INTRODUCTION TO

Applications of Quadratic Functions

MODULE 2
Lesson 1.1 & 1.2

At the end of the lesson, the students

should be able to:

1. differentiate quadratic functions

from linear functions,
2. Represent and identify the
quadratic function given:
a. table of values
b. graphs
c. equation
 What Are Quadratic
Functions?

 These are functions that can be

describe by equations of the form
y=ax2+bx+c, where a, b, and c are real
numbers and a≠0.
 The highest power of the independent
variable x is 2, thus it is a function of
degree 2.
 Ways of
Representing Linear Function Quadratic Function
Function
 y = mx + b,
 y = ax2 + bx + c,
where m and b
where a, b and c
are real numbers
are real numbers
and m≠0.
and a≠0.
 The highest
Equation  The highest power
power of the
of the independent
independent
variable x is 2.
variable x is 1.
 The equation is of
 The equation is
degree 2.
of degree 1.
 Ways of
Linear Quadratic
Representing
Function Function
Function
Equal
Equal differences in x
differences in do not lead to
Table of x produces equal first
Values equal differences in y,
differences in instead second
y. differences in y
are equal.
 Ways of
Linear Quadratic
Representing
Function Function
Function

It is a smooth
It is a
Graph curve called a
straight line.
parabola.
 4) Plotting the ordered pairs of each function
on the coordinate plane.
4 y = x2 + 2∙x 1
4

y = 2∙x + 1
2
4 2 2

2
4

6 2
1) f(x) is a linear function while g(x) is a quadratic
function.

2) In linear function, the equation is of degree 1.

While in quadratic function, the equation is of
degree 2.
3) In linear function, equal first difference in x
yields equal first difference in y. While in
quadratic function, equal first difference in x
yields equal second difference in y.
4) The graph of a linear function is a line, while of
a quadratic function is a smooth curve.
Lesson 1.4

At the end of the lesson, the students

should be able to:

Transform the quadratic function in form

y  ax  bx  c
2

into standard form (vertex form)

y  a ( x  h)  k
2
and vice versa.
Transforming general form

of quadratic function into

standard form (vertex

form) and vice versa.

 Transforming general form of quadratic
function into standard form (vertex form)
Solution 1
1.Group the terms containing x.
2. Factor out a.
3. Complete the expression in the parenthesis to
make it a perfect square trinomial by adding a
constant and subtracting the same value from
the constant term.
4. Simplify and express PST as the square of the
binomial.
5. Simplify
Transform the general form of quadratic function into
standard form (vertex form)

y  x  4 x  10
2
Solution 2 y  x  4 x  10
2

Using the formula for h a = 1 ; b = -4 ; c = -10

and k derived in the  (4)
h , h
4
h2
previous solution. 2(1) 2
b 4ac  b 2
h k  4(1)(10)  (4) 2
2a 4a k
1.Solve for h and k using 4(1)
the formula.  40  16 , k   56
k
4 4
2.Substitute the values k  14
obtain in the vertex
form of equation
y  ( x  2)  14 2
y  a ( x  h)  k
2
 TRANSFORMING VERTEX FORM OF
QUADRATIC FUNCTION TO GENERAL FORM
y=(x – 2)2 – 14
1.Expand the square of the binomial
indicated in the function.
y= (x2 – 4x+4) – 14
2.Multiply the result by the value of a.
y= x2 – 4x + 4 – 14
3.Combine the similar terms.
y= x2 – 4x – 10
Transform the general form of quadratic function into
standard form (vertex form)

y  2 x  12 x  22
2
𝑏
2
−6
2
=
2 2
2
= −3 =9
y  (2 x  12 x)  22
2

y  2( x  6 x)  22
2
y  2( x  3)  4 2

y  2( x  6 x  __)  22  __
2

y  2( x  6 x  9)  22  2(9)
2 h=3, k=4
y  2( x  3)  22  18
2
Solution 2 y  2 x  12 x  22
2

Using the formula for h a = 2 ; b = -12 ; c = 22

and k derived in the  (12) h  12
h 4 h3
2(2)
previous solution.
b 4ac  b 2
h k  4(2)(22)  (12) 2
2a 4a k
1.Solve for h and k using 4(2)
the formula. 176  144 , k  32
k
8 8
2.Substitute the values k 4
obtain in the vertex
form of equation
y  2( x  3)  4
2
y  a ( x  h)  k
2
 TRANSFORMING VERTEX FORM OF
QUADRATIC FUNCTION TO GENERAL FORM
y=2(x-3)2 + 4
1.Expand the square of the binomial
indicated in the function.
y=2(x2-6x+9) + 4
2.Multiply the result by the value of a.
y=2x2-12x+18 + 4
3.Combine the similar terms.
y=2x2-12x+22
Given quadratic function y = ax2 + bx + c,
transform to its standard form
y = a(x – h)2 + k
1) y = x2 – 2x – 15
2) y = x2 – 6x + 14
3) y = -2x2 + 12x – 17
4) y = 2x2 + 4x
5) 2
y = x – 36
Given the quadratic function in the
form y = a(x - h)2 + k , transform to its
general form y = ax2 + bx + c.
1) y = (x – 2)2 – 3
2) y = 2(x – 1)2 + 2
3) y = -2(x – 3)2 + 1
4) y= 3(x+2)2 – 12
5) y = (x - 0)2 – 16
 GRAPH OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

1. Draw the graph of a quadratic function.

2. Given the quadratic function, determine the following:
a. domain
b. range
c. intercepts
d. axis of symmetry
e. opening of the parabola
3. Investigate and analyze the effects of changes
in the variables a, h, and k in the graph of
quadratic functions y=a(x-h) 2+k and
make generalizations.
 Activity 1: Describe My Paths!

Follow the procedure in doing the activity.

a. Given the quadratic functions y = x2 –2x–3
and y =-x2+ 4x–1, transform them into the
form y = a(x – h)2 + k.

y = x2 – 2x – 3 y = -x2 + 4x – 1

y = (x-1)2 – 4 y = -(x-2)2 + 3

28
y = x2 – 2x – 3 or y = (x-1)2 – 4
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y

y = -x2 + 4x – 1 or y = -(x-2)2 + 3

x -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y
y = x2 – 2x – 3
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 5 0 -3 -4 -3 0 5

y = -x2 + 4x – 1

x -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y -6 -1 2 3 2 -1 -6
 C. Sketch the graph on the Cartesian plane.

y = x2 – 2x – 3 y = -x2 + 4x – 1
14

2
12

10

5
8

6 2

4
2

5 5 10 6

4 8
 Graph of a Quadratic Function
Let a, b, and c be real numbers a  0. The
function f (x) = ax2 + bx + c is called a
quadratic function.
The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.
Every parabola is symmetrical about a line
called the axis of symmetry.
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
The intersection point y

of the parabola and

the axis is called the
vertex of the parabola.
Vertex (h,k)
x

Axis of symmetry, x=h

The leading coefficient of ax2 + bx + c is a.
y
When the leading
a>0
coefficient is positive, the opens f(x) =ax2 +bx+c
parabola upward
opens upward and the x
vertex is a minimum.
vertex
minimum
y
When the leading x
coefficient is negative, vertex
maximum f(x) = -ax2 +bx + c
the parabola opens
downward a<0
and the vertex is a opens
downward
maximum.
33
Notes

The vertex, (h,k) of the parabola:

1. is the turning point of the graph.
2. it is either the minimum or the
maximum point of the graph
depending on the value of a
3. It can be determined by using the
b 4ac  b
2

formula h ;k  or k = f(h).
2a 4a
The direction of the opening of the
parabola is determined by using the
value of a.
1. If the value of a > 0, the
parabola opens upward and has
a minimum point.
2. If a < 0, the parabola opens
downward and has a maximum
point.
The axis of symmetry, x = h, can be
obtained by expressing the function
in the form f(x) = a(x-h)² + k or by
b
using the formula h  the quadratic
2a
function is in general form.
The domain of a quadratic function is
the set of all real numbers.

The range depends on the direction of

the opening of the parabola.
If it opens upward, the range is the set
f(x): f(x) > k
If it opens downward, then the range is
the set f(x) : f(x) < k
 The x-intercepts can be
determined by letting f(x) = 0
and solving the value of x.
The y - intercept can be
obtained by letting x = 0 and
solving for the value of f(x).
The x-intercepts are also the
zeros of a quadratic function. To
find the x-intercept/s, replace y
with zero (0) and solve for the
value of x.
To solve for the y-intercept,
replace x with zero (0) and solve
for the value of y.
Example 1
Graph the quadratic function y = 3(x –2)2+ 3,
then determine each of the following:
a. domain d. axis of symmetry
b. range e. vertex
c. intercepts f. direction of the opening
SOLUTION:
Step 1. Construct a table of values for x and
y. Assign values to x and solve for y.
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 15 6 3 6 15
y = 3(x –2)2+ 3
Substitute the value of x in the equation
Step 2: Plot the ordered pairs (0,15), (1,6), (2,3), (3,6), (4,15)
on the Cartesian Coordinate Plane and connect the plotted
points with a smooth curve.
Step 3. Determine the domain, range, intercepts,
axis of symmetry, vertex, and direction of the
opening.
a. Domain: set of all real numbers
b. Range: {y/y є lƦand y≥ 3}
c. There is no x-intercept since the parabola
doesn’t cross the x –axis.
The y-intercept is 15 since the parabola crosses
the y-axis at (0,15).
d. The axis of symmetry is x = 2.
e. The lowest point or the minimum point of the
parabola is (2,3). Hence, its vertex is (2, 3).
f. The parabola opens upward.
Example 2
Graph the quadratic function y = –x2 + 4, then
determine each of the following:
a. domain d. axis of symmetry
b. range e. vertex
c. intercepts f. direction of the opening
SOLUTION:
Step 1. Construct a table of values for x and
y. Assign values to x and solve for y.
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 0 3 4 3 0
y = –x2 + 4
Substitute the value of x in the equation
Step 2: Step 2. Step 2: Plot the ordered pairs (-2,1), (-1,4),
(0,5), (1,4), (2,1) on the Cartesian Coordinate Plane and
connect the plotted points with a smooth curve.
Step 3. Determine the domain, range, intercepts,
axis of symmetry, vertex, and direction of the
opening of the parabola.
a. Domain: set of all real numbers
b. Range: {y/y є lƦand y ≤ 4}
c. The parabola intersects the x-axis at (2,0) and
(−2,0); hence, the x-intercepts are 𝟐𝐚𝐧𝐝−𝟐.
The parabola intersects the y-axis at (0,4); hence,
the y-intercept is 4.
d. The axis of symmetry is x = 0 or the y-axis.
e. The maximum point of the parabola is (0,4);
hence, the vertex is (0, 4).
f. The parabola opens downward.
Assignment:
Graph the quadratic function and determine the
following:
1) f(x) = x2 + 6x + 5
2) f(x) = -3(x+1)2 – 3
a. domain
b. range
c. x-intercept
d. y-intercept
e. axis of symmetry
f. vertex
g. direction of the opening
h. vertex is at ________ point
Lesson 2.3
.

1. Determine the effects of change in the

variables a, h and k in the graph of
quadratic functions y  a( x  h) 2  k .

2. Describe the position of the graph of the

quadratic function y  a( x  h) 2  k in the
coordinate plane.
The change in a, h, and k in
the graph of y  a( x  h)  k
2

The graph of a parabola is getting wider

as the absolute value of a decreases and
vise versa.
The graph of y  a( x  h) is shifted h
2

units horizontally from the graph of

y  ax 2 . If h is positive, shift to the
right and if h is negative, shift to the
left.

The graph of y  ax 2
 k is shifted
k units vertically from the graph of
y  ax 2 . If k is positive, shift
upward, and k is negative shift
downward.