This chapter will cover the following: Symbols of a given number system Base of a given number system Binary number system Decimal number system Conversion from decimal numbers to binary numbers Conversion from binary numbers to decimal numbers Representation of data using Binary number system Use of number systems 101101001... suse computers for their everyday activities to make the tasks easier, 5 more accurate and efficient, but computers o are unable to understand the data and instruction provided in human languages. The computer understands data and instructions such as text, numbers, images and sound that are fed to the computer by humans, as numbers (see Figure 1.1). Figure 1.1 : Computer and userText Audio ICT or Information and Communication Technology is the infrastructure and components that enable f eriio.oie — J -_ oo &§ . - 11110101. cont 10010011....010010) ew 110101010 SUPT OC SOC) TOC ee COC computer memory Image ‘Video Figure 1.2 : Representation of different types of data in memory as binary digits, A number system is a method that can be used to represent numbers. There are several different number systems. Each number system has a fixed number of different symbols. Dw Types of number systems The base of the number system determines to which number system a given number belongs to We will leam about four different number systems. The following table shows the symbols and the base of each number system. The number of different symbols in a given number systems is the Base of that number system. Binary On 2 Octal 0,1, 2,3,4, 5,67 8 Decimal 0,1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 10 Hexadecimal (Hex) _[0, 1, 2, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F| 16D> > The base of a number system The base indicates to which number system a given number belongs to, The base is shown at the right end of the number as a subscripted text. eg. binary number system - 101,, 111011, octal number system - 101,, 573, decimal number system -101,,,47,, hexadecimal number system - 101, 16°7Byg i> Decimal number system Humans are familiar with the decimal number system, We identify the symbols here as numbers. We use the decimal number system for all arithmetic operations. Symbols in decimal number system - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8,9 Each position in a given number has a place value. e.g. Shown below are examples using symbols 1, 2,3 : ® ©8000 lowest value highest value Let us learn about the formation of a decimal number. Displaying 231 on a counting frame 231 in expanded form Place value, eg.- 231, =2x 10 +3 x 10+ Lx 10" uw wean =2%100+3*10+1*1 Beene Inundreds tens ones = 200 + 30 +1 «10 Ww = 21 10°, 10', 10? show the place value of decimal symbols.DS Binary number system The Binary number system uses two different symbols 0 and 1 Symbols of binary number system - 0, 1 Binary symbols 0 or 1 are called bits. Bit =@inary digi —> or! Let us learn about the formation of a binary number. Display 101, counting frame 101, in expanded form eg.- 101, po oP 2°, 2!, 2° show the positions of binary symbols. D The necessity of converting one number system to another All input fed into the computer exist in the binary form, Subsequently, the data in the binary form in the computer is processed and the output is information in the form of text, image, sound, video, etc. For example, if a user feeds a decimal number into the computer via keyboard, itis represented in binary form inside the computer.Displaying number 9 on the monitor Home insert Pagelayeut MallMerge 9 User Processor presses ° identifies, rmber worn the number 9 on the 5 as the bit keyboard pattern of ~ 00001001 9 = 00001001 Digit Binary number Figure 1.3 : Representation of a decimal number in binary form Therefore, conversion from one number system to another is important, In order to convert a decimal number to a binary number, the decimal number is repeatedly divided by two until the remainder is 0 and the remainder of the division can be written on the right side. After that, write all the remainders from the bottom to top to represent the decimal number in binary form. However, the number is displayed on the display screen as a decimal number. e.g. - Converting 13,, to a binary number Division Quotient Remainder 2]13 Cg Poe 6/2 3 0 rt . ° 32 1 1 L— V2 i) 1 o -fle.g. -34,, Converting number 34 to a binary number 22. - 2 LL 7: 0 1 0 0 0 1 Division Quotient Remainder 34/2 172 8/2 42 22 12 7 8 4 2 1 0 0 HeccooHe e.g. -49,, Converting number 49 to a binary number 2h. 2424 2|12 2,6 Has soooF Division Quotient Remainder 49/2 24/2 12/2 6/2 3/2 12 24 oon unm ek ene nti In order to find the decimal equivalent of a given binary number, multiply each bit by its place value (Figure 1.4) Binary digit Placey_f value: Decimal value = 168 Figure 1.4 : Converting binary numbers to decimal numberseg.t- Power of 2 UDP 2 w TOL LL = 1x28 + 0x2 + 1x2 + 1x2! + 1x2? 1x16 + Ox8 + 1x4 + 1x2 + 1x1 e+Or4at2+1 = By eg.2- UPR pw 210= 1024 10.0 1 0 = 1x24 + 0x25 + 0x2? + Lx2!+ 0X2" = 1x16 + Ox8 + Ox4 + 1x2 + Ox1 = 16+0+0+2+0 = 18, eg.3- 2 Dw 2 W® piaidd 1x24 + 1x23 + 1x2? + 1x2! + 1x2” 1x16 + 1x8+ 1x4 + 1x2 + 1x1 = WHt8t44241 = Bly For free distributionBinary representation of data and instructions on computers The computer uses ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ states to represent data and instructions as a bit pattern of Is and Os. Texts, sounds and images are stored in the computer memory as binary bit patterns. Hence, all data need to be converted into binary form before processing eg: Data seen by humans Data seen by the computer converting image to binary numbers | 1010...101010 wee eee ee = > 111010101 converting sound to binary numbers | 11..1100101.0] = > [orot.o101 converting letter A to binary numbers A ee ee ee He HH > | 1000001 converting number 9 to binary numbers eee eee ee S| 001001 Hence, the computer takes all inputs in binary form, processes them in binary form and provides them to the output devices in the form of text, images, sounds and videosAll processes in a computer are performed using 0 (OFF) and 1 (ON) states. Data are fed to the memory of the computer in binary form. The binary data are sent to the processor and then sent back (o the memory after processing. Subsequently, they are sent to the output devices. Figure 1.5 illustrates the flow of binary data among the different components of a computer system. microprocessor monitor keyboard system unit Figure 1.5 : Flow of binary data in a computer All activities in the computer such as data input from the input devices (e.g., camera, keyboard), saving data temporarily in the main memory and saving permanently in the hard disk, processing data and sending processed data (information) to the output devices are carried out using digits Os and 1s. For free distribution( Refer to workbook for Activity 1.5. ) Conversion examples binary to decimal 1x2= 1x19 1 ox2'=0x2=0 oxP=0x4=0 IxD=1x8=8 1x2 1x16 = 16 Ox2 0x32 0 1x25= 1x64 = 64 1x27 = 1x 128 = 128} 1=8=16+64+128=217 decimal to binary Remainder