Chapter 3 (Sadiku) Methods of Analysis
Chapter 4 (Hayt) Basic Nodal and Mesh Analysis
Prof. Mamoun F. Al-Mistarihi
Prof. Mahmoud A. Khodeir
[email protected] [email protected] Jordan University of Science and Technology
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Introduction
In this chapter, we learn two basic circuit analysis techniques: nodal
analysis and mesh analysis, both of which allow us to investigate many
different circuits with a consistent, methodical approach.
As circuits get more complicated, we need an organized method of
applying KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s.
Nodal analysis assigns voltages to each node, then applies KCL.
Mesh analysis assigns currents to each mesh, then applies KVL.
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Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis is A powerful method for circuit analysis based on
KCL.
An N-node circuit will need (N - 1) voltages and (N - 1) equations.
Each equation is a simple KCL equation.
The reference node in a schematic is implicitly defined as zero volts.
However, it is important to remember that any terminal can be
designated as the reference terminal. Thus, the reference node is at zero
volts with respect to the other defined nodal voltages, and not
necessarily with respect to earth ground
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Nodal Analysis
Steps to determine Nodal voltages:
1. Select a reference node (v = 0).
2. Determine non reference nodes [(N-1) nodes].
3. Assign voltages to non reference nodes.
4. Apply KCL to each non reference node. Use Ohm’s law to express
the currents in terms of the nodal voltages.
5. Solve the resulting (N-1) simultaneous equations to get the nodal
voltages.
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Nodal Analysis
Choosing the Reference Node :
• as the bottom node, or
• as the ground connection, if there is one, or
• a node with many connections
• assign voltages relative to reference
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Nodal Analysis
Step #1: Select a reference node (v = 0)
Step #2: Determine non reference nodes
Step #3: Assign v1, v2 to non reference nodes
Step #4: Apply KCL at each non reference node
Example: Use Nodal analysis to find i1, i2, i3
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Nodal Analysis
but
Solve for v1, v2
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Nodal Analysis
Example
Use Nodal analysis to find:
1. The nodes voltages.
2. The currents in all branches.
3. The power dissipated in the 6Ω resister
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Nodal Analysis
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Nodal Analysis
The power dissipated in the 6Ω resister is equal to:
2 2
𝑃6Ω = 6 𝑖5 = 6 3.333 = 66.67 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
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Nodal Analysis
Example
Use Nodal analysis to find the node voltages
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Nodal Analysis
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Nodal Analysis
Example
Use Nodal analysis to find the node voltages
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Nodal Analysis
Solving equations [1] and [2]
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Nodal Analysis
Example
Determine the current flowing left to right through the 15Ω resistor.
Solving, we find that v1 = 20 V and v2 = 20 V so that v1 - v2 = 0 V, i = 0A
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Nodal Analysis
Example
Determine the nodal voltages for
the circuit shown as referenced
to the bottom node.
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Nodal Analysis
KCL
1
KCL
2
KCL
3
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Nodal Analysis
Solving 3 equations with 3 unknowns
• Calculator (You have to practice!).
• Cramer’s rule (If you asked to show your calculations).
• Matlab.
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Nodal Analysis
Cramer’s rule
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Nodal Analysis
Cramer’s rule
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Nodal Analysis
MATLAB
>> a = [0.5833 -0.3333 -0.25; -0.3333 1.4762 -0.1429; -0.25 -0.1429 0.5929];
>> c = [-11; 3; 25];
>> b = a^-1 * c
b=
5.4124
7.7375
46.3127
>>
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Nodal Analysis
Example
Determine the power supplied
by the dependent source.
At node 1,
or
At node 2,
or
The power supplied by the dependent source
(3i1)(v2) = (−60)(−75) = 4.5 kW
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Nodal Analysis
Example
Determine the power supplied
by the dependent source.
At node 1,
At node 2,
The power supplied by the dependent source
(3vx)(vx) = 55.1 W
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Nodal Analysis
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Nodal Analysis
Supernode
What is the current through a voltage source connected between nodes?
We can eliminate the need for
introducing a current variable by
applying KCL to the supernode.
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Nodal Analysis
Supernode
• Apply KCL at Node 1.
• Apply KCL at the supernode.
• Add the equation for the voltage
source inside the supernode.
v1 − v 3 v1 − v 2
+ = −3 − 8
4 3
v 2 v 2 − v1 v 3 v 3 − v1
+ + + = −(−25) − (−3)
1 3 5 4
v 3 − v 2 = 22
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Nodal Analysis
Supernode
• Special case
If a voltage source is connected between the reference node and a
non-reference node, we simply set the voltage at the non-reference
node equal to the voltage of the voltage source.
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Nodal Analysis
Example
Use Nodal analysis to find
the node voltages
At node 1,
At node 2,
Solving, v1 = 10 V, v2 = 9.2 V and v3 = 4.2 V
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Nodal Analysis
Example
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Nodal Analysis
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Nodal Analysis
Example
Use Nodal analysis to find the node voltages
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Nodal Analysis
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Nodal Analysis
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Nodal Analysis
Example
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Nodal Analysis
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Nodal Analysis
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Nodal Analysis
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Nodal Analysis
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Nodal Analysis
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Nodal Analysis
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Mesh Analysis
• Nodal analysis applies KCL to find unknown voltages in a given
circuit while Mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown
currents.
• Mesh analysis is not quite as general as nodal analysis because it is
only applicable to a circuit that is planar.
• A planar circuit is one that can be drawn in a plane with no
branches crossing one another; otherwise it is nonplanar.
• A circuit may have crossing branches and still be planar if it can be
redrawn such that it has no crossing branches.
If it is possible to draw the diagram of a circuit on a plane surface
in such a way that no branch passes over or under any other
branch, then that circuit is said to be a planar circuit.
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Mesh Analysis
A planar circuit with crossing The same circuit redrawn with
branches no crossing branches.
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Mesh Analysis
A nonplanar circuit
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Mesh Analysis
A planar circuit with A nonplanar circuit
no crossing branches
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Mesh Analysis
• We define a mesh as a loop that does not contain any other loops
within it.
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Mesh Analysis
• A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it.
• We define a mesh current as a current that flows only around the
perimeter of a mesh.
• If our circuit contains M meshes, then we expect to have M mesh
currents and therefore will be required to write M independent KVL
equations.
• No branch can appear in more than two meshes.
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Mesh Analysis
• For example, the 3 Ω resistor
appears in both meshes, and the
current flowing downward through
it is i1 − i2.
• The 6 Ω resistor appears only in
mesh 1, and the current flowing to
the right in that branch is equal to
the mesh current i1.
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Mesh Analysis
Mesh currents
Branch currents
Apply KVL to mesh 1: -42 + 6i1 +3(i1-i2) = 0
Apply KVL to mesh 2: 3(i2-i1) + 4i2 -10 = 0
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Mesh Analysis
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Mesh Analysis
Example
Determine the power supplied by the 2 V source.
Applying KVL to the meshes:
−5 + 4i1 + 2(i1 − i2) − 2 = 0
+2 + 2(i2 − i1) + 5i2 + 1 = 0
Solve: i1=1.132 A, i2 = −0.1053 A.
Answer: 2.474 W
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Mesh Analysis
Example
Determine the mesh currents
Follow each mesh clockwise
Simplify
Solve the equations:
i1 = 3 A, i2 = 2 A, and i3 = 3 A.
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Mesh Analysis
Example
Determine the current i1
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Mesh Analysis
Example
Determine the current i1
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Mesh Analysis
Example
Use Mesh Analysis
to find I1, I2, I3
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Mesh Analysis
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Mesh Analysis
Example
Use Mesh Analysis to fine I0
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Mesh Analysis
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Mesh Analysis
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Mesh Analysis
Example
Use Mesh Analysis to fine i1, i2
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Mesh Analysis
Supermesh
What is the voltage across a current source in between two meshes?
We can eliminate the need for
introducing a voltage variable by
applying KVL to the supermesh
formed by joining mesh 1 and
mesh 3
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Mesh Analysis
Use mesh analysis to determine the
three mesh currents.
Apply KVL to mesh 2:
1(i2 − i1) + 2i2 + 3(i2 − i3) = 0
Apply KVL to the supermesh 1/3:
-7 +1(i1 − i2) + 3(i3 − i2) +1i3 = 0
Add the current source:
7 =i1 − i3
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Mesh Analysis
Example Use mesh analysis to determine the two mesh currents.
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Mesh Analysis
Example
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Mesh Analysis
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Mesh Analysis
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Mesh Analysis
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Nodal & Mesh Analysis
Practice Exercise
Use Mesh Analysis to fine i1, i2, i3
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Nodal & Mesh Analysis
Practice Exercise
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Nodal & Mesh Analysis
Practice Exercise
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Nodal & Mesh Analysis
Practice Exercise
70 70
Nodal & Mesh Analysis
Practice Exercise
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End
Of
Chapter 4
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