SOCIAL SCIENCE - HUMAN RESOURCES -MODULE
CLASS VIII
THE CONCEPT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMAN RESOURCES.
1.They can change natural substances to suit their demands or
requirements. No gift of nature can be developed & utilized as a Pradhan Mantri
resource without humans. Kaushal Vikas
Yojna (PKVY) was
2.Factors that makes a person more valuable – Ideas, Knowledge, started in 2015
Inventions and discoveries , Skill, Creativity, Technology, Health , aiming to train one
Positive thinking , Training – with help of these humans create more crore Indian youth
resources. from 2016 to 2020.
The objective of
3.Human Resource Eg. Doctors, teachers, minister, engineer, labour this scheme is to
encourage aptitude
4.Human Resource Development –
towards employable
➢ QUANTITY - number skills by giving
➢ QUALITY – mental & physical abilities, education, health. quality training
Improve quality of human skills so that they can make or create to probable and
more resources. existing wage earners.
5.Population becomes an asset (strength) when:
➢ People are healthy
➢ People are educated
➢ People are skilled
➢ People are productive workers
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF POPULATION IN INDIA
Human resources like other resources are not equally distributed over the world. The way in which people
are spread across the earth surface is known as the pattern of population distribution.
1.Geographical Factors
i. Topography
a. People prefer to live in plains and cities (urban areas). People always prefer to live on plains
rather than mountains and plateaus because these areas are suitable for farming,
manufacturing and service activities.
b. Example: The Ganga plains are very densely populated, while Himalayan regions are
sparsely populated.
ii. Climate
a. Moderate climate is preferred, people avoid very hot or cold areas.
b. Example: Thar Desert (Rajasthan) has low population due to heat, while Kerala and coastal
areas are more populated due to pleasant climate.
iii. Soil
a. Fertile soil supports agriculture and attracts people.
b. Example: Ganga-Brahmaputra plains have fertile alluvial soil and high population.
iv. Water Availability
a. Areas near rivers and lakes are preferred for drinking water, farming and transport. The river
valleys of the world are densely populated while deserts have spare population.
b. Example: Indo-Gangetic river basin, Yamuna basin and areas around Godavari and Krishna
rivers are densely populated.
v. Mineral Resources
a. Regions with coal, iron and other minerals attract industries and people.
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b. Example: Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh are populated because of mineral resources. (Chota
Nagpur plateau)
2.Social, Cultural & Economic Factors
i. Social Facilities
a. Areas with good hospitals, schools and housing attract more people.
b. Example: Pune is well-populated due to quality lifestyle and education.
ii. Cultural Importance
a. Religious and cultural places often attract large populations.
b. Example: Ajmer, Varanasi, Haridwar and Tirupati are culturally significant and have dense
populations.
iii. Economic Opportunities:
a. Industrial and business centers provide jobs and income.
b. Example: Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore and Ahmedabad are highly populated due to industries
and services.
POPULATION PYRAMIDS
➢ To understand the role of people as a resource, we need to know more about their qualities.
➢ People vary greatly in their: Age, Sex, Literacy level, Health condition, Occupation, Income level. It
is essential to understand these characteristics of the people.
➢ Population composition or structure of population is determined by analyzing various characteristics
of the population.
➢ An interesting way of studying the population composition of a country is by looking at the
population pyramid, also called an age-sex pyramid.
DENSITY OF Population density is the number of people living in a unit area of the
POPULATION earth’s surface. It is normally expressed as per square km.
BIRTH RATE Births are usually measured using the birth rate i.e. the number of live
births per 1,000 people.
DEATH RATE Deaths are usually measured using the death rate i.e. the number of deaths
per 1,000 people
MIGRATION Migrations is the movement of people in and out of an area
NATURAL Births and deaths are the natural causes of population change. The
GROWTH RATE difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country is called
the natural growth rate.
LIFE It is the number of years that an average person can expect to live
EXPECTANCY
WHAT IS POPULATION PYRAMID ?
It is a diagram that gives information about the proportion of males and females in each group.
1. Bottom of the triangle- shows children – Level of Births
2. Apex of the triangle – no of aged people , reflects the no of deaths
3. It shows the age structure
a. No of children ( below 15 years) – Young Dependents
b. Working People/Age (15 to 65 years) – Economically active/working population
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c. Elderly – ( 65 and above) Elderly Dependents
4. Use - We use population pyramids to analyse growth/ decline, fertility ( BR ) Mortality (DR) and
migration
5. Shape of pyramids is controlled by - Births ( fertility),deaths (mortality),migration
TYPES OF POPULATION PYRAMIDS
TYPE Shape is rapidly Shape of Shape of negative
growing – Expansive Slow growth-Stationary – growth – Cup shaped
Triangle shape Rectangle shape
Shape x-mas tree Box Cup or inverted triangle
Development Developing nation Developed nation -slow Developed nation,
growth negative growth
Birth Rate High High but decreasing Low
Death Rate High Low Low
Infant Mortality Rate is Low
Growth Rate Slow Slow Shrinking population
Life Low Long Long
Expectancy
Example Namibia, Bangladesh Sweden, USA Italy , Japan
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INDIA
➢ The shape of the pyramid is expanding (triangular-like but broadening in the middle), indicating a
transition from high birth rates to a more balanced population structure.
➢ High birth rates in the past, though declining gradually.
➢ Indicates a strong workforce for the future- economic workforce
➢ Death Rate is decreasing – especially among the infants and young(low IMR) ( better medical
facilities)
➢ Narrowing Top (Aging Population)- The 60+ age group is still small but slowly increasing.
➢ Increase in life expectancy due to better healthcare and living conditions.
➢ Gradual Shift Towards Stability - The shape of the pyramid suggests India is transitioning from
a rapidly growing population to a more stable one.
Map work
On a political map of India locate and label the most densely populated state and
sparsely populated state.
