International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 9 Issue 2, Mar-Apr 2025 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Web 3.0
Paul A. Adekunte1, Matthew N. O. Sadiku2, Janet O. Sadiku3
1
International Institute of Professional Security, Lagos, Nigeria
2
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
3
Juliana King University, Houston, TX, USA

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Paul A.

Web 3.0, or web3, is the vision for the third generation of the internet Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet
(the world wide web) which is based on decentralization, blockchain, O. Sadiku "Web
other modern technologies, and token-based economics. The use of 3.0" Published in
International Journal
web3 is to make the internet more open, secure, efficient, transparent,
of Trend in
creating a more immersive and personalized web experience. Web Scientific Research
3.0, also known as the “Internet of Value” gives users more control and Development
over their data and offering more autonomy by removing (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- IJTSRD76345
intermediaries and creating an environment based on the principles of 6470, Volume-9 |
transparency, security and privacy. The paper looks into the concepts, Issue-2, April 2025, pp.386-392, URL:
pros, cons, benefits, and the challenges cum solutions to web 3.0, as www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd76345.pdf
well as its future prospect.
Copyright © 2025 by author (s) and
KEYWORDS: Blockchain, machine learning (ML), decentralization, International Journal of Trend in
consensus, cryptography, Edge Computing, artificial intelligence (AI), Scientific Research and Development
non-fungible tokens (NFTs), metaverse, World Wide Web (WWW), Journal. This is an
cybersecurity, robotics, Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial Internet of Open Access article
Things (IIoT), asset tokenization distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

INTRODUCTION
Web 3.0, which is also known as Web3 [1, 2], was an the hands of large platforms like Facebook, Twitter,
idea for a new iteration of the World Wide Web Amazon, Apple, Alphabet, as shown in Figure 4,
which is said to incorporate concepts like where users were dependent on these companies,
decentralization, blockchain technologies, and token- leading to privacy restrictions, censorship and the
based economies [3]. Web 3.0 as the third generation lack of control over their data [5]. Web 3.0 with the
of the World Wide Web is to bring about openness, concepts of decentralization, blockchain technologies,
decentralization, greater security, efficiency and and token-based economics is quite distinct from Tim
transparency, and with more immersive and Berners-Lee’s concept of the Semantic Web, as
personalized web experience [4]. Web 3.0 gives users shown in Figure 5, when contrasted with Web2, some
more control over their data and offering more journalists and technologists claimed user-generated
autonomy by removing intermediaries and creating an content was controlled by a small group of companies
environment based on the principles of transparency, referred to as Big Tech [7, 8], as shown in Figure 6.
security and privacy [5]. While often used The term “web3” was coined in 2014 by Polkadot
interchangeably, “Web3” and Web 3.0” represent founder and Ethereum co-founder Gavin Wood –
distinct concepts as: Web3 focuses on decentralized, referring to a “decentralized online ecosystem based
blockchain-based internet emphasizing user control on blockchain” [1], as shown in Figure 7, and the idea
and ownership, as shown in Figure 1, but while Web gained interest in 2021 from cryptocurrency
3.0, or the Semantic Web, as shown in Figures 2 and enthusiasts, large technology companies, and venture
3, aims for a more intelligent, interconnected web capital firms [7, 9]. The web3 concepts were first
through technologies like AI and machine learning represented in 2013 [8, 10].
[6].
A few critics have expressed concerns over the
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND centralization of wealth to a small group of investors
Web2, which is also known as the “social internet,” and individuals [11], or a loss of privacy due to more
was characterized by the centralization of power in expansive data collection [12]. Billionaires like Elon

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Musk and Jack Dorsey have argued that web3 only nothing is overlooked. The adoption of a hyper-
serves as a buzzword or marketing term [13, 14]. automation or intelligent automation strategy can help
Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 are eras in the history of the keep processes running smoothly as the world shifts
World Wide Web as it evolved through various toward web 3.0 [4].
technologies and formats, as shown in Figures 8 and Cybersecurity: Security risks come with web 3.0 just
9. Web 1.0 is the period from 1991 to 2004, where as with any new technology. For this reason,
most of the sites consisted of static pages, and the cybersecurity will play a vital role for businesses in
vast majority of users were consumers, not producers web 3.0, since the way data is stored and accessed is
of content [15, 16]. Web 2.0 is based around the idea going to change. As a result of this, new approaches
of “the web as platform” [17] and centers on user- to cybersecurity will be needed, most especially for
created content uploaded to forums, social media and those businesses and industries handling high-value
networking services, blogs, and wikis, etc. [18], or sensitive information [4].
which begun around 2004 and continues till today
Cryptocurrency: Some of the web 3.0 protocols will
[17, 19, 7], as shown in Figure 10.
likely rely on the use of digital tokens and digital
WORKING OF WEB 3.0 means of exchange. It is therefore smart to stay
Web 3.0 makes use of artificial intelligence (AI) and informed on crypto developments.
Machine Learning (ML) to generate faster and more
Promote web access: Web 3.0 will promote
reliable or relevant results. The technologies used in
ubiquitous connectivity, which means that anyone at
web 3.0 give people greater control over their data,
anytime and anywhere can connect to and access the
transactions, and online assets.
web. Promoting accessibility helps get you and your
SOME KEY FEATURES OF WEB 3.0 team ready for the development of web 3.0,
Some concepts help to define web 3.0 and set it apart supporting a digital workplace, and by providing
from the web we know today, some of which are [4]: secure and easy access. A digital transformation
 Decentralization consulting agency can help to ensure your workers
 Ubiquitous connectivity and customers have easy and secure access to
 Semantic networks software and solutions [4].
 Artificial intelligence
Future of web 3.0: The continued development of
 Blockchain technologies
web 3.0 for certain will bring changes to how several
 3D experiences
sectors operate online, including banking, big tech,
SOME ADVANTAGES OF WEB 3.0 marketing and e-commerce. Therefore, with
Some of the advantages or benefits of web 3.0 are [4]: improved marketing opportunities and enhanced
 The creation of a personalized user experience customer experiences, early adopters of web 3.0 will
 Enhances data security stand out from the crowd [4]. Moreover, the future of
 Increases transparency web3 applications as projected for 2024 are:
 Reduces intermediaries decentralized finance (DeFi), X-to-Earn applications,
 Improves marketing efforts Web3 social networks, modular blockchains, zero-
Preparing for web 3.0: As we are moving closer to disclosure technology (zkp), and metaverse [4]. The
web 3.0 becoming a reality, with more capital being total market size of Web 3.0, including blockchain,
allocated to this space and the ecosystem it is rapidly NFTs, the metaverse, and other technologies, is
growing and expanding. Hence, the need for people to expected to reach 81.5 billion dollars in 2030 [4].
be ready and prepared for the coming changes. Web 3.0 applications: The best Web 3.0 application
Edge Computing: Investing in Edge Computing is a products are [19]:
catalyst and enabler of web 3.0, since it provides the  ChainGPT – this can be used to help debug,
supporting infrastructure to enable quick and reliable analyze, and optimize smart contracts, ensuring
blockchain transactions. Edge computing means that they are secure and efficient, as shown in
moving computing capacity closer to data sources. Figure 11.
This will therefore enable faster processing and lower  StarkDeFi – the aim is to make decentralized
latency. finance (DeFi) more accessible and user-friendly
Automation: Decentralization will make keeping for the next generation of users. This is by
track of operations and processes more difficult, but providing a variety of DeFi solutions in one place,
this can be overcome by automation, which ensures including automated market makers (AMMs),
that recurrent and everyday processes continue and synergy pools, farms, liquidity lockers, staking,
minting, and launchpads.

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 Magic Square – this is a place where users can creating new opportunities for innovation and
find the best apps and games, learn about the efficiency via [22]:
latest developments in the space, and earn
Decentralized control and coordination approaches
rewards for their participation.
by:
 MoonPay – This serves as a bridge between the 1. Swarm robotics
traditional finanacial system and the crypto 2. Autonomous decision-making
economy. It allows users to buy cryptocurrencies 3. Blockchain for data security
with their fiat currency (e. g. USD, EUR, GBP) 4. Collaborative networks
and sell cryptocurrencies for fiat currency. It also
Enabling real-time auditing and compliance by way
supports a wide range of payment methods,
of:
including credit cards, debit cards, bank transfers,
1. Immutable compliance records
and Apple Pay.
2. Automated reporting via RPA
 Sleepagotchi – This is a web3 example of a
Enhanced security and data integrity via:
gamified sleep tracker that rewards users for
1. Secure data exchange
getting a good night’s sleep with free NFTs and
2. Audit trails
crypto tokens. Users can earn one free NFT every
morning and two free NFTs if they meet their AI and Machine Learning Integration for:
sleep goals. 1. Adaptive learning
2. Generative AI in robotics
The new blockchain revolution: The new blockchain
revolution that is imminent is the advancing AI and Tokenization and Incentivization for:
“vibe coding” technology, according to Dominic 1. Robot-as-a-service (RaaS)
Williams the founder and Chief Scientist at 2. Incentivizing development
DFINITY. As at today, several hundreds of millions 3. Rewards for data contribution
of people own bitcoin and other tokens hosted on 4. Crowdsourcing and microtransactions
blockchains worth trillions of dollars. Blockchains Smart contracts for automated processes and
can host far more than tokens, they are even our agreements through:
future tech stack, which can host sophisticated Web 1. Autonomous Process Execution
apps too, and live fully-onchain, just like tokens. 2. Standardized service agreements
These apps are implemented entirely from network-
resident code (i. e. smart contract software and its Interoperability and standardization through:
evolutions). The vibe coding is said to involve 1. Common protocols
software engineers using tools with integrated AI that 2. Cross-platform integration
can write and fix software code on their behalf, Improved supply chain transparency and security via:
making them much more productive. 1. Decentralized supply chain verification
Apps living on blockchains have the following 2. RPA in blockchain-enhanced supply chains
valuable features: 1. They are sovereign and Autonomous Robotics Systems and DAOs via:
censorship-resistant because they live on a public 1. Decentralized Autonomous Organizations
network, 2. They are tamperproof – that is they are (DAOs) for Robotics Fleets
secure without depending on cybersecurity, 3. They 2. Governance and community-led development
are incredibly resilient, 4. They can seamlessly
integrate powerful web3 functionalities, and 5. It can Digital identity and authentication which is by:
solve major problems involved with having AI build 1. Decentralized Identities (DIDs) for robots
solo on traditional IT [21]. 2. Secure interaction in IoT and IIoT

Web 3.0 and robotics: Web 3.0 empowers robotics Real-World Asset Tokenization by:
and RPA with decentralized security, smart contracts, 1. Tokenized ownership of robotic assets
token economies, and DAOs, allowing these systems 2. Revenue-sharing models
to operate more autonomously, securely, and However, with the significant potentials to be
collaboratively. These advancements unlock the provided by the integration of Web3 in robotics and
opportunities for transparent and efficient operations, RPA, there are challenges to overcome, such as:
asset ownership flexibility, and new business models 1. Scalability
driven by blockchain and decentralized technologies. 2. Regulation compliance, and
Web3 technologies are playing important role in 3. Energy efficiency
robotics and robotic process automation (RPA),

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Metaverse and Web 3.0: The metaverse and Web3 are [7] Mak (November 9, 2021), “What is Web3 and
not mutually exclusive, but web3 technology can why are all the crypto people suddenly talking
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[8] “Web3,” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/web3
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Figure 3. Semantic Web

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=98
Figure 1. Web3 Final.jpg 308951ba5df8a8&sxsrf=AHTn8zr2cMOzam2hMW
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R7DG5zJBkzPWUS0OtApxR2914vrjk7XZXfnfKs ojqsiuBofLuYVqeJuzeVFrArtYn8anrtQg9oucHCe
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Figure 4. Twitter
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter

Figure 2. Web 3.0.png

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=d4 Figure 5. Internet Key Layers.png
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KsaRZouQANLhmphfsaRlDNPoWc6rCumaYm3V ECMYJxjJApgDAIgGAZIHATGgB_oL&sclient=i
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Figure 8. Web 2.0

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=ce
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Figure 7. Blockchain
Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=images+
of+blockchain+architecture+by+wikipedia&sca_es
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dia&gs_lp=EgNpbWciHmltYWdlcyBvbiB3ZWIg BDMgBAJgCAKACAJgDAJIHAKAHAA&sclient
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Figure 11. ChatGPT

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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD76345 | Volume – 9 | Issue – 2 | Mar-Apr 2025 Page 392