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Week-6
Combinational Logic Circuits
CO-3 Simulate and examine the functionalities of Combinational and Sequential circuits using
appropriate software tools.
I. Combinational circuit
Combinational circuit is a circuit in which we combine the different gates in the circuit, for
example encoder, decoder, multiplexer and demultiplexer. Some of the characteristics of
combinational circuits are following −
• The output of combinational circuit at any instant of time, depends only on the levels
present at input terminals.
• The combinational circuit do not use any memory. The previous state of input does not
have any effect on the present state of the circuit.
• A combinational circuit can have an ‘n’ number of inputs and ‘m’ number of outputs.
Fig: Block diagram of a Combinational circuit
Features of Combinational Circuit
• In this output depends only upon present input.
• It's Speed is fast.
• Easy designed.
• There is no feedback between input and output.
• It is time independent.
• Elementary building blocks are Logic gates.
• Used for both arithmetic and boolean operations.
• Combinational circuits don’t have the capability to store any state.
II.Arithmetic Circuits:
1.Half adder
A half adder is a combinational logic circuit that performs binary addition of two single-bit
inputs, A and B, producing two outputs: SUM and CARRY.
Sum = A XOR B and Carry = A AND B
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Block diagram
Truth Table Circuit Diagram
2.Full Adder
Full Adder is a combinational circuit that adds three inputs, A,B and C and produces two outputs
SUM and CARRY.
Sum= A ⊕ B ⊕ C and Carry= A B + C (A ⊕ B)
Block diagram
Truth Table
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Circuit diagram
Applications of Adders
• Adders are used for addition of numbers.
• Half adder is used to make full adder.
• The ALU (arithmetic logic circuitry) of a computer uses adder to compute the binary
addition.
• Used in other parts of the processor to calculate memory addresses, increment and
decrement operators.
• Full adder is used in calculators.
• Full adder is used in Multiplexers.
3.Subtractors
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Subtractors are used for performing binary subtraction.In the subtraction (A-B), A is called as
Minuend bit and B is called as Subtrahend bit.
Half-Subtractor
A half subtractor is a digital logic circuit that performs the binary subtraction of two single-bit
binary numbers. It has two inputs, A and B, and two outputs, Difference and Borrow.
Difference = A’B+AB’
Borrow = A’B
Truth Table
Circuit Diagram
4.Full Subtractor
A Full Subtractor is a combinational circuit used to perform binary subtraction.
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It has three inputs:
-A (Minuend)
-B (Subtrahend)
-B-IN (Borrow-in from the previous stage)
It produces two outputs:
Difference (D): The result of the subtraction.
Borrow-out (B-OUT): Indicates if a borrow is needed for the next stage.
Difference = (A ⊕ B) ⊕ Bin
Bout = Bin (A XOR B)’ + A’B
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Applications of Subtractors
1. Calculators
2. Alarm Systems
3. Automotive Systems
4. Security Frameworks
5. Computer Frameworks
III.Data Processing Circuits
1.Multiplexer
Multiplexer is a combinational circuit. It has many -input and single-output. The binary
information is received from the input lines and directed to the output line. It has selection lines.
Depending on the values of the selection lines, one of these data inputs will be connected to the
output.It is also called as Mux.
Types of Multiplexers
• 2 : 1 multiplexer
• 4 : 1 multiplexer
• 16 : 1 multiplexer
• 32 : 1 multiplexer
◼ 2×1 Multiplexer:
In 2×1 multiplexer, there are only two inputs, i.e., A0 and A1, 1 selection line, i.e., S0 and
single outputs, i.e., Y. On the basis of the combination of inputs which are present at the
selection line S0, one of these 2 inputs will be connected to the output.
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Block Diagram
Truth Table
Logical expression
Y=S0'.A0+S0.A1
◼ 4×1 Multiplexer
In the 4×1 multiplexer, there is a total of four inputs, i.e., A0, A1, A2, and A3, 2 selection lines,
i.e., S0 and S1 and single output, i.e., Y. On the basis of the combination of inputs that are
present at the selection lines S0 and S1, one of these 4 inputs are connected to the output. The
block diagram and the truth table of the 4×1 multiplexer are given below.
Block Diagram: Truth Table:
The logical expression of the term Y is as follows:
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Y=S1' S0' A0+S1' S0 A1+S1 S0' A2+S1 S0 A3
Applications of Multiplexer
1.Communication System. ...
2.Computer Memory
3.Transmission from Computer System of a Satellite
4.Telephone Network
2.Demultiplexers
A demultiplexer performs the reverse operation of a multiplexer i.e. it receives one input and
distributes it over several outputs. It has only one input, n outputs, m select input. At a time only
one output line is selected by the select lines and the input is transmitted to the selected output
line.
Types of Demultiplexers
-1 : 2 demultiplexer
-1 : 4 demultiplexer
-1 : 16 demultiplexer
-1 : 32 demultiplexer
-- 1×2 De-multiplexer:
The 1:2 De-multiplexer has two outputs (Y0, and Y1), 1 selection line (S0), and single input( A).
Depending on the selection value, the input will be connected to one of the outputs
Block Diagram: Truth Table:
The logical expression for Y :
Y0=S0'.A
Y1=S0.A
--1×4 De-multiplexer:
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In 1x 4 De-multiplexer, there are total of four outputs( Y0, Y1, Y2, and Y3) 2 selection
lines(S0 and S1) and single input( A). Depending on the values of the selection lines S0 and S1,
the input be connected to one of the outputs.
Block Diagram:
Truth Table:
The logical expression of the term Y is as follows:
Y0=S1' S0' A
y1=S1' S0 A
y2=S1 S0' A
y3=S1 S0 A
Applications
-Communication system
-Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
-Automatic test equipment systems
-Security monitoring systems
3.Encoders:
An Encoder is a combinational circuit. It converts decimal to binary. It has maximum of
2n input lines and ‘n’ output lines.
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Types of Encoders
1.Binary encoders -takes all its data inputs one at a time and then converts them into code.
a)4x2 encoder
b)8x3 encoder
2. Priority encoders -priority level is allotted to each input. The input with highest priority is
encoded.
--4 x 2 Encoder
Let 4 to 2 Encoder has four inputs A3, A2, A1 & A0 and two outputs D1 & D0.
Block Diagram Truth Table
A3 A2 A1 A0 D1 D0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
Boolean Expression
D1 = A3 + A2 Logic Diagram
D0 = A3 + A1
--8 * 3 line encoder
The most common application of an encoder is the Octal-to-Binary encoder. Octal to binary
encoder takes eight input lines and generates three output lines.
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Block diagram
Truth Table
Inputs output
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 X Y Z
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Boolean
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Expression
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 x = D4 + D5 +
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 D6 + D7
y = D2 + D3 + D6 + D7
z = D1 + D3 + D5 + D7
Application
1. Encoders are used in all digital systems.
2. Encoders are used to translate the decimal values to the binary.
3. Priority Encoders used for detecting interrupts from mouse, scanner, printer etc in
microprocessor applications.
4. Used on ships for navigation( rotary position of a compass is converted into a digital code)
5. Used for robotic arm positioning.
4.Decoders
Decoder is a combinational logic circuit that converts binary to decimal number.
Types of Binary Decoders
Binary Decoders.
o 2-to-4 Decoder.
o 3-to-8 Decoder.
o 4-to-16 Decoder.
--2-to-4 Binary Decoder
It consists of two input lines and 4 output lines. It has 'n' input lines and maximum of 2n output
lines. Only one output is active at any time.
Block Diagram Truth Table
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A1 A0 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0
BOOLEAN FUNCTIONS
1. Y3= A1.A0
2. Y2=A1.A0’
3. Y1=A1’.A0
4. Y0=A1’.A0’
Applications of Decoders
1. Binary to decimal decoder
2. Address decoder
3. Instruction decoder
4. Used in output devices like monitors, calculator, printers, etc
Code converters –(7 segment)
A code converter circuit will convert coded information in one form to a different coding
form.
Types of code converters
• BCD to binary
• Binary to BCD .
• BCD to Excess-3
• BCD to Gray
1. 7 segment display
Seven segment displays are the output display device It is used for displaying decimal number,
alphabets, and characters. It consists seven of light emitting diodes LEDs) (a…g). It is assembled
like numerical 8. It display digits from 0 to 9 when certain combinations of LEDs are switched
ON or OFF It displays only one digit at a time.
Applications of Seven Segment Displays
Common applications of seven segment displays are in:
• Digital clocks
• Clock radios
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• Calculators
• Wristwatches
• Speedometers
• Any electronic meters
Working
It has four input lines (A, B, C and D) .It has 7 output lines (a, b, c, d, e, f and g).This output is
given to seven segment LED display which displays the decimal number depending upon inputs.
2.BCD to Excess-3 code:
A BCD digit can be converted to its corresponding Excess-3 code by simply adding 3 to it.
Ex: 0101 in BCD, add 3 to the BCD value of 5 (0101)
0101 + 0011 = 1000
3.BCD to Gray code:
A common approach involves directly mapping each BCD digit to its equivalent Gray code
representation.
Ex: if the BCD number is 0010, then its Gray code equivalent is 0011.
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4.BCD to binary code:
Each 4-bit BCD digit is first converted to its decimal equivalent, and then the decimal value is
represented in binary.
Ex:BCD 0100 (4) + BCD 0111 (7) in decimal is 47, which is 00101111 in binary.
5.Binary to BCD code:
Represent each decimal digit of the decimal equivalent of the binary number with its 4-bit
binary representation.
Ex:the decimal number 159 in BCD is 000101011001, whereas in pure binary, it's 10011111.
IV.Comparator Circuits:
Comparator is a combinational circuit capable of comparing two numbers. The input is in binary.
The output is either one number is greater than, less than or equal to other number.
Applications of comparators
• Compare two binary words in computers
• Comparators are used in central processing units and microcontrollers.
• Used in password verification and biometric application.
• Analog to digital converters (ADC)
• In Process Control Applications & for Servo-motor control
• Password verification, biometric applications, for searching
• Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
1.Single bit magnitude comparator
A comparator used to compare two bits is called a single bit comparator. It consists of two
inputs for two single bit numbers. It has three outputs to generate less than, equal to or greater
than between two binary numbers.
Truth Table
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Logic Circuit
Expressions
A>B: AB'
A<B: A'B
A=B: A'B' + AB
2.Multi-bit comparators:
It is a digital circuit that compares two binary numbers to determine if they are equal, less than,
or greater than each other.
A multi-bit comparator typically has three output signals: A>B (A is greater than B), A=B (A is
equal to B), and A<B (A is less than B).
