m³, and the final volume is 0.2 m³. The change
in specific internal energy of the gas in the process is u₁₁-4.6 kJ/kg. There are no significant changes
in kinetic or potential energy. Determine the net heat transfer for the process, in kJ

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Job Exam Question

1. BAERA 2023: A system absorbs 100kj as heat and does 60kj work along the path 1-2-3. The same
system does 20kj work along the path 1-4-3. The heat absorbed during the path 1-4-3 is.

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1st law of thermodynamics for Open System (control Volume)

Nozzle & Diffuser
We know that 1st law of thermodynamics for steady flow is
1
𝑞 − 𝑤 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + (𝑣22 − 𝑣12 ) + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
2
For Nozzle 𝑞 = 0, 𝑤 = 0, 𝑍2 − 𝑍1 = 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
1
We get (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + (𝑣22 − 𝑣12 ) = 0
2

BUET Lecture
1. BUET Lecture: Steam enters a converging-diverging nozzle operating at steady state with 𝑃1 =
40𝑏𝑎𝑟 , 𝑇2 = 400℃, and a velocity of 10𝑚/𝑠. The steam flows through the nozzle with negligible
heat transfer and no significant change in potential energy. At the exit, 𝑃2 = 15𝑏𝑎𝑟, and the
velocity is 665𝑚/𝑠. The mass flow rate is 2𝑘𝑔/𝑠. Determine the exit area of the nozzle, in 𝑚2 .
Take at 40bar take ℎ1 = 3213.6𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔. And at 40 bar take ℎ2 = 2992.5𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔 𝑣2 =
0.1627𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

2. BUET Assignment Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2.21𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and 40𝑚/𝑠 and leaves at
0.762𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and 180𝑚/𝑠. If the inlet area of the nozzle is 90𝑐𝑚2 , determine- (a) the mass flow
rate through the nozzle, and (b) the exit area of the nozzle.

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3. BUET Assignment Steam enters a nozzle at 400℃ and 800𝐾𝑃𝑎 with a velocity of 10𝑚/𝑠, and
leaves at 375℃ and 400𝑘𝑃𝑎 while losing heat at a rate of 25𝑘𝑊. For an inlet area of 800𝑐𝑚2 ,
determine the velocity and the volume flow rate of the steam at the nozzle exit

Example from different book

1. Air enters a convergent nozzle with a velocity of 40m/s. the enthalpy of air decrease by 180Kj/kg.
Determine the Exit velocity. Assume adiabatic condition in the nozzle.

2. At the inlet to a convergent divergent Nozzle the enthalpy of the fluid passing is 3000Kj/kg and
the velocity is 60m/s. At the discharge end the enthalpy is 2757 kj/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and
heat loss during flow is negligible find (a) Velocity at the exit of the nozzle. (b) if the inlet area is
0.1m2 and the specific volume at the inlet is 0.187m3/kg find the mass flow rate of the fluid. (c) if
the specific volume at the outlet is 0.498m3/s than find the area at the exit of the nozzle.

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3. Steam enters a converging-diverging nozzle operation at steady state with 𝑃1 = 40𝑏𝑎𝑟 and 𝑇1 =
400℃ and a velocity of 10m/s. The steam flows through the nozzle with negligible heat transfer
no significant change in potential energy. At exit 𝑃2 = 15𝑏𝑎𝑟 and the velocity is 665m/d mass
flow rate is 2kg/s. Determine the exit area of the nozzle.

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4. The velocity and enthalpy of fluid at the inlet of a certain nozzle are 50m/s and 2800Kj/kg
respectively. The enthalpy at the exit of nozzle is 2600kj/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and insulated.
So that no heat transfer takes place from it. Find (a) Velocity of the fluid at exit of the nozzle (b)
mass flow rate, if the area at inlet of nozzle is 0.09m2 and the specific volume is 0.185m3/kg. (c)
Exit area of the nozzle if the specific volume of nozzle is 0.495m3/kg

Job Exam Question

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steam turbine
BUET Lecture
1. BUET Lecture + Moran Example 4.4: Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state with a mass
flow rate of 4600 kg/h. The turbine develops a power output of 1000 kW. At the inlet, the pr is 60
bar, the temperature is 400°C, and the velocity is 10 m/s. At the exit, the pr is 0.1 bar, the quality
is 0.9 (90%), and the velocity is 50 m/s. Calculate the rate of heat transfer between the turbine
and surroundings, in kW

2. BUET Assignment: Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The inlet conditions of the
steam are 4 MPa, 500°C, and 80 m/s, and the exit conditions are 30 kPa, 92 percent quality, and
50 m/s. The mass flow rate of the steam is 12 kg/s. Determine-
(a) the change in kinetic energy

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(b) the power output, and

(c) the turbine inlet area

Example from different book

1. Steam enters to a turbine with a velocity of 40m/s and specific enthalpy of 2500Kj/kg and leaves
with a velocity of 90m/s and specific enthalpy of 2030Kj/kg. Heat loss from the turbine to
surrounding are 240Kj/min and steam flow rate is 5040Kg/hr. Neglect the change of potential
energy find the power developed by turbine.

Job Exam Question

1st Law of thermodynamics for Closed system (Control Mass)

𝑸 = ∆𝑼 + 𝑷∆𝑽
𝑄 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
Constant Pressure Process isobaric
𝑄 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
Constant Volume Process Isochoric
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Constant Temperature Process Isothermal 𝑣2
𝑄 = 𝑊 = 𝑅𝑇 ln
𝑣1
𝑄=0
No Heat transfer Adiabatic
∆𝑈 = −𝑊
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘−1 𝑣1
Constant Entropy Process Isentropic = ( ) 𝑘 = ( )𝑘−1
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑣2

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Gas turbine
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. In a gas turbine the gases flow rate of 5kg/s. The gas enters the turbine at a pressure 7bar with a
velocity of 120m/s and leaves at a pressure 2 bar with velocity of 250m/s. The turbine is insulated,
if the enthalpy of the gas at inlet is 900Kj/kg and at outlet 600Kj/kg then determine the capacity
of the turbine:

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Job Exam Question

Entropy
𝑇2 𝑃2
∆𝑠 = 𝐶𝑝 𝑙𝑛 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛
𝑇1 𝑃1
BUET Lecture
1. BUET Zahrul Sir Lecture: Determine the change in specific entropy in 𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔 − 𝐾 of air as an ideal
gas undergoing a process from 300K, 1bar to 400K, 5bar. Because of the relatively small
temperature range we assume a constant value of 𝐶𝑝 = 1.008𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔 − 𝑘
2. BUET Lecture Cengel Example 7-17: Consider steady heat transfer through a 5𝑚 × 7𝑚 brick wall
of a house of thickness 30 cm. On a day when the temperature of the outdoors is 0℃ the house
is maintained at 27℃. The temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces of the brick wall are
measured to be 20℃ and 5℃, respectively, and the rate of heat transfer through the wall is 1035
W. Determine the rate of entropy generation in the wall, and the rate of total entropy generation
associated with this heat transfer process

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Example from different book

1. Cengel thermo Example 7.1: A piston–cylinder device contains a liquid–vapor mixture of water at
300 K. During a constant-pressure process, 750 kJ of heat is transferred to the water. As a result,
part of the liquid in the cylinder vaporizes. Determine the entropy change of the water during this
process.

2. Cengel Example 7.3: A rigid tank contains 5 kg of refrigerant-134a initially at 20℃and 140 kPa.
The refrigerant is now cooled while being stirred until its pressure drops to 100 kPa. Determine
the entropy change of the refrigerant during this process.
(𝒗𝒈 𝒎𝟑 /
Stage P (KPa) T (℃) S (KJ/Kg.K) 𝑺𝒇 𝑺𝒇𝒈 V (𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈)
𝒌𝒈)
1 140 20 1.0625 0.16544
2 100 0.07182 0.88008 0.0007258 0.19255

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3. Cengel Example 7-7: Liquid methane is commonly used in various cryogenic applications. The
critical temperature of methane is 191 K (or −82℃), and thus methane must be maintained
below 191 K to keep it in liquid phase. The properties of liquid methane at various temperatures
and pressures are given in Table 7–1. Determine the entropy change of liquid methane as it
undergoes a process from 110 K and 1 MPa to 120 K and 5 MPa (a) using tabulated properties and
(b) approximating liquid methane as an incompressible substance. What is the error involved in
the latter case?

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4. Cengel Example 7-18: Steam at 7 MPa and 450℃ is throttled in a valve to a pressure of 3 MPa
during a steady-flow process. Determine the entropy generated during this process and check if
the increase of entropy principle is satisfied. At 7MPa and 450℃ enthalpy is 3288.3KJ/Kg and
entropy is 6.6353KJ/Kg.K. At 3MPa entropy is 7.0046Kj/Kg.k

5. Cengel Example 7-19: A 50-kg block of iron casting at 500K is thrown into a large lake that is at a
temperature of 285K. The iron block eventually reaches thermal equilibrium with the lake water.
Assuming an average specific heat of 0.45 kJ/kg·K for the iron, (a) determine the entropy change
of the iron block (b) the entropy change of the lake water, and (c) the entropy generated during
this process.

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6. Cengel Example 7-21: A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains a saturated liquid–vapor

mixture of water at 100℃. During a constant-pressure process, 600 kJ of heat is transferred to
the surrounding air at 25℃. As a result, part of the water vapor contained in the cylinder
condenses. Determine (a) the entropy

7. Cengel Exercise 7-20: Air is compressed by a 15-kW compressor from 𝑃1 𝑡𝑜 𝑃2 . The air
temperature is maintained constant at 25℃ during this process as a result of heat transfer to the
surrounding medium at 20℃. Determine the rate of entropy change of the air. State the
assumptions made in solving this problem. Answer: -0.0503 kW/K

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8. Cengel Exercise 7-21: Heat in the amount of 100 kJ is transferred directly from a hot reservoir at
1200 K to a cold reservoir at 600 K. Calculate the entropy change of the two reservoirs and
determine if the increase of entropy principle is satisfied

9. Cengel Thermo Exercise 7-24: During the isothermal heat addition process of a Carnot cycle, 900kJ
of heat is added to the working fluid from a source at 400℃. Determine (a) the entropy change of
the working fluid, (b) the entropy change of the source, and (c) the total entropy change for the
process.

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10. Determine the change in specific entropy in 𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 of air as an ideal gas undergoing a process
from 300K, 1 bar to 400K, 5 bar. Take 𝐶𝑝 = 1.008𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔. 𝐾

11. Moran Example 6.1: Water, initially a saturated liquid at 100°C, is contained in a piston-cylinder
assembly. The water undergoes a process to the corresponding saturated vapor state, during
which the piston moves freely in the cylinder. If the change of state is brought about by heating
the water as it undergoes an internally reversible process at constant pressure and temperature,
determine the work and heat transfer per unit of mass, each in kJ/kg

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12. Moran Example 6.2: Water initially a saturated liquid at 100°C is contained within a piston-cylinder
assembly. The water undergoes a process to the corresponding saturated vapor state, during
which the piston moves freely in the cylinder. There is no heat transfer with the surroundings. If
the change of state is brought about by the action of a paddle wheel, determine the net work per
unit mass, in kJ/kg, and the amount of entropy produced per unit mass, in kJ/kg K.

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13. Moran Example 6.5: A 0.3 kg metal bar initially at 1200K is removed from an oven and quenched
by immersing it in a closed tank containing 9 kg of water initially at 300K. Each substance can be
modeled as incompressible. An appropriate constant specific heat value for the water is 𝐶𝑤 =4.2
kJ/kg K, and an appropriate value for the metal is 𝐶𝑚 =4.2 kJ/kg K. Heat transfer from the tank
contents can be neglected. Determine (a) the final equilibrium temperature of the metal bar and
the water, in K, and (b) the amount of entropy produced, in kJ/k

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14. Moran Example 6.6: Steam enters a turbine with a pressure of 30 bar, a temperature of 400°C,
and a velocity of 160 m/s. Saturated vapor at 100°C exits with a velocity of 100 m/s. At steady
state, the turbine develops work equal to 540 kJ per kg of steam flowing through the turbine. Heat
transfer between the turbine and its surroundings occurs at an average outer surface temperature
of 350 K. Determine the rate at which entropy is produced within the turbine per kg of steam
flowing, in kJ/kg K. Neglect the change in potential energy between inlet and exit

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Job Exam Question

1. BPDB-24: One kg of saturated water vapor at 100℃ is to be condensed to saturated liquid at
100℃ if the ambient temperature is 25℃ and latent heat to be released during condensation
is 2250𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔. Measure the change of entropy of the universe.

Entropy changes due to change of saturated Vapor to Liquid,

−𝑞 −𝑚𝐿𝑓 1×2250
∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 = = = = −6.0322𝐾𝑗/𝐾 [- sign indicates heat loss by the system]
𝑡 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 373

+𝑞 1 × 2250
∆𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = = 7.5503𝐾𝑗/𝐾
𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏 298
∆𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = −6.0322 + 7.5503 = 1.5181𝐾𝑗/𝑘

2nd Law of thermodynamics

1st Law is all about the quantity of energy 2nd Law is all about the quality of energy

Exergy
BUET Lecture
1. BUET Class Lecture + Moron Example 7.1: A cylinder of an internal combustion engine contains
2450𝑐𝑚3 of gaseous combustion products at a pressure of 7𝑏𝑎𝑟 and a temperature of 867°𝐶
just before the exhaust valve opens. Determine the specific exergy of the gas, in kJ/kg. Ignore the
effects of motion and gravity, and model the combustion products as air as an ideal gas. Take
𝑇0 = 300𝐾 and 𝑃0 = 1.013 𝑏𝑎𝑟

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2. Zahrul Sir Lecture: Wark (1995) Ex.3.2: A heat transfer of 100𝑘𝐽 occurs between reservoirs of
1000𝐾 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 300𝐾. Estimate the effectiveness of the case and also for reservoir temperature of
40°𝐶, 200°𝐶 & 420°𝐶. 𝑇0 = 300𝛫.

3. Zahrul Sir Lecture+ Cengel, P. 8-130: Argon gas expands from 3.5𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 100°𝐶 to 500𝑘𝑃𝑎 in
an adiabatic expansion valve. For environment conditions of 100𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 25°𝐶. determine (a)

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the exergy of argon at the inlet, (b) the exergy destruction during the process, and (c) the second-
law efficiency

Example from different book

Job Exam Question

Thermodynamic Cycle
Reversible /Irreversible cycle
Job Exam Question
1. MPL-24+ M.M Rathore Example 7.3: A heat engine is supplied with 1130 kW of heat at a constant
temperature of 292°𝐶 and it rejects heat at 5°𝐶. The following results were recorded (a) 834kW
heat is rejected, (b) 556kW heat is rejected, and (c) 278kW heat is rejected. Determine whether
results report a reversible cycle, irreversible or impossible cycle.

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Otto/Petrol cycle
1
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛ⅆ𝑎𝑟ⅆ 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 1 − [𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙]
𝑟 𝛾−1
BUET Lecture

1. BUET Lecture: The compression ratio in an air-standard Otto cycle is 10. At the beginning of the
compression stroke, the pressure is 0.1 MPa and the temperature is 15°𝐶. The heat transfer to
the air per cycle is 1800 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟. (a) The pressure and temperature at the end of each process
of the cycle (b) The thermal efficiency (c) The mean effective pressure (MEP)

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Example from different book

1. V Ganesan Example 13.5: A gas engine working on the Otto cycle has a cylinder of diameter 200
mm and stroke 250 mm. The clearance volume is 1570 cc. Find the air-standard efficiency. Assume
𝐶𝑝 = 1.004 kJ/kg K and 𝐶𝑣 = 0.717 kJ/kg K for air.

2. Cengel exercise 9-31: An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 10.5, takes in air at 90 kPa
and 40℃, and is repeated 2500 times per minute Using constant specific heats at room
temperature, determine the thermal efficiency of this cycle and the rate of heat input if the cycle
is to produce 90 kW of power

3. Cengel Exercise 9-161:A typical hydrocarbon fuel produces 43,000 kJ/kg of heat when used in a
spark-ignition engine. Determine the compression ratio required for an ideal Otto cycle to use
0.039 grams of fuel to produce 1 kJ of work. Use constant specific heats at room temperature.
Answer: 9.66

4. Khurmi Example 6.10: In an otto cycle, the temperature of the beginning and end of the isentropic
compression are 316K and 596K respectively Determine (a) air standard Efficiency (b)
Compression ratio, take 𝛾 = 1.4

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5. Khurmi Example 6.11: An engine working on the otto cycle has a cylinder diameter of 150mm and
a stroke of 223mm. The clearance volume is 1.25 × 10−3 𝑚3 Find the air standard efficiency of
this engine take 𝛾 = 1.4

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6. Khurmi Example 6.12: A certain quality of air at a pressure of 1 bar and temperature of 70℃ is
compressed reversibly and adiabatically until the pressure is 7bar in an otto cycle engine 460Kj of
heat per kg of air is now added at constant volume determine (a) compression ratio of the engine
(b)Temperature at the end of compression (c) temperature at the end of heat addition take 𝐶𝑝 =
1𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝐶𝑣 = 0.707𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝑘

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7. PK Nag Example: 13.1: An engine working on the Otto Cycle is supplied with air at 0.1MPa 35℃
The compression ratio is 8. Heat supplied is 2100Kj/kg, Calculate the maximum pressure and
temperature of the cycle. The cycle efficiency and the mean effective pressure. [For air 𝐶𝑝 =
1.005, 𝐶𝑣 = 0.718 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑅 = 0.287𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝐾

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Job Exam Question

1. APSCL-2010: A cylinder of bore 80mm & 100mm, stroke. If the clearance volume 70×103mm3,
what is air standard efficiency? [0.5685]

2. BPSC-2016: What is the thermal efficiency of a standard otto cycle for a compression ratio of 5.5?
[49.43%]

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3. DMTCL-2019: Find the thermal efficiency of Otto cycle when compression ratio r=6. Pressure 1
bar temperature 288K. Input heat was given 950Kj/kg. Find net work done. [η=51.1%,
485.45Kj/kg]

4. BCIC-2016: Efficiency of air standard Otto cycle is 50%. Find out the compression ratio of the
engine if the specific heat ratio (Cp/Cv) of the working fluid is considered as 1.50. [r=4]

5. Boiler Inspection-2019: A single cylinder petrol engine has a clearance volume of 50cc and
compression ratio of 11.1 find its displacement volume and thermal efficiency. [Vs=500cc,
η=61.67%]

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Diesel cycle

1 𝜌𝛾 − 1
𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 1 − 𝛾−1 (
𝑟 𝛾(𝜌 − 1)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜌 = 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

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𝑉𝐶 + %𝑉𝑆
𝜌= = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 1 + (𝑟 − 1) %
𝑉𝐶
BUET Lecture

1. BUET Lecture: The compression ratio in an air-standard Diesel cycle is 20. At the beginning of the
compression stroke, the pressure is 0.1MPa and the temperature is 15°C. The cut-off ratio for the
cycle is 2.
Determine:
• The pressure and temperature at the end of each process of the cycle.
• The thermal efficiency.
• The mean effective pressure (MEP).

Example from different book

1. Cengel Thermo 8th Edition Exercise 9.48: An ideal Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 17 and
a cutoff ratio of 1.3. Determine the maximum temperature of the air and the rate of heat addition
to this cycle when it produces 140 kW of power and the state of the air at the beginning of the
compression is 90 kPa and 57℃. Use constant specific heats at room temperature

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2. Khurmi 6.15: In a diesel engine the compression ratio is 13:1 and the fuel is cut-off at 8% of the
stroke find the air standard efficiency of the engine. Take 𝛾 = 1.4

3. Khurmi 6.16: In an ideal Diesel cycle, the temperature at the beginning and end of compression
are 57℃ and 603℃ respectively. The temperature at the beginning ad end of expansion are
1950℃ and 870℃ respectively. Determine the ideal efficiency of the cycle 𝛾 = 1.4. If the
compression ratio is 14 and the pressure at the beginning of the compression is 1bar. Calculate
the maximum pressure in the cycle.

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4. Khurmi Example 6.18: The compression ratio of an ideal air standard diesel cycle is 15. The heat
transfer is 1465Kj/kg of air. Find the pressure and temperature at the end of each process and
determine the cycle efficiency. What is the mean effective pressure of the cycle, if the inlet
condition are 300K and 1bar.

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5. Rajput 13.17: A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 15 and heat addition at constant pressure
takes place at 6% of stroke. Find the air standard efficiency of the engine. Take 𝛾 for air as 1.4.

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6. Rajput Example 13.18: The stroke and cylinder diameter of a compression ignition engine are 250
mm and 150 mm respectively. If the clearance volume is 0.0004 m3 and fuel injection takes place
at constant pressure for 5 per cent of the stroke determine the efficiency of the engine. Assume
the engine working on the diesel cycle

7. Rajput Example 13.19: Calculate the percentage loss in the ideal efficiency of a diesel engine with
compression ratio 14 if the fuel cut-off is delayed from 5% to 8%.

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8. Rajput Example 13.20: The mean effective pressure of a Diesel cycle is 7.5 bar and compression
ratio is 12.5. Find the percentage cut-off of the cycle if its initial pressure is 1 bar

9. A four-stroke diesel engine has a cylinder bore of 150mm and a stroke of 250mm. The crankshaft
speed is 300rpm and fuel consumption is 1.2Kg/h, having a calorific value of 39000Kj/kg. The
indicated mean effective pressure is 5.5bar. If the compression ratio is 1.8, calculate the relative
efficiency taking 𝛾 = 1.8.

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10. P.K Nag Thermo 13.3: In an air standard Diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 16, and at the
beginning of isentropic compression, the temperature is 15°C and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. Heat
is added until the temperature at the end of the constant pressure process is 1480°C. Calculate
(a) the cut-off ratio, (b) the heat supplied per kg of air, (c) the cycle efficiency

Job Exam Question

1. Khurmi 6.17 + Banker’s Selection 2019: An ideal Diesel; engine has a diameter of 150mm & stroke
200mm, the clearance volume is 10% of the swept volume. Determine the compression ratio &
the air standard efficiency of the engine if the cut off takes place at 6% of the stroke. [r=11, η=
57.52%]

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2. DESCO-2016: A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20 and cut off takes place at 5% of the
stroke. Find the air standard efficiency. Assume γ=1.4 [64.9%]

3. Bangladesh Bank-2019: In a diesel engine compression ratio 17 & fuel cut off at 10% of the stroke.
Find the air standard efficiency of the engine. [59.18%]

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4. PGCB-2017+BUET M. Sc-2018+NWPGCL-2017: Find out the efficiency for otto cycle for the
specific heat ratio (Cp/Cv) of the working fluid is considered as 1.5 and compression ratio is 10. If
the cut-off ratio is 1.96 then what will be diesel efficiency? [η=68.37%, ηdiesel=61.7%]

5. BPDB-2023: In a diesel engine compression ratio 17 and fuel cutoff at 10% of the stroke. Find the
air standard efficiency of the engine.

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Gas Power Cycle

𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 − ℎ2 = 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 )

𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ℎ4 − ℎ1 = 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 )
𝑇4
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 𝑇1 𝑇1 − 1
𝜼𝑡ℎ = =1− =1− ×( )
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) 𝑇2 𝑇3
𝑇2 − 1

1
Gas turbine efficiency η=1-𝑟(𝛾−1)/𝛾

BUET Lecture

1. BUET Lecture: In an air standard Brayton Cycle, the air enters the compressor at 0.1𝑀𝑃𝑎, 15℃.
The pressure leaving the compressor is 1.0𝑀𝑃𝑎 and Maximum Temperature in the cycle is
1100℃. Determine: (a) The pressure and temperature at each point in the cycle (b) The
compressor work turbine work, back work ratio, net work developed, thermal efficiency.

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1. Zahrul Sir Lecture+ Moran 9.4+9.6+9.7

1. Zahrul sir Class Lecture + Moron Example 9.9: Air is compressed from 100 kPa, 300 K to 1000 kPa
in a two-stage compressor with intercooling between stages. The inter- cooler pressure is 300
kPa. The air is cooled back to 300 K in the intercooler before entering the second compressor
stage. Each compressor stage is isentropic. For steady-state operation and negligible changes in
kinetic and potential energy from inlet to exit, determine (a) the temperature at the exit of the
second compressor stage and (b) the total compressor work input per unit of mass flow. (c) Repeat
for a single stage of compression from the given inlet state to the final pressure.

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2. Zahrul sir Class Lecture-Moron Example 9.4: Air enters the compressor if an ideal air standard
Brayton cycle at 100KPa, 300K with a volumetric flow rate of 5𝑚3 /𝑠. The compressor ratio is 10.
The turbine inlet temperature is 1400K determine (a) The thermal efficiency of the cycle (b) back
work ratio (c) net power. Take ℎ1 = 300.19𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔, ℎ2 =579.9Kj/Kg , ℎ3 = 1515.4𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔 ,
ℎ4 =808.5Kj/kg ,

Example from different book

2. Cengel thermo example 9-87: Air is used as the working fluid in a simple ideal Brayton cycle that
has a pressure ratio of 12, a compressor inlet temperature of 300 K, and a turbine inlet
temperature of 1000 K. Determine the required mass flow rate of air for a net power output of

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70 MW, assuming both the compressor and the turbine have an isentropic efficiency of (a) 100
percent and (b) 85 percent. Assume constant specific heats at room temperature. Answers: (a)
352 kg/s, (b) 1037 kg/s

3. Cengel Example 9-88: An aircraft engine operates on a simple ideal Brayton cycle with a pressure
ratio of 10. Heat is added to the cycle at a rate of 500 kW; air passes through the engine at a rate
of 1 kg/s; and the air at the beginning of the compression is at 70 kPa and 0℃. Determine the
power produced by this engine and its thermal efficiency. Use constant specific heats at room
temperature

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4. Cengel Exercise 9-157: Consider a simple ideal Brayton cycle operating between the temperature
limits of 300 and 1500 K. Using constant specific heats at room temperature, determine the
pressure ratio for which the compressor and the turbine exit temperatures of air are equal

5. A gas engine has piston diameter of 150mm, length of stroke 400mm and mean effective pressure
5.5bar. The engine makes 120explosions per minute. Determine the mechanical efficiency of the
engine if its B.P is 5KW.

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6. A gas turbine plant receive air at 1bar and 290K and compresses it to 5bar, if the temperature of
air after compression is 1000K; find the thermal efficiency of the turbine. Take 𝛾 = 1.4

7. Moran Example 6.12: A turbine operating at steady state receives at a pressure of 𝑃1 = 3.0bar
and a temperature of 𝑇1 = 390𝐾. Air exits the turbine at a pressure of 𝑃2 = 1.0𝑏𝑎𝑟. The work
developed is measured as 74Kj per kg of air flowing through the turbine. The turbine operates
adiabatically and change in kinetic and potential energy between inlet and exit can be neglected.
Using the ideal gas model for air, determine the turbine efficiency.

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8. Moran Example 9.8: Consider a modification of the cycle of Example 9.4 involving reheat and
regeneration. Air enters the compressor at 100 kPa, 300 K and is compressed to 1000 kPa. The
temperature at the inlet to the first turbine stage is 1400 K. The expansion takes place
isentropically in two stages, with reheat to 1400 K between the stages at a constant pressure of
300 kPa. A regenerator having an effectiveness of 100% is also incorporated in the cycle.
Determine the thermal efficiency.

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Job Exam Question

1. BITAC-2016: A gas turbine works on Bryton cycle. Air intake temp is atmospheric and compressor
outlet is 1.6MPa. Find the efficiency. [η=54.54%]

2. BPDB-2021: In an air standard cycle air enters into compressor at 1bar and 20°C and leaves at
3.5bar. At 600°C enters into the turbine. Find (a) Heat added per kg [456.17kj/kg](b) Efficiency of
the cycle take 𝛾 = 1.4 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝐶𝑝 = 1.005𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔. 𝐾 [30.08%]

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3. Bakrabad-2021 + BGFCL-2021: The air standard thermal efficiency of a Brayton joule cycle is
57.5%. Peak temperature of the cycle is 1000°C. Air enters to the compressor at 30°C and 1bar.
K=1.4 and R=0.287Kj/Kg K Find out a) Compressor size in terms of pressure ratio [r=19.98] (b)
heat added to the cycle. [562.6kj/kg]

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Vapor Power Cycle

Specific steam
Efficiency 𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒌 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
consumption
𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝑷 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑊𝑃 3600
(𝑆𝑆𝐶) = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝜼= 𝑊𝑃
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑊𝑇
(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 ) − (𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟑 ) 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝜼= =
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒ⅆ 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
ℎ4 − ℎ3
=
ℎ1 − ℎ2

BUET Lecture
1. Zahrul Sir lecture + Cengel 10.1: Consider a steam power plant operating on the simple ideal
Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa and 350°C and is condensed in the condenser
at a pressure of 75 kPa. Determine the thermal efficiency of this cycle

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2. Zahrul Sir Lecture:

Example from different book

1. Nagpal 3.9: The overall thermal efficiency of a 40MW turbo alternator is 30%. If the load factor
of the power station is 50% and coal burnt has calorific value of 6800Kcal, determine the following
(a) Coal consumption per kwh (b) Coal consumption per day

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2. Moran Example 8.4: if the following turbine has the same isentropic efficiency at each stage and
that is 85%. Determine the thermal efficiency.
𝒉𝟏 𝒉𝟐𝒔 𝒉𝟑 𝒉𝟒𝒔 𝒉𝟓 𝒉𝟔
3348.4 KJ/kg 2741.8 KJ/kg 3353.3 KJ/kg 2428.5 KJ/kg 173.88 KJ/kg 181.94 KJ/kg

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3. GATE: Steam enters an adiabatic turbine operating at steady state with an enthalpy of 3251.0
kJ/kg and leaves as a saturated mixture at 15 kPa with quality (dryness fraction) 0.9. The
enthalpies of the saturated liquid and vapor at 15 kPa are ℎ 𝑓 =225.94 kJ/kg, and ℎ𝑔 = 2598.3 kJ/kg,
respectively. The mass flow rate of steam is 10 kg/s. Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. The power output of the turbine in MW is

4. GATE Exam: Consider a steam power plant using a reheat cycle as shown. Steam leaves the boiler
and enters the turbine at 4 MPa, 350°C (h3 = 3095 kJ/kg). After expansion in the turbine to 400
kPa (h4 = 2609 kJ/kg), the steam is reheated to 350°C (h5=3170 kJ/kg) and then expanded in a
low-pressure turbine to 10 kPa (h6 = 2165 kJ/kg) the specific volume of liquid handled by the
pump can be assumed to be. Find thermal efficiency of the plant by neglecting the pump work.
[41.1%]

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5. GATE: In a steam power plant operating on the Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 4 MPa,
350◦C and exits at a pressure of 15 kPa. Then it enters the condenser and exits as saturated water.
Next, a pump feeds back the water to the boiler. The adiabatic efficiency of the turbine is 90%.
The thermodynamic states of water and steam are given in the table

h is specific enthalpy (kJ/kg), s is specific entropy (kJ/◦C kg) and v the specific volume (m3/kg);
subscripts f and g denote saturated liquid state and saturated vapor state. Find the net work
output of the cycle.

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Job Exam Question

1. DPDC-2019+CPGCBL-2018: T-S diagram of a Rankine cycle corresponding to the pressure and
temperature is shown below. Determine the (a) Thermal efficiency (b) Back Work Ratio.
[η=33.16%, Back work ratio=5.15×10-3]

2. GATE Exam: In the Rankine cycle for a steam power plant, the turbine entry and exit enthalpies
are 2803 kJ/kg and 1800 kJ/kg, respectively. The enthalpies of water at pump entry and exit are
121 kJ/kg and 124 kJ/kg, respectively. Find the specific steam consumption (in kg/kW.h) of the
cycle.

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3. High-tech Park-2020: In a steam power plant inlet & exit enthalpy of a turbine is 2884Kj/kg and
1881Kj/kg respectively. Inlet and exit enthalpy of pump is 121Kj/kg and 124Kj/kg respectively.
Draw the corresponding T-S diagram and network done per kg and specific steam consumption in
Kg/kw.hr. [Work done=1003kg/kg, S.S.C=3.59Kg/Kw.hr]

Combustion of fuel
For combustion of 1kg of fuel 𝑂2 required

According to volume (gaseous fuel

According to mass (Solid fuel এর জন্য)
এর জন্য)
𝑪 8 𝐶𝑂 1
3 2
𝑪𝑶 4 𝐻2 1
7 2
𝑯𝟐 8 𝐶𝐻4 2
𝑺 1 𝐶2 𝐻4 3
𝑪𝑯𝟒 4

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Nagpal Example (1.1): The percentage composition of a sample of coal was found to be as follows
C=85%, H2=3%, O2=2% ash=10% Determine the minimum weigh of air required for the complete
combustion of 1Kg of coal. [10.8Kg]

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2. Nagpal Example (1.4): A gas used as fuel has the following composition by volume, H2=27%,
CO2=18%, CO=12.5%, CH4=2.5%, N2=40% Calculate the volume of air required for complete
combustion of one cubic meter of gas. [1.1785m3]

3. Pk nag Example 4.2: Propane gas is related with air in such a ratio that an analysis of the dry
products of combustion gives CO2=11.5%, O2=2.7% and CO=0.7%. what is the percentage of excess
air used?

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Minimum air required for complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel [Khurmi chapter 12]
100 8
[( 𝐶 + 8𝐻2 + 𝑆) − 𝑂2 ] 𝑘𝑔
23 3

4. MM Rathore Example 16.4: Determine the air–fuel ratio and the theoretical amount of air
required by mass for complete combustion of a fuel containing 85% of carbon, 8% of hydrogen,
3% of oxygen, 1% of Sulphur and the remaining as ash. If 40% of excess air is used, what is the
volume of air at 27°C and 1.05 bar pressure? Does this represent per kg of fuel?

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5. Khurmi Example 12.1: A fuel has the following combustion by mass: carbon 86%, hydrogen
11.75%, oxygen 2.25%. Calculate the theoretical air supply per kg of fuel and mass of products of
combustion per kg of fuel.

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6. A steam boiler uses pulverized coal in the furnace. The ultimate analysis of coal (by mass) as
received is: C=78%; 𝐻2 =3%; 𝑂2 =3%; S=1%; ash=10%; and moisture 5%. Excess air supplied is 30%.
Calculate the mass of air to be supplied per kg of coal burnt.

7. During a boiler trail the dry flue gas analysis by volume was reported as 𝐶𝑂2 = 13%, 𝐶𝑂 =
0.3%; 𝑂2 = 6%; 𝑁2 = 80.7%; The coal analysis by mass was reports as 𝐶 = 62.4%; 𝐻2 =
4.2%; 𝑂2 = 4.5%; 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 15% 𝑎𝑠ℎ = 13.9%. Calculate the minimum air required to burn
1kg of coal.

8. Nagpal Example 1.2: The percentage composition by weight of a sample of coal; was found to
be as follows
𝐶 = 24% 𝐻2 = 5% 𝑂2 = 8% 𝐴𝑠ℎ = 63%

It was also observed that the dry flue gas had the following composition by volume:
𝐶𝑂2 = 10% 𝐶𝑂 = 2% 𝑂2 = 13% 𝑁2 = 75%

Determine the following:

(a) Minimum weight of air required for complete combustion of 1 kg of coal:
(b) Weight of excess air required per kg of coal

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9. Nagpal Example 1.3: Calculate the amount of air required to burn one kg of fuel and product of
combustion for a fuel the percentage combustion of which is given as follows:
𝐶 = 80% 𝐻2 = 20%

Job Exam Question

1. CPGCBL-2018: The percentage composition of a sample of coal is found to be as follows.
C H2 O2 N2 S Ash
88% 43% 4% 0.7% 1% 2%
Calculate the minimum air required for compute combustion of 5Kg of coal. Consider the amount
of O2 present at air is 22%. [57.84Kg].

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2. Nagpal example 1.5(NESCO-2018): The percentage composition by mass of a sample of a coal as

found by analysis is given as C=80%; H2=4.3%; O2=3%; N2=0.7%; S=1%; ash=2% Calculate (a)
minimum mass of air required for the complete combustion of 1kg of coal [10.68kg] (b) if 40%
excess air is supplied find the percentage composition of dry flue gases by volume.

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Minimum volume of air required

Khurmi thermos article 12.10:
100
[(0.5𝐶𝑂 + 0.5𝐻2 + 2𝐶𝐻4 + 3𝐶2 𝐻4 ) − 𝑂2 ]𝑚3
21
1. Khurmi Example 12.2: A producer gas used as a fuel has the following volumetric composition:
H2 28%; CO 12%; CH4 2%; CO2 16% and N2 42% find the volume of air required for complete
combustion of 1m3 of this gas. Air contains 21% by volume of oxygen.

2. M.M Rathore: Example 16.6: A producer gas has the following percentage composition by
volume, H2 =15%, CH4 =2%, CO = 20%, CO2 = 6%, O2 = 3% and N2 = 54%. If 50% excess air is
supplied for combustion, determine the volume of air supplied per m3 of gas and excess oxygen
supplied.

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3. Coal based power plant uses pulverized coal in furnace. The ultimate analysis of coal (by mass) is
given as: C=78%, 𝐻2 = 3%, 𝑂2 = 3%, 𝑆 = 1%, Ash=10%, moisture 5%. Excess air supplied is 30%.
Calculate the mass of air to supplied per kg of coal burnt.

4. A blast furnace gas has the following volumetric composition: 𝐶𝑂2 = 11%, 𝐶𝑂 = 27%; 𝐻2 =
2%; 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑁2 = 60%; find the theoretical volume of air required for the complete combustion of
1m3 of the gas.

Excess air supplied

BUET Lecture
Example from different book

এই related math গুো একটু বড় ছকন্তু এর concept টা জান্া থাকা েরকার শেখা শেলো শে বু লয়লট এই concept এর উপর শিাট একটা মযাথ ছেলয় ছেলো

Khurmi Article 12.15:

Example 12.7, 12.8, 12.9,12.10 শেখা শেলত পালর

1. Khurmi Thermo Example 12.7: A steam boiler uses pulverized coal in the furnace. The ultimate
analysis of coal (by mass) as received is: C=78%, 𝐻2 = 3%, 𝑂2 = 3% S=1% and moisture=5%.
Excess air supplied is 30%. Calculate the mass of sir to be supplied.

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2. Nagpal Example 1.7: A boiler uses coal of the following composition

𝑪 = 𝟖𝟗% 𝑯𝟐 = 𝟒% 𝑶𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟖%

If 𝐶𝑂2 records read 10% calculate the percentage of excess air supplied per kg of coal

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Job Exam Question

Calorific Value of Fuel

BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Nagpal Power Plant Example 1.10: A sample of coal has the following composition by weight 𝐶 =
70%, 𝐻2 = 8%, 𝑁2 = 3%, 𝑂2 = 7%, Sulphur =2% and ash 10%. Determine the Higher and lower
calorific value of fuel.

2. Sample of coal has the following composition by mass: C=75%, 𝐻2 = 6%, 𝑂2 = 8%, 𝑁2 = 2.5%,
S=1.5% ash=7%. Calculate its higher and lower calorific values per kg of coal.

3. Nagpal Power plant Example 1.6: The percentage composition by weight of a sample of coal is
given as below
𝐶 = 65.50% 𝐻2 = 6.65% 𝑂2 = 17.50% 𝑆 = 1.80%
Using Dulong formula, calculate the calorific value of coal

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4. Nagpal Power plant Exercise 1.12: The ultimate analysis of a sample of coal gives in percentage
composition by weight. 𝐶 = 66%, 𝐻2 = 6%, 𝑂2 = 19% 𝑆 = 9%. Find the calorific value of coal
using Dulong's formula

Job Exam Question

Air fuel Ratio

𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝐶𝑛 𝐻𝑚 + (𝑛 + ) 𝑂2 + 3.762 (𝑛 + ) 𝑁2 = 𝑛𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 3.762 (𝑛 + ) 𝑁2
4 4 2 4
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (29𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙)
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

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BUET Lecture
1. Heywood example 3.1 BUET Zahrul Sir class lecture: A hydrocarbon fuel of composition 84.1% by
mass C and 15.9% by mass H has a molecular weight of 114.15. Determine the number of moles
of air required for stoichiometric combustion and the number of moles of products produced per
mole of fuel. Calculate (A/F), (F/A), and the molecular weights of the reactants and the products

2. BUET Term final 2011-12: The dry exhaust gas analysis from an engine burning a hydrocarbon
diesel fuel is as follows: 𝐶𝑂2 0.121, 𝑂2 0.037, atmospheric 𝑁2 0.842. Determine the gravimetric
composition of the fuel, the equivalence ratio of the fuel/air mixture, and the stoichiometric
air/fuel ratio.

Example from different book

1. Ethanol is burnt with 10% excess air. Write down the chemical equation and find the A/F ratio

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2. Cengel thermodynamics exercise 15.17: Propane alcohol (C3H7OH) is burned with 50 percent
excess air. Write the balanced reaction equation for complete combustion and determine the air-
to-fuel ratio [15.5Kg air/Kg fuel]

3. V. Ganesan Example 7.5 + Mathur & Sharma Example 11.8: The venturi of a simple carburetor
has a throat diameter of 20mm and co-efficient of flow is 0.8. the fuel orifice has a diameter of
1.14mm and co-efficient of fuel flow is 0.65. the Gasoline surface is 5mm below the throat
calculate (a) the air fuel ratio for pressure drop of 0.08bar when nozzle tip is neglected. (b) The
air fuel ratio when the nozzle tip is taken into account. assume the density of air and fuel as 1.2
and 750kg/m3

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4. A:F ratio of a mixture supplied to an engine by a carburetor is 15. The fuel consumption of the
engine is 7.5kg/hr. the diameter of the venture is 2.2cm. Find the diameter of fuel nozzle if the lip
of the nozzle is 4mm. Take the following data 𝜌𝑓 =750kg/m3 𝐶𝑑(𝑎𝑖𝑟) = 0.82, 𝐶𝑑(𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙) = 0.7&
atmospheric pressure =1.013bar & temperature=25°C

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Job Exam Question

1. BIWTA-2019+DPDC-2020: Iso-cotane bured with 120% theoretical air small three cylinder
turbocharged automobile engine. Calculate (a) air fuel ratio [18.17] (b) fuel air ratio [0.055] (c)
Equivalance ratio [0.833].

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Properties of pure substance

BUET Lecture
1. BUET Lecture: A mass of 200g of saturated water is completely vaporized at a constant pressure
of 100KPa. Determine: (a) the volume change (b) the amount of energy transferred to the water.
At 100KPa
𝒗𝒈 (𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈) 𝒗𝒇 (𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈) 𝒉𝒇𝒈 (𝑲𝒋/𝒌𝒈)
1.6941 0.001043 2257.5

2. BUET Lecture A rigid tank contains 10Kg of water at 90℃. If 8 kg of the water is in the liquid form
and the rest is in the vapor form, determine (a) the pressure in the tank (b) the volume of the tank

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3. BUET Lecture: An 80L vessel contains 4kg of refrigerant-134a at a pressure of 160kPa. Determine:
(a) the temperature, (b) the quality, (c) the enthalpy of the refrigerant, and (d) the volume
occupied by the vapor phase.

Example from different book

Job Exam Question

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Ideal Gas
BUET Lecture
1. BUET Class Lecture: Determine the mass of the air in a room whose dimensions are
4𝑚 × 5𝑚 × 6𝑚 at 100𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 25°𝐶

2. BUET Lecture: Determine the specific volume of refrigerant-134a at 1𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 50°𝐶, using (a)
the ideal-gas equation of state and (b) the generalized compressibility chart. Compare the values
obtained to the actual value of 0.021796𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 and determine the error involved in each case.

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Example from different book

Job Exam Question

Gas dynamics
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
For adiabatic process,

𝑃𝑉 𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑃1 𝑉2 𝛾
=( )
𝑃2 𝑉1

𝛾−1
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝛾
=( )
𝑇2 𝑃2

𝑇1 𝑉2 𝛾−1
=( )
𝑇2 𝑉1

BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Cengel thermo Example 3.10: The gage pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be 210 kPa
before a trip and 220 kPa after the trip at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa.
Assuming the volume of the tire remains constant and the air temperature before the trip is 25℃,
determine air temperature in the tire after the trip

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2. Cengel Thermo Example 7-10: Air is compressed in a car engine from 22℃ and 95 kPa in a
𝑉
reversible and adiabatic manner. If the compression ratio 𝑉1 of this engine is 8, determine the final
2
temperature of the air.

3. Cengel Thermo Example 7-11: Helium gas is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from an
initial state of 14 psia and 50℉ to a final temperature of 320℉ in a reversible manner. Determine
the exit pressure of helium

4. Cengel thermo Exercise 11-118: An aircraft on the ground is to be cooled by a gas refrigeration
cycle operating with air on an open cycle. Air enters the compressor at 30℃ and 100 kPa and is
compressed to 250 kPa. Air is cooled to 70℃ before it enters the turbine. Assuming both the
turbine and the compressor to be isentropic, determine the temperature of the air leaving the
turbine and entering the cabin

5. Cengel thermodynamics 8th Edition Exercise 3.75: A 1𝑚3 tank containing air at 10°C and 350KPa
is connected through a valve to another tank containing 3kg of air at 35°C and 200KPa. Now the
valve is opened and the entire system is allowed to reach thermal equilibrium with the

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surroundings, which are at 20°C. Determine the volume of the second and the final equilibrium
pressure of air.

6. Cengel Exercise 3.76: A rigid tank whose volume is unknown is divided into two parts by a
partition. One side of the tank contains an ideal gas at 927℃. The other side is evacuated and has
a volume twice the size of the part containing the gas. The partition is now removed and the gas
expands to fill the entire tank. Heat is now applied to the gas until the pressure equals the initial
pressure. Determine the final temperature of the gas.

7. Cengel Thermodynamics Exercise 3.78E: A rigid tank contains 20lbm of air at 20 psia and 70℉.
More air is added to the tank until the pressure and temperature rise to 35 psia and 90℉,
respectively. Determine the amount of air added to the tank. Take R=0.3704psia.ft3/lbm.R

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8. Cengel thermo Ex: 3-116: A 13𝑚3 tank contains nitrogen at 17℃ and 600kPa. Some nitrogen is
allowed to escape until the pressure in the tank drops to 400kPa. If the temperature at this point
is 15℃, determine the amount of nitrogen that has escaped. Answer: 29.8 kg

9. Cengel thermo Ex: 3-126: A tank contains helium at 37℃ and 140kPa gage. The helium is heated
in a process by heat transfer from the surroundings such that the helium reaches a final
equilibrium state at 200℃. Determine the final gage pressure of the helium. Assume atmospheric
pressure is 100 kPa

Job Exam Question

1. BUET M.Sc 2023: A diesel engine has compression ratio of 18 and cut off ratio of 2. Point 1,2,3,4
denotes the starting of isentropic compression heat addition, isentropic expansion, heat rejection
process. Draw the PV diagram and level all points. 𝑃1 = 100𝐾𝑃𝑎, 𝑇1 = 20℃, 𝑉1 = 1917𝑐𝑚3 .
Determine maximum pressure and temperature of the cycle.

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2. GTCL-2018: Gas flows at the rate of 0.05𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 at 30°C and 202𝐾𝑃𝑎𝑔. Determine the volume
flow rate at atmospheric condition. Assume atmospheric pressure is 101KPa and temperature is
25°C. [V2=0.1475m3/min]

3. SGCL-2017: Gas flows at 0.03𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 at 23°C and 100KPag. Determine the volume flow rate at
atmospheric condition. [V2=0.06m3/s]

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4. PGCL-2017: A cylinder of 60-liter volume contains gas at 10000KPa at 25°C. some gas released
from this cylinder, pressure falls at 4000KPa and temperature becomes 15°C. Assuming 𝑅 =
0.296𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔 then find the amount of gas released. [3.98Kg]

5. PGCL-2017: Gas is compressed adiabatically from suction temperature of 15°𝐶 and compression
ratio of 2. Calculate the rise in gas temperature due to this compression. Assume 𝛾 = 1.4 and
compressibility factor 𝑍 = 1 for both suction and discharge. [63.07°C]

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6. BREB-2018: A gas with 27°C temperature, atmospheric pressure, suddenly compressed to half of
its original volume, calculate final temperature and pressure. [P2=266.54KPa, T2=395.85K or
122.85°C]

7. BITAC-2021: A closed vessel contains 2𝐾𝑔 of carbon dioxide at temperature 20°𝐶 and pressure
0.7𝑏𝑎𝑟. Heat is supplied to the vessel till the gas acquires a pressure of 1.4 𝑏𝑎𝑟 and temperature

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of 313°𝐶. Calculate the work done on or by the gas and change in internal energy. Take specific
heat of the gas at constant volume as 0.657𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔 𝐾. [U=385.002KJ]

8. BADC-2020: A mass of 8kg expands within a flexible container. So that the 𝑃 − 𝑉 relationship is
of the form 𝑃𝑉 1.2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡. The initial pressure is 1000KPa and the initial volume is 1m3. The
final pressure is 5KPa. If specific internal energy of the gas decreases by 40Kj/kg, find the heat
transfer in magnitude and direction. [Q=2612×103Kj]

9. BGFCL-2017: An air tank is seals with interior pressure of 130KPa. If it places in a reservoir where
pressure is 100KPa and temp is 23°C. Find the gas jet velocity when there is a leak in the tank.
[V=225.78m/s]

10. TITAS-2021: Air enters a compressor with a stagnation pressure of 100KPa and a stagnation
temperature of 27°C, and it is compressed to a stagnation pressure of 900KPa assuming the
compression process to be isentropic, determine the power input to the compressor for a mass
flow rate of 0.02Kg/s. [P=5.27KW]

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11. DTCA-2022: A bottle of 60L contains gas at 100bar and 25°C. After released some gas pressure
and temperature becomes 25bar and 15°C respectively. Find amount of gas released. Taking 𝑅 =
290𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
12. BUET M.Sc-2022: A piston cylinder device initially contains 0.4𝑚3 (to be treated as ideal gas) at
100KPa and 10°C. Air is isothermally compressed to 0.1m3. Find out work done during the process.

13. DPDC-2019: A valve connects two tanks containing carbon monoxide. One tank contains 2Kg of
CO gas at 77°C and 0.7 bar. The other tank holds 8kg of CO gas at 27°C and 1.2bar. the valve is
opened and the gases are allowed to mix while receiving energy by heat transfer from the
surroundings. The final equilibrium temperature is 42°C. Using the ideal gas model determine the
final equilibrium pressure in bar.

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𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = ( ) … … … … … … … … … (1)
𝑉 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑚𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 2 + 8 = 10𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑚𝑅𝑇 2 × 287 × (273 + 77) 8 × 287 × (273 + 27)
𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = ( )1 + ( )2 = +
𝑃 𝑃 0.7 × 101325 1.2 × 101325
= 2.832 + 5.665 = 8.497𝑚3
10×287×(273+42)
From 1 𝑃𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = =106.4KPa=1.05bar
8.497

14. ERL-2017: In a thermodynamics cycle mass of working substance is 0.83Kg, initial pressure is
0.7MPa, initial volume is 0.823m3 and after expansion volume become 1.425m3. Find (a) work
done for constant pressure process (b) Work done for isothermal process.

15. BUET MSc.2023: A spherical air balloon has 100Kpa of pressure. Initial diameter of balloon was
0.3m and when it was heated its diameter become 0.4m. if the pressure is proportional to its
diameter, then determine the expansion work.

16. BUET MSc.-2023: A diesel engine has compression ratio of 18 and cut off ratio of 2. The starting
of isentropic compression, heat addition and isentropic expansion, heat rejection process denotes
to 1,2,3,4 respectively. Draw the PV diagram and level al points. P1=100Kpa, T1=20°C, V1=1917cm3.
Determine maximum pressure and temperature of the cycle.

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Gas Mixture
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Cengel Exercise 13.8: The composition of moist air is given on a molar basis to be 78 percent𝑁2 ,
20 percent 𝑂2 , and 2 percent water vapor. Determine the mass fractions of the constituents of
air

2. Cengel Exercise 13.31: An engineer has proposed mixing extra oxygen with normal air in internal
combustion engines to control some of the exhaust products. If an additional 5 percent (by
volume) of oxygen is mixed with standard atmospheric air, how will this change the mixture’s
molecular weight?

3. Cengel Thermo exercise 13.32 (8th Edition): A rigid tank that contains 2 kg of 𝑁2 at 25℃ and 550
kPa is connected to another rigid tank that contains 4 kg of 𝑂2 at 25℃ and 150 kPa. The valve
connecting the two tanks is opened, and the two gases are allowed to mix. If the final mixture
temperature is 25℃, determine the volume of each tank and the final mixture pressure. Answers:
0.322𝑚3 , 2.07𝑚3 , 204 kPa

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4. Cengel Thermo Exercise: 13.35: A rigid tank contains 8 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑂2 and 10𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶𝑂2 gases at
290K and 150kPa. Estimate the volume of the tank.

5. Cengel Exercise 13.37: A 30 percent (by mass) ethane and 70 percent methane mixture is to be
blended in a 100𝑚3 tank at 130kPa and 25℃. If the tank is initially evacuated, to what pressure
should ethane be added before methane is added?

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Job Exam Question

1. DPDC-2019: A Valve connects two tanks containing carbon monoxide. One tank contains 2kg of
CO gas at 77℃ and 0.7bar. The other tank holds 8kg of CO gas at 27℃ and 1.2bar. The valve is
opened and the gases are allowed to mix while receiving energy by heat transfer from the
surroundings. The final equilibrium temperature is 42℃. Determine the final equilibrium
pressure.

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Psychometric
Specific Humidity or Humidity Ratio Relative Humidity
𝑷𝒗 𝑚𝑣 𝑃𝑣
𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟐 ∅= =
𝑷 − 𝑷𝒗 𝑚𝑔 𝑃𝑔
Where 𝑷 = 𝑷𝒂 + 𝑷𝒗
𝑷𝒂 = 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝑷𝒗 = 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Cengel exercise 14-11: A tank contains 15 kg of dry air and 0.17 kg of water vapor at 30℃ and
100 kPa total pressure. Determine (a) the specific humidity, (b) the relative humidity, and (c) the
volume of the tank. Take saturation pressure of air at

2. GATE-2012: A room contains 35kg dry air and 0.5kg of water vapor. The total pressure and
temperature of air in the room are 100KPa and 25℃ respectively. Given that the saturation
pressure for water at 25℃ is 3.17KPa. Find the Relative humidity of the air un the room.

3. GATE-2013: The pressure, dry bulb temperature, relative humidity of air in a room are 1 bar, 30℃
& 70% respectively. If the saturated steam pressure at 30℃ is 4.25KPa. Find the specific humidity
of room air in Kg water of vapor/kg dry air.

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4. A sample of moist air at 101.325KPa and 26℃ has vapor at partial pressure of 1.344KPa. Saturated
pressure of water vapor is 3.36KPa at 26℃. Determine humidity ratio & Relative Humidity.

Job Exam Question

1. BITAC-2021: In a psychometric chart show different lines intersect at a point Dry bulb, wet bulb,
specific enthalpy, Moisture content, specific volume, relative humidity.

2. RPCL-2019: A heat pump absorbs 10kw of heat from outside environment at 250K while absorbing
15KW of work. It delivers the heat to a room that must be kept warm at 300K. what is the
coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump?

3. APSCL-2016: A sling hygrometer shows the dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature is
same and that is 32°C. Find the i) Relative humidity, ii) Wet bulb depression and iii) dew point
temperature.

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4. EGCB-2020: A quantity of air having volume of 100m3, temperature 23℃ and pressure 100KPa.
The partial pressure of dry air is 95KPa and Relative humidity is 74%. Find out the specific humidity
and mass of water vapor present in the air Take 𝑅 = 0.29𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔. 𝐾

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IC engine
Carnot Engine
𝑇2
𝜂 =1−
𝑇1
BUET Lecture
1. BUET Lecture: An inventor claims to have developed a heat engine that receives 700 kJ of heat
from a source at 500 K and produces 300 kJ of network while rejecting the waste heat to a
sink at 290 K. Is this a reasonable claim? Why?

Example from different book

Job Exam Question

1. Khurmi thermos Example 6.1: A Carnot Engine working between 650K and 310K produces
150Kj of work Find thermal Efficiency and heat added during the process

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2. Khurmi Example 6.2: A Carnot engine operates between two reservoirs at temperature T1 and T3.
The work output of the engine is 0.6 times the heat rejected. The difference in temperature
between the source and the sink is 200℃ Calculate the (a) thermal Efficiency (b) Source
temperature (c) sink Temperature

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3. Khurmi example 6.3: An Engineer Claims his engine to develop 3.75KW. On testing the engine
consumes 0.44kg of fuel per hour having a calorific value of 42000Kj/kg. The maximum
temperature recorded in the cycles is 1400°C and minimum is 350°C. Find whether the
engineer is justified in his claim

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5. Moran & Shapiro Example 5.1: An inventor claims to have developed a power cycle capable
of delivering a net work output of 410 kJ for an energy input by heat transfer of 1000 kJ. The
system undergoing the cycle receives the heat transfer from hot gases at a temperature of
500 K and discharges energy by heat transfer to the atmosphere at 300 K. Evaluate this claim

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Carnot heat Engine

BUET Lecture
1. BUET Lecture+ Cengel Example 6-5 (thermodynamics): A Carnot heat engine, shown in Fig,
receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a high-temperature source at 652°C and rejects heat to a
low-temperature sink at 30°C. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine and(b)
the amount of heat rejected to the sink per cycle.

Example from different book

1. Cengel thermo Ex 6.77: A Carnot heat engine operates between a source at 1000 K and a sink at
300 K. If the heat engine is supplied with heat at a rate of 800 kJ/min, determine (a) the thermal
efficiency and (b) the power output of this heat engine. Answers: (a) 70 percent, (b) 9.33 kW

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2. Cengel thermo Ex 6.81: A heat engine receives heat from a heat source at 1200℃ and has a
thermal efficiency of 40 percent. The heat engine does maximum work equal to 500 kJ. Determine
the heat supplied to the heat engine by the heat source, the heat rejected to the heat sink, and
the temperature of the heat sink

Job Exam Question

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Engine Performance
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 + 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑐
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = =
𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑠
=1+
𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑐
𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑉𝑠
𝑃𝑚 𝐿𝐴𝑛𝐾 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ⅆ𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑖𝑛ⅆ𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒ⅆ 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑚 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ,𝑛
60 𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑁
= 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 = (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒), 𝐾 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛ⅆ𝑒𝑟
2
𝐵. 𝑃 × 3600
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑚𝑓 × 𝐶
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
60
𝑚𝑓
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵. 𝑆. 𝐹. 𝐶 = 3600 ×
𝐵. 𝑃
𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 এর 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐾 × 𝑉𝑠
𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑇. 𝐷. 𝐶 & 𝐵. 𝐷. 𝐶 এর মধযকার 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐴 × 𝐿 = 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝜋
= 𝜋𝑟 2 × 𝑙 = 𝐷 2 × 𝑙
4
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛ⅆ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐵. 𝐷. 𝐶 শত থাকলে 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ শে 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ধারন্ কলর
= 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 + 𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
= 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 (𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )এ 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 এর উপর শে 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 কাজ কলর
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 ⅆ𝑜𝑛𝑒
=
𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
BUET Lecture
1. BUET Term final 2019-2020: A 2000 cc 4-stroke 4-cylinder Sl engine has a bore of 86 mm, a stroke
of 86 mm, compression ratio of 9.2. The engine produces a brake power of 187 kW at 5300
rev/min. Calculate, (i) mean piston speed of the engine, (ii) bmep, and (iii) specific power

2. BUET Term final 2018-19: A 4-stroke 4-cylinder IC engine has a bore of 150 mm and a stroke of
200 mm. The engine has a rated speed of 1500 rev/mm and develops 80 kW power. Determine:
(i) the piston speed; (ii) the torque development; and (iii) the total displacement; and (iv) the
compression ratio if the volume of the combustion chamber is 9% of the piston displacement.

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3. BUET Term final 17-18: A five-cylinder, 3.5-liter SI engine operations on a four-stroke cycle at 2500
RPM. At this condition, the mechanical efficiency of the engine is 62% and 1000 J of indicated
work are produced in each cycle in each cylinder. Calculate: (i) Indicated mean effective pressure
(ii) Brake mean effective pressure (iii) Friction mean effective pressure (iv) Brake power in kW and
hp. (v) Torque

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4. BUET Term final 16-17: Calculate at its maximum rated power, the mean piston speed, bmep, and
specific power of a four-cylinder naturally aspirated ID engine having a displaced volume 1.47
litres, bore 76.5 mm, stroke 80 mm, and maximum power 37 kW at 5000 rev/min

5. BUET Term final 2012-13: A 2.2 liter four cylinder in-line SI engine has a bore of 87.5 mm and a
stroke of 92 mm. The compression ratio of the engine is 8.9. The engine develops a maximum
power of 65 kW at 5000 rpm. Calculate the mean piston speed, bmep, and specific power.

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6. BUET term final 2011-12: A two-stroke CI engine delivers 5000 kW while using 1000 kW to
overcome friction losses. It consumes 2300 kg of fuel per hour at an air-fuel ratio of 20 to 1. The
heating value of fuel is 42000 kJ/kg. Find the (i) indicated power, (ii) mechanical efficiency, (iii) air
consumption per hr, (v) indicated thermal efficiency, and (v) brake thermal efficiency.

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7. BUET Class Assignment: A single-cylinder, four-stroke cycle CI engine with 12.9-cm bore and 18.0-cm
stroke, operating at 800 RPM, uses 0.113 kg of fuel in four minutes while developing a torque of 76 Nm.
Calculate: (a) Brake specific fuel consumption. [gm/kW-hr] (b) Brake mean effective pressure. [kPa] (c)
Brake power. [kW] (d) Specific power. [kW/cm²] (e) Output per displacement. [kW/L] (f) Specific volume.
[L/kW

8. BUET Class Assignment: A four-cylinder, two-stroke cycle diesel engine with 10.9-cm bore and 12.6-cm
stroke pro- duces 88 kW of brake power at 2000 RPM. Compression ratio r. = 18:1. Calculate: (a) Engine

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displacement. [cm³, L] (b) Brake mean effective pressure. [kPa] (c) Torque. [N-m] (d) Clearance volume of
one cylinder. [cm³]

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Example from different book

1. Khurmi example 27.1: A single cylinder engine develops 4Kw indicated power. Find the average
speed of the piston, if the mean effective pressure is 6.5 bar and piston diameter is 100mm.

2. Khurmi Example 27.5: A gas engine has piston diameter of 150mm, length of stroke is 400mm
and mean effective pressure 5.5bar. The engine makes 120 Explosions per minute. Determine
the mechanical efficiency if it’s Break power is 5KW

3. Khurmi Example 27.6: A four-cylinder two stroke cycle petrol engine develops 23.5KW brake
power at 2500rpm. The mean effective pressure on each piston is 8.5 bar and the mechanical
efficiency is 85%. Calculate the diameter and stroke of each cylinder, assuming the length of the
stroke equal to 1.5 times the diameter of cylinder.

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4. Khurmi Example 27.7: During the test on single cylinder oil engine working on the four-stroke
cycle and fitted with rope brake the following reading are taken. Effective diameter of brake
wheel=630mm, Dead load on brake=200N, spring balance reading is 30W, speed 450rpm area of
indicated diagram =60mm spring scale=1.1 bar per mm: Diameter of cylinder =100mm
stroke=150mm; Quality of oil used=0.815kg/h; Calorific value of oil=42000Kj/kg. Calculated (a)
brake power, (b) indicated Power, (c) Mechanical efficiency (d) Brake thermal efficiency (e)Brake
specific fuel consumption

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5. Khurmi Example 27.8: An engine uses 6.5Kg of oil per hour of calorific value of 30,000Kj/kg. if the
B.P of the engine is 22KW and mechanical efficiency 85%. Calculate (a) Indicated thermal
efficiency (b) Brake thermal efficiency (c) Specific fuel consumption in Kg/B.p/h

6. Khurmi Example 27.9: A four-cylinder engine running at 1200rpm gave 18.6KW brake power. The
average torque when one cylinder was cut out was 105N.m, Determine the indicated thermal
efficiency if the calorific value of the fuel is 42000Kj/kg and the engine uses 0.34Kg of petrol per
brake power hour.

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7. Khurmi Example 17.10: A four stroke cylinder gas engine with a volume of 1.75liter develops
25KW at 480rpm. The mean effective pressure is 6bar. Find the average number of time each
cylinder misfired in one minute.

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8. Khurmi Example 27.11: The diameter and stroke length of single cylinder two stroke gas engine
working on the constant volume cycle are 200mm and 300mmwith clearance volume 2.78liter.
When the engine is running at 135rpm the indicated effective pressure was 5.2 bar and the gas
consumption 8.8m3/hr. If the calorific value of the gas used is 16350Kj/m3. Find (a) Air standard
efficiency (b) Indicated power developed by the engine (c) Indicated thermal efficiency of the
engine.

9. Khurmi Example 27.13: A four stroke engine has a cylinder bore of 150mm and a stroke of
250mm. The crankshaft speed is 300rpm and fuel consumption is 1.2kg/hr having a calorific value
of 39900kj/kg. The indicated mean effective pressure is 5.5bar. if the compression ratio is 15 and
cut ratio is 1.8. Calculate the relative efficiency, take Y=1.4

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10. Khurmi Example 27.13: A petrol engine has a cylinder diameter of 60mm and 100mm. if the mass
of the charge admitted per cycle is 0.0002kg, find the volumetric efficiency of the engine Assume
characteristic constant for the charge as 287j/kgK.

11. A 4-cylinder petrol engine has developed MEP=850KPa, its engine Diameter is 80mm and stroke
length is twice of engine diameter, speed 4000rps, Find the engine indicated power in KW.

12. M.M Rathore Example 24.3: A four-cylinder, two-stroke cycle petrol engine develops 30 kW at
2500 rpm. The mean effective pressure on each piston is 8 bar and mechanical efficiency is 80%.
Calculate the diameter and stroke of each cylinder, if the stroke to bore ratio is 1.5. Also calculate
the fuel consumption of the engine, if the brake thermal efficiency is 28%. The calorific value of
the fuel is 43900 kJ/kg.

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13. MM Rathore 24.9: A two-stroke, Diesel engine develops a brake power of 420 kW. The engine
consumes 195 kg/h of fuel and air–fuel ratio is 22:1. Calorific value of the fuel is 42000 kJ/kg. If
76 kW of power is required to overcome the frictional losses, calculate
(a) Mechanical efficiency,
(b) Air consumption,
(c) Brake thermal efficiency

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14. A 4-cylinder engine bore 4cm, stroke length 3.5cm and clearance volume 9cm3. Find tout the
volume of the cylinder in cc.

15. A four stroke engine producing 160N.m from 2 liters of displacement. What will be it brake mean
effective pressure(BMEP)?

16. A four-stroke engine produces 76KW from 2 liters of displacement at 5400rpm and 90Hz. What
will be it brake mean effective pressure?

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17. A 4-cylinder 2 stroke IC engine has the following particulars: engine speed=3000rpm,
bore=120mm, crank radius=60mm, mechanical efficiency=90% and the engine develops 75bhm.
Calculate the swept volume and mean effective pressure (MEP)

18. A four stroke six-cylinder gas engine with a stroke volume of 1.75liters develops 2KW at 480rpm,
the mean effective pressure is 6 bar. Find the average number of times each cylinder misfired in
one minute.

Job Exam Question

1. Biman 2018: A four-cylinder petrol engine has developed MEP=650KPa, its Engine diameter is
80mm, stroke length is 100mm, speed 3000rpm. Find the engine power in KW.

2. BDCCL-2022: A four-stroke diesel engine requires 2liter displacement and 60KW power if the
speed is 1200rpm, what will be its brake mean effective pressure?

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3. BCPCL-SAE-2023: A trail carried out in a four-stroke single cylinder gas engine gave the following
results. Cylinder diameter 300mm, engine stroke=500mm, clearance volume= 6750cc, explosions
per minute=100, 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙=765KN/m2, net work load on the brake = 190kg, brake dia =1.5m rope
dia=25mm speed of the engine=240rpm, gas used=30m3/kghr, calorific value of gas=22515Kj/m3.
Determine the compression ratio, mechanical efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency air standard
efficiency, relative efficiency. take 𝜸 = 𝟏. 𝟒

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

𝑚̇𝑓
𝑏𝑠𝑓𝑐 = 3600[ ]
𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Where 𝑚̇𝑓 = fuel consumption rate [𝑘𝑔/𝑠]
100
𝜂𝑡ℎ = ×%
𝑏𝑠𝑓𝑐 × 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Brake power of an engine is 50hp, thermal efficiency is 45% and heating value of fuel is
35MJ/kg, find the bsfc.

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2. GATE Exam: A single-cylinder compression-ignition engine has 35% brake thermal efficiency and
75% mechanical efficiency. It is supplied with high-speed diesel oil of 40MJ/kg calorific value.
Determine the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and indicated specific fuel consumption
(ISFC).

Job Exam Question

1. Biman-2018: A 4-cylinder petrol engine has developed MEP=650KPa, its engine dia is 80mm,
stroke length is 100mm, speed 3000rpm. Find engine power in KW. [32.67KW]

2. PGCB-2018+APSCL-2021 An IC engine develops brake horse power 7HP. If it consumes 50ml fuel
of sp.gr 0.84 in 2 mins. Find the specific furl consumption (bsfc) in g/hp-hr. [180g/hp-hr]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

3. SGFL-2017+GTCL-2018: A 250KW engine has a thermal efficiency of 42.2%. if the calorific value of
the fuel is 40.3 MJ/Kg, determine (a) Input power of the engine (b) Specific fuel consumption of
the engine in Kg/Kwh. [0.21Kg/Kwh]

4. Meghna Oil-2018+DPDC-2020+BPDB-2018: Bsfc of a diesel engine is 240g/KWhr. Calculate diesel

consumption rate in L/hr. Electric load is 30KW and alternator efficiency is 90%. (s.gr.0.85)
[9.41lt/hr]

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5. Buet M.sc-2018: A 50hp engine has a thermal efficiency of 45%. If the calorific value of the fuel is
35MJ/Kg, determine bsfc. [0.2285KG/Kw.hr]

6. BR. Powergen-2021: A car engine with a power output of 65HP has a thermal efficiency of 24%
Determine the fuel consumption rate of this car if the fuel has a heating value of 44000Kj/kg.
[mf=16.53kg/hr]

7. BPI-2020: The drive shaft in an automobile delivers 200Nm of torque as it rotates at 3600rpm.
Calculate the HP delivered. [P=101.072hp]

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8. EGCB-2020: A four-stroke engine has bore to stroke ratio 0.8. The mean effective pressure is
0.8MPa and indicated power is 30HP and engine speed is 2400rpm. Find out the dimensions of
engine. [L=0.1406m, D=0.112m]

9. DESCO-2019: Below data get from a engine by Prony brake: Brake arm length =80cm, include
weight of brake =10kg, engine speed=400rpm, Brake scale reading=30kg, mechanical
efficiency=70% find out (a) Torque [156.96N.m] (b) B.H.P [8.81H.P] (c) I.H.P [12.59H.P]

10. BOF-2021: A diesel engine has break power of 7HP. It consumes 50ml of fuel in 2minutes and
specific gravity of fuel is 0.84. determine break specific fuel consumption in g/bhp.hr.
11. BADC-2022: A four stroke four-cylinder engine has a cylinder of 25cm diameter, 50cm stroke and
turn at 154rpm. Ab indicated mean effective pressure is 7.5Kg/cm2 and the mechanical efficiency
of the engine is 86.4%. Calculate
a) IHP
b) BHP
c) BMEP
12. BDCCL-2022: A four-stroke diesel engine of 2 liter required 60KW power. If the speed is 1200rpm,
what will be the brake men effective pressure?

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Engine Dimension
𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁𝐾
𝐼𝑝 =
60
BUET Lecture
1. BUET Class Assignment: A four-cylinder, 2.4 liter engine operates on a four-stroke cycle at
3200 𝑅𝑃𝑀. The com- pression ratio is 9.4: 1, the connecting rod length 18 𝑐𝑚, and the bore and
stroke are related as 𝑆 = 1.06𝐵 [where 𝑆 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑒 ⅆ𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟] Calculate: (a)
Clearance volume of one cylinder in cm³, L, and in. (b) Bore and stroke in cm (c) Average piston
speed in m/sec

2. BUET Term final 2014-15: An engine with an indicated thermal efficiency of 25% and mechanical
efficiency of 75% consumes 25 kg/hr of fuel at a fixed speed. The bmep is 5 bar and the mean
piston speed is 15 m/s. Assuming it to be a single cylinder square engine, determine the crank
radius and the speed in revolutions per minute. Take the heating value of fuel as 42 MJ/kg.

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Example from different book

1. Khurmi Example 27.5: A four-cylinder two stroke cycle petrol engine develops 23.5KW brake
power at 2500rpm. The mean effective pressure on each piston is 8.5bar and the mechanical
efficiency is 85%. Calculate the diameter and the stroke of each cylinder, assuming the length of
stroke equal to 1.5 times the diameter of cylinder

2. Khurmi Example 27.15: Find the engine dimensions of a two-cylinder two stroke IC engine from
the following data:
Engine Speed 400rpm
Volumetric efficiency 0.77
Mechanical efficiency 0.75
Fuel consumption 10liters/hr (specific gravity 0.73)
Air-fuel Ratio 18:1
Piston Speed 600m/min
Indicated mean effective pressure 5bar

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Job Exam Question

1. EGCB-2020: A four-stroke engine has bore to stroke ratio 0.8. The mean effective pressure is
0.8MPa and indicated power is 30HP and engine speed is 2400rpm. Find out the dimensions
of engine. [L=0.1406m, D=0.112m]

2. NPCBL-2023: If crank radius is 100mm then find the stroke length.

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Compression Ratio
𝑉𝑆 +𝑉𝐶 𝜋
𝑟= 𝑉𝐶
𝑉𝑠 = 4 𝐷 2 𝐿

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question
1. SGFL-2017: A four-cylinder 4 stroke engine has 10cm bore and 10cm stroke. Clearance volume is
50πcc (157cc) determine (a) compression ratio [6] (b) CC of this engine. [3141.6cc]

2. BWDB-2017: A 6-cylinder engine has a bore diameter of 10cm and stroke length 10cm. Clearance
volume is 50πcc. Find displacement volume and compression ratio. [250πcc, 6]

3. BOF-2021: A diesel engine cylinder has piston diameter of 10cm. if stroke length is 15cm and
clearance length is 1.3cm, then what is the compression ratio. [12.54]

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4. BAERA 2023: A single cylinder engine has a compression ratio of 15:1, displacement volume of
1400cc. Find out efficiency and clearances volume.

Engine Efficiency
𝐵.𝑃 𝐵.𝑃×3600
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂 = 𝐼.𝑃
where 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑚𝑓 ×𝐶
,
𝐼.𝑃×3600
𝐼𝑛ⅆ𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒ⅆ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑚𝑓 ×𝐶

1
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛ⅆ𝑎𝑟ⅆ 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 1 − [𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙]
𝑟 𝛾−1
1 𝜌𝛾 − 1
𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 1 − ( 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜌 = 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑟 𝛾−1 𝛾(𝜌 − 1)
𝑇1
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 1 −
𝑇2
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. A four-stroke spark ignition engine is operating at a mean piston speed of 10m/s. The measured
air flow rate is 60g/s. Calculate the volumetric efficiency of the engine. Take 𝑉𝑑 = 2.2ⅆ𝑚3 and𝐿 =
92𝑚𝑚

Job Exam Question

1. BEZA 2016: An engine absorbs 1000J heat at 600K temperature & rejects heat 600J at 300k
temperature. Determine efficiency and also the maximum possible efficiency. [40%, 50%]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

2. 36th BCS : An engineer claims his engine to develop 3.75KW on testing. The engine consumes
0.44kg of fuel per hour having calorific value of 42000Kj/Kg. the maximum temperature recorded
in the cycle is 1400°C & minimum is 350°C. check whether the engineer claim is correct or not.
[not, P=3.22KW]

3. RPNL-2021+BCIC-2016: A Carnot engine receives 500KJ of heat from a high temperature source
(625°C) and rejects heat to a low temperature sink (30°C). What will be the efficiency of Carnot
heat engine? [66.25%]

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4. SGFL-2021: An inventor claims that a new heat cycle will develop 0.4Kw for a heat addition of
32.5Kj/min. The temperature of heat source is 1990K and that of sink is 850K. Is his claim possible?
[not possible]

5. DESCO-2019: A Carnot engine work done 150KJ and operate between 225°K to 575°K. Find out
thermal efficiency and quantity of heat input. [η=60.86%, Qin=246.42Kj]

6. BPI-2020: An inventor proposed an engine that operates between 27°C warm surface layer of the
ocean and a 10°C layer of a few meters down. The inventor claims that the engine produces
100KW by pumping 20Kg/s of sea water. Is this possible. [ No]

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Fuel injection
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 এ 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛ⅆ𝑒𝑟 & 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 এ কতটু কু 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒ⅆ হলে =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛ⅆ𝑒𝑟 × 𝑛
𝑁
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑛 =
2
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟)
BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Mathur & Sharma Example 12.1: Determine the quantity of fuel to be injected per cycle for a 6-
cylinder 4 stroke Perkins diesel engine having brake specific fuel consumption of 245gm per KW-
hr & develop 89KW at 2500rpm. Take specific gravity of fuel as 0.84.

2. V.Ganesan Example 8.1: A six-cylinder four stroke diesel engine develops 125Kw at 3000rpm its
brake specific fuel consumption is 200gm/kwhr. Calculate the quantity of fuel to be injected per
cycle per cylinder. Specific gravity of the fuel may be taken as 0.85.

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Job Exam Question

Carburetor
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Mathur & Sharma Example 11.2: A simple jet carburetor is required to supply 6kg of air per
minute and 0.45kg of fuel of density 740Kg/m3. The throat diameter of choke for a flow velocity
of 92m/s velocity co-efficient =0.8. if the pressure drop across the fuel metering orifice is 0.75 of
that at choke, calculate orifice diameter assuming Cd=0.60

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Theory of Machine (TOM)

Power transmission
2𝜋𝑁
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 = 𝐹𝑟𝜔 = 𝐹𝑟 ×
60
𝑃 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) × 𝑟𝜔
𝑇1
=е𝜇𝜃
𝑇2

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜇 = 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Khurmi exercise 11.3: A pulley is driven by a flat belt running at a speed of 600 m/min. The
coefficient of friction between the pulley and the belt is 0.3 and the angle of lap is 160°. If the
maximum tension in the belt is 700 N; find the power transmitted by a belt [Ans:3.983KW]
2. Khurmi (theory of machine example 11.5): A casting weighing of 9KN hangs freely from a rope
which makes 2.5 turns round a drum of 300mm diameter revolving at 20rpm. the other end of
the rope is pulled by a man. The coefficient of friction is 0.25. Determine 1. The force required by
the man, [176.47N] and 2. The power to raise the casting [2.772N].

3. Khurmi Theory of Machine example 11.12: In a flat belt drive the initial tension is 2000 N. The
coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.3 and the angle of lap on the smaller
pulley is 150°. The smaller pulley has a radius of 200 mm and rotates at 500rpm. Find the power
in kW transmitted by the belt.

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4. SS Ratan Example 9.4: A belt runs over a pully of 800mm diameter at a speed of 180rpm. The
angle of lap is 165° and the maximum tension in the belt is 2KN. Determine the power transmitted
if the coefficient of friction between the belt and the pully is 0.3

5. Bansal example 7.10: An open belt drive connects two pulleys 120cm and 50cm diameters on
parallel shafts 4m apart. The maximum tension in the belt is 1855.3N. The co-efficient of friction
is 0.3. The driver pulley of diameter 120cm runs at 200rpm. Calculate the power transmitted by
the belt and pulley system.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Job Exam Question

1. Khurmi Example 10.15 (APSCL-2019): A 60mm diameter shaft running in a bearing carries a load
of 2000N. If the coefficient of friction between the shaft and bearing is 0.03, find the power
transmitted when it runs at 1440 rpm [P=271.43W]

2. BPDB-2016: Determine the power transmitted by a belt drive on a pulley having diameter 0.6m
and 200rpm. The tension on the tight and slack side of the pulley was given 2500N and 1226N
respectively. [P=8KW]

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3. GTCL-2016: Find the power transmitted by a belt drive generating a torque 50N.m at 700 rpm.
[P=3.665KW]

4. Khurmi Example 11.4 (DPDC-2019+BIFPCL-2019): Find the power transmitted by a belt running
over a pulley of 600mm diameter at 200rpm. The coefficient of friction between the belt and the
8𝜋
pulley is 0.25, angle of lap 9
and maximum tension in the belt is 2500N. [Ans: 7.893KW]

5. Meghna Oil-2018: For a belt system initial pull is 2500N, angle of smaller pulley is 150°C, Co-
efficient 0.25, velocity 6.5m/s. Find power transmission. [P=7.804KW]

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6. CPGCBL-2017+PGCB-2020: Two different size pulleys (a motor pulley and a machine pulley) are
connected through a flat belt. Tension at tight side and slack side are 500N and 350N respectively.
The machine shaft has a speed of 1450rpm. Determine the torque required and power
transmitted through the machine shaft. [Torque=45N.M, P=6832.96W]

7. PGCB-2018+BPDB-2021: Two flat belts are attached with two equal size pulleys of each diameter
200mm, maximum allowable tension is 500N. Belt friction coefficient is 0.3. Determine the
maximum torque of the pulley. [30.5169N-m]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

8. DWASA-2017+APSCL-2021+NPCBL-2017: A flat belt is with two pulleys of equal diameter.

Maximum allowable tension in the tight side 800N. The coefficient of friction of the pulley is 0.03.
Determine the maximum force in the slack side. [728.045N]

9. BPI-2020: The drive shaft in an automobile delivers 200Nm of torque as it rotates at 3600rpm.
Calculate the HP delivered. [P=101.11hp]

10. RNPL-2021: A Shaft is transmitted 50HP Speed of the shaft is 400 rpm. What is the torque?
[890.47N]

11. NWPGCL-2019: A rope has 1.5 times winding on a horizontal bar, at its one end a bar of 300N is
Placed, if coefficient of friction between rope and bar is 0.3 then what will be the range of P will
be maintained at other end of rope? [Pmax=5070.6N & Pmin=17.75N]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Belt, Pully and chain drive

No Slip Condition 𝑁4 ⅆ1 × ⅆ3
=
𝑁1 ⅆ2 × ⅆ4
Slip Condition 𝑁4 ⅆ1 × ⅆ3 𝑆1 𝑆2
= (1 − )(1 − )
𝑁1 ⅆ2 × ⅆ4 100 100

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Khurmi theory of machine Example 11.1: An engine, running at 150 rpm., drives a line shaft by
means of a belt. The engine pulley is 750 mm diameter and the pulley on the line shaft being 450
mm. A 900 mm diameter pulley on the line shaft drives a 150 mm diameter pulley keyed to a
dynamo shaft. Find the speed of the dynamo shaft, when 1. there is no slip, and 2. there is a slip
of 2% at each drive.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

2. Khurmi Exercise 11.1: An engine shaft running at 120 rpm. is required to drive a machine shaft by
means of a belt. The pulley on the engine shaft is of 2 m diameter and that of the machine shaft
is 1 m diameter. If the belt thickness is 5 mm; determine the speed of the machine shaft, when 1.
there is no slip; and 2. there is a slip of 3%. [Ans. 239.4 rpm.; 232.3 rpm.]

3. R.K Bansal Example 7.6: With the help of a belt an engine running at 200rpm drives a line shaft.
The diameter of the pully on the engine is 80cm and the diameter of the pulley on the shaft is
40cm. A 100cm diameter pulley on the line shaft drives a 20cm diameter pulley keyed to a dynamo
shaft. Find the speed of the dynamo shaft when (a) there is no slip (b) there is a slip of 2.5% at
each drive

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

4. Find the efficiency of a pully system which has a mechanical advantage of 2.5 and where the load
lifts by 2.5 meters on pulling the rope by 10m.

Flywheel
Khurmi Article 16.8
A flywheel controls the speed variations caused by the fluctuation of the engine
turning moment during each cycle of operation.
1 2 1
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒ⅆ 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑙𝑦𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙: 𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔 = 𝑚𝑘 2 𝜔2
2 2
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦: 𝐼𝜔2 𝐶𝑠

BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Khurmi Example 16.2: The flywheel of a steam engine has a radius of gyration of 1 m and mass
2500 kg. The starting torque of the steam engine is 1500 N-m and may be assumed constant.
Determine: 1. the angular acceleration of the flywheel, and 2. the kinetic energy of the flywheel
after 10 seconds from the start.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Job Exam Question

1. GTCL-2018: The wheel of a steam engine has a radius of gyration of 0.5m and mass 300kg. the
starting torque of the engine is 1000N-m. Determine angular acceleration of the flywheel.
[α=13.33rad/s2]

2. RPCL-2019: A circular solid disc of uniform thickness 20mm, radius 200mm and mass 20kg is used
as a flywheel if it rotates at 600rpm, find the kinetic energy of the flywheel. [1579.13j]

3. BUET MSc. -2023: A spherical air balloon has 100Kpa of pressure. Initial diameter of balloon was
0.3m and when it was heated its diameter become 0.4m. if the pressure is proportional to its
diameter, then determine the expansion work.

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Gyroscopic couple
𝐶 = 𝐼𝜔𝜔𝑝

Where 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑘 2 , 𝑚 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟,

𝑘 = 𝑟𝑎ⅆ𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2𝜋𝑁
𝜔=
60
𝑉
𝜔𝑝 =
𝑅
BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Khurmi theory of machine Exaple 14.1: A uniform disc of diameter 300mm and of mass 5 kg is
mounted on one end of an arm of length 600mm. The outer end of the arm is free to rotate in a
universal bearing. If the disc rotates about the arm with a speed of 300rpm clockwise, looking
from the front with what speed will it process about the vertical axis?

2. Khurmi Example 14.2: A uniform disc of 150 mm diameter has a mass of 5 kg. It is mounted
centrally in bearings which maintain its axle in a horizontal plane. The disc spins about it axle with
a constant speed of 1000 rpm. while the axle processes uniformly about the vertical at 60 rpm.
The directions of rotation are as shown in figure. If the distance between the bearings is 100mm,
find the resultant reaction at each bearing due to the mass and gyroscopic effects

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3. Khurmi Example 14.5: The heavy turbine rotor of a sea vessel rotates at 1500 rpm. clockwise
looking from the stern, its mass being 750 kg. The vessel pitches with an angular velocity of 1
rad/s. Determine the gyroscopic couple transmitted to the hull when bow is rising, if the radius of
gyration for the rotor is 250 mm. Also show in what direction the couple acts on the hull?

4. Khurmi Example 14.6: The turbine rotor of a ship has a mass of 3500 kg. It has a radius of gyration
of 0.45 m and a speed of 3000 rpm. clockwise when looking from stern. Determine the gyroscopic
couple and its effect upon the ship: 1. when the ship is steering to the left on a curve of 100 m
radius at a speed of 36 km/h.

5. SS Ratan 17.1: A uniform disc having a mass of 8kg and a radius of gyration of 150mm is mounted
on one end of a horizontal arm of 200mm length. The other end of the arm can freely in a universal

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

bearing. The disc is given a clockwise spin of 250rpm as seen from the disc end of the arm.
Determine the motion of the disc if the arm remains horizontal.

6. SS Ratan 17.2: A disc with radius of gyration of 60mm and a mass of 4kg is mounted enterally on
a horizontal axle of 80mm length between the bearing. It spins about the axle at 800rpm counter-
clockwise when viewed from the right-hand side bearing. The axle processes about a vertical axis
at 50rpm in the clockwise direction when viewed from above. Determine the gyroscopic effect.

7. SS Ratan Example 17.3: An aero plane flying at 240Km/h turns towards the left and completes a
quarter circle of 60m radius. The mass of the rotary engine and the propeller of the plane is 450kg
with a radius of 320mm. The engine speed is 2000rpm clockwise when viewed from the rear.
Determine the gyroscopic couple on the aircraft.

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8. SS Ratan 17.4: The turbine rotor of a ship has a mass of 2.2 tones and rotates at 1800 rpm
clockwise when viewed from the aft. The radius of gyration of the rotor is 320 mm. Determine the
gyroscopic couple and its effect when (i) ship turns right at a radius of 250 m with a speed of 25
km/h (ii) ship pitches with the bow rising at an angular velocity of 0.8 rad/s (iii) ship rolls at an
angular velocity of 0.1 rad/s

9. SS Ratan 17.5: The rotor of the turbine of a ship has a mass of 2500 kg and rotates at a speed of
3200 rpm counter-clockwise when viewed from stern. The rotor has radius of gyration of 0.4 m.
Determine the gyroscopic couple and its effect when (i) the ship steers to the left in a curve of
80m radius at a speed of 15 knots (1 knot =1860 m/h) (ii) the ship pitches 5 degrees above and 5
degrees below the normal position and the how is descending with its maximum velocity the
pitching motion is simple harmonic with a periodic time of 40 seconds

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Job Exam Question

1. Khurmi Example-14.3 (Biman-2018): An aero plane makes a complete half circle of 50m radius,
towards left, when flying at 200km per hr. the rotary engine and the propeller of the plane has
amass of 400kg and radius of gyration of 0.3m. the engine rotates at 2400rpm clockwise when
viewed from the rear. Find the gyroscopic couple on the aircraft. [10.053 KN.m]

2. Khurmi Theory of Machine Example 14.4+ BIWTA-2019 The turbine rotor of a ship has a mass of
8 tonnes and a radius of gyration 0.6 m. It rotates at 1800 rpm. clockwise, when looking from the
stern. Determine the gyroscopic couple, if the ship travels at 100 km/hr and steer to the left in a
curve of 75 m radius

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Gear
Pitch line velocity
𝐷
𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑚 =
𝑇
𝜋𝐷𝑁
𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
60
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Bansal Example 9.1: Determine the number of teeth and speed of the driver if the driven gear
has 60 teeth of 8mm module and rotates at 240rpm the two spur gears have a velocity ratio
1
of . Also calculate the pitch line velocities.
4

1
2. SS Ratan Example 10.1: Two Spur gears have a velocity ratio of the driven gear has 72 teeth
3
of 8mm module and rotates at 300rpm. Calculate the number of teeth and the speeds of the
driver. What will be the pitch line velocities?

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

3. SS Ratan Example 10.2: The number of the teeth of a spur gear is 30 and it rotates at 200
rpm. What will be the pitch line velocity if it has a module of 2mm?

Job Exam Question

1. DWASA-2017: A spur gear having module 6mm and the teeth numbers are 10. If the speed is
1200rpm, then find the pitch line velocity. [3.769m/s]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Pitch circle
𝐷
𝑀𝑜ⅆ𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑚 =
𝑇
1
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑃𝑑 =
𝑚
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑃𝑐 = 𝜋𝑚
BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Bansal Example 9.2: A spur gear has a module of 2mm and its pitch line velocity is 0.6283m/s. If
the number of teeth of this spur gear is 30, find the speed of the gear. Also determine its circular
pitch.

2. Bansal Theory of machine Example 10.3 : Two Parallel shaft are connected with the help of two
gears one gear one each shaft. The number of teeth on one gear is 38 and speed of the shaft is
420rpm. If the speed ratio is equal to 3 and circular pitch of the gears is 25mm then find (a)
number of teeth and speed of other shaft (b) center distance between the shafts.

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Job Exam Question

1. Titas gas-2018: A spur gear having diameter 400mm & teeth no 50. Determine (a) Circular pitch
𝟏
Pc [8π](b) Diametric pitch Pd [ ](c) Module (m) [8mm]
𝟖

2. DPDC-2020: Two parallel shafts, about 600mm apart are to be connected by spur gears. One shaft
is to run at 360rpm and the other at 120rpm. If the circular pitch is to be 25mm, determine the
teeth of each gear. [T1=38, T2=114]

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Gear train
Types of gear Train:

Simple Compound Reverted Epicyclic

Epi= upon
১ টি shaft এ ১ টি মাে gear Cyclic= around
থালক One or more of their
১ টি shaft এ একাছধক gear থালক members move upon
and around another
known epicyclic gear
train

Driver shaft & follower

shaft Co-axial

𝑁1 𝑇6 ×𝑇4 ×𝑇2
=
𝑁6 𝑇1 ×𝑇3 ×𝑇5

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BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Khurmi Exercise 13.1: A compound train consists of six gears. The number of teeth on the gears
are as follows
Gear A B C D E F
No of Teeth 60 40 50 25 30 24

The gears B and C are on one shaft while the gears D and E are on another shaft. The gear A drives
gear B, gear C drives gear D and Gear E drives gear F. if the gear A transmits 1.5KW at 100rpm and
the gear train has an efficiency of 80%, find the torque on gear F. [Ans:30.55N-m]

2. Khurmi Theory of machine Example 13.2: Two parallel shafts, about 600 mm apart are to be
connected by spur gears. One shaft is to run at 360 rpm. and the other at 120 rpm. Design the
gears (diameter and number of teeth on the gears), if the circular pitch is to be 25 mm.

3. Bansal Example 10.5: In a compound gear train shown in figure, the power is transmitted from a
motor shaft to output shaft. The motor shaft is connected to gear 1 whereas the output shaft is
connected to gear 4. The gears 2 and 3 are mounted on the same shaft. The motor shaft is rotating
at 1250rpm in the clockwise direction. Find the direction and speed of the output shaft. The
number of teeth on each gear are given as:
Gear 1 2 3 4
No of teeth 30 75 20 40

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4. Bansal Example 10.6: In a compound gear train shown in figure the power is transmitted from a
motor shaft to output shaft. The motor shaft is connected to gear 1 whereas the output shaft is
connected to gear 6. The motor shaft is rotating at 1125rpm in the clockwise direction, find the
direction and speed of output shaft. The number of each tooth in each gear are given as.
Gear 1 2 3 4 5 6
No of teeth 30 75 40 120 28 70

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5. GATE Exam: Two parallel shafts are connected with the help of two gears A and B, with one gear
on each shaft. The number of teeth on gear A is 41 and it is mounted on a shaft which is rotating
at 540 rpm. Given the speed ratio is equal to 5 and circular pitch of gears is 22 mm. A is the driver
and B is the driven gear. Determine the number of teeth in gear “B” speed of its shaft. Also
determine the central distance between the two shafts.

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Job Exam Question

1. APSCL-2016+NWPGCL-2021: Two gears A and B mesh with each other. The speed of gear A is
795rpm. Number of teeth of the two gears A and B are respectively 50 and 20. Find speed of gear
B. [NB=1987.5 rpm]

2. BGFCL-2017: A reverted gear shown Find the speed ratio. Number of teeth are T1=10, T2=20,
T3=32, T4=40.

[2.5]

4. BUET M.Sc -2018

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Find the speed of gear 4

[140 rpm]

3. BCMCL-2020
T1=40, T2=50, T3=60, T4=20 and N1=500rpm then N4=?

[N4=1200rpm]

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4. RNPL-2021: Two gears A and B mesh with each other. The speed of gear A is 795rpm Number of
teeth of the gears A and B are respectively 50 and 20. Find speed of gear B
5. BWDB-2020: A vehicle is driven from an electric motor via compound gear, where N1=20, N2=100,
N3=25, N4=75. The efficiency of first stage is 94% and second stage is 96%. If the final drive requires
a torque of 100Nm at 200rpm then determine the required torque and speed of the motor.

6. NPCBL-2023: Two gears A&B are in mesh having teeth number of 90 and 30 respectively. If their
mass moment of inertia is 2Kg-m2 and 0.65Kg-m2. Find the mass moment of inertia with respect
to A.

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Driving & Separating force on reciprocating pats

𝑃 × 60
𝐹𝑡 =
𝜋𝐷𝑁
𝐹𝑛
tan 𝜃 =
𝐹𝑡
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. A single reduction gear of 120KW with a pinion 250mm pitch circle diameter and speed 650rpm
is supported in bearing on either side. Calculate the total lead due to the power transmitted, the
pressure angle being 20°

2. A pair of spur gear transmit power of 2.5KW. The pinion rotates at 150rpm has 21 teeth. Module
3.5mm and pressure angle is 20°. Determine Driving force, separating force resultant force and
its direction.

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Job Exam Question

1. BPDB-2018: The module of a mating spur gear set is 4mm. pressure angle 25°, number of teeth
on pinion 20 and gear ratio is 3, driver pinion runs at 1500rpm and transmits 1000W to gear.
Calculate: Driving force and separating force acting on gears. [Ft=159.15N, FN=74.21N]

2. NWPGCL-2017+PGCL-2017: The module of a mating spur gear set is 3mm. pressure angle 25°,
number of teeth on pinion 20 and gear ratio is 3, driver pinion runs at 1500 rpm and transmits
1200W to gear calculate: Driving force and separating force acting on gears [Ft=254.64N,
FN=118.74N]

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3. DTCA-2022: A spur gear ratio 3:1 pinion tooth 20, module 4mm, teeth face width 15mm, pressure
20° and rotates at 1000rpm. Driving force 500N. Find transmitted and separating force.

Clearance tolerance & Allowance

Just ১ টি parts ২ টি mating parts

Tolerance Allowance Clearance
Shaft tolerance= (Shaft Minimum gap Maximum gap
এর upper limit – shaft এর Lower limit of hole – upper Upper limit of hole -lower limit of
lower limit) limit of shaft shaft

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BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Khurmi (Machine design) Example 3.1: The dimension of the mating [arts, according to basic
hole system are given as follows:
Hole Shaft
25.00mm 24.97mm
25.02mm 24.95mm
Find the hole tolerance, shaft tolerance and allowance

2. Hole of diameter: 25+0.015 +0.010

−0.015 mm and shaft of diameter 25−0.010 determine the tolerance minimum
allowance and maximum allowance and which type of fits?

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3. A journal bearing has a 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 75.121𝑚𝑚 and 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 75.035𝑚𝑚 and Bush has 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
75.03𝑚𝑚 and 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 75𝑚𝑚. Find type of fit tolerance maximum interface minimum diametral
clearance.

Job Exam Question

1. NPCBL-2023: A journal bearing has a 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 of 75.121mm & 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 of 75.035mm. Bush has
𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 =75.05mm and 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 =75mm Find fit tolerance, maximum interference and minimum
diametral clearance?
2. BIPCL-2021
Hole Shaft
+0.04
25−0.02 24.9+0.01
−0.04

Find (a) Tolerance (b) Clearance (c) Allowance

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Tool life

𝑉𝑇 𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉 = 𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒ⅆ, 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒
1. BREB-2018: Single point cutting tools having Taylor Exponent 0.25, if cutting speed is halved
what will be the tool life? [16 times]

Inertia force on reciprocating pats

Piston Connecting rod

𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝜔𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑣𝑝 = 𝜔𝑟(𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 + ) 𝜔𝑐 =
2𝑛 𝑛
𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜃 2
𝜔 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑎𝑝 = 𝜔2 𝑟(𝐶𝑜𝑛𝜃 + ) 𝛼𝑐 =
𝑛 𝑛

BUET Lecture
1. BUET Helal sir Lecture+ Khurmi Example 15.6: Find the inertia force for the following data of an
I.C. engine. Bore 175 mm, stroke = 200 mm, engine speed = 500 r.p.m., length of connecting rod
= 400 mm, crank angle = 60° from T.D.C and mass of reciprocating parts = 180 kg.

Example from different book

1. Khurmi Example 15.3: If the crank and the connecting rod are 300 mm and 1 m long respectively
and the crank rotates at a constant speed of 200 rpm., determine: (a)The crank angle at which the
maximum velocity occurs [75°], and (b) Maximum velocity of the piston [6.54m/s]

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2. Khurmi Example 15.4: The crank and connecting rod of a steam engine are 0.3 m and 1.5 m in
length. The crank rotates at 180 rpm. clockwise. Determine the velocity and acceleration of the
piston when the crank is at 40 degrees from the inner dead center position. Also determine the
position of the crank for zero acceleration of the piston. [Vp=4.19m/s, ap=85.26m/s2, θ=79.27°]

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3. Khurmi Example 15.5: In a slider crank mechanism, the length of the crank and connecting rod
are 150 mm and 600 mm respectively. The crank position is 60° from inner dead center. The crank
shaft speed is 450 rpm. (clockwise). Using analytical method, determine: (a) Velocity and
acceleration of the slider, [Vp=6.85m/s, ap=124.91m/s2] and (b) Angular velocity and angular
acceleration of the connecting rod [ωc=5.89rad/s αc=480.78rad/s2].

Job Exam Question

1. EGCB: A 4-stroke engine has bore to stroke ratio 0.8 the mean effective pressure is 0.8MPa and
indicated Power is 30hp and engine speed is 240rpm. Find out the dimensions of the engine.
[L=0.14m, D=0.1125m]

2. BIFCL-2019: In a slider crank mechanism, the crank is rotating with an angular velocity of 20rad/s
in counterclockwise direction. At the instant when the crank is perpendicular to the direction of
the piston movement, velocity of the piston is 2m/s. what is the radius of the crank?

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3. 33rd BCS: The crank of a reciprocating engine is 200mm long and the connecting rod is 800mm
long. Find the acceleration of the connecting rod and velocity and acceleration of the piston.
When the crank is rotated from inner dead center position. The crank turns at a uniform speed at
200rpm.

4. 34th BCS: A crank connecting rod mechanism has a crank of length 50mm and connecting rod of
length 200mm. Find the velocity of slider attached to the end of the connecting rod. If the crank
revolves at a uniform. Speed of 200rev/min, when the crank will make angle 30° with the line of
stroke of the slider.

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Vibration
Vibration related terminology
Period: 1 টি cycle complete করলত শে সময় টুকু োলে

Frequency: Per unit Time মালন্ 1 sec এ শে কয়টি cycle complete হয়।

Natural Frequency: Natural frequency is the frequency of the system having free vibration without
friction.

N.B: শকান্ system এ friction সহ vibration হলে এলক বেব damped natural frequency.

4. Damping: এটা হলো এমন্ একটা system ো শকান্ vibration or Oscillatin এর শে তীব্রতা (amplitude) এটা শক কমাই শেয়

ছকতাছব ভাোয় an Energy Absorbing mechanism that reduce the amplitude of an oscillation or vibration as a
result of energy being dissipated as heat.

আর একটি definition হলো A device by which vibration energy is gradually converted into heat or soind is
called Damper and this Process is called Damping.

ছকিু চcommon type of Damping হলো

Air Damping

Fluid Friction

Coulomb Dry Friction

Magnetic Damping

Internal Damping {source: W.Seto Page 2}

Over, Under & Critical Damping বেলত ছক বু োয়?

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Factor of
Under Over Critical
Difference
ককভাতে েু ঝে কে এটা
েখন্ damping ratio েখন্ damping ratio েখন্ damping ratio
ককাি ধরতির
(zeta)<1 হলব (zeta)>1 (zeta)=1
damping
ককাি ধরতির damper Under & Over এর
Light Heavy
use করতে হতে মাোমাছে
oscillation Not possible Possible
[Source: W. Seto

আর একটা common confusion শে কখন্ আছম একটা system এ absorber use করব আর কখন্ Damber use করব?

Absorber Damper
শে সমস্ত শমছেন্ এ high frequency এর vibration
শে সমস্ত জায়োলত low frequency এর vibration
generate হয় শেমন্ Power plant এর মলধয কার শজন্ালরটর
generate হলে শসখালন্
motor (কলয়ক MW এর) এর vibration reduce এর জন্য

Resonance ছক ছজছন্সঃ আমালেরলক ক্লালস আমালের এক সযার এভালব বু োইলতন্ শে মলন্ কলরা শে একটা তসন্য েে মাচত করলত করলত একটা
েু েন্ত ব্রীজ এর উপর ছেলয় োলে শতা এখন্ তসছন্ক শেন্ মাচত করার েরুন্ শে vibration generate হলব শসটা েছে ঐ bridge এর শে natural
frequency আলি শসটার সমান্ েছে শকান্ ভালব হলয় োয় তাহলে ব্রীজ টা অস্বাভাছবক ভালব শোো শুরু করলব এই situation শক বেব
resonance

W.Seto page 2: when the frequency of excitation of disturbance is equal to the natural frequency of the
system the amplitude of the vibration will increase without bound, this situation or this condition is
called resonance.

Google এ Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940) ছেলখ search ছেলয় শেখলত পালরা wind এর induced vibration এর কারলন্
ছকভালব bridge টা collapse করলি।

Classificaton of Vibration:

Free & Forced Vibration

Damped & Undamped Vibration

Linear & Nonlinear Vibration

Deterministic & Random Vibration

Transient & steady Vibration

Free Vibration Forced Vibration

External শকান্ ছকিু ছেলয় system শক disturbe করলে System এর ছভছতলরর শকান্ ছকিু system এর মলধয vibration
vibration start হলব but মজার বযাপার হলো শে star করলব & এই disturbsnce শক সরাই ছন্লেই ছকন্তু
Disturbance টালক সরাই ছন্লেও ছকন্তু vibration বন্ধ হলব ন্া vibratioটা বন্ধ হলয় োলব শেমন্ উোহরণ ছহসালব আমরা বেলত পাছর
বরং চেলতই থাকলব শে একটা োড়ীর মলেয engine start করলে engine এর piston

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এর movement এর কারলন্ োছড়লত vibration start হলব &

engine বন্ধ করলে vibration বন্ধ হলয় োলব

Damped Vibration Undamped Vibration

একটূ আলে আমরা Damper সম্পলক জান্োম শে এটা এমন্ একটা Damper িাড়া system এর vibration
system শেটা use করলে system এর vibration টা reduce Damper ন্া থাকার কারলন্ system এর vibration এর
হয় , এই damper েুি system এর vibration শকই বেব amplitude এর শকান্ reduction ঘলট ন্া
damped vibration
That means Damped vibration এ প্রলতযক cycle এ
vibration এর amplitude এর reduction ঘলট।
No Energy is lost or dissipated in friction

Energy is lost in this way

[Source S.S Rao Page 16]

Types of Free Vibration:

Khurmi page 910-911

Longitudinal

Transverse

Torsional

Longitudinal Transverse Torsional

When particles of the shaft or
disk move in a circle about the
axis of the shaft.

১টি springএর এক side fixed কলর অন্য

side এ একটি wight েু ছেলয় ছেলয় এলক Simple pendulum এর ১টি সু তার ১
শটলন্ শিলড ছেলে শেখা োলব শে weight টি মাথা fixed কলর অন্য মাথায় বে েু ছেলয়
spring এর axis বরাবর moves করলি শিলড ছেলে
এই vibration শক বলে longitudinal when the particles of the shaft
vibration or disc moves approximately
perpendicular to the axis of the
shaft

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When particles of the spring or

shaft moves parallel to the axis
of the shaft.

Mathematical Modeling of Mechanical System

BUET Lecture
1. Sumon Saha Sir lecture+BITAC-2021: Write down the equation of free damping and the relation
between S and C.

2. BUET Sumon Saha sir lecture + Ogata Example 3.4: Find differential Equation of the following
Model

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3. Sumon Saha Sir Lecture+ Ogata Example A-3-2:

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Example from different book

1. Automatic control by Hasan Saeed Example 1.7: Draw free body diagram and write the
differential equation of this system.

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2. Hasan saed Example 1.8: Write the differential equation describing the system shown below

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3. Hasan Saeed Example 1.9: A mass spring system under equilibrium condition is shown in figure.
Drive the system equation where 𝑀 = 10𝑘𝑔, 𝐵 =30N/m/sec & k=20N/m

4. Hasan Saeed Example 1.10: Drive the system equation

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5. Ogata Example A-3-2:

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6. Ogata Example A-3-3:

7. Ogata Example A-3-4:

8. Ogata Exercise B-3-1:

9. Ogata Exercise B-3-2: Obtain mathematical models of the mechanical system shown in figure a
&b

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10. Ogata Exercise B-3-3:

11. Ogata Exercise B-3-6:

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Job Exam Question

1. EGCB-2020Write the differential equations of the following spring models.

1. SGCL-2020 Write down the differential equation for the following arrangement.

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2. BCSIR-2021 Write down the differential equation for the spring mass system.

3. EGCB 2020: Find differential equations of the following spring models

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Natural frequency
1 𝑘
𝑓= √
2𝜋 𝑚

where 𝑘 = 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡,

𝑚𝑐
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 weight is given 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜 + 3

1 𝑘 𝐶
𝑓= 2𝜋
× √𝜔𝑛2 − 𝑎2 where 𝜔𝑛 = √𝑚 𝑎 = 2𝑚

BUET Lecture
1. Ashiq Sir Lecture: The springs of an automobile trailer are compressed 10 cm under its weight.
The trailer is traveling over a road with a profile approximated by a sine wave of amplitude 8 cm
and wavelength of 15 m. (a) What will be the amplitude of vibration at 75 km/h? (b) Find the
critical speed and corresponding amplitude. (c) For what value of speed vibration is isolated?

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Example from different book

1. Khurmi Theory of Machine Example 4.3: A helical spring of negligible mass and which is found to
extend 0.25mm under a mass of 1.5kg is made to support a mass of 60kg. The spring and the mass
system is displaced vertically through 12.5mm and released. Determine the frequency of natural
vibration of the system. Find also the velocity of the mass when it is 5mm below its rest position.

2. Khurmi Example 29.2: A shaft of length 0.75 m, supported freely at the ends, is carrying a body
of mass 90 kg at 0.25 m from one end. Find the natural frequency of transverse vibration. Assume
E = 200 GN/m2 and shaft diameter = 50 mm.

3. Khurmi Theory of machine Example: 23.7: A vertical shaft of 5 mm diameter is 200 mm long and
is supported in long bearings at its ends. A disc of mass 50 kg is attached to the center of the shaft.
Neglecting any increase in stiffness due to the attachment of the disc to the shaft, find the critical
speed of rotation The center of the disc is 0.25 mm from the geometric axis of the shaft. E = 200
GN/m2.

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4. Khurmi 23.9: A vibrating system consist of a mass of 200Kg, a spring of stiffness 80N/mm and a
damper with co-efficient of 800N/m/s. Determine the frequency of vibration of the system.

5. Khurmi Exercise 23.1: A shaft of 100 mm diameter and 1 meter long is fixed at one end and other
end carries a flywheel of mass 1 ton. Taking Young’s modulus for the shaft material as 200 GN/m2,
find the natural frequency of longitudinal and transverse vibrations. [Ans. 200 Hz; 8.6Hz]

6. S.S Ratan Example 18.1: Determine the equivalent spring stiffness and the natural frequency of
the following vibrating system then fig ref to (a) mass is suspended to a spring (b) Mass is
suspended at the bottom of two springs in series (c) mass is fixed in between two springs (d) mass
is fixed to the midpoint of a spring. Take 𝑆1 =5N/mm 𝑆2 =8N/mm M=10Kg

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7. Khurmi Theory of Machine Example 4.1: The piston of a steam engine moves with simple
harmonic motion. The crank rotates at 120rpm. With a stroke of 2 meters. Find the velocity and
acceleration of the piston, when it is at a distance of 0.75 meter from the center.

8. The crank rotates at 120rpm with a stroke of 2 meters. Find the velocity of the piston, when it is
at a distance of 0.75m from the center.

𝑑2 𝑥
9. GATE Exam: The differential equation for free vibrations of a spring mass system is 4 + 49𝑥 =
𝑑𝑡 2
0The time period of natural vibration is (x is in meter and t in second)

Job Exam Question

1. BREB-2018: Automobile engine has weight of 240kf, rest on four springs front springs has spring
constant of 16MN/m, other spring having 32MN/m. Find frequency at which resonance will occur.
[100.658Hz]

2. ERL-2017: Find the frequency for free damped vibration. [2.25Hz]

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3. NPCBL-2018: A mass of m=10kg is suspended by a spring of stiffness of k=1KN/m from a fixed

support. The mass vibrates freely with amplitude of 0.008m. ignore the effect of damping and
mass of the spring. Calculate (a) the maximum restoring force [F=8N] (b) the natural frequency
[1.59Hz].

4. NPCBL-2018: A truck of mass 15 tones travelling at 1.6m/s impacts with a buffer spring, which
compress 1.25mm per KN, Find the maximum compression of the spring. [x=219.09mm]

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5. BUET M.Sc. 2017: Find the natural frequency of a spring where k and mass are given Neglect the
mass of spring

Damping Co-efficient
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Khurmi example 23.10: The following data are given for a vibratory system with viscous damping:
Mass = 2.5 kg; spring constant = 3 N/mm and the amplitude decreases to 0.25 of the initial value
after five consecutive cycles. Determine the damping coefficient of the damper in the system.

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Logarithmic Decrement
2𝜋𝐶
𝛿=
√𝐶𝑐2 − 𝐶 2

Where 𝑐 = ⅆ𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐶𝑐 = 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ⅆ𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Khurmi 23.11 An instrument vibrates with a frequency of 1 Hz when there is no damping. When
the damping is provided, the frequency of damped vibrations was observed to be 0.9 Hz. Find 1.
the damping factor, and 2. logarithmic decrement.

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2. Khurmi 23.12: The measurements on a mechanical vibrating system show that it has a mass of 8
kg and that the springs can be combined to give an equivalent spring of stiffness 5.4 N/mm. If the
vibrating system have a dashpot attached which exerts a force of 40 N when the mass has a
velocity of 1 m/s, find: 1. critical damping coefficient, 2. damping factor, 3. Logarithmic
decrement, and 4. ratio of two consecutive amplitudes

3. Khurmi 23.16: The mass of a single degree damped vibrating system is 7.5 kg and makes 24 free
oscillations in 14 seconds when disturbed from its equilibrium position. The amplitude of vibration

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reduces to 0.25 of its initial value after five oscillations. Determine: 1. stiffness of the spring, 2.
logarithmic decrement, and 3. damping factor, i.e. the ratio of the system damping to critical
damping.

4. Khurmi Chapter 23 Exercise 15: A mass of 7.5 kg hangs from a spring and makes damped
oscillations. The time for 60 oscillations is 35 seconds and the ratio of the first and seventh
displacement is 2.5. Find (a) the stiffness of the spring, and (b) the damping resistance in N/m/s.
If the oscillations are critically damped, what is the damping resistance required in N/m/s? [Ans.
870 N/m; 3.9 N/m/s; 162 N/m/s]

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Job Exam Question

Serial & Parallel connection of spring

Series Parallel
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + 𝑘𝑒𝑞 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2
𝒌𝒆𝒒 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Beer & Johnston 12th Edition Sample Problem 19.1: A 50-kg block moves between vertical guides
as shown. The block is pulled 40 mm down from its equilibrium position and released. For each
spring arrangement, determine the period of the vibration

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2. Beer & Jonston Exercise 19.17 [12th Edition]: A 25-kg block is supported by the spring
arrangement shown. If the block is moved vertically downward from its equilibrium position and
released, determine (a) the period and frequency of the resulting motion,

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3. Beer & Jonston Exercise 19.21: A 50-kg block is supported by the spring arrangement shown. The
block is moved vertically downward from its equilibrium position and released. Knowing that the
amplitude of the resulting motion is 60 mm, determine (a) the period and frequency of the
motion,

4. GATE Exam: In the figure shown, the springs are massless, block is of mass m = 1.4 kg, 𝑘1 = 4000
N/m and 𝑘2 = 1600 N/m respectively. Find the natural frequency of free oscillation of the system

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5. Consider the system of two blocks, each of mass m, placed on a smooth floor and connected by a
massless spring of stiffness k. The natural frequencies of this system are

6. GATE: A mass of 1 kg is suspended by means of 3 springs as shown in figure. The spring constants
𝑘1 , 𝑘2 and𝑘3 are respectively 1kN/m, 3kN/m and 2kN/m. The natural frequency of the system is
approximately

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Job Exam Question

1. Titas Gas-2018: Determine the elongation(mm) for the following spring conditions.
5𝑊 𝑾
[ , ]
8 𝟏𝟎

2. BCPCL-2016+BCMCL-2020: Two helical spring of stiffness 15N/mm and 10N/mm are connected
in series. Find the equivalent stiffness. [6N/mm]

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Natural frequency of free transverse vibration

1 𝑔
𝑓= √
2𝜋 𝛿

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Khurmi 23.1: A cantilever shaft 50mm diameter and 300mm long has a disc of mass 100kg at its
free end. The Young’s modulus for the shaft material is 200GN/m2. Determine the frequency of
longitudinal and transverse vibration of the shaft

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Job Exam Question

𝑊𝑙 3
1. NPCBL-2017: For a antileaver beam deflection, δ= and 𝑊 = 200𝑁, 𝐿 = 10𝑐𝑚, 𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎,
3𝐸𝐼
4
𝐼 = 400𝑚𝑚 . Determine natural frequency of the transverse vibration. [17.268Hz]

2. Khurmi Example 23.2 (35th BCS): A shaft of length 0.75𝑚, supported freely at the ends, is carrying
a body of mass 90𝑘𝑔 at 0.25𝑚 from one end. Find the natural frequency of transverse vibration.
Assume 𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑁/𝑚2 and shaft diameter = 50𝑚𝑚. [49.867Hz]

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3. BUET M.Sc 2018: A cantilever beam with diameter 100mm, length 3m is subjected to a load of
5KN. Find the tip deflection if E=200GPa [δ=0.0458m]

4. BAERA 2023: A point load is applied to a beam and deflection is 0.1m. Find frequency in Hz. A load
P is applied in the mid span of a fixed beam, deflection is 10mm. If length of beam doubled keeping
all other parameter same, find how deflection will change.
5. BAPEX-2023: Both side fixed beam deflection is given 10mm, width b, thickness h, if a force is
applied in the midpoint of the beam, then if the length and thickness become twice then what
will be the deflection if other parameters remain same.

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Natural frequency of torsional vibration

1 𝑞
𝑓= √
2𝜋 𝐼

𝑇 𝐺𝐽
where torsional stiffness 𝑞 = 𝜃 = 𝐿
,
𝜋 4
𝐽= ⅆ
32
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑘 2
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Khurmi Example 24.1: A shaft of 100mm diameter and 1m long has one of its ends fixed and the
other end carried disc of mass 500kg at a radius of gyration of 450mm. the modulus of rigidity for
the shaft material is 80GN/m2. Determine the natural frequency of torsional vibrations. [14Hz]

2. Bansal Example 17.1: A vertical shaft is fixed at the top and carries a flywheel of weight 5000N
welded its bottom. The diameter of the shaft is 100m and length is 1m. The modulus of rigidity
for the material of the shaft is 8.16 × 104 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2. If the radius of gyration of flywheel is 250mm,
then determine the frequency of torsional vibrations.

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3. Khurmi Exercise 24.1: A shaft of 100 mm diameter and 1m long is fixed at one end and the other
end carries a flywheel of mass 1 ton. The radius of gyration of the flywheel is 0.5 m. Find the
frequency of torsional vibrations, if the modulus of rigidity for the shaft material is 80 GN/m 2.
[Ans. 8.9 Hz]

Job Exam Question

1. BCIC-2019: A shaft carries bearing load of its one end fixed. The shaft is 1m long and the other
end carries a disc of mass 1kg at a radius of gyration of 0.8m. Tensional stiffness of the shaft is
104Nm/radian. Determine the mass moment of inertia and natural frequency of the shaft.
[0.64kgm2, 19.894Hz]

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Critical damping

𝐶𝑐 = 2√𝑘𝑚 [Where 𝑘 = 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 constant & 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 of object]

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Bansal Example 16.14: Determine the critical Damping co-efficient of a vibrating system
which consists of a mass of 25kg a spring of stiffness 15KN/m and a damper. The damping
provided is only 15% of the critical value.

Job Exam Question

1. BR-Power Gen-2021: A vibratory system consists of mass 12.5Kg, a spring of stiffness 1000Nm
and a dash-pot with damping co-efficient of 15Nsm Find the value of critical damping of the
system. [Cc=223.6Ns/m]

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Refrigeration
Refrigeration Cycle
Reversed Carnot Cycle

Khrumi thermodynamics Article No: 35.9

𝑇2
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
Where 𝑇1 = ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 & 𝑇2 = 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

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BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Cengel thermo Ex 6.100: A refrigerator operating on the reversed Car- not cycle has a measured
work input of 200 kW and heat rejection of 2000 kW to a heat reservoir at 27℃ Determine the
cooling load supplied to the refrigerator, in kW, and the temperature of the heat source, in °C.

2. VVI Math Khurmi Thermo 35.3: A machine working on a Carnot Cycle operating between 305K
and 260K. Determine the COP when it operated as (a) A refrigerating machine (b) A heat pump (c)
heat Engine.

3. Khurmi Thermo 35.5: 1.5KW per ton of refrigeration is required to maintain the temperature of
−40℃ in the refrigerator. If the refrigeration cycle works on carnot cycle determine the following.
(a) COP of the cycle (b) Temperature of the sink (c) Heat rejected to the sink per tonne of
refrigeration (d) Heat supplied and EPR if the cycle is cycle is used as a heat pump.

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4. Khurmi thermos Example 35.6: The capacity of a refrigerator is 200TR when working between
−6℃ and 25℃. Determine the mass of ice produced per day from water at 25℃ also find the
power required to drive the unit. Assuming that the cycle operates on reversed Carnot cycle and
latent heat of ice is 335kj/kg

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5. A refrigerator has a working temperature in the evaporation and condenser coils of −30℃ and
30℃ respectively. What is the maximum possible COP of the refrigerator?

6. A reversed Carnot cycle is used for making ice at −5℃ from water at 25℃ The temperature of
the brine is −10℃ Calculate the Quantity of ice formed per KW/h of work input. Assume that
specific heat of ice as 2Kj/kg, latent heat of ice 335Kj/kg and specific heat of water as 4.18Kj/kg.k

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Job Exam Question

Vapor Compressor Refrigeration Cycle

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BUET Lecture
1. Zahrul Sir Lecture: A simple vapor compression cycle having 𝑅134𝑎 as refrigerant operates with
a condensing temperature of 35℃ and an evaporator temperature of −5℃. The values of the
enthalpy are given in the figure. The system produces 50KW of refrigerant effect. Estimate: (a)
COP (b) Refrigerant mass flow rate?

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𝑄𝐿 ℎ1 − ℎ4 395.6 − 249.7 Given

𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = =
𝑊𝑐 ℎ2 − ℎ1 422.5 − 395.6 ℎ1 = 395.6𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔
= 5.34 ℎ2 = 422.5𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚̇(ℎ1 − ℎ4 ) = 50𝐾𝑊 ℎ3 = 249.7𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔
50 ℎ3 = ℎ4 = 249.7𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ = = 0.343𝐾𝑔/𝑠
395.6 − 249.7

Example from different book

1. A vapor compression refrigeration system has to handle a cooling load of 3 ton. Find the power if
the compressor in KW if the COP of the refrigeration system is given as 3.5. Also find the amount
of heat rejection in the condenser.

Job Exam Question

Vapor Absorption Refrigeration system

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BUET Lecture
1. BUET Class Lecture: In an absorption system using LiBr, 𝑇𝐺 = 100℃, 𝑇𝐸 = 10℃, 𝑇𝑎 = 30℃, 𝑇𝑐 =
40℃. Estimate the values of COP for the following conditions: (a) Ideal/Carnot cycle (b) A real
cycle if pump delivers 0.6kg/s solution (c) If a heat exchanger is inserted after the pump and water
enters the generator at 52°C. (d) If condensing temperature is reduced to 34°C, is there any
chance of crystallization?

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Example from different book

1. Cengel Exercise 11-83: An absorption refrigeration system that receives heat from a source at
95℃ and maintains the refrigerated space at 0℃ is claimed to have a COP of 3.1. If the
environmental temperature is 19℃, can this claim be valid? Justify your answer.

2. Cengel Exercise 11-84: An absorption refrigeration system receives heat from a source at 120℃
and maintains the refrigerated space at 0℃. If the temperature of the environment is 25℃, what
is the maximum COP this absorption refrigeration system can have

3. Cengel Exercise 11-85: Heat is supplied to an absorption refrigeration system from a geothermal
well at 110℃ at a rate of 5 × 105 kJ/h. The environment is at 25℃, and the refrigerated space is
maintained at −18℃. Determine the maximum rate at which this system can remove heat from
the refrigerated space.

4. Cengel Exercise 11-120: An absorption refrigeration system is to remove heat from the
refrigerated space at 2℃ at a rate of 28 kW while operating in an environment at 25℃. Heat is to
be supplied from a solar pond at 95℃. What is the minimum rate of heat supply required?

5. An absorption refrigeration system that receives heat from a source at 95℃ and maintains the
refrigerated space at 0℃ is claimed to have a COP of 3.1. If the environment temperature is 19℃,
can this claim be valid? Justify your answer.

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6. An absorption refrigeration system receives heat from a source at 120℃ and maintain
refrigerated space at 0℃. If the temperature of the environment is 25℃, what is the maximum
COP this absorption refrigeration system can have?

7. Heat is supplied to an absorption refrigeration system from a geothermal well at 110℃ at a rate
of 5 × 105 Kj/h. The environment is at 25℃ and refrigerated space is maintained at −18℃.
Determine the maximum rate at which this system can remove heat.

Job Exam Question

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Cascade Refrigeration system

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Cengel thermo Example 11-4: Consider a two-stage cascade refrigeration system operating
between the pressure limits of 0.8 and 0.14 MPa. Each stage operates on an ideal vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. Heat rejection from
the lower cycle to the upper cycle takes place in an adiabatic counterflow heat exchanger where
both streams enter at about 0.32 MPa. (In practice, the working fluid of the lower cycle is at a
higher pressure and temperature in the heat exchanger for effective heat transfer.) If the mass
flow rate of the refrigerant through the upper cycle is 0.05 kg/s, determine (a) the mass flow rate
of the refrigerant through the lower cycle, (b) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space
and the power input to the compressor, and (c) the coefficient of performance of this cascade
refrigerator

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Job Exam Question

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Gas Refrigeration system

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Cengel thermo Exercise 11-118: An aircraft on the ground is to be cooled by a gas refrigeration
cycle operating with air on an open cycle. Air enters the compressor at 30℃ and 100 kPa and is
compressed to 250 kPa. Air is cooled to 70℃ before it enters the turbine. Assuming both the
turbine and the compressor to be isentropic, determine the temperature of the air leaving the
turbine and entering the cabin

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Job Exam Question

Performance of Refrigeration
COP

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𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = =
𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛ⅆ 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡
BUET Lecture
1. BUET Zahrul Sir Lecture: A theoretical single stage cycle using R134a as refrigerant operates with
a condensing temperature of 30°𝐶 and an evaporator temperature of −20°𝐶. The system
produces 50 𝑘𝑊 of refrigeration effect. Estimate (a) Coefficient of performance, COP (b)
Refrigerant Mas flow rate, 𝑚̇.

2. Zahrul Sir Lecture: A simple vapor compression cycle having 𝑅134𝑎 as refrigerant operates with
a condensing temperature of 35℃ and an evaporator temperature of −5℃. The values of the
enthalpy are given in the figure. The system produces 50KW of refrigerant effect. Estimate: (a)
COP (b) Refrigerant mass flow rate?

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𝑄𝐿 ℎ1 − ℎ4 395.6 − 249.7 Given

𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = =
𝑊𝑐 ℎ2 − ℎ1 422.5 − 395.6 ℎ1 = 395.6𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔
= 5.34 ℎ2 = 422.5𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚̇(ℎ1 − ℎ4 ) = 50𝐾𝑊 ℎ3 = 249.7𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔
50 ℎ3 = ℎ4 = 249.7𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ = = 0.343𝐾𝑔/𝑠
395.6 − 249.7

3. BUET Class Lecture: A refrigerator uses R-134a as the working fluid and operates on an ideal
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle between 0.14 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 0.8𝑀𝑃𝑎. If the mass flow rate of the
refrigerant is 0.05𝑘𝑔/𝑠, determine: (a) The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and
the power input to the compressor (b) The rate of heat rejection to the environment, and (c) The
COP of the refrigerator

4. BUET Lecture: R-134a is the working fluid in an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle that
communicates thermally with a cold region at −10°𝐶. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at
−10°𝐶, and liquid leaves the condenser at 0.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 30°𝐶. The compressor has an efficiency
of 80%. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.08 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. Determine (a) the compressor power,
in kW, (b) the refrigeration capacity, in tons, (c) the coefficient of performance, and

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5. BUET Lecture: R-134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator as superheated vapor at 0.14𝑀𝑃𝑎
and −10℃ and leaves at 0.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 50℃. The refrigerant is cooled in the condenser to
26℃ and 0.72𝑀𝑝𝑎 and is throttled to 0.15𝑀𝑃𝑎. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is
0.05𝑘𝑔/𝑠. Determine (a) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power
input to the compressor, (b) the isentropic efficiency of the compressor, and (c) the coefficient of
performance.

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Example from different book

1. Cengel Thermo Ex 6-38: Determine the COP of a refrigerator that removes heat from the food
compartment at a rate of 5040 kJ/h for each kW of power it consumes. Also, determine the rate
of heat rejection to the outside air.

2. Cengel Exercise 6-43: A food department is kept at 212℃ by a refrigerator in an environment at

30℃. The total heat gain to the food department is estimated to be 3300 kJ/h and the heat

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rejection in the condenser is 4800 kJ/h. Determine the power input to the compressor, in kW and
the COP of the refrigerator

3. Cengel Exercise 6-44: A household refrigerator that has a power input of 450W and a COP of 1.5
is to cool 5 large watermelons, 10 kg each, to 8°C. If the watermelons are initially at 28°C,
determine how long it will take for the refrigerator to cool them. The watermelons can be treated
as water whose specific heat is 4.2 kJ/kg·°C. Is your answer realistic or optimistic? Explain. Answer:
104min

4. Cengel Ex 6-48: Bananas are to be cooled from 24 to 13℃at a rate of 215 kg/h by a refrigeration
system. The power input to the refrigerator is 1.4 kW. Determine the rate of cooling, in kJ/min,
and the COP of the refrigerator. The specific heat of banana above freezing is 3.35 kJ/kg·℃

5. Cengel thermo Ex 6.90: During an experiment conducted in a room at 25℃, a laboratory assistant
measures that a refrigerator that draws 2 kW of power has removed 30,000 kJ of heat from the
refrigerated space, which is maintained at 230℃,. The running time of the refrigerator during the
experiment was 20 min. Determine if these measurements are reasonable

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6. Cengel Exercise 6-50E: Water enters an ice machine at 55℉ and leaves as ice at 25℉. If the COP
of the ice machine is 2.4 during this operation, determine the required power input for an ice
production rate of 28 lbm/h. (169 Btu of energy needs to be removed from each lbm of water at
558F to turn it into ice at 25℉

7. Cengel thermo Exercise 11-27: A space is kept at −15℃ by a vapor-compression refrigeration

system in an ambient at 25℃. The space gains heat steadily at a rate of 3500 kJ/h and the rate of
heat rejection in the condenser is 5500 kJ/h. Determine the power input, in kW, the COP of the
cycle and the second-law efficiency of the system

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8. Khurmi Thermo 35.1: An ice plant produces 10tonnes of ice per day at 0°C using water at room
temperature of 20°C. Estimate the power rating of the compressor motor. If the COP of the plant
is 2.5 and overall electromechanical efficiency is 90%.

9. Khurmi Refrigeration Example 2.2+ (BRPGEN-2019): A machine working on a Carnot cycle

operates between 305K and 260K, Determine COP when it is operates as (a) Refrigerating machine
[5.78] (b) Heat Pump [6.78] (c) Heat engine [14.75%]

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10. Khurmi example 2.6: A refrigerating system operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The higher
temperature of the refrigerant in the system is 35°C & lower temp is -15°C. the capacity is to be
12 tones. Determine (a) COP (5.16) (b) Heat rejected from the system per hour [50.14KW] (c)
Power required [8.14KW]

11. Khurmi Example 2.7: 1.5KW per ton of refrigeration is required to maintain the temperature of
−40℃ in the refrigerator. If the refrigeration cycle works on Carnot cycle determine the following
(a) COP of the cycle (b) Temperature of the sink (c) Heat Rejected to the sink per Tonne of
Refrigeration (d) Heat supplied & E.P.R if the cycle is used as a heat pump.

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12. Find the COP for CO2 machine working between temperature 25℃ and −5℃ dryness factor of
CO2 gas during suction stroke is 0.6 following property of CO2 are given
T Liquid Vapour Latent Heat
Enthalpy Entropy Enthalpy Entropy
𝟐𝟓℃ 121.4
81.3 0.251 202.6 0.63
−𝟓℃ -7.54 -0.042 237 0.84 245.3

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13. Cengel exercise 11.27: A space is kept at -15°C by a vapor-compression refrigeration system in an
ambient at 25°C. The space gains heat steadily at a rate of 3500 kJ/h and the rate of heat rejection
in the condenser is 5500 kJ/h. Determine the power input, in kW, the COP of the cycle and the
second-law efficiency of the system

14. A household refrigerator with a COP of 1.8 removes heat from a refrigerated space at a rate of
90kj/min. Determine (a) Electrical Power consumed (b) Heat rejected to the surrounding

15. An ice plant produces 10 × 103 Kg of ice per day at 0℃ using water at a temperature of 23℃
Estimate the power required by the compressor motor, if the COP of the Plants is 3.5 and the
transmission efficiency is 85%. Also find the amount of heat transferred from the system per
minute take 𝐶𝑝(𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) = 4.18𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑔 (𝑖𝑐𝑒) = 334.5𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔

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16. The temperature limit of a R-12 Refrigerating system are 25℃ and −20℃. If the gas is dry at the
end of compression calculate COP.

17. R.K Rajput Thermodynamics: 14.1: A Carnot refrigerator requires 1.3 kW per ton of refrigeration to
maintain a region at low temperature of – 38°C. Determine:
(i) C.O.P. of Carnot refrigerator
(ii) Higher temperature of the cycle
(iii) The heat delivered and C.O.P. when this device is used as heat pump.

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18. Rajput Thermo Example 14.2: A refrigerating system operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The
higher temperature of the refrigerant in the system is 35°C and the lower temperature is – 15°C.
The capacity is to be 12 tones. Neglect all losses. Determine:
(i) Co-efficient of performance.
(ii) Heat rejected from the system per hour.
(iii) Power required.

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19. Rajput Thermo Example 14.3+ Khurmi thermodynamics Example 1.7: A cold storage is to be
maintained at – 5°C while the surroundings are at 35°C. The heat leakage from the surroundings
into the cold storage is estimated to be 29 kW. The actual C.O.P. of the refrigeration plant used is
one third that of an ideal plant working between the same temperatures. Find the power required
to drive the plant.

20. Rajput Thermo Example 14.4: Ice is formed at 0°C from water at 20°C. The temperature of the
brine is – 8°C. Find out the kg of ice formed per kWh. Assume that the refrigeration cycle used is
perfect reversed Carnot cycle. Take latent heat of ice as 335 kJ/kg.

21. Rajput Thermo Example 14.5: Find the least power of a perfect reversed heat engine that makes
400kg of ice per hour at -8℃ feed water at 18℃. Assume specific heat of ice as 2.09kj/kg.K and
latent heat 334kj/kg .

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22. A Carnot refrigeration cycle absorbs heat at 270K and rejects it at 300K (a) COP=? (b) If the cycle
is absorbing 1130Kj/min at 270K, how many Kj of work is required per second (c) If the Carnot
heat pump operates between the same temperatures as the above refrigeration cycle what is
COP? (d) How many Kj/min will the heat pump deliver at 300K if it absorbs 1130Kj/min at 270K?

23. Rajput Example 14.1: A Carnot refrigerator requires 1.3KW per ton of refrigeration to maintain a
region at low temperature of −38℃. Determine (a) COP of Carnot refrigerator (b) Higher
temperature of the cycle (c) The heat delivered and COP when this device is used as a heat pump.

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24. V. Ganeesan Thermo Example 12.2: A cold storage unit is maintained at −3℃ while surroundings
are at 37℃ The heat leakage into the cold storage from the surroundings is 30 kW. The actual
COP of the refrigeration plant used is one-third that of an ideal plant working between the same
temperatures. Find the power required to drive the plant

Job Exam Question

1. Khurmi Refrigeration Example 2.2+ (BRPGEN-2019): A machine working on a Carnot cycle
operates between 305K and 260K, Determine COP when it is operates as (a) Refrigerating machine
[5.78] (b) Heat Pump [6.78] (c) Heat engine [14.75%]

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2. Cengel Thermo Example 6-3 (BIWTA-19): The food compartment of a refrigerator is maintained
at 4°C by removing heat from it at a rate of 360Kj/min. if the required power input to the
refrigerator is 2KW. Determine (a) COP [3] (b) rate of heat rejection to the room that houses the
refrigerator [8KW]

3. Biman-2018+BRPGEN-2019: In a vapor compression refrigeration cycle inlet condenser enthalpy

is 263Kj/Kg exit condenser enthalpy is 116Kj/kg, exit evaporator enthalpy is 232Kj/kg. Find COP.
[2.27]

4. Meghana Oil-2018: Calculate COP of the bellow diagram take h1=234Kj/kg, h2=290 Kj/kg, h3=65.5
Kj/kg

[COP=3]

5. Titas-2018: In a vapor compression refrigeration system enthalpy at suction of compressor is

192Kj/kg and enthalpy at exit port of compressor is 212 kJ/Kg and enthalpy at the entry port of
evaporator is 81Kj/kg. Determine the COP of this system. [5.55]

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6. BOF-2021: A refrigerator based on ideal vapor compression cycle operates between the
temperature limits of -20°C and 40°C. the refrigerant enters the condenser as saturated vapor and
leaves as saturated liquid. The enthalpy and entropy values for saturated liquid and vapor at this
temperature are given in the table below:
Temperature hf (kj/kg) hg(kj/kg) Sf(kj/kg) Sg((kj/kg)
-20 20 180 0.07 0.7366
40 80 200 0.3 0.67
If the refrigerant circulation rate is 0.25Kg/s. What is the refrigeration effect & COP.
[2.1KW, COP=2.33]

7. BCMCL-2020: Cooling load of a vapor absorption refrigeration system is 2 TR and the COP is 3.5,
find the amount of heat rejection. [9KW]

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8. DPDC 2020+BPDB-2018: A 5 TON refrigeration system consumes 3.75KW find the COP and EER.
If the enthalpy change in evaporator is 56Kj per unit mass, find mass flow rate. [EER=15.92,
ms=0.3125Kg/s]

9. CPGCL-2018: A thermoelectric refrigerator melts 500ml water (Cp=4.18KJ/Kg°C) at 30°C to 5°C in

1 hr. The refrigerator consumes electrical power 70W. Determine the COP. [0.2073]

10. BPSC-2016: A condenser of a refrigeration system rejects heat at the rate of 129KW whole the
compressor consumes a power of 30KW. What is the COP of the system? [3]

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11. BAPEX-2016+NWPGCL-2021: A vapor compression refrigeration cycle has the cooling capacity of
2 Ton. Find the compressor power if the COP is 3.5. [Win=2KW]

12. PGCB-2019: If it is accomplished by 1TOR air conditioner which runs at 1KW power, then what is
the COP & how much heat was supplied?

13. RPCL-2019: A heat pump absorbs 10kw of heat from outside environment at 250K while absorbing
15KW of work. It delivers the heat to a room that must be kept warm at 300K. what is the
coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump?

14. BCPCL-2017: A vapor compression refrigeration system as to handle a cooling load of 2 ton. If the
COP of the refrigeration system is 3.5, then find out the amount of heat rejection from the
condenser.

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Unit of Refrigeration
TOR
1𝑇𝑂𝑅 = 3.5𝐾𝑊
BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Khurmi thermos 35.2: Five hundred kg of fruits are supplied to a cold storage at 20℃. The cold
storage is maintained at −5℃ and the fruits get cooled to the storage temperature in 10 hours.
The latent heat of freezing is 105Kj/kg and specific heat of fruit is 1.26. Find the refrigeration
capacity of the plant.

Job Exam Question

1. APSCL-2016: A refrigerator makes 300 Kg (not exact value) water of 0°C into ice of 0°C by ½ hour.
The latent heat is 335.33KJ/Kg. Find the capacity of the refrigerator in ton. [15.96TOR]

2. APSCL-2019: An ice machine working on vapor compression refrigeration cycle produces 10Kg/hr
ice from 30°C to -5°C, specific heat of ice 2.1Kg/Kg.K and water 4.2KJ/Kg.K. Latent heat 344KJ/Kg.

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Find out refrigeration capacity. If compressor work is taken 0.3KW then find, COP. [4.45,
TOR=0.3813]

3. NWPGCL-2015+RPCL-2021: Calculate the refrigeration tonnage for 3000kg ice from 0°C to 30°C.
[4.58TOR]

4. BCIC-2016: An ice plant using water at 10°C produce 450×103Kg of ice in 24 hrs. Calculate the
capacity of the ice plant in TOR. [561.5TOR]

5. GTCL-2010: An ice plant can produce 100tonne in 24hr.if the plant uses water at 20°C, find its
cooling capacity take specific heat and latent heat of solidification of water are 4.2Kj/kgk and
334Kj/kg respectively. [138.17TOR]

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6. MPL-2017: 7250kg ice is melt in 24hours at 0°C to 0°C. Find Capacity in Ton. Latent heat of ice to
melt=333.6KJ/Kg. Find Power in KW. [8TOR or 333.6Kj/kg]

7. NWPGCL-2017+PGCB-2018: Determine refrigeration capacity in Ton when m=500kg temperature

falls from 20°C to 0°C in 50 minutes. [20TOR]

8. DESCO-2016: A refrigerator can introduce 3000KG of ice 0°C from water at 30°C in 6hr. determine
the tonnage capacity of the refrigeration in TOR and KW.

9. SGFL-2023: A refrigeration system turns 600Kg 0°C of water in to 0°C of ice. If latent heat of water
to ice is 333.55Kj/kg. Find the tonnage capacity of the refrigeration.

10. DPDC-2020: A 5 Ton refrigeration system consume 3.5KW of power. If enthalpy change in
evaporation is 56Kj per kg of Mass. Find EER and Mass flow rate.

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Quantity of the refrigerant

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question
1. NWPGCL-2018: Refrigerant R-134a enters the capillary tube of a refrigerator as saturated;
liquid at 0.8MPa (Tsat=31.31°C, h1=95.48kj/kg, hg1=245.64Kj/Kg) and is throttled to a pressure
of 0.12MPa (Tsat=22.32°C, hf=22.47Kj/kg, hg2=236.99kj/kg) Determine the quantity of the
refrigeration

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Heat Pump

𝑄𝐻 1
COPHP=𝑊 = 𝑄
𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛 1− 𝐿
𝑄𝐻

(𝐶𝑂𝑃)𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = (𝐶𝑂𝑃)𝑅 + 1

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Cengel thermo Example 6-4: A heat pump is used to meet the heating requirements of a
house and maintain it at 20℃On a day when the outdoor air temperature drops to 22℃, the
house is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 80,000 kJ/h. If the heat pump under these
conditions has a COP of 2.5, determine (a) the power consumed by the heat pump and (b) the
rate at which heat is absorbed from the cold outdoor air.

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2. Cengel Thermo Example 6-7: A heat pump is to be used to heat a house during the winter, as
shown in Fig. 6–52. The house is to be maintained at 21°C at all times. The house is estimated
to be losing heat at a rate of 135,000 kJ/h when the outside temperature drops to -5°C.
Determine the minimum power required to drive this heat pump.

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3. Cengel Thermo Example 6-1: Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of
80 MW. If the rate of waste heat rejection to a nearby river is 50 MW, determine the net
power output and the thermal efficiency for this heat engine.

4. Cengel thermo Ex 6-39: Determine the COP of a heat pump that supplies energy to a house
at a rate of 8000 kJ/h for each kW of electric power it draws. Also, determine the rate of
energy absorption from the outdoor air. Answers: 2.22, 4400 kJ/h

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5. Cengel thermo Ex 6-40E: A residential heat pump has a coefficient of performance of 2.4.
How much heating effect, in Btu/h, will result when 5 hp is supplied to this heat pump?

6. Cengel thermo Ex 6.93: An inventor claims to have developed a heat pump that produces a
200-kW heating effect for a 293 K heated zone while only using 75 kW of power and a heat
source at 273 K. Justify the validity of this claim

7. Cengel thermo Ex 6.94: A heat pump operates on a Carnot heat pump cycle with a COP of 8.7.
It keeps a space at 24℃ by consuming 2.15 kW of power. Determine the temperature of the
reservoir from which the heat is absorbed and the heating load provided by the heat pump

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8. Cengel thermo Ex 6.107: The structure of a house is such that it loses heat at a rate of 3800
kJ/h per ℃ difference between the indoors and outdoors. A heat pump that requires a power
input of 4 kW is used to maintain this house at 24℃. Determine the lowest outdoor
temperature for which the heat pump can meet the heating requirements of this house.

9. Cengel Thermo Example 8-3: A heat engine receives heat from a source at 1200 K at a rate of
500 kJ/s and rejects the waste heat to a medium at 300K. The power output of the heat engine
is 180 kW. Determine the reversible power and the irreversibility rate for this process

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Job Exam Question

1. PGCB-2017+ PGCB-2019: Draw the schematic diagram of heat pump. If it is accomplished by
1TOR air conditioner which runs 1KW power, what is COP & how much heat was supplied.
[COP=4.5, QH=4.5KW]

Thermoelectric
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Cengel Example 11-7: A thermoelectric refrigerator that resembles a small ice chest is
powered by a car battery and has a COP of 0.1. If the refrigerator cools a 0.350-L canned drink
from 20 to 4℃ in 30 min, determine the average electric power consumed by the
thermoelectric refrigerator.

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2. Cengel 11.96E: Describe Seeback effect. A thermoelectric generator receives heat from a source
at 340°F and Rejects the waste heat to the environment at 90°F. what is the maximum thermal
efficiency this thermoelectric generator can have? [31.3%]

3. Cengel Exercise 11.97: A thermoelectric refrigerator removes heat from a refrigerated space at
−5℃ at a rate of 130 W and rejects it to an environment at 20℃. Determine the maximum
coefficient of performance this thermoelectric refrigerator can have and the minimum required
power input. Answers:10.72, 12.1 W

4. Cengel 11-98: A thermoelectric cooler has a COP of 0.15 and removes heat from a refrigerated
space at a rate of 180 W. Determine the required power input to the thermoelectric cooler, in W

5. Cengel 11-99 (thermodynamics): A thermoelectric cooler has a COP of 0.18 and the power input
to the cooler is 1.8 hp. Determine the rate of heat removed from the refrigerated space, in
Btu/min.

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6. Cengel 11-100: A thermoelectric refrigerator is powered by a 12V car battery that draws 3A of
current when running. The refrigerator resembles a small ice chest and is claimed to cool nine
canned drinks, 0.350-L each, from 25 to 38℃ in 12 h. Determine the average COP of this
refrigerator.

7. Cengel Exercise 11-102: It is proposed to run a thermoelectric generator in conjunction with a

solar pond that can supply heat at a rate of 7 × 106 kJ/h at 90℃. The waste heat is to be rejected
to the environment at 22℃. What is the maximum power this thermoelectric generator can
produce?

Job Exam Question

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Duct Design
Duct ছক ছজছন্স ?

HAVC (Heating ventilaton and Air Conditioning) system এ air শক system এর ছভতর deliver ও System হলত
remove করার জন্য শে pipe or passage use করা হয় তালক duct বলে।

Duct are pipe or passages that are used in HAVC to deliver and remove air from system.

Aspect Ratio: Rectangular duct এর শেলে longer side & shorter side এর ratio

𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖ⅆ𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 ⅆ𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑎

𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = =
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖ⅆ𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑢𝑐𝑡. 𝑏
𝑓𝑙 𝑣 2
Darcy equation for Duct: ×( ) {Source Khurmi Refi & Air Article 20.10 eq 3}
𝑚 4.04
64 0.3164
Where f= friction factor, for laminar flow 𝑓 = , for turbulent flow 𝑓 =
𝑅𝑒 𝑅𝑒 0.25

আমালের বারবার োলমো হয় friction factor & co-efficient of friction [দশকমক এর পতর ১ টা শূ িয হতে friction factor আর ২
টা শূ িয হতে co-efficient of friction]

𝑓1=friction factor & f= fanning co-efficient of friction [fenning’s formula হলত] হলে
16 64
𝑓1 = 4𝑓 = 4 × 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒 [for laminar]

0.0791 0.3164
𝑓1 = 4𝑓 = 4 × =
𝑅𝑒 0.25 𝑅𝑒 0.24
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
m=𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃
𝜋 2
𝐴 𝐷 𝐷
4
For Circular duct m=𝑝 = 𝜋𝐷
=4

𝐴 𝑎𝑏
For Rectangular Duct m= =
𝑝 2(𝑎+𝑏)

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Khurmi Example 20.2 (Refri & Air Conditioning): A duct of 15m length passes air at the rate of
90m3/min. Assuming the friction factor as 0.005 calculate the pressure drop in the duct in mm of
water when (a) the duct is circular of diameter 0.3m and (b) the duct is of 0.3m square cross
section.

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𝟑𝟐(𝒂𝒃)𝟑 𝟏
Equivalent Diameter of a circular duct for a rectangular duct is 𝑫 = [𝝅𝟐(𝒂+𝒃)]𝟓

2. Khurmi Example 20.4 A Rectangular duct section of 500mm×350mm size carries 75m3/min of air
having density of 1.15kg/m3 determine the equivalent diameter of a circular duct if (a) the
quantity of air carried in both case is same (b) the velocity of the air in the both case is same. If
f=0.01 for sheet metal find the pressure loss per 100m length of duct.

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3. A Rectangular section 60×40cm size made of steel metal is used to carry 100m3/min of air having
a density of 1.2Kg/m3. Find the equivalent diameter of circular duct of (a) Quantity carried is same
in both the cases. (b) If the velocity in both case is same Also find the pressure loss per 100m
length of duct, take f=0.015 for sheet metal.

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4. A circular Duct of 40cm is selected to carry air in an air-conditioned space at a velocity of

440m/min to keep the noise level at desirable level. If this duct is to be replaced by a rectangular
duct of aspect ratio of 1.5. Find the size of rectangular duct.

5. Velocity of air chosen through a circular duct which carries standard air is 360m/min. the size of
the duct is 0.3m diameter. If this duct is replaced by a rectangular duct of aspect ratio 1.5.
Determine the size of the rectangular duct for equal friction method when (a) the velocity of air
is two ducts is same (b) Discharge rate through the line duct is same

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6. Velocity of air chosen through a circular duct which carried standard air is 400m3/min. the size of
the duct is 0.35m dimeter. If the duct is replaced by a rectangular duct at aspect ratio of 1.4.
Determine the size of a rectangular duct for equal friction method when (a) Velocity of air in two
duct is same. (b) Discharge rate through the duct same.

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Job Exam Question

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Heat Transfer
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction Convection Radiation
∆𝑻 𝑄 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝛼 ) 4
𝑄 = 𝜎𝐴𝑠 𝑇 [𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝐵𝑜ⅆ𝑦]
𝑸 = −𝑲𝑨
∆𝒙 𝑄 = ɛ 𝜎𝐴𝑠 𝑇 4 [𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝐵𝑜ⅆ𝑦]

1. Holman Example 1.1: One face of a copper plate 3cm thick is maintained at 400°C and the other
face is maintained at 100°C. How much heat is transferred through the pipe? Take K of copper as
386w/mk

2. Holman example 1.2: Air at 20°C blows over a hot plate 50 by 75 cm maintained at 250°C. The
convection heat-transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2◦C. Calculate the heat transfer

3. Holman Example 1.3: Air at 20°C blows over a hot plate made by carbon steel (1%) 50 by 75cm
and 2cm thick maintain 250°C. where 300W is lost from the plate surface by radiation calculate
the inside plate temperature. Take K of 1%Carbon steel as 43.3W/mk.

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4. Holman Example 1.4: An Electric current is passed through a wire 1mm in diameter and 10cm
long. The wire is submerged in liquid water at atmospheric pressure and the current is increased
until the water boils. For this situation h=5000W/m2°C and the water temperature will be 100°C.
How much electric power must be supplied to the wire to maintain the wire surface at 114°C?

5. Holman Example 1.5: Two infinite block plates at 800°C and 300°C exchange heat by radiation.
Calculate the heat transfer per unit area.

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6. Holman Example 1.6: A horizontal steel pipe having a diameter of 5cm is maintained at a
temperature of 50°C in a large room where the air and wall temperature are at 20°C. the surface
emissivity of the steel may be taken as 0.8. Using h=6.5W/m 2°C calculate total heat lost by the
pipe per unit length.

7. Holman Exercise 1.25: One side of a plane wall is maintained at 100°C while the other side is
exposed to a convection environment having T=10°C and h=10W/m2°C. The wall has K=1.6w/m2
and 40cm thick. Calculate the heat transfer rate through the wall.

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8. A surface having an area of 1.5𝑚2 and maintained at 300℃ exchanges heat by radiation with
another surface at 40℃. The value of factor due to the geometric location and emissivity is 0.52
determine: (a) Heat lost by radiation (b) The value of thermal resistance (c) the value of equivalent
convection co-efficient

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9. A person standing in a breezy room at 20℃. Determine the total rate of heat transfer from this
person if the exposed surface area and the average outer surface temperature of the person are
1.6𝑚2 and 29℃. Convection heat transfer co-efficient is 6w/m2K. Consider emissivity to be 0.95.

10. Cengel Example 1.2: 1.2 kg of liquid water initially at 15°C is to be heated to 95°C in a teapot
equipped with a 1200-W electric heating element inside. The teapot is 0.5 kg and has an average
specific heat of 0.7 kJ/kg °C. Taking the specific heat of water to be 4.18 kJ/kg°C and disregarding
any heat loss from the teapot, determine how long it will take for the water to be heated

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Fourier Low of heat conduction

∆𝑇
𝑄 = −𝐾𝐴
∆𝑥
Thermal conductivity Thermal Diffusivity
K= 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 এটি শকান্ material এর 𝑘
𝛼=
heat transfer করার ability denote কলর that means 𝜌𝐶𝑝
material টি কত ভালো ভালব heat transfer করলত পারলব তা এখালন্ k= material কতটুকু heat tranfer করলতলি
denote কলর 𝜌𝐶𝑝 =material টি transfer করার সময় ছন্লজ কতটুকু heat
ছন্লজর কালি store কলর রাখলি
Thermal diffusivity 𝛼 denote কলর শে একটি material
কত fast heat transfer করলব
BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Cengel 1.5: The roof of an electrically heated home is 6 m long, 8 m wide, and 0.25 m thick, and
is made of a flat layer of concrete whose thermal conductivity is k=0.8 W/m°C. The temperatures
of the inner and the outer surfaces of the roof one night are measured to be 15°C and 4°C,
respectively, for a period of 10 hours. Determine (a) the rate of heat loss through the roof that
night and (b) the cost of that heat loss to the home owner if the cost of electricity is $0.08/kWh

2. Cengel thermo 2-91: The inner and outer surfaces of a 5𝑚 × 6𝑚 brick wall of thickness 30 cm
and thermal conductivity 0.69 𝑊/𝑚℃ are maintained at temperatures of 20℃ and 5℃,
respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer through the wall, in W.

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3. Cengel Thermo Ex: 2-92: The inner and outer surfaces of a 0.5-cm-thick 2𝑚 × 2𝑚 window glass
in winter are 15℃ and 6℃, respectively. If the thermal conductivity of the glass is 0.78 𝑊/𝑚℃,
determine the amount of heat loss, in kJ, through the glass over a period of 10hr

4. Cengel Thermo Ex 2-94: An aluminum pans whose thermal conductivity is 237 W/m·℃ has a flat
bottom whose diameter is 20 cm and thickness 0.6 cm. Heat is transferred steadily to boiling
water in the pan through its bottom at a rate of 700 W. If the inner surface of the bottom of the
pan is 105℃, determine the temperature of the outer surface of the bottom of the pan.

5. Cengel Thermo Ex 2-98: For heat transfer purposes, a standing man can be modeled as a 30-cm
diameter, 175-cm long vertical cylinder with both the top and bottom surfaces insulated and with
the side surface at an average temperature of 34℃,. For a convection heat transfer coefficient of
10 W/𝑚2 ℃, determine the rate of heat loss from this man by convection in an environment at
20℃.

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6. Cengel Thermo Ex 2-107: A hollow spherical iron container whose outer diameter is 40 cm and
thickness is 0.4 cm is filled with iced water at 0℃. If the outer surface temperature is 3℃,
determine the approximate rate of heat loss from the sphere, and the rate at which ice melts in
the container

7. Holman exercise 1.25: One side of a plane wall is maintained at 100°C while other side is exposed
to a convection environment having T=10°C and h=10w/m2°C. the wall has K=1.6w/m°C and is
40cm thick. Calculate the heat transfer rate through the wall. [257.14W]

8. A boiler is made of iron plates 12mm thick. If the temperature of the outside surface be 120℃
and that if the inner 100℃, calculate the mass of water evaporated per hour. Assume that the
area of heating surface is 5𝑚2 and k for iron as 84W/mk.

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9. Cengel Example 3.1: 3m high, 5m wide and 0.3m thick wall whose thermal conductivity is 𝑘 =
0.9𝑤/𝑚𝑘. The temperature of the inner and outer surfaces of the wall are measured to be 16℃
and 2℃. Determine the rate of heat loss through the wall.

10. the temperature distribution across a wall 0.3m thick at a certain instant in time is 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑎 +
𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑥 2 , a=200℃, b=-200℃/𝑚 c=30℃/𝑚2 . The wall has a thermal conductivity of 1𝑤/𝑚𝐾 (a)
on a unit surface area basis determine the rate of heat transfer into and out of the wall and the
rate of change of energy stored by the wall. (b) If the cold surface is exposed to a fluid at 100℃,
what is the convection coefficient/

11. Cengel Example 10.8: A 30-cm-long cylindrical heat pipe having a diameter of 0.6 cm is dissipating
heat at a rate of 180 W, with a temperature difference of 3°C across the heat pipe, as shown in
Figure. If we were to use a 30-cm-long copper rod instead to remove heat at the same rate,

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determine the diameter and the mass of the copper rod that needs to be installed.
𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 8950𝑘𝑔/𝑚3, and 𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 386𝑊/𝑚℃

12. Cengel Ex: 10.69: A 40-cm-long cylindrical heat pipe having a diameter of 0.5 cm is dissipating
heat at a rate of 150 W, with a temperature difference of 4°C across the heat pipe. If we were to
use a 40-cm-long copper rod (𝑘 = 386𝑊/𝑚℃ 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝜌 = 8950𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 instead to remove heat at
the same rate, determine the diameter and the mass of the copper rod that needs to be installed

13. Heat is flowing through a plain wall of area 4m2 and 150m thickness. The thermal conductivity of
the wall is 9.36W/m℃. The surface temperature of the walls is fixed at 350℃ and 30℃. Determine
(a) Heat flow through the wall (b) Temperature gradient of the wall.

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Job Exam Question

1. BGFCL-2017: Temperature of inside wall is 80°C and outside wall is 30°C. if the wall is 1m wide
length of the wall is 1.5m and thickness is 6mm. find the heat flow rate and thermal resistance
where k=0.4w/mk [500j/s, R=0.01k/m]

2. BIWTA-2016+NPCBL-2017: A furnace wall of thickness 1m and of surface area 2m2 is made of

material whose thermal conductivity is 20W/m.K. The temperatures of the inner and outer
surface of the wall are 1000°C and 200°C respectively. Determine the heat flow through the wall.
[32KW]

3. EGCB-2020: A furnace wall is built up with 100mm thick refractory material and its area is 1m 2.
Inner and outer temperature are 31°C and 10°C respectively. Thermal conductivity of the material
is 0.05W/m.k. Find out the heat loss through the wall. [10.5watt]

4. 27th BCS: The glass window of a room has a total area of 10m2 and the glass is 4mm thick. Calculate
the total quantity of heat that escapes from the room by conduction per second when the inside
surface of windows is at 25°C and outside surface at 10°C, K=0.84w/mk. [Ans: 31.5KW]

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5. 31st BCS: Calculate the rate of heat flow through 100mm thick plywood wall if the temperature of
the inside and outside surface are 15℃ and 24℃ respectively. Take thermal conductivity of
plywood as 23.2W/m.k. Consider unit Area.

6. SGFCL-2017+ DWASA-2017: A furnace wall inside and outside temperature are 30°C and 20°C
respectively has a dimension 4m×3m×0.35m and K=4.5W/mk for the material. Determine heat
flow rate per minutes. [462.85Kj/min]

7. PGCB-2020: The inside temperature of a furnace is 1000°C and outside temperature is 200°C.
Thickness of the furnace is 100mm and thermal conductivity is 20W/mk. Area 2m2. Find heat flow
rate. [320KJ/s]

8. BADC-2020: The inner and outer surface temperature of a 5mm thick glass window is 15°C and
5°C respectively as shown in figure below. What is the heat loss through the window from inside
to outside? The thermal conductivity of glass is 1.4w/mk. [Q=8400w]

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9. BIWTA-2023: The temperature distribution across a wall 1m thick at a certain instant of time is
given as 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 where 𝑎 = 900℃, 𝑏 = −300℃/𝑚 𝑐 = −50℃/𝑚2 K=40w/mk.
Determine the rate of heat transfer entering the wall (𝑥 = 0) and leaving the (𝑥 = 1𝑚)

Convection
BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Cengel Thermo Ex 2-102: A 7cm-external diameter, 18m long hot water pipe at 80℃ is losing heat
to the surrounding air at 5℃ by natural convection with a heat transfer coefficient of 25 W/𝑚2 ℃.
Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by natural convection, in kW

2. Cengel Example 1-8: A 2m long, 0.3cm diameter electrical wire extends across a room at 15°C, as
shown in figure Heat is generated in the wire as a result of resistance heating, and the surface
temperature of the wire is measured to be 152°C in steady operation. Also, the voltage drops and
electric current through the wire are measured to be 60V and 1.5A, respectively. Disregarding any

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heat transfer by radiation, determine the convection heat transfer coefficient for heat transfer
between the outer surface of the wire and the air in the room

3. Cengel Exercise 10.33: A 50cm long, 2mm diameter electric resistance wire submerged in water
is used to determine the boiling heat transfer coefficient in water at 1 atm experimentally. The
wire temperature is measured to be 130°𝐶 when a wattmeter indicates the electric power
consumed to be 3.8kW. Using Newton’s law of cooling, determine the boiling heat transfer
coefficient

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Job Exam Question

Radiation
Radiation Stefan Boltzmann Law:

𝑄 = 𝜎𝐴𝑠 𝑇 4 [𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝐵𝑜ⅆ𝑦]

𝑄 = ɛ 𝜎𝐴𝑠 𝑇 4 [𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝐵𝑜ⅆ𝑦]

𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑜𝑟 𝜋𝐷 2

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Cengel Example 11-1: Consider a 20cm diameter spherical ball at 800𝐾 suspended in air as shown
in Figure Assuming the ball closely approximates a blackbody, determine (a) the total blackbody
emissive power, (b) the total amount of radiation emitted by the ball in 5 min,

2. Cengel Ex 11.81: A 1𝑚 diameter spherical cavity is maintained at a uniform temperature of 600 𝐾.

Now a 5mm diameter hole is drilled. Determine the maximum rate of radiation energy streaming
through the hole.

3. Cengel example 1.13: A thin metal plate is insulated on the back and exposed to solar radiation
at the front surface. The exposed surface of the plate has an absorptivity of 0.6 for solar radiation.
If solar radiation is incident on the plate at a rate of 700 W/𝑚2 and the surrounding air
temperature is 25°𝐶, determine the surface temperature of the plate when the heat loss by

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convection and radiation equals the solar energy absorbed by the plate. Assume the combined
convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient to be 50W/𝑚2 ℃

4. Cengel exercise 7.22: The top surface of the passenger car of a train moving at a velocity of
70 𝑘𝑚/ℎ is 2.8𝑚 wide and 8m long. The top surface is absorbing solar radiation at a rate of
200 𝑊/𝑚2 , and the temperature of the ambient air is 30°𝐶. Assuming the roof of the car to be
perfectly insulated and the radiation heat exchange with the surroundings to be small relative to
convection, determine the equilibrium temperature of the top surface of the car. Answer: 𝟑𝟓. 𝟏°𝑪

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5. Holman Exercise 1.13: Two very large parallel planes having surface conditions that very nearly
approximate those of a blackbody are maintained at 1100℃ and 425℃, respectively. Calculate
the heat transfer by radiation between the planes per unit time and per unit surface area.

6. Holman Exercise 1.14: Calculate the radiation heat exchange in 1 day between two black planes
having the area of the surface of a 0.7𝑚 diameter sphere when the planes are maintained at 70𝐾
and 300𝐾

7. Holman Exercise 1-15: Two infinite black plates at 500℃ and 100℃ exchange heat by radiation.
Calculate the heat transfer rate per unit area. If another perfectly black plate is placed between
the 500℃ and 100℃ plates, by how much is the heat transfer reduced? What is the temperature
of the center plate?

Job Exam Question

1. Holman exercise 1.20: Calculate the energy emitted by a blackbody at 1000°C. [1.489×105w/m2]

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2. 34th BCS: Calculate the emission Power of a black pot whose temperature is 60°C[697.2w/m2]

3. Boiler Inspection-2018: A hot ball of 3cm diameter has a temperature of 727°C and an emissivity
of 0.2. Determine how much energy is being emitted by the ball, take 𝜎 = 5.67 × 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾
[Q=32.05W]

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Radiation effect on temperature measurement

BUET Lecture

1. BUET Lecture Cengel Example 12-12: A thermocouple used to measure the temperature of hot
air flowing in a duct whose walls are maintained at 𝑇𝑤 =400K shows a temperature reading of
𝑇𝑡ℎ = 650K. Assuming the emissivity of the thermocouple junction to 𝜀 = 0.6 and the convection
heat transfer coefficient to be ℎ = 80𝑊/𝑚2 ℃, determine the actual temperature of the air.

Example from different book

Job Exam Question

Combine heat transfer

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Cengel Thermo Example 2-18: Consider a person standing in a breezy room at 20℃. Determine
the total rate of heat transfer from this person if the exposed surface area and the average outer
surface temperature of the person are 1.6𝑚2 and 29℃, respectively, and the convection heat
transfer coefficient is 6𝑊/𝑚2 ℃ and 𝜀 = 0.95.

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2. Cengel Thermo Ex 2-99: A 9cm diameter spherical ball whose surface is maintained at a
temperature of 110℃ is suspended in the middle of a room at 20℃. If the convection heat transfer
coefficient is 15W/𝑚2 ℃ and the emissivity of the surface is 0.8, determine the total rate of heat
transfer from the ball

3. Cengel Thermo Ex 2-101: A 1000W iron is left on the ironing board with its base exposed to the
air at 23℃. The convection heat transfer coefficient between the base surface and the
surrounding air is 20W/𝑚2 ℃ If the base has an emissivity of 0.4 and a surface area of 0.02𝑚2
determine the temperature of the base of the iron.

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4. A carbon steel plate (thermal conductivity=45𝑊/𝑚℃) 600𝑚𝑚 × 900𝑚𝑚 × 25𝑚𝑚 is

maintained at a 310℃. Air at 15℃ blows over the hot plate. If convection heat transfer coefficient
is 22𝑊/𝑚2 ℃ and 250W is lost from the plate surface by radiation, calculate the inside plate
temperature.

5. Cengel Heat Ex 3-27: Water is boiling in a 25-cm-diameter aluminum pan (𝑘 = 237𝑤/𝑚℃) at

95°C. Heat is transferred steadily to the boiling water in the pan through its 0.5cm thick flat
bottom at a rate of 800W. If the inner surface temperature of the bottom of the pan is 108°C,

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determine (a) the boiling heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface of the pan, and (b) the
outer surface temperature of the bottom of the pan

6. Holman Example 1.3: Assuming that the plate in Example 1-2 is made of carbon steel (1%) 2 cm
thick and that 300W is lost from the plate surface by radiation, calculate the inside plate
temperature

7. Holman Example 1.6 A horizontal steel pipe having a diameter of 5 cm is maintained at a

temperature of 50◦C in a large room where the air and wall temperature are at 20◦C. The surface
emissivity of the steel may be taken as 0.8. take ℎ = 6.5𝑊/𝑚2 ℃. calculate the total heat lost by
the pipe per unit length

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Job Exam Question

1. Bapex-2023 (Cengel excersise-1.137): Consider a flat plate solar collector placed at the roof of a
house. The temperatures at the inner and outer surfaces of glass cover are measured to be 28°C
and 25°C respectively. The glass cover has a surface area of 2.2m2 and a thickness of 0.6cm and a
thermal conductivity of 0.7W/m°C. Heat is lost from the outer surface of the cover by convection
and radiation with a convection heat transfer co-efficient of 10W/m2°C and ambient temperature
of 15°C. Determine the fraction of heat lost from the glass cover by radiation.

Specific Heat
(𝑚𝑆∆𝑇)1 =(𝑚𝑆∆𝑇)2
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. An 1kg metal bar initially at 1000K is removed from an oven and quenched by immersing in a
closed tank containing 20kg of water initially at 300K. Assume both substances are incompressible
and 𝐶𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔𝐾, 𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.4𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾. Neglect heat transfer between the tank and its
surroundings. Determine the final temperature of the metal bar.

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Job Exam Question

1. BUET M.Sc-2018 +BUET M.Sc 2017: 80𝐾𝑔 iron at 80°𝐶 is dropped into 0.5𝑚3 water at 25°𝐶. Find
the final temperature of water if heat capacity of iron is 0.45𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔. 𝐾 [𝑻 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟗𝟐𝟔°𝑪]

2. Dry Dock-2010: Heat transfer at a metal of 80𝐾𝑔 raised is temperature from 300𝐾 𝑡𝑜 1265𝐾,
specific heat of metal 0.49𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔. 𝐾. What is the heat supplied? [Q=37828KJ]

3. DPDC-2020: 2liters of water from 28°𝐶 is to be heated in an electrical kettle that consumes
1.5𝐾𝑊 load. If final temperature is 80°𝐶, determine the time required. What will be the cost if
power per unit electricity consumption charge is 12 Taka? [0.08hr, 1.44tk]

4. NWPGCL-2017: A boiler is made of iron plates 12𝑚𝑚 thick. If the temperature of the outside
surface be 120°𝐶 and that of the inner 100°𝐶, calculate the mass of water evaporated per hour.
Assume that the area of heating surface is 5𝑚2 and k for iron 84𝑊/𝑚𝑘. [𝒎 =
𝟓𝟓. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒈/𝒉𝒓]

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5. EGCB-2022: In a counter flow heat exchanger oil is being cooled 80°𝐶 to 50°𝐶 at flow rate of
10000𝑘𝑔/ℎ and 𝐶𝑝 = 2250𝑗/𝑘𝑔. 𝑘 by water at 7000𝑘𝑔/ℎ and 𝐶𝑝 = 4180𝑗/𝑘𝑔. 𝑘. water enters
at 25°𝐶. Find water outlet temperature.

Heat transfer through composite wall

Series Parallel

BUET Lecture
1. BUET Nasim Sir lecture + Cengel Example: 3.3: Consider a 0.8𝑚 high and 1.5𝑚 wide double pane
window consisting of two 4𝑚𝑚 thick layers of glass (𝑘 = 0.78𝑊/𝑚℃) separated by a 10𝑚𝑚
wide stagnant air space (𝑘 = 0.026𝑊/𝑚℃). Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through
this double pane window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room
is maintained at 20℃ while the temperature of the outdoors is −10℃. Take the convection heat
transfer coefficient on the inner and outer surfaces of the windows to be ℎ1 = 10𝑊/𝑚2 ℃ and
ℎ2 = 40 𝑊/𝑚2 ℃. Which includes the effects of radiation?

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2. Nasim Sir Lecture Cengel Example 3.6:

A 3m high and 5m wide wall consists of long 16𝑐𝑚 × 22𝑐𝑚 cross section horizontal bricks (𝑘 =
0.72𝑊/𝑚°𝐶) separated by 3𝑐𝑚 thick plaster layers (𝑘 = 0.22 𝑊/𝑚°𝐶). There are also 2𝑐𝑚 thick
plaster layers on each side of the brick and a 3cm thick rigid foam (𝑘 = 0.026 𝑊/𝑚°𝐶) on the
inner side of the wall, as shown in Figure. The indoor and the outdoor temperatures are
20°𝐶 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 210°𝐶, and the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and the outer sides
are ℎ1 =10W/𝑚2 °C and ℎ2 =25W/𝑚2 °C respectively. Assuming one-dimensional heat transfer
and disregarding radiation, determine the rate of heat transfer through the wall

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3. Nasim Sir lecture Cengel Ex 3.35: The wall of a refrigerator is constructed of fiberglass insulation
𝑘 = 0.035𝑊/𝑚℃.) sandwiched between two layers of 1𝑚𝑚 thick sheet metal 𝑘 = 15.1𝑊/𝑚℃.
The refrigerated space is maintained at 3°𝐶, and the average heat transfer coefficients at the
inner and outer surfaces of the wall are 4𝑊/𝑚2 ℃ and 9𝑊/𝑚2 ℃ respectively. The kitchen
temperature averages 25°𝐶. It is observed that condensation occurs on the outer surfaces of the
refrigerator when the temperature of the outer surface drops to 20°𝐶. Determine the minimum
thickness of fiberglass insulation that needs to be used in the wall in order to avoid condensation
on the outer surfaces

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Example from different book

1. Holman example 2.1: An exterior wall of a house may be approximated by a 4𝑖𝑛 layer of common
brick [𝑘 = 0.7𝑊/𝑚°𝐶] followed by a 1.5𝑖𝑛 layer of gypsum plaster [𝑘 = 0.48 𝑊/𝑚°𝐶]. What
thickness of loosely packed rock-wool insulation [𝑘 = 0.065 𝑊/𝑚°𝐶] should be added to reduce
the heat loss (or gain) through the wall by 80 percent?

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2. Cengel Example 3.1: Consider a 3𝑚 high, 5𝑚 wide, and 0.3𝑚 thick wall whose thermal
conductivity is 𝑘 = 0.9𝑊/𝑚°𝐶. On a certain day, the temperatures of the inner and the outer
surfaces of the wall are measured to be 16°𝐶 and 2°𝐶, respectively. Determine the rate of heat
loss through the wall on that day.

3. Cengel Example 3.2: Consider a 0.8𝑚 high and 1.5𝑚 wide glass window with a thickness of 8mm
and a thermal conductivity of 𝑘 = 0.78𝑊/𝑚°𝐶 Determine the steady rate of heat transfer

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through this glass window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the
room is maintained at 20°𝐶 while the temperature of the outdoors is −10°𝐶. Take the heat
transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be ℎ1 = 10W/m2 °C and
ℎ2 = 10W/m2 °C which includes the effects of radiation

4. Cengel Ex 3-18: Consider a 1.2𝑚 high and 2𝑚 wide glass window whose thickness is 6𝑚𝑚 and
thermal conductivity is 𝑘 = 0.78𝑊/𝑚℃. Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this
glass window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is
maintained at 24°𝐶 while the temperature of the outdoors is −5℃. Take the convection heat
transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be ℎ1 = 10𝑊/𝑚2 ℃ and
ℎ2 = 25𝑊/𝑚2 ℃ , and disregard any heat transfer by radiation.

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5. Cengel Ex 3-19: Consider a 1.2m high and 2m wide double-pane window consisting of two 3mm
thick layers of glass 𝑘 = 0.78𝑊/𝑚℃.) separated by a 12mm wide stagnant air space 𝑘 =
0.026𝑊/𝑚℃. Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this double-pane window and
the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained at 24°C while
the temperature of the outdoors is −5℃. Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on the
inner and outer surfaces of the window to be be ℎ1 = 10𝑊/𝑚2 ℃ and ℎ2 = 25𝑊/𝑚2 ℃ , and
disregard any heat transfer by radiation.

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6. A furnace wall 200𝑚𝑚 thick is made of a material having thermal conductivity of 1.45𝑊/𝑚𝐾.
The inner and outer surface are exposed to average temperature of 350℃ and 40℃ respectively.
If the gas and air film coefficients are 58 and 11.63𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 respectively, find the rate of heat
transfer through a wall of 2.5 square meter. Also find the temperature on the two sides of the
wall.

7. A composite wall is made up of brickwork, fiberglass and insulating board with thickness and
thermal conductivities as given below.
Material Thickness (mm) Conductivity (W/mK)
Brick work 110 1.15
Fiber glass 75 0.04
Board 25 0.06
Find the overall coefficient of heat transfer if the coefficient of heat transfer for the outside and
inside walls are 3.1W/m2K respectively. Also find the heat lost per hour through such a wall of 20
square meters when the temperature difference is 27.

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8. Rajput Example 2.4: A reactor’s wall 320mm thick is made up of a layer of fire brick (𝑘 =
0.84𝑊/𝑚℃) covered with a layer of insulation (𝑘 = 0.16𝑊/𝑚℃) The reactor operates at a
temperature of 1325℃ and the ambient temperature is 25℃. (a) Determine the thickness of fire
brick of fore and insulation which gives minimum heat loss: (b) Calculate the heat loss presuming
that the insulating material has a maximum temperature of 1200℃.

9. Rajput Example 2.5: A wall of a furnace is made up of inside layer of silica brick 120 mm thick
covered with a layer of magnesite brick 240 mm thick. The temperatures at the inside surface of
silica brick wall and outside surface of magnesite brick wall are 725°C and 110°C respectively. The

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contact thermal resistance between the two walls at the interface is 0.0035°C/W per unit wall
area. If thermal conductivities of silica and magnesite bricks are 1.7 W/m°C and 5.8 W/m°C,
calculate. (i) The rate of heat loss per unit area of walls, and (ii) The temperature drop at the
interface.

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10. Rajput Example 2.6: An exterior wall of a house may be approximated by a 0.1 m layer of common
brick (k = 0.7 W/m°C) followed by a 0.04m layer of gypsum plaster (k = 0.48 W/m°C). What
thickness of loosely packed rock wool insulation (k = 0.065 W/m°C) should be added to reduce
the heat loss or (gain) through the wall by 80 per cent?

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11. Rajput Example 2.7: A furnace wall consists of 200 mm layer of refractory bricks, 6 mm layer of
steel plate and a 100 mm layer of insulation bricks. The maximum temperature of the wall is
1150°C on the furnace side and the minimum temperature is 40°C on the outermost side of the
wall. An accurate energy balance over the furnace shows that the heat loss from the wall is 400
W/m². It is known that there is a thin layer of air between the layers of refractory bricks and steel
plate. Thermal conductivities for the three layers are 1.52, 45 and 0.138 W/m°C respectively. Find:
(i) To how many millimeters of insulation brick is the air layer equivalent? (ii) What is the
temperature of the outer surface of the steel plate?

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Job Exam Question

1. DMTCL-2019+BCSIR-2021: A 21𝑐𝑚 thick brick wall having thermal conductivity 𝑘 = 1.04𝑊/𝑚𝑘

and is insulated with a material having 𝑘 = 0.07𝑊/𝑚𝑘. Inside and outside temperature 1000°C
and 40°𝐶 respectively. Heat loss is 960𝑊/𝑚2 . Find thickness of insulation. [𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟖𝒎]

2. CPGCBL-2018: A furnace wall is built up with a refectory brick of 300𝑚𝑚 thick and an insulating
brick of 150𝑚𝑚, the thermal conductivities of the refectory bricks and insulting bricks are
1.5𝑊/𝑚°𝐶 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 0.5𝑊/𝑚°𝐶 respectively. The temperature of the surrounding is 40°𝐶 whereas
that the extends is 1200°𝐶. Determine the rate heat flow per unit area. [𝟐. 𝟑𝟐𝑲𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ]

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3. BCPCL-2016+BCPCL-2020: A wall of furnace is made up of inside layer of brick 120𝑚𝑚 thick. The
temperature at the inside surface of silica brick wall and outside of magnesite brick wall are 725°𝐶
and 110°𝐶 respectively. The contact thermal resistance between the two walls at the interface is
0.0035°𝐶𝑚2 ℎ𝑟/𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙. If the thermal conductivities of silica and magnesite bricks are
1.7𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚°𝐶.hr and 5.8 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚°𝐶.hr. Calculate the rate of heat loss per unit area of walls

4. 32nd BCS: A composite wall is made of followings. (1) an inner layer of 20𝑐𝑚 thick made of fire
clay brick, 𝑘 = 1.47𝑤/𝑚. 𝑘 (2) middle layer made of earth brick of 15𝑐𝑚 thick, 𝑘 = 0.24𝑤/𝑚𝑘.
(3) the outer layer with different type of clay 10𝑐𝑚 thick 𝑘 = 0.09𝑤/𝑚𝑘. If the temperature of
the inner wall surface is 105°𝐶 and outer wall surface 15°𝐶. Calculate the amount of heat loss
through this composite wall. [𝟒𝟖. 𝟎𝟕𝒘/𝒎𝟐 ]

5. PGCB-2013: A composite wall of two 0.5𝑚 thick layer has a temperature 150°𝐶 on one side and
10°𝐶 on another side thermal conductivity of two layers are 0.05𝑤/𝑚𝑘 and 0.5𝑤/𝑚𝑘

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respectively. Area of each side is 2𝑚2 . Find the overall thermal resistance of the wall and heat
transfer per unit surface area. [𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝟓𝑾]

6. Bakrabad 2021: A rectangular plate having upper surface area 2.5𝑚 × 4𝑚 and the temperature
at the surface is 105°𝐶. What will be the insulation thickness of wool (0.04𝑤/𝑚°𝐶) to maintain
heat transfer 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 2𝐾𝑊. Outside temperature 30°𝐶 and heat transfer coefficient is 11𝑊/𝑚°𝐶.

7. DSCC-2023: A wall measures 5𝑚 by 2𝑚 and is constructed of brick 12𝑐𝑚 thick, insulated

externally by cork of 8𝑐𝑚 thick. The inside is to be maintained at 2.5°C and external temperature
is 18.5°𝐶. Calculate the rate of heat transfer. The thermal conductivity of brick is
0.8𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚. ℎ𝑟. ⅆ𝑒𝑔 and cork is 0.0375𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚. ℎ𝑟. ⅆ𝑒𝑔.

8. NPCBL-2023: An exterior wall of a house may be approximated by a 10𝑐𝑚 layer of common brick
having thermal conductivity of 0.7𝑤/𝑚°𝐶 determine the thickness of wool should be added to
the wall that will reduce heat loss of 80%. Take thermal conductivity of wool as 0.065 𝑤/𝑚°𝐶.

9. ERL-2023: A plate of 0.3𝑚 by 0.1𝑚 is heated by same size heater at the bottom. Thickness is
12 𝑚𝑚. All is insulated except top and bottom surface. Air temperature is 20°𝐶, plate
temperature is 100°𝐶. Meter shows 220𝑉 and 0.25𝐴. 𝐾 = 6 𝑊/𝑚𝑘. Find convective heat
transfer coefficient (h)

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Thermal Contact Resistance

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Cengel Example 3.4: The thermal conductance of two 1cm thick aluminum plates is measured to
be 11000𝑊/𝑚2 ℃ Determine the thickness of the aluminum plate whose thermal resistance is
equal to the thermal resistance of the interface between the plates. Take the thermal conductivity
of Aluminum as 237𝑊/𝑚℃

2. Cengel Ex 3-45: The thermal contact conductance at the interface of two 1𝑐𝑚 thick copper plates
is measured to be 18,000 𝑊/𝑚2 ℃ Determine the thickness of the copper plate whose thermal
resistance is equal to the thermal resistance of the interface between the plates Take 𝑘 =
386𝑊/𝑚℃

3. A furnace wall is made up of refectory brick of 300𝑚𝑚 thick. The inner and outer surface of the
wall have temperature of 1000℃ and 150℃. Find the heat loss per square meter per hour. If the
outside temperature becomes 50℃, the furnace wall is covered with insulating bricks of 200𝑚𝑚
thickness. Find the reduction in heat loss. Take thermal conductivity if refractivity and insulating
bricks as 4.5 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 0.5𝑊/𝑚𝐾.

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4. Heat is conducted through a compound plate composed of two parallel plates of different
material A and B of conductivities 134𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾 and 60𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾 and each of thickness 36 and
42𝑚𝑚 respectively. If the temperature of the outer face of the slab A and that of B are found to
be steady at 96℃ and 8℃ respectively, find the temperature of the interface 𝐴/𝐵.

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Heat transfer through cylindrical pipe

∆𝑇
𝑄= 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 2
𝑟1
2𝜋𝑙𝑘
For multilayer cylinder

2𝜋𝐿(𝑇1 − 𝑇4)
𝑞= 𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟
𝑘𝐴 ln 𝑟 + 𝑘𝐵 ln 𝑟3 + 𝑘𝑐 ln 𝑟4
2 2 3

BUET Lecture
1. Nasim Sir Lecture Cengel Exersice 3.78E: Steam exiting the turbine of a steam power plant at 40°C
is to be condensed in a large condenser by cooling water flowing through copper pipes (k =

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386W/m·K) of inner diameter 1 cm and outer diameter of 1.5 cm at an average temperature of

20°C. The heat of vaporization of water at 40°C is 2407 kJ/kg. The heat transfer coefficients are
13000 W/m2·°C on the steam side and 200 W/m2·°C on the water side. Determine the length of
the tube required to condense steam at a rate of 115 kg/hr.

Example from different book

1. Rajput 2.42: A steam pipe of outside diameter 80mm and 25m long conveys 800kg of steam per
hour at a pressure of 22bar. The steam enters the pipe with a dryness fraction of 0.99 and is to be
accomplished by using a lagging material (𝑘 = 0.2𝑊/𝑚℃) determine the minumum thickness to
meat the necessary conditions, if the temperature of the outside surface of lagging is 25℃.
Assume that there is no pressure drop across the pipe and the resistance of the pipe material is
negligible. At 22bar ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 1868.1𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔

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2. Rajput 2.43: A steam pipe (inner diameter=150mm and outer diameter = 160mm) having thermal
conductivity 58W/m℃ is covered with two layers of insulation of thickness 30mm and 50mm
respectively and thermal conductivities 0.18 W/m℃ and 0.09 W/m℃ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. The
temperature of inner surface of pipe is 320℃ and that of the outer surface of the insulation layer
is 40℃. Determine the quantity of heat lost per meter length of steam pipe.

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3. Holman 2.2: A thick-walled tube of stainless steel [18% Cr, 8% Ni, k = 19 W/m°C] with 2-cm inner
diameter (ID) and 4-cm outer diameter (OD) is covered with a 3-cm layer of asbestos insulation [k
= 0.2 W/m°C]. If the inside wall temperature of the pipe is maintained at 600°C calculate the heat
loss per meter of length. Also calculate the tube–insulation interface temperature.

4. Cengel 3-8: Steam at 𝑇∝,1 =320°C flows in a cast iron pipe (𝑘 = 80 𝑊/𝑚°𝐶) whose inner and
outer diameters are 𝐷1 =5 cm and 𝐷2 =5.5cm, respectively. The pipe is covered with 3cm thick
glass wool insulation with 𝑘 = 0.05 𝑊/𝑚°𝐶. Heat is lost to the surroundings at 𝑇∝,2 =5°C by
natural convection and radiation, with a combined heat transfer coefficient of ℎ2 = 18𝑊/𝑚2 . °𝐶.
Taking the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be ℎ1 = 60𝑊/𝑚2 . °𝐶, determine the rate

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of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe. Also determine the temperature drops
across the pipe shell and the insulation

5. Khurmi Thermo 34.6: A metal pipe having an external diameter of 150𝑚𝑚 carries steam at
200℃. The pipe is covered by a layer 25 mm thick of an insulating material whose conductivity is
0.21𝑊/𝑚𝐾. If the outer surface is at 100℃, find the amount of heat lost per meter length per
minute.

6. Khurmi Thermo 34.7: Water is pumped through an iron pipe (𝑘 = 67.2𝑊/𝑚𝐾), 2 meters long at
the rate of 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛. The inner and outer diameters of the tube are 50𝑚𝑚 and 60𝑚𝑚

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respectively. Calculate the rise in temperature of water when the outside of the tube is heated to
a temperature of 600°𝐶. The initial temperature of the water is 30°𝐶

7. Khurmi Thermo 34.8: A steam pipe 20𝑚 long, 100𝑚𝑚 internal diameter and 40𝑚𝑚 thick is
covered by a layer of lagging of 25𝑚𝑚 thick. The coefficient of thermal conductivities for the pipe
material and lagging are 0.07 𝑊/𝑚𝐾 and 0.1𝑊/𝑚𝐾 respectively. If the steam is conveyed at a
pressure of 17𝑏𝑎𝑟 with 30°𝐶 superheat and the outside temperature of the lagging is 24°𝐶,
determine(a) the heat lost per hour; and (b) the interface temperature. Neglect the pressure drop
across the steam pipe

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8. A Gas filled tube has 2𝑚𝑚 inside diameter and 25𝑐𝑚 length. The gas is heated by an electrical
wire of diameter 50 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 (0.05𝑚𝑚) located along the axis of tube. Current and voltage drop
across the heating element are 0. 𝐴 and 4𝑉 respectively. If the measured wire and inside tube wall
temperatures are 175℃ and 150℃ respectively find the thermal conductivity of the gas filling
the tube.

9. A steam pipe of outer diameter 120𝑚𝑚 is covered with two layers of lagging inside layer 45mm
thick (𝑘 = 0.08𝑊/𝑚℃) and outer layer 30𝑚𝑚 thick (𝑘 = 0.12𝑊/𝑚℃). The pipe conveys

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steam at a pressure of 20bar with 50℃ superheat. The outside temperature of lagging is 25℃. If
the steam pipe is 30𝑚 long determine: (a) Heat lost per hour and (b) interface temperature of
lagging. The thermal resistance of steam pipe may be neglected.

Job Exam Question

1. DMTCL-2022: If pipe has outer and inner diameter ratio of 2. Outer and inner temperature
difference is 1℃. Determine the amount of heat transfer per unit length. Take 𝑘 = 159𝑊/𝑚𝐾

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Heat transfer through spheres

∆𝑇
𝑄= 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
𝐾 × 4𝜋𝑟1 𝑟2
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Rajput Example 2.61: A Spherical shaped vessel of 1.4𝑚 diameter is 90𝑚𝑚 thick. Find
the rate of heat leakage, if the temperature between the inner and outer surface is 200℃
the thermal conductivity of the material of the sphere is 0.083(𝑤)/𝑚℃

2. Rajput Example 2.64: A spherical container having outer diameter 500𝑚𝑚 is insulated by
100𝑚𝑚 thick layer of material with thermal conductivity 𝑘 = 0.03(1 + 0.006𝑡)𝑊/𝑚°𝐶 where t
is in °C. If the surface temperature of sphere is −200°𝐶 and temperature of outer surface is 30°𝐶
determine the heat flow in.

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3. Khurmi Thermo 34.9:A spherical shaped vessel of 1𝑚 outside diameter is 100𝑚𝑚 thick. Find the
rate of heat leakage, if the temperature difference between the inner and outer surface is
150𝐾. Take k for the vessel material as 0.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑚ℎ. 𝐾

4. Cengel Exercise 3.81: Consider a 3𝑚 diameter spherical tank that is initially filled with
liquid nitrogen at 1atm and −196°𝐶. The tank is exposed to ambient air at 15°𝐶, with a
combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient of 35 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶. The
temperature of the thin-shelled spherical tank is observed to be almost the same as the
temperature of the nitrogen inside. Determine the rate of evaporation of the liquid
nitrogen in the tank as a result of the heat transfer from the ambient air if the tank is (a)
not insulated, (b) insulated with 5-cm-thick fiberglass insulation (𝑘 = 0.035 𝑊/𝑚°𝐶),
and (c) insulated with 2𝑐𝑚 thick superinsulation which has an effective thermal
conductivity of 0.00005 𝑊/𝑚. °𝐶

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Job Exam Question

1. BPDB-2016: A hollow shape spherical vessel of outer radius 200𝑚𝑚 and inner radius
100𝑚𝑚 the thermal conductivity 𝑖𝑠 200𝑤/𝑚𝑘. If the temperature difference between inside and
outside is 100°𝐶 and 50°𝐶. Find heat transfer Rate? [𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝑲𝑾]

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2. APSCL-2021: The inner and outer radius of a hollow sphere is 6𝑐𝑚 and 8𝑐𝑚. inside temperature
is 100°𝐶 and outside temperature is 25°𝐶. Find the heat transfer rate when the coefficient of
heat transfer is 100𝑊/𝑚°𝐶. [𝑸 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟐𝑲𝑾]

Overall Heat transfer Co-efficient

BUET Lecture
3. Nasim sir lecture Bergman Example 3.2: A thin silicon chip and 𝑎𝑛 8𝑚𝑚 thick aluminum substrate
are separated by a 0.02𝑚𝑚 thick epoxy joint. The chip and substrate are each 10𝑚𝑚 on a side,
and their exposed surfaces are cooled by air, which is at a temperature of 25℃ and provides a
convection coefficient of 100𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾. If the chip dissipates 104𝑊/𝑚2 under normal conditions,
will it operate below a maximum allowable temperature of 85℃?

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Example from different book

1. Cengel Exercise 3.35: The wall of a refrigerator is constructed of fiberglass insulation (𝑘 =
0.035𝑊/𝑚°𝐶) sandwiched between two layers of 1𝑚𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘 sheet metal (𝑘 = 15.1𝑊/𝑚°𝐶).
The refrigerated space is maintained at 3°𝐶, and the average heat transfer coefficients at the
inner and outer surfaces of the wall are 4𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶 and 9 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶, respectively. The kitchen
temperature averages 25°𝐶. It is observed that condensation occurs on the outer surfaces of the
refrigerator when the temperature of the outer surface drops to 20°𝐶. Determine the minimum
thickness of fiberglass insulation that needs to be used in the wall in order to avoid condensation
on the outer surfaces

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Job Exam Question

1. BUET M.Sc. 2018: A wall has the dimension of 3𝑚 × 2𝑚 × 0.2𝑚 if the heat transfer coefficient
of inside and outside of the wall is 10𝑊/𝑚2 . 𝑘 and 20𝑊/𝑚2 . 𝐾 respectively then determine the
heat flow rate through this wall. Thermal conductivity of wall material is 0.5𝑊/𝑚2 𝑘 and
temperature difference is 10°𝐶 between inside and outside the wall. [𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟗𝑾]

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2. 29th BCS: Room air is maintained at 22°𝐶 & outside air at 32°𝐶 the room has 250𝑚𝑚 thick brick
wall considers 𝐾𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0.7𝑊/𝑚°𝐶 & ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 10𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶. Find heat flow through the wall per unit
Area Neglect the effect of radiation. [𝟏𝟕. 𝟗𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ]

3. BREB-2018 + NWPGCL-2018: On a sunny day, the internal and external temperature of a room
was 20°𝐶 and 5°𝐶 respectively. The glass thickness of the room is 8𝑚𝑚 and thermal conductivity
was 0.8𝑊/𝑚𝑘. The internal and external heat transfer co-efficient is 15𝑊/𝑚2 𝑘 and 5𝑊/𝑚2 𝑘
respectively. Find the overall heat transfer rate per unit area. [𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟏𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ]

4. DPDC-2019: A room wall 400mm thick is made of material having thermal conductivity of
1𝑊/𝑚𝐾. The inner and outer surface are exposed to average temperature of 20°𝐶 and 0°𝐶
respectively. If the inner and outer air film coefficient is 0.5𝑊/𝑚2 , find the heat flux.
[𝟒. 𝟓𝟒𝑾/𝑚2 ]

5. Tittas-2021: A glass window whose size is 1.2𝑚 × 2𝑚 × 0.006𝑚. Thermal conductivity is

0.78𝑤/𝑚𝑘 and inside and outside temperature is 24°𝐶 and −5°𝐶 respectively. Co-efficient of
convection of inner air and outer air films are 10𝑤/𝑚2 𝐾 and 25𝑤/𝑚2 𝐾. Find the heat flux and
draw the radiation network. [𝟏𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟓𝒘/𝑚2 ]

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6. SGCL-2020: Consider a 0.8𝑚 high and 1.5𝑚 wide glass window with a thickness of 8𝑚𝑚 and a
thermal conductivity of 𝑘 = 0.78𝑤/𝑚°𝐶. Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this
glass window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is
maintained at 20°𝐶 while the temperature of the outdoors is 10°𝐶. Take the heat transfer
coefficient on the inner and outer surface of the window to be ℎ1 = 10𝑤/𝑚2 °𝐶 and ℎ2 =
40𝑤/𝑚2 °𝐶. which includes the effects of radiation. [𝑸 = 𝟐𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝑾, 𝑻𝟏 = −𝟐. 𝟏𝟖°𝑪]

7. NWPGCL-2022: A wall of furnace is made of inside layer of silica brick 120𝑚𝑚 thick cover with a
layer of magnetite brick 240𝑚𝑚 thick. The temperature at the inside surface of silica brick wall
and outside surface of magnesite brick wall are 725°𝐶 and 110°𝐶 respectively. The constant
thermal resistance between two walls at the interface is 0.0035°𝐶/𝑊𝑚2 . Its thermal
conductivities of silica and magnesite bricks are 1.7𝑊/𝑚°𝐶 and 5.8𝑊/𝑚°𝐶, calculate the rate of
heat loss per unit area of the walls.

8. Bakrabad-2021: A rectangular plate having upper surface area 2.5𝑚 × 4𝑚 and the temperature
at the surface is 105°𝐶. What will be the insulation thickness of wool (0.04𝑤/𝑚°𝐶) to maintain
heat transfer loss 2𝐾𝑊. Outside temperature 30°𝐶 and heat transfer coefficient is 11𝑊/𝑚°𝐶.

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9. SGFL-2023: A room have a 1.2 × 2𝑚 of glass window which has a thickness of 6mm losing heat.
inside room temperature is 24°𝐶 and outside room temperature is −5°𝐶. ℎ𝑖 = 10𝑤/𝑚2 𝑘, ℎ𝑜 =
25𝑊/𝑚. 𝑘, thermal conductivity of glass 𝑘 = 0.75𝑊/𝑚. 𝑘. find heat loss.

10. DSCC-2023: A wall measures 5𝑚 by 2𝑚 and is constructed of brick 12𝑐𝑚 thick, insulated
externally by cork of 8𝑐𝑚 thick. The inside is to be maintained at 2.5°𝐶 and external temperature
is 18.5°𝐶. Calculate the rate of heat transfer. The thermal conductivity of brick is
0.8𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚. ℎ𝑟. ⅆ𝑒𝑔 and cork is 0.0375𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚. ℎ𝑟. ⅆ𝑒𝑔.

Overall heat transfers Co-efficient for Tube

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question
1. Holman 2.5: Water flows at 50℃ inside a 2.5𝑐𝑚 inside diameter tube such that ℎ𝑖 =
3500 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶 The tube has a wall thickness of 0.8𝑚𝑚 with a thermal conductivity of
16 𝑊/𝑚°𝐶. The outside of the tube loses heat by free convection with ℎ0 = 7.6 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶
Calculate the overall heat-transfer coefficient and heat loss per unit length to surrounding air
at 20°𝐶

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Heat Generated in a Solid

Cengel Article 2-6:
̇ ̇
𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐼2 𝑅
𝑔= = 2
𝑉𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝜋𝑟 𝐿
𝑔̇ 𝑟 2
∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 =
4𝑘
BUET Lecture
1. BUET Lecture + Cengel Example 2-17: A 2𝑘𝑊 resistance heater wire whose thermal conductivity
is 𝑘 = 15𝑊/𝑚°𝐶 has a diameter of 𝐷 = 4 𝑚𝑚 and a length of 𝐿 = 0.5𝑚, and is used to boil
water as shown in figure. If the outer surface temperature of the resistance wire is 𝑇𝑠 = 105°𝐶,
determine the temperature at the center of the wire.

2. Zahrul Sir + Holman Ex-2.6: A current of 200A is passed through a stainless-steel wire [𝑘 =
19𝑊/𝑚°𝐶] 3𝑚𝑚 in diameter. The resistivity of the steel may be taken as 70𝜇Ω𝑐𝑚, and the
length of the wire is 1𝑚. The wire is submerged in a liquid at 110°𝐶 and experiences a convection
heat-transfer coefficient of 4𝑘𝑊/𝑚²°𝐶. Calculate the center temperature of the wire

3. Zahrul Sir + Kreith Ex-2.5: Heat is generated at 7.5 × 107 𝑊/𝑚³ rate in nuclear reactor uranium
rods of 0.05𝑚 diameter. These rods are jacketed by an annulus in which water at 120°𝐶 is
circulated. If ℎ𝑎𝑣 = 55000 𝑊/𝑚²𝐾, and for uranium, 𝑘 = 29.5 𝑊/𝑚𝑘, determine the center
temperature of the uranium fuel rods

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Example from different book

1. Cengel Exercise 2-77: A 2𝑘𝑊 resistance heater wire with thermal conductivity of 𝑘 = 20 𝑊/𝑚°𝐶,
a diameter of 𝐷 = 5 𝑚𝑚, and a length of 𝐿 = 0.7 𝑚 is used to boil water. If the outer surface
temperature of the resistance wire is 𝑇𝑠 = 110°𝐶, determine the temperature at the center of
the wire.

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Job Exam Question

Critical thickness of insulation

𝐾
𝑅𝑐𝑟 = (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒)
ℎ
2𝑘
𝑅𝑐𝑟 = (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒)
ℎ
Critical thickness of insulation কীঃ (a) the thickness at which maximum heat transfer takes places is called
critical thickness of insulation

(b) The thickness up to which heat flow increase and after which heat flow decrease is termed
as critical thickness.

BUET Lecture
1. BUET monjur Sir lecture: 8in Piping system operation at 400℉ with a 60℉ ambient temperature
and insulated with calcium silicate. Determine the critical thickness of insulation. Take thermal
conductivity of Calcium silicate as =and convection heat transfer coefficient of air at room
temperature as 10𝑊/𝑚2 𝑘

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2. Zahrul Sir Lecture + Dewitt Ex-3.4:

Example from different book

1. Holman example 2.6: Calculate the critical radius of insulation for asbestos [𝑘 = 0.17 𝑊/𝑚°𝐶]
surrounding a pipe and exposed to room air at 20℃ with ℎ = 3.0 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶. Calculate the heat
loss from a 200°𝐶, 5.0𝑐𝑚 diameter pipe when covered with the critical radius of insulation and
without insulation.

2. Cengel Example 3.9 (heat transfer 2nd edition): A 3mm diameter and 5m long electric wire is
tightly wrapped with a 2𝑚𝑚 thick plastic cover whose thermal conductivity is 𝑘 =
0.15𝑊/𝑚°𝐶. Electrical measurements indicate that a current of 10𝐴 passes through the wire and
there is a voltage drop of 8𝑉 along the wire. If the insulated wire is exposed to a medium at 𝑇∞ =

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30°𝐶 with a heat transfer coefficient of ℎ = 12𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶, determine the temperature at the
interface of the wire and the plastic cover in steady operation and critical radius of insulation. Also
determine whether doubling the thickness of the plastic cover will increase or decrease this
interface temperature.

3. Cengel Exercise 3.88: A 2𝑚𝑚 diameter and 10𝑚 long electric wire is tightly wrapped with a 1𝑚𝑚
thick plastic covers whose thermal conductivity is 𝑘 = 0.15𝑊/𝑚°𝐶. Electrical measurements
indicate that a current of 10 𝐴 passes through the wire and there is a voltage drop of 8𝑉 along
the wire. If the insulated wire is exposed to a medium at 𝑇 = 30°𝐶 with a heat transfer coefficient
of ℎ = 24𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶, determine the temperature at the interface of the wire and the plastic cover
in steady operation. Also determine if doubling the thickness of the plastic cover will increase or
decrease this interface temperature.

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4. Cengel Exercise 3.9: A 5mm diameter spherical ball at 50°𝐶 is covered by a 1𝑚𝑚 thick plastic
insulation (𝑘 = 0.13𝑊/𝑚°𝐶). The ball is exposed to a medium at 15°𝐶, with a combined
convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient of 20𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶. Determine if the plastic
insulation on the ball will help or hurt heat transfer from the ball.

5. Rajput Example 2.70: Calculate the critical radius of insulation for asbestos [𝑘 = 0.172𝑊/
𝑚. 𝐾] surrounding a pipe and exposed to room air at 300𝑘 with ℎ = 2.8𝑊/𝑚. 𝑘. Calculate the
heat loss from a 475𝑘, 60mm diameter pipe when covered with the critical radius of insulation
and without insulation

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Job Exam Question

1. Biman-2018: A wire has diameter of 20𝑚𝑚, if heat transfer co-efficient is 20𝑊/𝑚2 . 𝑘 and
thermal conductivity is 0.5𝑊/𝑚. 𝑘 then find the distance at which maximum heat dissipation will
occur. [𝟐. 𝟓𝒄𝒎]

2. 34th & 32nd BCS: An electric cable of Al (𝐾 = 210𝑊/𝑚𝑘) is to be insulated with rubber 𝐾 =
0.15𝑊/𝑚°𝑘 which located in free air (ℎ = 6𝑤/𝑚2 𝑘). Calculate critical thickness [𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎]

3. DESCO 2019: A wire of diameter 10𝑚𝑚 with conductivity 0.5𝑊/𝑚. 𝑘 is releasing by convection
through a medium with transfer co-efficient 50𝑊/𝑚2 𝑘. Find the critical thickness of insulation.
Also find insulation thickness limit to reduce heat transfer by convection [𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝒄𝒎, 𝟓𝒎𝒎]

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Fin
BUET Lecture
1. Zahrul Haq Sir + Kreith Ex-2.6: Consider a copper (𝑘 = 385 𝑊/𝑚𝐾) pin with ℎ𝑐 = 10 𝑊/𝑚² 𝐾.
Calculate the heat loss, assuming that (a) the fin is 'infinitely long', (b) the fin is 2.5𝑐𝑚 long and
the coefficient at the end is the same as around the circumference, (c) how long would the fin
have to be for the infinitely long solution to be correct within 5%?

2. Zahrul Haq Sir + Holman Ex-2.8: An aluminum fin [𝑘 = 200 𝑊/𝑚°𝐶), 3.0𝑚𝑚 thick and 7.5𝑐𝑚
long protrudes from a wall. The base is maintained at 300°𝐶, and 𝑇∞ = 50°𝐶 with ℎ =
10 𝑊/𝑚²°𝐶. Calculate the heat loss from the fin per unit depth of material. [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 355𝑊/𝑚]

3. Zahrul Haq Sir + Kreith Ex-2.7: Circumferential fins made of aluminum (𝑘 = 200 𝑊/𝑚𝐾) are
soldered to the outer surface, and he 65𝑊/𝑚² 𝐾, calculate the rate of heat loss from a fin.
[𝐴𝑛𝑠: 17.8𝑊]

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4. Zahrul Haq Sir +Dewitt Ex-3.10: Motorcycle engine cylinder: estimate the increase in heat transfer
due to fins. [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 460𝑊]

Example from different book

Job Exam Question

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Lumped System

When time is asked in the Question or temperature after t second.

𝑇𝑡 − 𝑇𝛼
= 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝛼
𝑇𝑖 =initial temperature

𝑇𝛼 = 𝐸𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
cengel page 211
ℎ𝐴𝑠
𝑏=
𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝

Holman page 142

1 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
time constant 𝜏 = =
𝑏 ℎ𝐴𝑠

1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝐷 3
6
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜋𝐷 2
𝐴 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑒ⅆ 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒ⅆ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 < 0.1
𝐿𝑐 ℎ 𝑉
𝑏𝑖 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑐 =
𝑘 𝐴𝑆
কখন্ বু েব শে এটা lumped system এর problem: েখন্ question এ Time শবর করলত বেলব

BUET Lecture
1. Nasim Sir Lecture Cengel example: 4.1 Petrobangla-2022: The temperature of a gas stream is
to be measured by a thermocouple whose junction can be approximated as a 1𝑚𝑚 diameter
sphere, as shown in Fig. The properties of the junction are 𝑘 = 35 𝑊/𝑚°𝐶, 𝜌 = 8500
𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝐶𝑝 = 320 𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶, and the convection heat transfer coefficient between the
junction and the gas is ℎ = 210 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶. Determine how long it will take for the
thermocouple to read 99 percent of the initial temperature difference.

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2. BUET Monjur sir Class lecture+ Cengel example: 4.2: A person is found dead at 5𝑃𝑀 in a room
whose temperature is 20°𝐶. The temperature of the body is measured to be 25°𝐶 when found,
and the heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be ℎ = 8𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶.Modeling the body as a
30𝑐𝑚 diameter, 1.70𝑚 long cylinder, estimate the time of death of that person take that the
initial temperature of the person’s body is 37°𝐶 and density of the body as density of water
(Because human body is mainly consisting of water). 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑘 = 0.617𝑤/𝑚℃, 𝜌 =
996𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝐶𝑝 = 4178𝐽/𝑘𝑔℃

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3. Nasim Sir lecture Cengel exercise 4.14: The temperature of a gas stream is to be measured by
a thermocouple whose junction can be approximated as a 1.2𝑚𝑚 diameter sphere. The
properties of the junction are 𝑘 = 35 𝑊/𝑚°𝐶, 𝜌 = 8500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , and 𝐶𝑝 = 320 𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶, and
the heat transfer coefficient between the junction and the gas is ℎ = 65𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶. Determine
how long it will take for the thermocouple to read 99 percent of the initial temperature
difference.

4. Nasim Sir Lecture BIWTA-2023+ INCROPERA Example 5.1: A thermocouple junction which
may be approximated as a sphere is to be used for temperature measurement in a gas steam.
The convection co-efficient between the junction surface and the gas is ℎ = 400𝑤/𝑚2 𝐾 and
the junction thermos physical properties are 𝑘 = 20𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾, 𝐶 = 400𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 and 𝜌 =
8500𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 . Determine the junction diameter needed for the thermocouple to have a time
constant of 1𝑠. If the junction is at 25℃ and is placed in a gas stream that is at 200℃, how
long will it take for the junction to reach 199℃? Also calculate the process time.

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5. Monjur Sir Lecture + Cengel Exercise 4.23: Carbon steel balls ( 𝜌 = 7833𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝑘 =
54 𝑊/𝑚 °𝐶, 𝐶𝑝 = 0.465 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 °𝐶, and 𝛼 = 1.474 × 10−6 6 𝑚2 /𝑠 ) 8mm in diameter are
annealed by heating them first to 900°𝐶 in a furnace and then allowing them to cool slowly to
100°𝐶 in am- bient air at 35°𝐶. If the average heat transfer coefficient is 75 𝑊/𝑚²°𝐶,
determine how long the annealing process will take. If 2500 balls are to be annealed per hour,
determine the total rate of heat transfer from the balls to the ambient air

6. Nasim Sir Lecture+ Cengel 4.38: A long 35cm diameter cylindrical shaft made of stain- less steel
304 (𝑘 = 14.9 𝑊/𝑚 °𝐶. 𝜌 = 7900 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³, 𝐶𝑝 = 477 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 °𝐶, 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝛼 = 3.95 × 10−6 𝑚²/𝑠)

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comes out of an oven at a uniform temperature of 400°𝐶. The shaft is then allowed to cool
slowly in a chamber at 150°𝐶 with an average convection heat transfer coefficient of ℎ =
60 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶. Determine the temperature at the center of the shaft 20 min after the start of
the cooling process. Also, determine the heat transfer per unit length of the shaft during this
time period.

7. Nasim Sir Lecture+ Cengel 4.53: An 8cm diameter potato (𝜌 = 1100 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³, 𝐶𝑝 =
3900 𝐽/𝑘𝑔℃, 𝑘 = 0.6𝑊/𝑚℃, and 𝛼 = 1.4 × 10−7 𝑚²/𝑠) that is initially at a uniform
temperature of 25℃ is baked in an oven at 170℃ until a temperature sensor inserted to the
center of the potato indicates a reading of 70℃. The potato is then taken out of the oven and
wrapped in thick towels so that almost no heat is lost from the baked potato. Assuming the
heat transfer coefficient in the oven to be 25 𝑊/𝑚²°𝐶, determine (a) how long the potato is
baked in the oven and (b) the final equilibrium temperature of the potato after it is wrapped.

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Example from different book

1. Holman example 4.1 (35th BCS): A steel ball (𝐶 = 0.46𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔°𝐶, 𝐾 = 35𝑤/𝑚°𝐶) 5𝑐𝑚 in
diameter & initially at a uniform temperature of 450°𝐶 is suddenly placed in a controlled
environment in which the temperature is maintained at 100°𝐶. the convection heat transfer
co-efficient is 10𝑤/𝑚2 °𝐶 calculate the time required for the ball to attain a temperature of
150°𝐶 [take 𝜌 = 7801𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 ] 𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝒕 = 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟗𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝒉𝒓

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2. Holman Exercise 4.6: A piece of aluminum weighing 6𝑘𝑔 and initially at a temperature of
300℃ is suddenly immersed in a fluid at 20℃. The convection heat-transfer coefficient is
58𝑊/𝑚2 ℃. Taking the aluminum as a sphere having the same weight as that given, estimate
the time required to cool the aluminum to 90℃, using the lumped-capacity method of analysis.
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝜌 = 2707𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝐶 = 896𝐽/𝐾𝑔°𝐶

3. Holman Exercise 4.10 A stainless-steel rod (18% 𝐶𝑟, 8% 𝑁𝑖) 6.4mm in diameter is initially at
a uniform temperature of 25℃ and is suddenly immersed in a liquid at 150℃ with ℎ =
120𝑊/𝑚2 ℃. Using the lumped-capacity method of analysis, calculate the time necessary for
the rod temperature to reach 120℃. Take 𝜌 = 7817𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝐶 = 460𝐽/𝐾𝑔℃

4. Holman Exercise 4.11: A 5𝑐𝑚 diameter copper sphere is initially at a uniform temperature of
200℃. It is suddenly exposed to an environment at 20℃ having a heat-transfer coefficient
ℎ = 28𝑊/𝑚2 ℃. Using the lumped-capacity method of analysis, calculate the time necessary
for the sphere temperature to reach 90℃. Take 𝜌=8954𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝐶 = 383𝐽/𝐾𝑔°𝐶

5. Holman Exercise 4.13: A copper Sphere having a diameter of 3.0𝑐𝑚 is initially at a uniform
temperature of 50℃ . It suddenly exposed to an airstream of 10℃ with ℎ = 15𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶. How
long does it take the sphere temperature to drop to 25°𝐶.? Take 𝜌 = 8954𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝐶 =
383𝐽/𝐾𝑔°𝐶

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6. Holman Exercise 4.15: An aluminum can having a volume of about 350c𝑚3 contains beer at
1℃ Using a lumped-capacity analysis, estimate the time required for the contents to warm to
15℃ when the can is placed in a room at 20℃ with a convection coefficient of 15𝑊/𝑚2 ℃.
Assume beer has the same properties as water. Take 𝜌 = 999.8𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝐶 = 4225𝐽/𝐾𝑔°𝐶

7. The temperature of a gas stream (400 °𝐶) is to be measured by a thermocouple whose

junction can be approximated as a 1-mm-diameter sphere. The properties of the junction are
𝑘 = 35𝑊/𝑚 = °𝐶, 𝜌 = 8500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , and 𝐶𝑝 = 320 𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶, and the convection heat
transfer coefficient between the junction and the gas is ℎ = 50 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶. Determine how
long it will take for the thermocouple to show a reading of 399°𝐶 if the thermocouple was at
an initial temperature of 25°𝐶

8. Cengel Heat 4.17: To warm up some milk for a baby, a mother pours milk into a thin-walled
glass whose diameter is 6𝑐𝑚. The height of the milk in the glass is 7𝑐𝑚. She then places the
glass into a large pan filled with hot water at 60°𝐶. The milk is stirred constantly, so that its
temperature is uniform at all times. If the heat transfer coefficient between the water and the
glass is 120 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶, determine how long it will take for the milk to warm up from 3°𝐶 to
38°𝐶. Take the properties of the milk to be the same as those of water. Take characteristics
𝑉
length of the glass as 𝐿𝑐 = 𝐴 , 𝐶𝑝 = 4182𝐽/𝑘𝑔℃, 𝜌 = 998𝐾𝑔/𝑚3
𝑠

9. Cengel Exercise 4-22: Stainless steel ball bearing (𝜌 = 8085𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝑘 = 15.1𝑊/𝑚°𝐶, 𝐶𝑝 =

0.480𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔°𝐶 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝛼 = 3.91 × 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠) having a diameter of 1.2𝑐𝑚 are to be quenched

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in water. The balls leave the oven at a uniform temperature of 900°𝐶 and are exposed to air
at 30°𝐶 for a while before they are dropped into the water. If the temperature of the balls is
not to fail below 850°𝐶 prior to quenching and the heat transfer coefficient in air is
125𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶. Determine how long they can stand in the air before being dropped into the
water.

10. Rajput Example 4.1: A 50𝑐𝑚 × 50𝑐𝑚 copper slab 6.25 𝑚𝑚 thick has a uniform temperature
of 300°𝐶. Its temperature is suddenly lowered to 36°𝐶. Calculate the time required for the
plate to reach the temperature of 108°𝐶. Take 𝜌 = 9000𝑘𝑔/𝑚³; 𝑐 = 0.38 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶; 𝑘 =
370𝑊/𝑚°𝐶 and ℎ = 90 𝑊/𝑚²°𝐶

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11. Rajput Example 4.2: An aluminum alloy plate of 400 𝑚𝑚 × 400 𝑚𝑚 × 4 𝑚𝑚 size at 200°𝐶 is
suddenly quenched into liquid oxygen at−183°𝐶. Starting from fundamentals or deriving the
necessary expression determine the time required for the plate to reach a temperature of
70°𝐶. Assume ℎ = 20000 𝑘𝐽/𝑚²ℎ°𝐶, 𝑐 = 0.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶, 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝜌 = 3000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³.

12. Rajput Example 4.3: A solid copper sphere of 10 𝑐𝑚 diameter [𝑝 = 8954 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³, 𝑐𝑝 =
383 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾, 𝑘 = 386𝑊/𝑚𝐾), initially at a uniform temperature 𝑡₁ = 250°𝐶, is suddenly
immersed in a well-stirred fluid which is maintained at a uniform temperature 𝑡𝑎 = 50°𝐶. The
heat transfer coefficient between the sphere and the fluid is ℎ = 200 𝑊/𝑚² 𝐾. Determine
the temperature of the copper block at 𝑡 = 5 min after the immersion.

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13. Rajput Example 4.4: An average convective heat transfer coefficient for flow of 90°𝐶 air over
a flat plate is measured by observing the temperature time history of a 40 𝑚𝑚 thick copper
slab (𝑝 = 9000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³, 𝑐 = 0.38 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶, 𝑘 = 370 𝑊/𝑚°𝐶) exposed to 90°C air. In one
test run, the initial temperature of the plate was 200°C, and in 4.5 minutes the temperature
decreased by 35°C. Find the heat transfer coefficient for this case. Neglect internal thermal
resistance

14. Rajput Example 4.5: The heat transfer coefficients for the flow of air at 28°𝐶 over a 12.5𝑚𝑚
diameter sphere are measured by observing the temperature-time history of a copper ball of
the same dimension. The temperature of copper ball (𝑐 = 0.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑎𝑛ⅆ 𝜌 = 8850𝑘𝑔/
𝑚³) was measured by two thermocouples, one located in the center and other near the
surface. Both the thermocouples registered the same temperature at a given instant. In one
test the initial temperature of the ball was 65°𝐶 and in 1.15 minute the temperature decreased
by 11°𝐶. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient for this case.

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15. Rajput Example 4.6: A steel ball 50𝑚𝑚 in diameter and at 900℃ is placed in still atmosphere
of 30℃. Calculate the initial rate of cooling of the ball in ℃/𝑚𝑖𝑛. Take 𝜌 = 7800𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝑐 =
2𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔℃, ℎ = 30𝑤/𝑚2 ℃. Neglect internal thermal resistance.

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16. Rajput Example 4.7: A cylindrical ingot 10 cm diameter and 30 cm long passes through a heat
treatment furnace which is 6 m in length. The ingot must reach a temperature of 800°C before
it comes out of the furnace. The furnace gas is at 1250°C and ingot initial temperature is 90°C.
What is the maximum speed with which the ingot should move in the furnace to attain the
required temperature? The combined radiative and convective surface heat transfer
coefficient is 100 W/m² °C. Take k (steel) = 40 W/m°C and a. (thermal diffusivity of steel) = 1.16
x 105 m²/s.

17. Rajput Example 4.8: A 15 mm diameter mild steel sphere (k = 42 W/m°C) is exposed to cooling
airflow at 20°C resulting in the convective coefficient h = 120 W/m²°C. Determine the following:
(i) Time required to cool the sphere from 550°C to 90°C. (ii) Instantaneous heat transfer rate 2
minutes after the start of cooling. (iii) Total energy transferred from the sphere during the first
2 minutes. For mild steel take: p = 7850 kg/m³, c = 475 J/kg°C and 𝛼 = 0.045 𝑚²/ℎ

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18. Rajput Example 4.9: The decorative plastic film on copper sphere 10 mm is diameter is cured
in an oven at 75°C. After removal from oven, the sphere is exposed to an air stream at 10 m/s
and 23°C. Estimate the time taken to cool the sphere to 35°C using Lump theory
Use correlation:
2 𝜇𝑎
𝑁𝑢 = 2 + [0.4(𝑅𝑒)0.5 + 0.06(𝑅𝑒)3 ] × (𝑃𝑟)0.4 × ( )0.25
𝜇𝑠
for determination of correlation co-efficient h, use following properties of air and copper:
For Copper For air at 𝟐𝟑℃
p = 8933 kg/m³, k = 400 W/mK, 𝑪 𝒑 = 380 J/kg° C μ = 18.16 × 106 N-s/m² v = 15.36 x 10 m²/s
k=0.0258 W/m K, Pr = 0.709, and
𝜇𝑠 = 19.78 × 10 N-s/m², at 35°C

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19. Rajput Example 4.10: An egg with mean diameter of 40 mm and initially at 20°C is placed in a
boiling water pan for 4 minutes and found to be boiled to the consumer's taste. For how long
should a similar egg for same consumer be boiled when taken from a refrigerator at 5°C. Take
the following properties for egg: k = 10 W/m°C, p=1200 kg/m³, c = 2kJ/kg°C and h (heat transfer
coefficient) = 100 W/m²°C. Use lump theory

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Job Exam Question

1. DMTCL-2019: The temperature of the salt bath is 40°𝐶, the initial temperature of the ball is
900°𝐶. For hardening purpose, the ball is immersed in salt bath and reduced the temperature
of the ball to 50°𝐶. how much does it take time to come at this temperature? Take time
constant 10𝑠 −1 . [𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟒𝒔]

2. Biman-2018: A 60𝑚𝑚 metal ball at 220°𝐶 is being cooled by air jet of 20°𝐶, heat transfer co-
efficient 200𝑊/𝑚. 𝑘 and 100𝑊/𝑚2 𝑘 if the specific heat of the metal ball 400𝑗/𝑘𝑔. 𝑘 density
9000𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 , find the temperature of the ball after 90 sec. [𝟏𝟕𝟓. 𝟖𝟔°𝑪]

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Newton law of cooling

𝑄 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 ∆𝑇
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question
1. PGCL-2017: A 2𝑚 long and 10𝑚𝑚 diameter tube is generating heat at rate of 8𝐾𝑊. The tube is
exposed in ambient air at 30°𝐶. if heat transfer coefficient is 2𝐾𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶, estimate temperature
at the tube surface applying steady state heat transfer. [𝑻𝟏 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟔°𝑪]

2. DESCO-2016: Heat is transferred from 2𝑚 × 3𝑚 steel plate due to the flowing of air with heat
transfer co-efficient of 5.5𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶. The temperature of the path is 80°𝐶 and that of the
following air is 25°𝐶. Calculate the amount of heat transfer. [𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟓𝑾]

3. BCPCL-2018+BCIC-2019: A steel casting cools to 90% of the original temperature difference in

30𝑚𝑖𝑛 in still air. How much time it should require to cool this same casting to 90% of the original
temperature difference in a moving air stream whose convection heat transfer coefficient is 5
times that of still air. [𝑻𝟐 = 𝟔𝒎𝒊𝒏]

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4. DPDC-2020: 2liters of water from 28°𝐶 is to be heated in an electrical kettle that consumes
1.5𝐾𝑊 load. If final temperature is 80°𝐶, determine the time required. What will be the cost if
power per unit electricity consumption charge is 12 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑠?

Heat Exchangers

LMTD

∆𝑇1 −∆𝑇2 1
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = ∆𝑇 𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = (∆𝑇1 + ∆𝑇2 )
𝑙𝑛 1 2
∆𝑇2

এখালন্ একটি term ছেলখ রাখা ভালো তা হলো NTU েছেও এক্সাম এ এখন্ পেতন্ত NTU শথলক শসই রকম এক্সাম আলস
ℎ𝐴𝑠
ন্াই তলব ছেলখ রাখা ভালো শে শকান্ সময় কালজ োেলত পালর। NTU (Number transfer unit)=
𝑚𝐶𝑝

BUET Lecture
Example from different book
1. Cengel Example 13.3: Steam in the condenser of a power plant is to be condensed at a
temperature of 30°𝐶 with cooling water from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes of the
condenser at 14°𝐶 and leaves at 22°𝐶. The surface area of the tubes is 45𝑚2 and the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 2100 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶. Determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water needed
and the rate of condensation of the steam in the condenser. Take ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2431𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔 and 𝐶𝑝 =
4184𝑗/𝑘𝑔℃

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2. Cengel Exercise 13.41: Steam in the condenser of a steam power plant is to be condensed at a
temperature of 50°𝐶 (ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2305kJ/kg) with cooling water (𝐶𝑝 = 4180𝐽/𝑘𝑔. °𝐶) from a nearby
lake, which enters the tubes of the condenser at 18°C and leaves at 27°𝐶. The surface area of the
tubes is 58𝑚2 , and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2400 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶. Determine the mass
flow rate of the cooling water needed and the rate of condensation of the steam in the condenser.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒔: 𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝒌𝒈/𝒔, 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝒈/𝒔

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3. Cengel Exercise 13.48: A thin-walled double pipe counter flow heat exchanger is to be used to
cool oil (𝐶𝑝 = 2200𝐽/𝑘𝑔℃) from 150℃ to 40℃ at at a rate of 2𝐾𝑔/𝑠 by water (𝐶𝑝 =
4180𝑗/𝑘𝑔℃ that enters at 22℃ at a rate 𝑜𝑓 1.5𝐾𝑔/𝑠. The diameter of the tube is 2.5cm and its
length is 6m. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of thus heat exchanger.

4. Cengel Exercise 13-64: In a binary geothermal power plant, the working fluid isobutane is to be
condensed by air in a condenser at 75°𝐶 (ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 255.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔) at a rate of 2.7𝑘𝑔/𝑠. Air enters the
condenser at 21℃ and leaves at 28℃. The heat transfer surface area based on the isobutane side
is 24𝑚2 . Determine the mass flow rate of air and the overall heat transfer coefficient.

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5. Cengel Exercise 13-65: Hot exhaust gases of a stationary diesel engine are to be used to generate
steam in an evaporator. Exhaust gases (𝐶𝑝 = 1051 𝐽/𝑘𝑔℃) enter the heat exchanger at 550℃ at
a rate of 0.25 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 while water enters as saturated liquid and evaporates at 200℃
(ℎ𝑓𝑔= 1941 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔). The heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger based on water side is
0.5𝑚2 and overall heat transfer coefficient is 1780 𝑊/𝑚2 ℃. Determine the rate of heat transfer,
the exit temperature of exhaust gases, and the rate of evaporation of water.

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6. GATE Exam: Steam in the condenser of a thermal power plant is to be condensed at a

temperature of 30℃ with cooling water which enters the tubes of the condenser at
14℃ and exits at 22℃. The total surface area of the tubes is 50𝑚2 and the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 2000 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾. The heat transfer (𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑊) to the condenser is

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7. GATE EXAM: If the difference between temperature differences at the ends is 25°𝐶 and mean
value of temperature difference over the whole length is 50°𝐶, then find the value of LMTD

8. GATE Exam:

Hot Water Cold Water

𝑻𝒊𝒏 = 𝟖𝟓℃ 𝑇𝑖𝑛 = 25℃
𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎℃ 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 40℃
Calculate LMTD for parallel flow and counter flow

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Job Exam Question

1. APSCL-2010: Draw the diagram for counter flow and parallel flow heat exchanger.
2. BAPEX-2016: What is LMTD, write the equation for LMTD
3. BITAC-2016: Draw the temperature distribution for parallel flow and counter flow heat
exchangers.
4. BCIC-2016+GTCL-2016: Water is heated from 35°𝐶 to 75°𝐶 by oil in a counter flow double pipe
heat exchanger. The oil enters the heat exchanger at 111°𝐶 and leave at 75°𝐶. Calculate LMTD
in this situation. [𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟔°𝑪]

5. Biman-2018: For counter flow heat exchanger 𝑇ℎ1 = 160°𝐶, 𝑇ℎ2 = 125°𝐶, 𝑇𝑐1 = 20°𝐶, 𝑇𝑐2 =
80°𝐶, Draw temperature distribution curve. Also find arithmetic mean temperature difference &
logarithmic mean temperature difference. [𝟗𝟐. 𝟓°𝑪, 𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝟑𝟒°𝑪]

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6. DMTCL-2019: Saturated vapor 100°𝐶 enters in a pipe. Condensed isothermally. Another coolent
at 25°𝐶 enter in other pipe leaves 𝑎𝑡 50°𝐶. Find out the value of 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 for parallel & counter
flow. Comment based on their value. [∆𝑻𝒍𝒏,𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 = ∆𝑻𝒍𝒏,𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 = ∆𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟓°𝑪. ]

7. DESCO-2019: In a counter flow heat exchanger cold fluid enters at 30°𝐶 and leaves at 260°𝐶, hot
fluid enters at 360°𝐶 and leaves at 200°𝐶. Find 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 [𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟗𝟐 𝑪]

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8. MPL-2017: In a counter flow heat exchanger, hot fluid enters at 240°𝐶 and leaves at 80°𝐶. Cold
fluid enters at 40°𝐶 and leaves at 120°𝐶 find 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 [𝟕𝟐. 𝟖𝟏°𝑪]

9. PGCB-2018+RNPL-21: Water (𝐶𝑤 = 4.2𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔°𝐶) at a rate of 68𝐾𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛 is heated from

35°𝐶 𝑡𝑜 75°𝐶 by oil in a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger. The oil enters the heat
exchanger at 111°𝐶 and leave at 75°𝐶. Find the amount of heat added in the water and calculate
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 in this situation. [𝑸 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝑲𝒋, ∆𝑻𝒍𝒏 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟔°𝑪]

10. APSCL-2019: Counter flow shell tube heat exchanger cools water from 60.2°𝐶 to 30.5°𝐶 by
ethylene glycol at 4°𝐶. Specific heat of water is 4200𝑗/𝐾𝑔. 𝐾 and ethylene glycol 3330𝑗/𝐾𝑔. 𝐾
Mass flow rate of ethylene 5.6𝐾𝑔/𝑠. Mass flow rate of water 6.1𝐾𝑔/𝑠 Find out LMTD. [𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟓°𝑪]

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11. CPGCBL-2021: A thin-walled double pipe counter flow heat exchanger is to cool oil (𝐶𝑝 =
2200𝐽/𝐾𝑔°𝐶) from 150℃ to 40°𝐶 at a rate of 2𝐾𝑔/𝑠 by water (𝐶𝑝 = 4180𝑗/𝑘𝑔°𝐶) that enters
at 22°𝐶 at a rate of 1.5𝐾𝑔/𝑠 find the oil water exit temperature and 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷. [𝑻𝟐 =
𝟗𝟗. 𝟏𝟗°𝑪, 𝑳𝑴𝑻𝑫 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟔𝟏°𝑪]

12. High tech park-2020: In a counter flow heat exchanger hot fluid enters at 60°𝐶 and cold fluid
leaves at 30°𝐶. Mass flow rate of hot fluid is 1𝐾𝑔/𝑠 & clod fluid is 2𝐾𝑔/𝑠, specific heat for hot
and cold fluid are 10𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔°𝐶, 5𝐾𝑔/𝐾𝑔°𝐶 respectively. Determine LMTD. [𝑳𝑴𝑻𝑫 = 𝟑𝟎°𝑪]

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13. PGCB-2021: Find the LMTD of following parallel heat exchanger.

14. GTCL-2018: In a certain double pipe heat exchanger hot water flows at a rate of 5000𝑘𝑔/ℎ and
gets cooled from 95°𝐶 to 65°𝐶. At the same time 50000𝐾𝑔/ℎ of cooling water at 30°𝐶 enters
the heat exchanger. The flow conditions are such that overall heat transfer coefficient remains
constant at 2270𝑊/𝑚2 𝑘. Determine the temperature of the eater at outlet condition. Assume
for the streams 𝐶𝑝 = 4.2𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔. 𝐾

15. BAERA 2023: In a counterflow heat exchanger hot fluid temperature changes from 250°𝐶 to
200°𝐶 and cold fluid temperature rise from 50°𝐶 to 150°𝐶. Find LMTD.

16. NPCBL-2023: In a counter flow heat exchanger hot fluid is cooled down from 250°𝐶 to 200°𝐶 and
cold temperature is raised from 50°𝐶 to 150°𝐶. Find LMTD of this system.

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17. BDCCL-2022: water is heated from 35°𝐶 to 65°𝐶 by oil in counter flow heat exchanger. The oil
enters the heat exchanger at 90℃ and leaves at 65°𝐶. Calculate 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷.

Heat exchanger Area

𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴𝑠 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑛
𝑄
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑈∆𝑇 𝑈 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡, ∆𝑇𝑙𝑛 = 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷, Q=Heat transfer rate,
𝑙𝑛
𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿
BUET Lecture
1. Zahrul Sil Lecture +Holman Example 10-4 + CPGCBL-2022: Water at the rate of 68𝐾𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛 is
heated from 35°𝐶 to 75°𝐶 by oil having a specific heat of 1.9𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔°𝐶. the fluids are used in a
counter flow double flow pipe heat exchanger and the oil enter the heat exchanger at 110°𝐶 and
leave 75°𝐶. the overall heat transfer coefficient is 320𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶. Calculate the heat exchanger
area

2. Zahrul Sir Lecture + Holman Ex 10.5

3. Zahrul Sir Lecture Holman Example-10.7: A heat exchanger like that shown in Figure is used to
heat an oil in the tubes (𝐶 = 1.9𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔℃) from 15°𝐶 to 35°𝐶. Blowing across the outside of the
tubes is steam tham enters at 130°𝐶 and leaves at 110°𝐶 with a mass flow of 5.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑠𝑒𝑐. The
overall hear-transfer coefficient is 275 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶 and c for steam is 1.86𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 °𝐶. Calculate the
surface area of the heat exchanger

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4. Zahrul Sir Lecture + Cengel Example 13.8: The overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat
exchanger is 640𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾. Using the effectiveness NTU method determine the length of the heat
exchanger required to achieve the desired heating

5. Zahrul Sir Lecture + Cengel Example 13.6: Cooling of Water in an Automotive Radiator: The
radiator has 40 tubes of internal diameter 0.5𝑐𝑚 and length 65𝑐𝑚 in a closely spaced plate-finned
matrix. Hot water enters the tubes at a rate of 0.6𝑘𝑔/𝑠. Determine the overall heat transfer
coefficient 𝑈, of this radiator based on the inner surface area of the tubes

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6. Zahrul Sir Lectue + Ozisik Example 11.12: A heat exchanger is to be designed to cool 8.7𝑘𝑔/𝑠 an
ethyl alcohol solution [𝐶𝑝,ℎ𝑜𝑡 = 3840 𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶] from 75°𝐶 𝑡𝑜 45°𝐶 with cooling water [𝐶𝑝,𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑑 =
4180 𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶 entering the tube side at 15°𝐶 at a rate of 9.6 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. Given, 𝑈 = 500 𝑊/𝑚²°𝐶.
Estimate heat transfer area, for (a) Parallel flow shell and tube (b) Counter flow shell and tube

7. Zahrul Sir Lecture Cengel Example 13.6: A test is conducted to determine the overall heat transfer
coefficient in an automotive radiator that is a compact cross-flow water-to-air heat in exchanger
with both fluids (air and water) unmixed as showed in figure. The radiator has 40 tubes of internal
diameter 0.5 cm and length 65 cm in a closely spaced plate-finned matrix. Hot water enters the
tubes at 90°C at a rate of 0.6 kg/s and leaves at 65°C. Air flows across the radiator through the

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inter fin spaces and is heated from 20°C to 40°C. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient
U, of this radiator based on the inner surface area of the tubes.

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Example from different book

1. Cengel example 8.1: Water enters a 2.5𝑐𝑚 internal-diameter thin copper tube of a heat
exchanger at 15°𝐶 at a rate of 0.3𝑘𝑔/𝑠, and is heated by steam condensing outside at 120°𝐶. If
the average heat transfer coefficient is 800 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶, determine the length of the tube required
in order to heat the water to 115°𝐶

2. Cengel Exercise 8-24: Combustion gases passing through a 3𝑐𝑚 internal diameter circular tube
are used to vaporize waste water at atmospheric pressure. Hot gases enter the tube

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𝑎𝑡 115𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 250°𝐶 at a mean velocity of 5𝑚/𝑠, and leave at 150°𝐶. If the average heat
transfer coefficient is 120 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶 and the inner surface temperature of the tube is 110°𝐶,
determine (a) the tube length and (b) the rate of evaporation of water.

3. Holman Exercise 10-2: A counterflow double-pipe heat exchanger operates with hot water
flowing inside the inner pipe and a polymer fluid flowing in the annular space between the two
pipes. The water-flow rate is 2.0 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 and it enters at a temperature of 90℃. The polymer enters
at a temperature of 10℃. and leaves at a temperature of 50℃. while the water leaves the
exchanger at a temperature of 60℃. Calculate the value of the overall heat-transfer coefficient
expressed in 𝑊/𝑚2 ℃, if the area for the heat exchanger is 20𝑚2

4. Cengel heat transfer example 13.4: A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water
from 20°𝐶 to 80°𝐶 at a rate of 1.2𝑘𝑔/𝑠. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water
available at 160°𝐶 at a mass flow rate of 2𝑘𝑔/𝑠. The inner tube is thin-walled and has a diameter

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of 1.5𝑐𝑚. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 640 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶, determine
the length of the heat exchanger required to achieve the desired heating. [108𝑚]

5. Cengel Exercise 13.42: A double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger is to heat water (𝐶𝑝 =
4180 𝐽/𝑘𝑔. °𝐶) from 25°𝐶 𝑡𝑜 60°𝐶 at a rate of 0.2𝑘𝑔/𝑠. The heating is to be accomplished by
geothermal water (𝐶𝑝 = 4310 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 · °𝐶) available at 140°𝐶 at a mass flow rate of 0.3𝑘𝑔/𝑠. The
inner tube is thin-walled and has a diameter of 0.8cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of
the heat exchanger is 550𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶, determine the length of the heat exchanger required to
achieve the desired heating

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6. Cengel Exercise 13.46: A double pipe counter flow heat exchanger is to cool ethylene glycol (𝐶𝑝 =
2560𝐽/𝑘𝑔℃) flowing at a rate of 3.5𝑘𝑔/𝑠 from 80℃ to 40℃ by water (𝐶𝑝 = 4180𝑗/𝑘𝑔℃) that
enters at 20℃ and leaves at 55℃. The overall heat transfer co-efficient based on the inner surface
area of the tube is 250𝑊/𝑚2 ℃.. Determine (a) the rate of heat transfer (b) the mass flow rate of
water (c) the heat transfer surface area on the inner side of the tube.

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7. Cengel Exercise 13.47: Water (𝐶𝑝 = 4180𝑗/𝐾𝑔℃) enters the 2.5𝑐𝑚 internal diameter tube of a
double pipe counter flow heat exchanger at 17℃ at a rate of 3𝑘𝑔/𝑠. It is heated by steam
condensing at 120℃ (ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2203𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔) 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙, if the overall heat transfer coefficient of
the heat exchanger is 1500𝑤/𝑚2 ℃. Determine the length of the tube required in order to heat
the water to 80℃.

8. In a certain double pipe heat exchanger hot water flows at a rate of 5000𝐾𝑔/ℎ and gets cooled
form 95℃ to 65℃. At the same time 50000𝐾𝑔/ℎ of cooling water at 30℃ enter to the Heat
exchanger. The flow condition is such that overall heat transfer co-efficient remain constant at
2270𝑤/𝑚2 𝐾. Determine the heat transfer Area required and the effectiveness. Assuming two
steams are parallel flow. Take 𝐶𝑝 = 4.2𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝐾.

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9. Bergman Example 11.1: A counter flow concentric tube heat exchanger is used to cool the
lubricating oil for a large industrial gas turbine engine. The flow rate of cooling water through the
inner tube (𝐷𝑖 = 25𝑚𝑚) is 0.2𝑘𝑔/𝑠. While the flow rate of oil through the outer annulus (𝐷𝑜 =
45𝑚𝑚) is 0.1𝑘𝑔/𝑠. The oil and water enter at temperature of 100°𝐶 and 30°𝐶 respectively. How
long must the tube be made if the outer temperature of the oil is to be 60°C. Take 𝐶𝑝 of water as
4178𝑗/𝐾𝑔. 𝑘, and 𝐶𝑝 of oil 𝑎𝑠 2131𝑗/𝐾𝑔. 𝑘 and over all heat transfer co efficient as
38.1𝑊/𝑚2 . 𝐾

10. Cengel Exercise 13-51: Cold water (𝐶𝑝 = 4180 𝐽/𝑘𝑔℃) leading to a shower enters a thin-walled
double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger at 15°𝐶 at a rate of 0.25 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 and is heated to 45°𝐶
by hot water (𝐶𝑝 = 4190 𝐽/𝑘𝑔. ℃) that enters at 100°𝐶 at a rate of 3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠. If the overall heat

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transfer coefficient is 1210𝑊/𝑚2 ℃ determine the rate of heat transfer and the heat transfer
surface area of the heat exchanger.

11. Cengel Exercise 13-52: Engine oil (𝐶𝑝 = 2100 𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶) is to be heated from 20°𝐶 to 60°𝐶 at a
rate of 0.3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 in a 2𝑐𝑚-diameter thin-walled copper tube by condensing steam outside at a
temperature of 130°𝐶 (ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2174 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔). For an overall heat transfer coefficient of
650𝑊/𝑚2 ℃, determine the rate of heat transfer and the length of the tube required to achieve
it.

12. Cengel Exercise 13-109: The condenser of a large power plant is to remove 500MW of heat from
steam condensing at 30°𝐶 (ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2430𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔). The cooling is to be accomplished by cooling
water (𝐶𝑝 = 4180 𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶) from a nearby river, which enters the tubes at 18°𝐶 and leaves at
26°𝐶. The tubes of the heat exchanger have an internal diameter of 2𝑐𝑚, and the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 3500 𝑊/𝑚2 ℃. Determine the total length of the tubes required in the
condenser. What type of heat exchanger is suitable for this task?

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13. Cengel Exercise 13-110: The condenser of a large power plant is to remove 300𝑀𝑊 of heat from
steam condensing at 30°𝐶 (ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2430𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔). The cooling is to be accomplished by cooling
water (𝐶𝑝 = 4180𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶) from a nearby river, which enters the tubes at 18°𝐶 and leaves at
26°𝐶. The tubes of the heat exchanger have an internal diameter of 2cm, and the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 3500𝑊/𝑚2 ℃. Determine the total length of the tubes required in the
condenser. What type of heat exchanger is suitable for this task?

14. Cengel Exercise 13-116: The condenser of a room air conditioner is designed to reject heat at a
rate of 15,000𝑘𝐽/ℎ from Refrigerant-134a as the refrigerant is condensed at a temperature of
40°C. Air (𝐶𝑝 = 1005 𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶) flows across the finned condenser coils, entering at 25°𝐶 and
leaving at 35°C. If the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the refrigerant side is
150 𝑊/𝑚2 °𝐶, determine the heat transfer area on the refrigerant side. 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 3.05 𝑚

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15. GATE Exam: In a counter-flow heat exchanger, water is heated at the rate of 1.5𝑘𝑔/𝑠 from 40°𝐶
to 80°𝐶 by an oil entering at 120°𝐶 and leaving at 60°𝐶. The specific heats of water and oil are
4.2𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝐾 and 2𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾, respectively. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 400 𝑊/𝑚²𝐾.
Determine the required heat transfer surface area

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Job Exam Question

1. NESCO-2018: A counter flow double pipe heat exchanger is to heat water from 20°C to 80°C at a
rate of 1.2Kg/sec. the heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water available at 160°C at a
mass of 2kg/sec. the inner tube is thin-walled has a diameter of 1.5cm. If the overall heat transfer
co-efficient of the heat exchanger is 640W/m2°C. Determine the length of the heat exchanger
required to achieve the desired heating. Take the specific heat of water and geothermal fluid is
4.18 and 4.31Kj/kg°C respectively. [L=108.73m]

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2. Petro-Bangla 2022: A 1.5 cm diameter heat exchanger is being used to raise the temperature of
water from 15°C to 115°C with steam outside temperature of 120°C. If the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 100W/m2K. Determine the length of tube need to transfer 150KW heat

3. PGCL-2021: In a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger oil is cooled from 85°C to 57°C by water
entering at 25°C. the mass flow rate of oil is 26L/min and specific heat of oil is 1.95KJ/Kg and water
is 4.2 KJ/Kg. The mass flow rate of water is 15L/min. The overall heat transfer coefficient is
300W/m°C and specific gravity of oil is 0.85. Find the heat transfer area.

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4. PGCB-2019: In a counter flow heat exchanger water is cooled from 22°C to 6°C using brine which
enters at -2°C and leaves at 3°C. If overall heat transfer co-efficient is 500W/m2°C and heat
transfer rate is 10KW then calculate the heat transfer surface area.

16. BUET M.Sc.-2023: A parallel and counter flow heat exchanger both has same fluids and same
outlet and inlet temperature. Hot fluids enter at 100°C and leave at 50°C and cold fluids enter at
20°C and leaves at °C. which heat exchanger will be bigger in size and why?

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Exit temperature determination

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒ⅆ 𝑏𝑦 ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑙ⅆ 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ
BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Cengel Exercise 8.21: Air enters a 20-cm-diameter 12-m-long underwater duct at 50°C and 1 atm
at a mean velocity of 7 m/s, and is cooled by the water outside. If the average heat transfer
coefficient is 85 W/m2 °C and the tube temperature is nearly equal to the water temperature of
5°C, determine the exit temperature of air and the rate of heat transfer.

2. Cengel Thermo Ex 5-78:A thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger is used to cool oil
(𝐶𝑝 = 2.20𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔℃) from 150 to 40℃ at a rate of 2 kg/s by water (𝐶𝑝 = 4.18𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔℃) that
enters at 22℃ at a rate of 1.5kg/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and
the exit temperature of water.

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3. Cengel thermo Ex 5-79: Air (𝐶𝑝 = 1.005𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔℃) is to be preheated by hot exhaust gases in a
cross-flow heat exchanger before it enters the furnace. Air enters the heat exchanger at 95 kPa
and 20℃ at a rate of 0.6 m3/s. The combustion gases (𝐶𝑝 = 1.10𝐾𝑗/𝐾𝑔℃)enter at 160℃ at a
rate of 0.95kg/s and leave at 95℃. Determine the rate of heat transfer to the air and its outlet
temperature

Job Exam Question

1. GTCL-2018: In a certain double pipe heat exchanger hot water flows at a rate of 5000kg/h and
gets cooled from 95°C to 65°C. At the same time 50000Kg/h of cooling water at 30°C enters the
heat exchanger. The flow conditions are such that overall heat transfer coefficient remains
constant at 2270W/m2.k. Determine the temperature of the eater at outlet condition. Assume for
the streams Cp=4.2KJ/Kg.K [𝑻𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒕 =60°C]

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2. Meghna oil-2019: A parallel flow pipe heat exchanger is to heat water by ethanol of 10000Kg/hr
from 64.5°C to 38.2°C. Having specific heat 1905J/kg.K. Water at a rate of 7000Kg/hr is heated. If
water enter at 8°C and have specific heat 4180J/Kg.K then find out the exit temperature of water
and LMTD. [Tout=25.12°C, LMTD=29.67°C]

3. CPGCBL-2021: A thin-walled double pipe counter flow heat exchanger is to cool oil
(Cp=2200J/Kg.°C) from 150°C to 40°C at a rate of 2Kg/s by water (Cp=4180j/kg°C) that enters at
22°C at a rate of 1.5Kg/s find the oil water exit temperature and LMTD.

4. MPL-2021: Flue gas is entering a shell and tube heat exchanger at a rate of 3000gm/hr and with
a temperature of 130°C. It is transferring heat with water. Water enters at 30°C and exits at 80°C
at a rate of 500gm/hr. Find the exit temperature of the flue gas. Take 𝐶𝑝,𝐺𝑎𝑠 = 0.5𝐽/𝑔℃,
𝐶𝑝,𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4.2𝐽/𝑔℃

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5. EGCB-2022: In a counter flow heat exchanger oil is being cooled 80°C to 50°C at flow rate of
10000kg/h and Cp=2250j/kg.k by water at 7000kg/h and Cp=4180j/kg.k. water enters at 25°C. Find
water outlet temperature.

Number of tubes required in a Heat Exchanger

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟
𝑁𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Cengel Exercise 8-22: Cooling water available at 10°C is used to condense steam at 30°C in
the condenser of a power plant at a rate of 0.15 kg/s by circulating the cooling water through
a bank of5-m-long 1.2-cm-internal-diameter thin copper tubes. Water enters the tubes at a
mean velocity of 4 m/s, and leaves at a temperature of 24°C. The tubes are nearly isothermal
at 30°C. Determine the average heat transfer coefficient between the water and the tubes,
and the number of tubes needed to achieve the indicated heat transfer rate in the condenser.
Take at 17℃(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒) 𝜌 = 998.7𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝐶𝑝 = 4184.5𝑗/𝑘𝑔℃ and ℎ𝑓𝑔 =
2431𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔

2. Cengel Exercise 13-107: A shell-and-tube process heater is to be selected to heat water

(𝐶𝑝 =4190J/kg℃) from 20°C to 90°C by steam flowing on the shell side. The heat transfer load
of the heater is 600 kW. If the inner diameter of the tubes is 1 cm and the velocity of water is
not to exceed 3 m/s, determine how many tubes need to be used in the heat exchanger.

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Job Exam Question

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Natural convection
Grashof Number

𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )𝐿3𝑐
𝐺𝑟 =
𝑣2
Where 𝑔 = gravitational acceleration (𝑚/𝑠 2 )
1
𝛣 = 𝐶𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ( )
𝑘
1
𝛽 = 𝑇 for ideal gases
𝑇𝑠 = Temperature of the surface
𝑇∞ =Temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface
𝑣 = 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ 𝑚2 /𝑠

BUET Lecture
1. Sumon Saha Sir Class Lecture + Bergman Example 9.2: A glass door fire screen used to reduce
exfiltration of room air through a chimney, had a height of 0.71m and weight of 1.02m and
reaches a temperature of 232℃ . if the room temperature is 23℃ , estimate the convection heat
𝑊
rate from the fireplace to the room. Take 𝑇𝑓 = 400𝑘, 𝑘 = 33.8 × 10−3 ( ),𝑣 = 26.4 ×
𝑚.𝑘
1
𝑚2 𝑚2 0.387𝑅𝑎𝐿6
10−6 ( ),𝛼 = 38.3 × 10−6 ( ) , 𝑃𝑟 = 0.690, 𝑁𝑢 = {0.825 + 9 8 }2 [Ans:
𝑠 𝑠 0.492
[1+( )16 ]27
𝑃𝑟
Q=1060W]

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2. Sumon Saha Sir Lecture: In a long annulus (35 mm ID and 50 mm OD), water is heated by
maintaining the outer surface of inner tube at 60°C. Water enters at 20°C and leaves at 34°C, while
its flow velocity is 2 m/s. Estimate the heat transfer coefficient. Use relation 𝑁𝑢 =
0.023𝑅𝑒 0.8 𝑃𝑟 0.4 . At 27℃ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 take 𝜌 = 995.75𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝜇 = 8.54 × 10−4 𝐾𝑔/𝑚𝑠. 𝑘 =
0.6145𝑤/𝑚℃, 𝑃𝑟 = 5.81

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3. Sumon saha sir lecture: In a chemical processing plant glycerin flow over a 1.2m long flat plate
at a free stream velocity of 4m/s and a free stream temperature of 10℃. If the plate held at 30℃
determine the average heat transfer per unit width of the plate. Take 𝑣 = 0.00121𝑚2 /𝑠 𝑘 =
286 × 10−3 𝑊/𝑚𝑘,𝑃𝑟 = 12744.

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Example from different book

1. Cengel Heat Example 7.1: Engine oil at 60°C flows over the upper surface of a 5-m-long flat plate
whose temperature is 20°C with a velocity of 2 m/s as shown in figure. Determine the heat
transfer per unit width of the entire plate. Take 𝜌 = 876𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝑃𝑟 = 2870, 𝑘 = 0.144𝑤/𝑚℃,
1
𝑣 = 242 × 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠. 𝑁𝑢 = 0.664𝑅𝐿0.5 𝑃𝑟 3

2. Cengel Heat Example 7-5:A long 10-cm-diameter steam pipe whose external surface temperature
is 110°C passes through some open area that is not protected against the winds as shown in figure.
Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit of its length when the air is at 1 atm
pressure and 10°C and the wind is blowing across the pipe at a velocity of 8 m/s. Take 𝑘 =
1 1
5 4
−5 2 0.62𝑅𝑒 2 𝑃𝑟 3 𝑅𝑒
0.02808𝑊/𝑚℃, 𝑣 = 1.896 × 10 𝑚 /𝑠, 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7202, 𝑁𝑢 = 0.3 + 0.4
2 1 [1 + (282000)8 ]5
[1+( )3 ]4
𝑃𝑟

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3. Cengel Heat Ex:7-14: Engine oil at 80°C flows over a 6-m-long flat plate whose temperature is
30°C with a velocity of 3 m/s. Determine the total drag force and the rate of heat transfer over
the entire plate per unit width. Take 𝜌 = 867𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝑣 = 123 × 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠, 0.141𝑊/𝑚℃, 𝑃𝑟 =
1
1505, 𝑁𝑢 = 0.664𝑅𝐿0.5 𝑃𝑟 3

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4. Cengel Heat Ex:7-16: During a cold winter day, wind at 55 km/h is blowing parallel to a 4-m-high
and 10-m-long wall of a house. If the air outside is at 5°C and the surface temperature of the wall
is 12°C, determine the rate of heat loss from that wall by convection. What would your answer be
if the wind velocity was doubled? Answers: 9081 W, 16,200 W

5. Cengel Heat Ex:7-48: A heating system is to be designed to keep the wings of an aircraft cruising
at a velocity of 900 km/h above freezing temperatures during flight at 12,200-m altitude where
the standard atmospheric conditions are 255.4°C and 18.8 kPa. Approximating the wing as a
cylinder of elliptical cross section whose minor axis is 30 cm and disregarding radiation, determine
the average convection heat transfer coefficient on the wing surface and the average rate of heat
transfer per unit surface area
6. Cengel heat transfer example 9.1 A 6-m-long section of an 8-cm-diameter horizontal hot water
pipe shown in Fig passes through a large room whose temperature is 20˚C. If the outer surface
temperature of the pipe is 70˚C, determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by natural
convection. For film temperature of 45°C take k=27.41×10-3W/mk, υ=1.749×10-5m2/s, Prandtl
number Pr=0.7241, and
1
0.387(𝐺𝑟.Pr) ⁄6
Nu={0.6+ 0.559 9⁄ 8 }2
[1+( ) 16 ] ⁄27
𝑃𝑟

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7. Cengel Exercise 9-16: A 10-m-long section of a 6-cm-diameter horizontal hot water pipe passes
through a large room whose temperature is 22°C. If the temperature and the emissivity of the
outer surface of the pipe are 65°C and 0.8, respectively, determine the rate of heat loss from the
pipe by (a) natural convection and (b) radiation for film temperature of 43.5°C take
k=0.02688W/m°C, υ=1.735×10-5m2/s, Prandtl number Pr=0.7245, and
1
0.387(𝑅𝑎) ⁄6
Nu={0.6+ 0.559 9⁄ 8 }2
[1+( ) 16 ] ⁄27
𝑃𝑟

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8. Holman Example: 7.2: A large vertical plate 4.0m high is maintained at 60℃ and exposed to
atmospheric air at 10℃. Calculate the heat transfer if the plate is 10m wide. Take 𝑘 =
1
1
0.387𝑅𝑎 6
0.02685, 𝑣 = 16.5 × 10−6 , 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7 𝑁𝑢2 = 0.825 + 9 8 .
[1+(0.492/ Pr)16 ]27

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Job Exam Question

1. BPDB-2023: A squire plate 0.4 by 0.4m maintained at a uniform temperature of Ts=400K is

suspended vertically in quiescent atmospheric air at Ta=300K. The physical properties of air
determined for this analysis are υ=20.75×10-6m2/s, Pr=0.697; k=0.03w/m°C; β=2.86×10-3K-1 find
(a) Grashof Number (b) Average heat transfer co-efficient h, when Nu=0.518(GrPr)1/4.

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Atmospheric and solar radiation

Cengel heat transfer topic 11.6

BUET Lecture
Example from different book

1. Cengel Exercise 11.58: A surface has an absorptivity of 𝛼𝑠 = 0.85 for solar radiation and an
emissivity of ɛ=0.5 at room temperature. The surface temperature is observed to be 350K
when the direct and the diffuse components of solar radiation are GD 350 and Gd 400 W/𝑚2 ,
respectively, and the direct radiation makes a 30° angle with the normal of the surface. Taking
the effective sky temperature to be 280 K, determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer
to the surface at that time

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2. Cengel Exercise 11.61: The absorber surface of a solar collector is made of aluminum coated
with black chrome (as 𝛼𝑠 = 0.87 and 𝜖 =0.09) Solar radiation is incident on the surface at a
rate of 600 W/m2. The air and the effective sky temperatures are 25°C and 15°C, respectively,
and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 10W/m2°C. For an absorber surface
temperature of 70°C, determine the net rate of solar energy delivered by the absorber plate
to the water circulating behind it

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3. Find the heat flux at the surface of the sun and the solar constant for a planet as 𝑇0 = 5950𝐾
given that mean distance of the planet from the sum is 𝜏𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 1.5 × 108 𝐾𝑚 Sun radius
𝑅0 = 6.96 × 108 m. Where 𝑇0 is the temperature at the surface of the sum.

Job Exam Question

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Radiation between two gray surfaces

𝜎𝐴(𝑇14 − 𝑇24 )
𝑄1−2 =
1 1
+ −1
ɛ1 ɛ2
BUET Lecture
1. Nasim Sir Lecture + Cengel example-12.7: Two very large parallel plates are maintained at
uniform temperature T1=800K & T2=500K and have emissivity’s ɛ1=0.2 & ɛ2=0.7 respectively.
Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer between two surface per unit surface of the
plates. [3625.36w/m2]

Example from different book

1. Cengel Ex 12-26 Two very large parallel plates are maintained at uniform temperatures of
𝑇1 =600K and 𝑇2 =400 K and have emissivity’s 𝜀1 =0.5 and 𝜀2 =0.9, respectively. Determine the
net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two surfaces per unit area of the plates

Job Exam Question

1. 35th BCS Calculate the net radiant interchange per unit area for two large planes at temperature
540°C and 315°C respectively. Assume that the emissivity of the hot & cold plates are 0.9 and 0.7
respectively. [11.687Kw/m2]

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2. High tech Park-2020 Two parallel plates at 300K & 200K respectively are 1cm apart & filled up
with air. The emissivity of air is 0.0293w/m°C. Find the heat transfer rate per unit area.
[Q=661.57w/m2]

3. A refractory material which has ɛ1=0.4 at 1500K and ɛ2=0.43 at 1420K is exposed to black furnace
walls at 1500K. What is the rate of gain of heat radiation per m2 area? [Radiation শচাথার ৫২ ন্ং শপজ]

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Radiation shield
𝑄 𝜎×(𝑇14 −𝑇24 )
=
𝐴 ( 1 + 1 −1)+𝑁( 1 + 1 −1)
ɛ ɛ 1 2 ɛ ɛ 3,1 3,2
BUET Lecture
1. Nasim Sir Lecture: Heat treatment of metals is commonly done using electrically heated draw
batch furnaces. Consider a furnace that is situated in a room with surrounding air temperature of
30°𝐶 and an average convection heat transfer coefficient of 10𝑊/𝑚²𝐾, as shown in figure.
Convection and radiation heat transfer occur between the furnace outer surface and the
surroundings. The furnace front is made of two parallel plates, where the inner plate has a
temperature of 600°𝐶. To ensure safety and prevent thermal burn on people working around the
furnace, the outer surface of the furnace should be kept below 45°𝐶. Based on the given
information, determine the number of radiation shields that should be placed parallel in the
furnace front. Assume all the surfaces have the same emissivity of 0.1

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Example from different book

1. Cengel example 12.11: A thin Al-sheet with an emissivity of 0.1 on both sides is placed between
two very large parallel plates that are maintained at uniform temp T1=800K and T2=500K and have
emissivity ɛ1=0.2, ɛ2=0.7 respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer between
the two plates per unit surface area of the plates & compare the result to that without the shield.
[805.7W/m2, 3625.6W/m2, 78%]

2. Cengel Exercise 12.51: A thin aluminum sheet with an emissivity of 0.15 on both sides is placed
between two very large parallel plates, which are maintained at uniform temperatures 𝑇1 =900K
and 𝑇2 =650K and have emissivity’s 𝜖1 = 0.5 and 𝜖2 =0.8, respectively. Determine the net rate of
radiation heat transfer between the two plates per unit surface area of the plates and compare
the result with that without the shield

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3. Cengel Exercise 12.53: Two very large parallel plates are maintained at uniform temperatures of
𝑇1 =1000K and 𝑇2 =800K and have emissivity’s of 𝜀1 = 𝜀2 = 0.2 respectively. It is desired to reduce
the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two plates to one-fifth by placing thin
aluminum sheets with an emissivity of 0.15 on both sides between the plates. Determine the
number of sheets that need to be inserted.

4. Nasim Sir Lecture Cengel Exercise 12.54: Five identical thin aluminum sheets with emissivity’s of
0.1 on both sides are placed between two very large parallel plates, which are maintained at
uniform temperatures of 𝑇1 =800K and 𝑇2 =450K and have emissivity’s of 𝜀1 = 𝜀2 = 0.1,
respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two plates per unit
surface area of the plates and compare the result to that without the shield

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5. Cengel Example 12.57: A radiation shield that has the same emissivity 𝜀3 on both sides is placed
between two large parallel plates, which are maintained at uniform temperatures 𝑇1 =650K and
𝑇2 =400K and have emissivity’s of 𝜀1 = 0.6 and 𝜀2 = 0.9, respectively. Determine the emissivity of
the radiation shield if the radiation heat transfer between the plates is to be reduced to 15 percent
of that without the radiation shield

6. Holman Example 8-10: Two very large parallel planes with emissivity’s 0.3 and 0.8 exchange heat.
Find the percentage reduction in heat transfer when a polished-aluminum radiation shield (ɛ=
0.04) is placed between them. [93.2%]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

7. Rajput Example 12.43: Two large parallel plates with 𝜀 = 0.5 each are maintained at different
temperature and are exchanging heat only by radiation. Two equally large radiation shields with
surface emissivity 0.05 are introduced in parallel plates. Find the percentage reduction in net
radiative heat transfer.

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Job Exam Question

1. 38th BCS: Two large parallel plates with ɛ=0.5 each are maintained at different temperatures and
are exchanging heat only by radiation. Two equally large radiation shield with surface emissivity
0.5 are introduce in parallel to the plates. Find the percentage reduction in net radioactive heat
transfer. Consider all resistances per unit surface area. [Ans: 67%]

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View Factor
BUET Lecture

1. Nasim Sir Lecture+ Cengel 11.3: A small surface of area 𝐴₁ = 3𝑐𝑚² emits radiation as a
blackbody at 𝑇1 =600 K. Part of the radiation emitted by 𝐴₁ strikes another small surface of
area 𝐴2 = 5 𝑐𝑚² oriented as shown in Figure. Determine the solid angle sub- tended by 𝐴₂
when viewed from 𝐴₁, and the rate at which radiation emitted by 𝐴₁ strikes 𝐴2

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2. Sumon Saha Sir Lecture: A diffuse surface at 1600 K has the spectral, hemispherical emissivity
shown as follows

Determine the total, hemispherical emissivity and the total emissive power

3. Sumon Saha Sir Lecture+ Cengel Example 12.2: Determine the fraction of the radiation leaving
the base of the cylindrical enclosure shown in figure that escapes through a coaxial ring
opening at its top surface. The radius and the length of the enclosure are 𝑟1 = 10𝑐𝑚 and L=10
cm, while the inner and outer radii of the ring are 𝑟2 = 5𝑐𝑚 5 and 𝑟3 = 8𝑐𝑚 , respectively.

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Example from different book

Job Exam Question

1. BUET MSc.2023: Determine the view factor considering an area enclosed by concentric
surface of 10cm radius and 15cm sphere.

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Nusselt Number
ℎ𝐷 ℎ𝐿𝐶
𝑁𝑢 = =
𝐾 𝐾
𝑁𝑢 × 𝐾
𝑆𝑜, ℎ =
𝐷
BUET Lecture
Example from different book
Job Exam Question

1. BREB-2018: Steel pipe of 120mm diameter rests horizontally having temp of 25°C K=0.05W/m.k
Nusselt number=30, calculate heat transfer coefficient. [12.5w/m2.k]

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Dimensionless Number used in Heat and mass transfer (Cengel 2nd Edition heat Transfer)
Name Equation Significance
Nusselt 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝐿𝑐 𝑁𝑢 > 1 হলে convection heat transfer শবছে
𝑁𝑢 = =
Number 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑘 হলব
(cengel Eq- 6- 𝑁𝑢 = 1 হলে Pure conduction (cengel 2nd
5) edition 336page এর ছন্লচর োইন্)
Prandtl 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑣 𝜇𝐶𝑝 Thermal & hydrodynamic boundary layer
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
= 𝛼= 𝑘
Number এর মলধয relation denote কলর
(cengel eq 6- এটী denote কলর শে শকান্ substance (liquid,
12) gas, heavy oil) এর মলধয ছেলয় heat দ্রুত
conduct হলব ন্াছক momentum (fluid এর
motion) শবছে হলব
𝑃𝑟 = 1 হলে (gas এর শেলে 1 হয়)
Velocity boundary layer & thermal
Boundary layer thickness same
𝑃𝑟 < 1 হলে (liquid এর শেলে এই রকম হয়)
Thermal boundary layer is much thicker
than velocity boundary layer.
𝑃𝑟 > 1 (Heavy oil এর শেলে এমন্ হয়)
Thermal Boundary layer is thinner
relative to velocity Boundary layer
(Cengel page 342 এর 1st para)
Reynold 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑣𝐿𝑐 Flow laminar হলব ন্াছক turbulent হলব তা ছন্লেত ে
𝑅𝑒 = =
(Cengel eq 6- 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜇 কলর
13) Tube/Pipe এর শেলে
𝑅𝑒 < 2300 Laminer
𝑅𝑒 > 2300 Turbulent (transient শক
neglect করলে)
Flat plate এর শেলে
𝑅𝑒 < 5 × 105 হলে laminar
5 × 105 < 𝑅𝑒 < 107 হলে turbulent
Grashof 𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )𝐿3𝑐 Forced convection এর শেলে Nu এর
Number 𝐺𝑟 =
𝑣2 significance ো that means flow টা laminar
(Cengel eq 9- Where g= gravitational acceleration (m/s2) ন্াছক Turbulent denote কলর শতমছন্ Gr
15) Β=Co-efficient of volume expansion (1/k) 𝛽 =
1 number denote কলর শে free
for ideal gases
𝑇 convection/natural convection এর শেলে
𝑇𝑠 = Temperature of the surface
flow টা laminar হলব ন্াছক turbulent হলব
𝑇∞ =Temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from
the surface (Cengel 2nd edition 465 এর last para)
𝑣 = 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖ⅆ (m2/s) Flat plate এর শেলে
Gr<109 হলে laminar
Gr>109 হলে turbulent

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Rayleigh 𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞ )𝐿3𝑐

𝑅𝑎 = 𝐺𝑟 × 𝑃𝑟= 𝑣2
× 𝑃𝑟
Number
(Cengel Eq 9-
17)
Schmid 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 ⅆ𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣 এই Sc আর Pr শমাটামু টি same. Pr number heat
𝑆𝑐 = =
Number 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ⅆ𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐷𝐴𝐵 transfer এর শেলে বযাবহার করা হয় আর Sc বযাবহার
(cengel eq-14- করা হয় mass transfer এর শেলে
69)
𝑆𝑐 = 1 হলে
Momentum and mass diffusion same হলব
that means velocity boundary layer and
concentration boundary layer same হলব
𝑆𝑐 < 1 হলে
Concentration boundary layer dominate
করলব (Velocity Boundary layer এর উপর)
𝑆𝑐 > 1 হলে
Velocity boundary layer dominate করলব
(Cengel 2nd edition page 755)

Sherwood 𝑀𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿 Heat transfer এর শেলে Nu and Mass

𝑆ℎ = 𝑀𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝐷𝐴𝐵
Number transfer এর শেলে Sh Number same
(cengel eq 14- তাই এর significance গুো Nu Number এর
76) page 756
মলতাই হলব
𝑆ℎ = 1 হলে Pure diffusion
𝑆ℎ < 1 হলে mass convection এর শচলয়
diffusion শবছে হলব
𝑆ℎ > 1 হলে mass convection dominates
করলব
Stanton 𝑁𝑢 ℎ
𝑆𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒×𝑃𝑟= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜌𝑣𝐶𝑝
(for heat transfer)
Number 𝑆ℎ
(Cengel eq 14- 𝑆𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒×𝑆𝑐=
77)
Lewis Number 𝛼 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 ⅆ𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐿𝑒 = =
(cengel equ 𝐷 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
14-70)

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Instrumentation
Flow measurement:
Rotameter
Orifice meter
Venturi meter
Ultrasonic Flow meter

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Temperature measurement:
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
Thermistors
RTD VS Thermistor

Thermocouple
Seebeck Peltier & Thomson Effect

Optical Pyrometer

Pressure measurement:
Absolute Pressure Gage pressure Vaccume Pressure

Static pressure Stagnation Pressure Dynamic Pressure

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Electrical Measurement Device:

Linear Variable Resistance transducer

1. LVDT (liner variable differential Transformer) [BPDB-2023]

2. Capacitive transducer
3. Piezoelectric Transducer
4. Photoconductive transducer
5. Photoelectric transducer
6. Photovoltaic Cell
7. Ionization transducer
8. Hall effect Transducer
9.

[ Holman Experimental method

fig 4.48]

Transducer:

1. Photoelectric transducer [Holman fig-4.56]

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2. Ionized Transducer [Holman Fig-4.60]

Electrical Circuit
What are the main characteristics of a series circuit when some conductors having resistance R1, R2, and
R3 are joined end to end?

Circuit analysis
BREB-2021

Determine the current I of the following circuit

Y-Delta Conversion

𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝐶 𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅2 𝑅3 +𝑅3 𝑅1
R1= R a=
𝑅𝑎 +𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝐶 𝑅1
𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅2 𝑅3 +𝑅3 𝑅1
R2= Rb=
𝑅𝑎 +𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝐶 𝑅2
𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅2 𝑅3 +𝑅3 𝑅1
R3= Rc=
𝑅𝑎 +𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝐶 𝑅3

BWDB-2020

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Transform delta to Y(star).

Electrical Machine
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = √𝟑𝑽𝑰𝑪𝑶𝑺𝜽
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒆 =
𝑵
1. APSCL-2016 A 3-phase connection has line voltage 400V and current is 35amp. The connected
load is 20kW; determine the power factor of this line. [0.8247]
2. APSCL-2016 A generator’s rotor speed is 750rpm and frequency is 50Hz. Calculate the number of
poles. [8]
3. PGCB-2018+APSCL-2021 The speed of shaft of a steam turbine is 3000rpm and generator rotor
speed is reduced at 750rpm. If the frequency of the generator is 50Hz, determine the gear ratio
and number of poles of the generator. [4, poles=8]
4. KGTDCL-2021An alternator running at 500rpm. Find the number of pole if frequency is 50Hz.

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Drawing
Types of line
Example from different book
Identify the Leader Line, Cutting plane line, Extension Line, Dimension line in the following figure.

Dubey Figure 1.3

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Job Exam Question

KGDCL-22

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Orthographic
BUET Lecture
BUET Class Lecture

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BUET Class Lecture

BUET Class Lecture

BPDB-2018+PGCL-2017 BUET class lecture

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Example from Quamrul Islam Sir book

আলে এই ছভছডও শথলক শবছসক টা ভালো মলতা বু লে ছন্লচর drawing গুো practice করলত হলব

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHLplDTybzI&list=PLrSKpYOP1bI057OJ3ew_6GVJjgcxCV0R0&index=2

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1100
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1101
Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

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Practice from some other writer book

Thomas E French Chapter 5 fig 38

Thomas E French chapter 5 Fig 41

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Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Thomas E French chapter 5 Fig 81

Thomas E French chapter 5 Fig 98

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

M.B Shah & B.C RANA Exmple 12.1

B.C Rana Example 12.3

B.C Rana Example 12.4

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B.C Rana Example 12.5

Reddy Fig 6.72

Dubey Fig 4.4

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Dubey Fig 4.6

Dubey Fig 4.7

Dubey Fig 4.12

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Dubey Fig 4,15

Dubey Fig 4.8

Dubey fig 4.11

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Job Exam Question

Petrobangla 2022

MGMCL-2022

NPCBL-2021

BOF-2021

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BPDB-2021

CPGCBL-2022

BCIC-2022

PGCB-2021

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Titas-2021

DPDC-2020

BCMCL-2020

DMTCL-2019

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BCIC-2019

APSCL-2019

BPDB-2018+PGCL-2017 BUET class lecture

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Biman-2018

Titas-2018

GTCL-2018

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NPCBL-2017+ERL-2017

BAPEX-2016

BCIC-2016

GTCL-2016

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BPDB-2023

SGFCL-2020

BIFPCL-2019

DPDC-2019

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PGCB-2019

BIWTA-2019

NPCBL-2018

CPGCBL-2018

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BCPCL-2018

PGCB-2017

APSCL-2016+BCPCL-2016

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BITAC-2016

GTCL-2016

SGFL-2023

BIWTA 2023

EGCB-2022

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Isometric
BUET Lecture
BUET Lecture

Example from Quamrul Islam sir book

Mechanical Engineering Drawing By Dr. Quamrul Islam

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Practice from some other books

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1127
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B Agarwal, CM Agarwal -Engineering Drawing

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Constract an isometric from the given orthographic

projection

Top

Front

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Job Exam Question

1. NPCBL-2023:

1. BCPCL-2023

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Sectional view
শকাথায় শসকেন্ হলব আর হলব ন্া এর জন্য ছন্লচর ছভছডও গুো শেখা শেলত পালর

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0x4Mq3plkEw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_2uJPkCv0Y

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lGFp-LA0l8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_o1eT7lpAOY&list=PLrSKpYOP1bI057OJ3ew_6GVJjgcxCV0R0&index=5

BUET Lecture

BUET Class Lecture

Example from Quamrul islam sir book

Mechanical Engineering Drawing By Quamrul Islam Sir Chapter -4

শকান্ material এর জন্য sectioning শকমন্ হলব তার একটা standard আলি

শকান্ শকান্ parts এ শসকেন্ হলব ন্া

When the cutting plane passes through Thin features such as rib or a web, shafts, keys & splines, nuts,
bolts & rivets - such parts are not sectione

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1138
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1139
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1140
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Practice from some other Books

Practice

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhfkdpKwyb
w

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSYfZxsUPE0

1141
Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZxgU07JHeA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gp9N0zquYd
U

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCdH6Eq_8W
s

1142
Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCdH6Eq_8W
s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cijan0xvNEY

1143
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Thomas French Chapter 7 Fig 22

M.B Shaha & B.C Rana Fig 13.2

1144
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

M.B Shah & B.C Rana fig 13.10

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1146
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Dubey Fig 5.7

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1152
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1153
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Job Exam Question

Bapex-2023

Dmtcl-2022

BDCCL-2022

GTCL-2022

1154
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

EGCB-24

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Volume determination
এই টিছপক শথলক ২০২১-২০২২ সালে টান্া অলন্ক question আসা শুরু করছিলো ছকন্তু এখন্ আর আলস ন্া

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXPvRj0IC0g&list=PLrSKpYOP1bI057OJ3ew_6GVJjgcxCV0R0&index=3

1. JGTDCL-2021: The dimension of a block is 165×165×165. After machining final product is shown
below. What will be the final weight and percentage of material removed? Density of material
8.73gm/cm3.

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2. CPGCBL-2021: The following machine part is made of brass, density ρ=8.65gm/cm3 (a) what will
be the final weight (b) if it is made from (70×65×22)mm material what percentage of material
will be lost in machining process.

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3. BGFCL-2021

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1159
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Diagram
Fluid
1. Draw a velocity profile for fluid flow through a spherical body [BUET M.Sc-2017]
2. Draw a velocity profile for fluid flow through a flat plate [BUET M. Sc-2017]

Heat
1. Bapex-2023: What is thermal contact resistance? Draw temperature Vs distance profile and show
temperature drop when two mentals in contact.
Holman figure 2-15
The resistance that an interface offers to heat transfer per unit interface area is
called thermal contact resistance, Rc. The inverse of thermal contact resistance is called
the thermal contact conductance.

1160
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Boiling
1. (a) Draw internal flow Boiling Curve.
Or
(c) Draw a boiling curve for heat flow through a vertical heat pipe. (Flow from bottom) also label
the flow pattern regime. [NPCBL-2021+SGFL-2023]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

2. (a) Draw and indicate different region of the boiling curve of water. {BAERA-2021]

(b) Draw the schematic boiling curve and indicating nucleate boiling, critical heat flux and
leidenfrost point. [Bakrabad-2021]

(c) Draw and indicate different region of the boiling curve of water. [DWASA-2021, SGFCL-2020]

1162
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Automobile
1. Draw the graph of air fuel ratio Vs load/speed of SI engine? [PGCB-2020]
M M Rathore Page 792

Power plant
Steam or Rankine
1. Draw the vapor Rankine Cycle on temperature and entropy. Show thermodynamics process with
the corresponding equipment. [ERL-2017]
2. Draw T-S diagram of Rankine cycle mentioning all processes and corresponding equipment.
[APSCL-2016]
3. Draw a block diagram of a steam turbine power plant only with the four elements. Draw the
corresponding T-S diagram. [DNCC-2020]
4. Draw the Schematic diagram of Rankine cycle with T-S diagram. [BCPCL-2016]
5. Draw a block diagram of a steam turbine power plant only with the four elements, Draw the
corresponding T-S diagram. [NPCBL-2017]
6. Draw the schematic diagram of Rankine cycle with T-S diagram [PGCB-2017]
7. Draw block diagram and show all the processes of Rankine Cycle in T-S diagram [MPL-2017]

1163
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

8. Draw P-V and T-S diagram of Rankine Cycle used in steam turbine. [BPDB-2021]

1164
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Rankine With Feed Water Heater

1. Draw T-S of Rankine cycle for the given figure

Reheat Rankine Cycle

2. Draw the T-S diagram for the given Reheat Rankine cycle. [BAPEX-2016]
3. Draw the block and T-S diagram of single stage reheat Rankine cycle. (PGCL-2021)
4. Draw schematic diagram of reheat Rankine cycle with T-S diagram. [BIPCL-2019]
5. Draw the schematic diagram of reheat Rankine cycle with T-S diagram. Write the equation of
thermal efficiency in terms of enthalpy. (PGCB-2021)
6. Draw the block diagram and T-S diagram of reheat Rankine Cycle. [CPGCBL-2021]

1165
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Regenerative Rankine Cycle

1. Draw the block diagram with T-S diagram of Rankine cycle with superheater with single stage open
cycle feed water heater of regeneration. [BGFCL-2021]

1166
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Gas or Brayton Cycle

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

1. Draw a closed loop gas turbine cycle schematic diagram with reheating and specify the
thermodynamic processes clearly. [SGCL-2017]
2. Draw the schematic diagram of a gas turbine with two compressors and intercooling with
corresponding T-S diagram. [APSCL-2016]
3. Draw the schematic diagram of Brayton cycle with regeneration with T-S diagram. [BPDB-
2016]
4. Draw the schematic diagram for the Brayton cycle (two stage compression) in a gas turbine
with inter cooling and reheating. [DSCC-2023, DESCO-2016]
5. Draw the schematic diagram of gas fired boiler indicating flue gas flow line, furnace boiler,
economizer, super heater, air preheater and chimney. [KGTDCL-2021]
6. Draw schematic diagram of open loop gas turbine with intercooler. (SGFCL-2021)
7. Draw the schematic diagram of a gas turbine with two compressors and intercooling with
corresponding T-S diagram [NWPGCL-2017]
8. Draw a T-S diagram for gas turbine cycle with reheater and intercooling [BUET M. Sc-2017]

Combine Cycle
1. Draw the layout of combine cycle Power Plant (CPWCBL-2022)
2. Draw block and T-S diagram of most efficient power cycle presently used in Bangladesh. Also
write the expression of thermal efficiency in terms of enthalpy (GTCL-2022, Titas-2021)
3. Draw the schematic and T-S diagram of a combined gas-steam cycle [DSCC-2023, NPCBL-2021]
4. Draw a block diagram of a coupled GT-ST power plant. Mention the name of the all
components. [CPGCBL-2018]
5. Draw the schematic diagram and T-S diagram of combines cycle power plant [BR-PoWER-
2021]
6. Draw schematic diagram of combined cycle power plant and amount of power produced from
steam turbine in such scenario. [PGCB-2019]
7. Draw the schematic of combines cycle power plant. Also showing the flow direction of
working fluid and mention the important components. [BCIC-2019]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

8. Draw a schematic diagram of combined cycle power plant. [DWASA-2017]

Binary

1169
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Cogeneration

Nuclear Power
1. Draw a schematic diagram of boiling water reactor used in nuclear plant [NPCBL-2021]

Nagpal page 369

Stress-strain diagram
Ductile material
1. Draw a typical stress strain diagram showing Elastic limit, proportional limit, and Yield point,
ultimate strength & breaking strength
2. Draw the stress and strain diagram for mind steel showing the ultimate strength, breaking
strength, yield strength on it. [GTCL-2010]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

3. Draw stress strain curve for mild steel and show elastic limit, yield point, ultimate strength
{BAERA-2021]
4. Draw the stress strain curve of mild steel under tensile test [BREB-2021]
5. Draw a typically stress-strain diagram for mild steel specimen. Show each point. [DSCC-2023,
MPL-2017]
6. Draw stress-strain curve for mild steel and show the following points-Proportional limit,
higher yield point, lower yield point, ultimate strength, breaking strength [PGCB-2020]
7. Draw a typical stress-strain diagram of mild steel showing Yield strength and Ultimate
strength. [NESCO-2018]
8. Draw stress-strain curve for mild steel [PGCB-2017]
9.

Hibbler Article 3.2:

Singer 2.2:

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Ceramic & Polymer

1. Draw stress- Strain curve for steel, ceramic and polymer materials. [BAPEX-2017]
2. Draw the load VS deflection curve for the following materials: rubber, cast iron and mild steel
in a tension test. [DNCC-2020]
3. Show the difference of ductile and brittle material under tensile load by drawing a stress-
strain diagram. [DESCO-2019]
4. In a same tensile stress-strain diagram show the graph for (a) CI material and (b) MS
material. [NPCBL-2018]
5. Draw the load vs Deflection curve for the following materials: Rubber, Cast iron, Mild steel
[Titas-2018]

From BUET Class Lecture

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

PUMP
Draw the typical performance curves of centrifugal pump showing the design/duty point [ERL-
2017]

Draw the characteristics curve of centrifugal pump. [BCPCL-2017+BEPZA-2016+GTCL-2010]

1. Draw pump operating characteristics curve. [BAREA-2021]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

2. Draw the typical performance curve of centrifugal pump showing the duty point and operating
point. [BITAC-2021]

Cengel page 384

3. Draw the typical characteristics curve of centrifugal pump showing the design/duty point.
[DNCC-2020]
4. Draw the characteristic curve of centrifugal pump showing the system curve. [BCMCL-2020]
5. Draw a characteristic (performance) curve of a centrifugal pump, also draw a demand curve on
same graph showing operating and design point on this curve.[BIWTA-2019]
6. Draw the performance curve of centrifugal pump with the system curve, showing the design and
operating point. [NWPGCL-2018
7. Draw H-Q curve of centrifugal pump. Show effect of variation of impeller rpm on the graph. [PGCL-
2017]
8. Draw the head discharge or characteristics curve of two centrifugal pump working in series.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

9. Draw the head discharge or characteristics curve of two centrifugal pump working in parallel

Compressor
1. Draw the performance curve of centrifugal compressor and showing the operating/duty
point. [EGCB-2020]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Turbine
1. Draw a schematic diagram of velocity compounding of an impulse turbine. Also show pressure
and velocity distribution of the turbine. [CPGCBL-2018]

Refrigeration
Vapor Compression
1. Draw block diagram of vapor compression refrigeration system and show main parts of it and
also show P-h and T-S diagram with subcooling. [EGCB-2018]
2. Draw the P-H and T-S diagram of standard vapor compression system mentioning the
thermodynamic processes [BCIC-2016]
3. Draw P-H diagram of vapor refrigeration compression cycle with showing thermodynamic
processes. [SGXL-2017]
4. Draw the block diagram of a vapor compression refrigeration system and shown the cycle in
P-h and T-S plane with sub-cooling. [DESCO-2016]
5. Draw the P-h and T-S diagram of vapor compression refrigeration with mentioning all process
and equipment used. (PGCL-2021)
6. Draw block diagram of vapor compression refrigeration system (With main four equipment).
How they split into indoor and outdoor part of split AC. [PGCB-2020]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Vapor absorption
1. Draw the schematic diagram of a vapor absorption refrigeration cycle [BITAC-2016]
2. Draw the block diagram of a vapor compression and absorption refrigeration system with
suitable labels [NPCBL-2021]
3. Draw a Schematic diagram of a vapor absorption refrigeration system and labels all the
components [BPDB-2021]
4. Draw schematic of vapor absorption refrigeration system. Mention the advantage of it.[PGCB-
2019]
5. Draw the schematic diagram of a vapor absorption refrigeration cycle. [DWASA-2017]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Cascade
1. A refrigeration system is given the following diagram. What type of this refrigeration system is?
Draw the corresponding T-S diagram.

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

[PGCL-2017]

Gas Refrigeration

Psychometric
1. Draw Psychometric chart and show heating & humidification in a line and mention different
points. [EGCB-2017]
2. Draw a psychometric chart and schematically show the cooling process of room air in indoor
split-type air conditioning system. (SGFCL-2021)
3. Show sensible cooling and cooling & dehumidification in given psychometric chart. [DMTCL-
2019]
4. Draw the psychometric chart schematically and show the processes that are must involve in the
indoor unit of a split air conditioning system [NPCBL-2018]
5. BCPCL-2018
Show different process on a psychometric chart (a) heating & humidification (b) sensible heating
(c) Chemical dehumidification (d) Evaporation cooling

1179
 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

IC Engine
SI Engine
1. Draw the actual and air standard Otto cycle P-V diagram with all thermodynamic processes
[SGCL-2017]
2. Draw diesel cycle T-S diagram and prove that slope of the curve on T-S diagram for constant
volume process is higher than constant pressure process.

3. Draw the P-V and T-S diagram and the name of the different processes involved in a four-stroke
petrol engine. [DESCO-2016]

MM Rathore Page 785

4. Draw the P-V and T-S diagram of Carnot cycle. [BREB-2021]

CI Engine
1. Draw the P-V and T-S diagram for CI engine. [PGCL-2017]

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 Mechanical Engineering Digest | hridoy bosunia RUET ME 1502078

Exceptional/Miscellaneous
1. BCIC-2022: A 5cm circular hole is drilled on the body of a circular pulley at a distance of 15cm.
Determine the radius of hole to be drilled to counter the effect of previous hole if the new drill is
done exactly the opposite side of center at 10cm distance.

2. MPL-2021: A rectangular tank 1.2m deep and 2m long is used to convey water up a ramp inclined
at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. Calculate the inclination of the water surface to the horizontal
when the acceleration parallel to the slope on starting from the bottom is 4m/s.

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3. PGCB-2021: A surface has an absorptivity of αS=0.72 for solar radiation and an emissivity of ε=0.6
at room temperature. The surface temperature is observed to be 350 K when the direct and the
diffuse components of solar radiation are GD= 350 and Gd 400 W/m2, respectively, and the direct
radiation makes a 30° angle with the normal of the surface. Taking the effective sky temperature
to be 280 K, determine (a) the total solar energy incident on the surface, (b)the rate of solar
radiation absorbed by the surface and (c) the net rate of radiation heat transfer to the surface at
that time.

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4. Titas-2021: Consider a river flowing toward a lake at an average velocity of 3m/s at a rate of
500m3/s at a location 90m above the lake surface. Determine the total mechanical energy of the
river water per unit mass and the power generation potential of the entire river at that location

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5. BR-PoWERGEN-2021:The cross-section of two solid bars made of the same material are shown in
the figure. The square cross section has flexural (bending) rigidity I, while the circular cross-section
has flexural rigidity I2 Both sections have the same cross-sectional area. What are the flexural
rigidity and the ratio of the flexural rigidity?
6. BPI-2020: Two methanol water mixture are contained in separate flasks. The first mixture
contains 40wt% methanol and second contains 70 wt% methanol. if 200kg of the first mixture is
combined with 150g of the second, when what are the mass and composition of the product?

7. BPI-2020: Calculate the density of the gas mixture at standard conditions (300°K, 1atm, Z
factor=1), whose composition is listed in the following table:
Component Molecular weight Composition (Mole Fraction)
Gas#1 10 0.8
Gas#2 20 0.1
Gas#3 30 0.1

8. Bangladesh Bank-2020: A ball is moving to a 45° inclined surface at a velocity of 5m/s. Find the
velocity after the impact. Line of action and impact line in same direction. Co-efficient of
restitution is 0.5

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9. EGCB-2020: A quality of air having volume of 100m3, temperature 23°C and pressure 100KPa. The
partial pressure of dry air is 95KPa and relative humidity is 74%. Find out the specific humidity and
mass of water vapour present in the air. Take, R=0.29Kj/kg.k.

10. BIFPCL-2019: A cantilever beam needed to design circular and square shape beam can select. The
diameter of the circle and side of the square is same. What shape will you suggest for minimum
stress (By mathematical analysis) Assume length is same.

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11. DMTCL-2019: Two bars subjected to tension. Bar dimension a”×a”. One bar was straight and other
was bended such that distance from neutral axis is a”. Find normal stress ratio acting on both bars.

12. DMTCL-2019: A uniform rod of length L and mass m is supported as shown. If the cable attached
at end B suddenly breaks, determine the angular acceleration of AB.
13. DPDC-2019: A valve connects two tanks containing carbon monoxide. One tank contains 2Kg of
CO gas at 77°C and 0.7 bar. The other tank holds 8kg of CO gas at 27°C and 1.2bar. the valve is
opened and the gases are allowed to mix while receiving energy by heat transfer from the
surroundings. The final equilibrium temperature is 42°C. Using the ideal gas model determine the
final equilibrium pressure in bar.

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14. BIWTA-2019: A uniform rod of length L and mass m is supported as Shown. If the cable attached
at end B suddenly breaks, determine the angular accerelation of AB

15. BUET MSC-2018: An equation of temperature was given [T=f(y)], boundary condition was also
given to find the constant term of the given temperature equation [At y=0, u=0], find the heat
flow rate from this plate
16. PGCB-2017: A large plate is fabricated from a steel alloy has a length of crack 3mm. the fractural
toughness is 80MPa√m. Determine allowable internal stress.
17. DWASA-2017: A typical performance curve of a centrifugal pump for various impeller diameters
3
is given as follows at 3500rpm. For the impeller diameter 4 ’’ find out the H (feet) and Q (GPM)
4
at the operating points.
18. MPL-2017: In a straight solid rod (dia 32mm, E=200GPa) is kept in a circular plate of radius 1m.
determine bending stress, that cannot exceed proportional limit.
19. APSCL-2017: The graph shown the head, efficiency versus discharge curve of a centrifugal pump.
Find the design head, discharge and efficiency; Find also the operating Head and discharge.
(Similar image is attached)

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20. BAERA 2023: A shaft is rotating at a speed of 10 rad/s. Upon this shaft a block is moving with a
speed of 10m/s. Find acceleration of the block.
21. BAERA 2023: In a heat transfer process when process follow 1-2-3 path heat supplied is 100kj and
work done is 40kj. If the process now follows 1-4-3 then work done is 14kj then find the value of
heat.
22. BIWTA-2023 (INcropera 2.3): The temperature distribution across a wall 1m thick at a certain
instant of time is given as T(x)=a+bx+cx2, where T is in degree Celsius and ax is in meters while
a=900°C b=-300°C/m and c=-50°C/m2. A uniform heat generation q=1000w/m3 is present in the
wall of area 10m2 having the properties k=40W/m.K Determine the rate of heat transfer entering
the wall (x=0) leaving the wall (x=1)

23. BIWTA 2023 Cengel example 3-13: A 20cm diameter 60cm high vertical cylindrical container is
partially filled with 50cm high liquid whose density is 850Kg/m3. Now the cylinder is rotated at a
constant speed. Determine the rotational speed at which the liquid will start spilling from the
edges of the container.

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Theory
Automobile
1. In automobile “4×4×/MPFI/3.0L/16V/VVTI” what does this advertise mean? [MPL-2017]
2. Draw a cooling circuit of a car. [BAPEX-2016]
3. How can you identify petrol engine and diesel engines? [BEPZA-2016+GTCL-2010]
4. What are the differences between Gas turbine & I.C. Engine [BEPZA-2016]
5. Write down the five advantages of supercharging [BREB-2021]
6. List the gases which are emitted from an automobile engine and effects on human health and
environment. [BR-POWER-2021]
7. What is knocking in IC engine? What its effect? [BCSIR-2021]
8. Write notes on Knocking and ignition lag [PGCB-2017]
9. What is the importance of thermostat in cooling system of IC engine? State whether specific
humidity decrease or remains constant during cooling and dehumidification
10. A tyre is designated 145/70 R 12 69 S. What do you understand by “145/70 R”? [BREB-2018]
Difference between Petrol and Diesel Engine
Mahesh Page 791 M Rathore

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Refrigeration and air Conditioning

1. Briefly describe cooling system of refrigerator and air conditioner. In a ammonia absorption
refrigeration system which material is suitable as condenser coil-copper, aluminum, steel or
brass?
2. Write the difference between refrigeration and Air-conditioning draw a schematic diagram of
a vapor compression refrigeration system. What is the function of expression device in the
system? [NESCO-2018]
3. Draw a psychometric chart and schematically show the cooling process of room air in indoor
split-type air conditioning system. [BIWTA-2019]
4. Draw the schematic diagram of a vapor compression refrigeration [RPCL-2019]
5. BUET Alok Sir Slide

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Management
1. Describe ‘Just in time’ system and ‘Kanban’ system in management system.
2. Which method is more effective in fuzzy decision making among AHP, grey decision,
making and intuitional decision-making method?
3. What is SWOT analysis, Likert and AHP process? [B.Bank-2020]
4.

Gear
1. Name 4 type of gears. Mention applications of worm gear.
2. Write gear Nomenclature. [EGCB-2020]

Instrument
1. What is the purpose of following instruments.
(a) Pyrometer
(b) Dynamometer
(c) Rota meter
(d) Hydrometer

Odometer [ERL-2017]

1. NPCBL 2023: List some name of solenoid valve. Draw a schematic diagram of it.
2. BPDB-2023: Draw the schematic diagram of a LVDT diaphragm differential pressure gauge.

Thermodynamics
1. Write down second law of thermodynamics. [BEPZA-2016]
2. Write the Kelvin-Plank and Clausius statements of second law of thermodynamics [WZPDCL-
2016]

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3. Write notes on (a) Reversible process (b) Irreversible Process (c) adiabatic system (d) Entropy
[WZPDXL-2016]
4. Differentiate between heat engine and heat pump. [BCSIR-2021]
5. What is isentropic efficiency? Show the equation of isentropic efficiency of a compressor in
terms of enthalpy with necessary diagram. [BCIC-2019]
6. Different between energy and exergy. [RPCL-2019]
7. Draw P-V & T-S diagram of otto & diesel cycle and write down the corresponding process
name [Biman-2018]

Power Plant

1. Why baffles are used in Boiler? (DMTCL-2023)

2. What is cooling tower? Draw a schematic diagram of a cooling tower.
3. What is the Difference between fired tube & water tube boiler? Mention boiler mountings &
accessories.
4. Write the chemical reaction of feed water in a power plant [BEPZA-2016]
5. Write the process of gas turbine efficiency improvement. [BITAC-2016]
6. Define boiler mounting and accessories with examples. [DSCC-2023, BIWTA-2016]
7. What is the function of economizer and baffles [PGCB-2017]
8. Why draft tube is used in hydro-electric power plant? Show its position in a hydroelectric
power plant with sketch. [Titas-2018]
9. Protection System

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Thermocouple
1. Write the expression of Joule-Thomson effect and temperature of gas during throttling
process for the cases of temperature decrease, increase and same i.e, negative, positive or
same?
2. State Zeroth law of thermodynamics [PGCB-2017]

Fluid
1. Write two fundamental assumptions of Bernoulli’s equation. [BAPEX-2016]
2. If X is the distance measured from the leading edge of a flat plate, then show that laminar
boundary layer thickness varies with X1/2 [BR-Powergen-2021]
3. What is the significance of dimensionless number? Discuss the significance of Reynolds number
and Nusselt Number. [BCSIR-2021]
4. In a pipe flow Nu=0.248Re0.612Pr1/3. Write down the equation for Nu, Re and Pr number. [DNCC-
2020]
5. Define viscosity? Write down Newton’s law of viscosity? [Titas-2018]

Solid
What is modulus of elasticity & modulus of Rigidity? Which one is greater? [BEPZA-2016]

1. Draw the typical stress-strain diagram of mild steel showing proportional limit, yield strength,
ultimate strength and breaking strength on it. [BIWTA-2016]

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2. Define modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity. For a material which one is grater? [BIWTA-
2016]
3. Draw the stress strain curve for ductile steel and showing proportional limits, yield strength,
ultimate strength, breaking strength, modulus of rigidity and resilience. (BOF-2021)
4. Write the formula for finding
Maximum torsional shear stress developed in shaft due to torsion.
Maximum bending stress developed in beam of circular cross section due to pure bending. [PGCL-
2017]
5. A cantilever beam has a concentrated load P at end of the tip with deflection δ. Write the
expression for relation between P and δ. Draw P- δ curve. [BCIC-2019]
6. A cantilever beam has a concentrated load P at end of the tip with deflection δ. Write the
expression for relation between P and δ. Draw P- δ curve. [BCIC-2019]
7. A column clumped on each side has an axial load P. The column is not slender and the span
deflection is δ. Draw the P- δ curve showing buckling load. [BCIC-2019]
8. In a same tensile stress-strain diagram show the graph for (a) CI material (b) MS material (c) Plot
the fatigue strength (S) versus number of stress cycle (N) curve of a machine element made of
steel. [BCIC-2019]
9. BUET Asfar Sir Lecture + Nash Example-1.4: Determine the total increase of length of a bar
of constant cross section hanging vertically and subject to its own weight as the only load.
The bar is initially straight.

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Manufacturing process
1. What are the factors affecting cutting tool efficiency? (BOF-2021)
2. Differentiate between Jig and Fixture. [BCSIR-2021]
3. Discuss about TCs and RTDs [BCSIR-2021]
4. Define: Welding, Soldering, Brazing, TIG and MIG [BCSIR-2021]
5. Differentiate between NC and CNC [BCSIR-2021]
6. Briefly describe working principle of CNC machine. Describe how CNC machine revolutionized
modern manufacturing process? [B.Bank-2020]
7. Write down the difference in table for Welding, Soldering & Brazing [Titas-2018]
8. Write three major differences between planner machine and shaper machine [BCPCL-2018
9. Write the name of structural member nased on loading and fixing. [BIWTA-2019]

Material
1. Write down the five important properties of metals [BREB-2021]
2. Write the difference between case hardening and flame hardening [PGCB-2017]

Mechanics
1. Determine the centroidal polar moment of inertia of a circle of radius R. [BWDB-2020]
2. Derive the equation for elongation of bar due to its own weight hanging vertically
having length L, mass m, area A, modulus of elasticity E. [Jamna oil-2019]

Electrical machine
1. What is self-exciting generator? What is the advantage of parallel operation of
generator? How the overhearing of generator stator is prevented? [B.Bank-2020]

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Nuclear Power Plant

1. Which type of reaction is occurred in a Nuclear Power Plant? What is the function of control rod?
[NPCBL- 2017]
2. Name the components of a nuclear power plant. Write down the working principle of a nuclear
power plant. Name some fuels used in a nuclear power plant. [NESCO-2018]
3. What type of power generating technology has chosen for Rooppur power Plant? Draw the
schematic diagram of the nuclear reactor to be installed in the plant and label its major
components [NPCBL-2018]
4. What are three major categories of low radioactive waste in a nuclear power plant? Give least
two examples of the waste in each category. [NPCBL-2018]

Heat transfer
1. Write the difference between fin efficiency and effectiveness [PGCB-2017]
2. A pipe has inner and outer radius of r1 & ro and a fluid is passing through it with heat
transfer co-efficient hi, surrounding air heat transfer co-efficient is ho, thermal conductivity and
length of the pipe is K and L. if area is A then draw the thermal resistance network and write down
the equation of heat loss. [ Titas-2018+BCIC-2019]
3. Write down factors of radiation depends between two surfaces. Write the expression of
radiation heat transfer between two parallel surfaces having temperature T1 & T2 where T1>T2.
[DESCO-2019]
4. Define Prandtl number and Euler Number [RPCL-2019]
5. Write down the three-dimensional heat transfer equation in cartesian co-ordinates &
state its different boundary condition. [Jamuna oil-2019]

Writing ability
1. What is the role of mechanical engineers in power generation and distribution on
Bangladesh?
2. What is the effect on the “North side” of Bangladesh for sufficient electricity in every house?
[NESCO-2018]

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