Module 1 – Java Basics (10 Marks Answers)
1. Explain any three features of object-oriented programming.
Answer:
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) focuses on objects and classes. Three key features are:
1. Encapsulation:
o Wrapping data and code together as a single unit.
o Example:
java
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class Student {
private int marks;
public void setMarks(int m) { marks = m; }
public int getMarks() { return marks; }
}
o marks is hidden (private) and accessed only via methods.
2. Inheritance:
o Acquiring properties and behaviors from another class.
o Promotes code reuse.
o Example:
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class Animal {
void eat() { System.out.println("eating"); }
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void bark() { System.out.println("barking"); }
}
3. Polymorphism:
o Ability to take many forms.
o Method Overloading (compile-time) and Overriding (run-time).
o Example:
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class Shape {
void draw() { System.out.println("drawing"); }
}
class Circle extends Shape {
void draw() { System.out.println("drawing circle"); }
}
2. Type conversion vs. type casting with examples.
Answer:
Type Conversion is automatic (widening), while Type Casting is manual (narrowing).
1. Type Conversion (Implicit):
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int a = 10;
double b = a; // int to double
System.out.println(b); // Output: 10.0
2. Type Casting (Explicit):
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double x = 10.5;
int y = (int) x; // double to int
System.out.println(y); // Output: 10
Feature Type Conversion Type Casting
Performed by Compiler (Automatic) Programmer (Manual)
Safety Safe Risk of data loss
Direction Lower to Higher (int→long) Higher to Lower (double→int)
3. 1D and 2D array declaration and initialization in Java.
Answer:
1D Array:
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int[] arr = new int[5];
arr[0] = 10;
arr[1] = 20;
// OR
int[] arr2 = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
2D Array:
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int[][] matrix = new int[2][3];
matrix[0][0] = 1;
// OR
int[][] mat = {
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6}
};
Program Example:
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public class ArrayDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] oneD = {1, 2, 3};
int[][] twoD = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}};
System.out.println("1D: " + oneD[1]);
System.out.println("2D: " + twoD[1][0]);
}
}
4. Short-circuit operators with examples.
Answer:
Short-circuit operators are:
• && (AND)
• || (OR)
They evaluate conditions from left to right and stop once the result is known.
Example:
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int a = 5, b = 0;
if (b != 0 && a/b > 1) {
System.out.println("Valid division");
} else {
System.out.println("Division not allowed");
}
• Here, b != 0 is false → second condition is skipped → avoids error.
5. Write Java code to sort elements using a for loop.
Answer:
Using Bubble Sort:
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public class SortExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = {5, 2, 8, 1, 3};
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length - 1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < arr.length - 1 - i; j++) {
if (arr[j] > arr[j+1]) {
int temp = arr[j];
arr[j] = arr[j+1];
arr[j+1] = temp;
}
}
}
for (int num : arr) System.out.print(num + " ");
}
}
6. Explain types of if statements.
Answer:
Java provides:
1. Simple if:
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if (a > b) System.out.println("A is greater");
2. if-else:
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if (a > b) System.out.println("A");
else System.out.println("B");
3. if-else-if ladder:
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if (a > b) {...}
else if (a == b) {...}
else {...}
4. Nested if:
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if (a > b) {
if (a > c) System.out.println("A is largest");
}
7. Difference between Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming.
Feature Procedural Object-Oriented
Focus Functions Objects
Data Security Low High (Encapsulation)
Code Reusability Less More (Inheritance, Polymorphism)
Example C Java, C++
8. Ternary operator with example to find greatest of three.
Answer:
Ternary Operator: condition ? value1 : value2
Example:
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public class TernaryExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 20, b = 30, c = 10;
int max = (a > b) ? ((a > c) ? a : c) : ((b > c) ? b : c);
System.out.println("Greatest: " + max);
}
}
