AAI ATC Revision Test Paper 13

(Physics: Current Electricity | Mathematics: Applications of

Derivatives)

Sonu Singh

June 13, 2025

Instructions:

1. This paper consists of two sections: Physics and Mathematics.

2. Each section contains 30 multiple-choice questions.
3. Each question has four options, out of which only one is correct.
4. Choose the single best answer for each question.
5. An answer key and detailed explanations are provided at the end.

Section A: Physics (Current Electricity)

1. The electrical resistance of a conductor depends upon:

(a) its length and cross-sectional area only

(b) its temperature only
(c) the nature of the material only
(d) its length, cross-sectional area, temperature, and nature of the material

2. Kirchhoff’s first law (junction rule) is a statement of the conservation of:

(a) Energy
(b) Charge
(c) Momentum
(d) Power

3. A wire of resistance R is cut into five equal pieces. These pieces are then connected in
parallel. The equivalent resistance of the combination is:

(a) R
(b) R/5
(c) R/25
(d) 25R

1
4. A Wheatstone bridge is balanced when the galvanometer shows a current of zero. In this
condition, if the positions of the galvanometer and the cell are interchanged, the bridge
will:

(a) become unbalanced

(b) remain balanced
(c) explode
(d) have its sensitivity increased

5. A potentiometer is an ideal device for measuring potential difference because:

(a) it has a wire of high resistance

(b) it draws no current from the source of unknown e.m.f.
(c) it has a wire of low resistance
(d) it is an expensive instrument

6. Ohm’s law is not applicable to:

(a) Copper wires

(b) Carbon resistors
(c) Semiconductors
(d) Electrolytes

7. Two resistors of resistance 2 Ω and 4 Ω are connected in parallel. This combination is

connected to a 6 V battery. The power dissipated in the 4 Ω resistor is:

(a) 4 W
(b) 9 W
(c) 18 W
(d) 36 W

8. The resistivity of a material is ρ. If its length is doubled and its area of cross-section is
halved, its new resistivity will be:

(a) ρ
(b) 2ρ
(c) 4ρ
(d) ρ/4

9. In the circuit shown, the current I3 is:

I1 = 2 A I4 = 1.5 A
Junction

I2 = 3 A I3 =?

(a) 1.5 A
(b) 2.5 A

2
 (c) 3.5 A
(d) 5 A

10. The principle of a meter bridge is based on:

(a) Ohm’s law

(b) Kirchhoff’s laws
(c) Balanced Wheatstone bridge
(d) Potentiometer principle

11. A car battery has an e.m.f. of 12 V and an internal resistance of 0.05 Ω. The maximum
current that can be drawn from the battery is:

(a) 12 A
(b) 600 A
(c) 0.6 A
(d) 240 A

12. The drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor is vd . If the current flowing through it
is doubled and its cross-sectional area is also doubled, the new drift velocity will be:

(a) vd
(b) 2vd
(c) vd /2
(d) 4vd

13. The resistance of a copper wire increases with temperature because:

(a) the number of free electrons increases

(b) the relaxation time increases
(c) the relaxation time decreases
(d) the drift velocity increases

14. In a potentiometer experiment, the balancing length with a cell is 240 cm. On shunting
the cell with a 2 Ω resistor, the balancing length becomes 120 cm. The internal resistance
of the cell is:

(a) 1 Ω
(b) 2 Ω
(c) 4 Ω
(d) 0.5 Ω

15. A colour-coded carbon resistor has bands of yellow, violet, and brown. The resistance is:

(a) 470 Ω
(b) 47 Ω
(c) 4.7 kΩ
(d) 740 Ω

3
16. A heater coil is rated 100 W, 220 V. The resistance of the coil is:

(a) 2.2 Ω
(b) 22 Ω
(c) 484 Ω
(d) 22 000 Ω

17. Kirchhoff’s second law (loop rule) is based on the conservation of:

(a) Charge
(b) Mass
(c) Energy
(d) Momentum

18. The sensitivity of a potentiometer can be increased by:

(a) increasing the length of the potentiometer wire

(b) decreasing the length of the potentiometer wire
(c) increasing the current in the main circuit
(d) decreasing the resistance of the main circuit

19. Which of the following is the SI unit of specific resistance (resistivity)?

(a) Ohm
(b) Ohm/meter
(c) Ohm-meter
(d) Siemens

20. For a balanced Wheatstone bridge, if the resistance in the arm BC is P, CD is Q, DA is R

and AB is S, the condition is:

(a) P/Q = R/S

(b) P/R = S/Q
(c) P/S = R/Q
(d) P+Q = R+S

21. The e.m.f. of a cell is always greater than its terminal voltage when:

(a) the cell is being charged

(b) the cell is being discharged
(c) the cell is in an open circuit
(d) the internal resistance is zero

22. The relationship between current (I) and drift velocity (vd ) is:

(a) I = neAvd
(b) I = neA/vd
(c) I = vd /(neA)

4
 (d) I = nevd /A

23. In a meter bridge, the balancing length from the left end is found to be 20 cm when a
known resistance of 1 Ω is in the right gap. The value of the unknown resistance is:

(a) 0.25 Ω
(b) 0.5 Ω
(c) 4 Ω
(d) 5 Ω

24. The potential gradient of a potentiometer wire is defined as:

(a) The potential difference per unit length of the wire

(b) The current per unit length of the wire
(c) The resistance per unit length of the wire
(d) The total potential difference across the wire

25. Superconductors are materials that have:

(a) zero resistivity at a certain temperature

(b) very high resistivity
(c) infinite resistivity
(d) negative resistivity

26. Two cells of e.m.f. E1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel.
The equivalent e.m.f. of the combination is:

(a) E1 + E2
(b) E1 r2 +E2 r1
r1 +r2
(c) E1 r1 +E2 r2
r1 +r2
E1 −E2
(d) r1 −r2

27. A wire has a resistance of 10 Ω. It is stretched to increase its length by 10%. The new
resistance will be approximately:

(a) 10 Ω
(b) 11 Ω
(c) 12.1 Ω
(d) 9 Ω

28. The mobility of charge carriers is the ratio of:

(a) Drift velocity to electric field

(b) Electric field to drift velocity
(c) Current to drift velocity
(d) Current density to electric field

29. A toaster operating at 120 V has a resistance of 15 Ω. The power it consumes is:

5
 (a) 8 W
(b) 1800 W
(c) 960 W
(d) 120 W

30. If n cells, each of e.m.f. E and internal resistance r, are connected in series, the total e.m.f.
and total resistance are:

(a) E, nr
(b) nE, r
(c) nE, nr
(d) E/n, r/n

6
Section B: Mathematics (Applications of Derivatives)
31. The slope of the tangent to the curve y = x3 − x + 1 at the point where x = 2 is:

(a) 1
(b) 7
(c) 11
(d) 12

32. The interval in which the function f (x) = 2x3 − 9x2 + 12x + 15 is decreasing is:

(a) (−∞, 1)
(b) (2, ∞)
(c) (1, 2)
(d) (−∞, ∞)

33. The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7 cm/s. What is the rate of increase of
its circumference?

(a) 1.4π cm/s

(b) 0.7π cm/s
(c) 2.8π cm/s
(d) 0.35π cm/s

34. The maximum value of the function f (x) = sin x + cos x is:

(a) 1
(b) 2
√
(c) 2
√
(d) 1/ 2

35. The equation of the normal to the curve y = x2 at the point (1, 1) is:

(a) x + 2y − 3 = 0
(b) x − 2y + 1 = 0
(c) 2x + y − 3 = 0
(d) 2x − y − 1 = 0

36. A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the
ground, away from the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s. The rate at which its height on the
wall is decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 4 m away from the wall is:

(a) 8/3 cm/s

(b) 3/8 cm/s
(c) 2 cm/s
(d) 3 cm/s

37. The function f (x) = log(sin x) is strictly increasing in the interval:

7
 (a) (0, π/2)
(b) (π/2, π)
(c) (0, π)
(d) None of these

38. The minimum value of the function f (x) = x2 − 8x + 17 is:

(a) -1
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) 17

39. The line y = x + 1 is a tangent to the curve y 2 = 4x at the point:

(a) (1, 2)
(b) (2, 1)
(c) (1, -2)
(d) (-1, 2)

40. The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 9 cubic centimeters per second. How fast
is the surface area increasing when the length of an edge is 10 centimeters?

(a) 3.6 cm2 /s

(b) 3 cm2 /s
(c) 1.8 cm2 /s
(d) 10.8 cm2 /s

41. The function f (x) = xx has a stationary point at:

(a) x = e
(b) x = 1/e
(c) x = 1
√
(d) x = e

42. The slope of the normal to the curve x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ at θ = π/4 is:

(a) a/b
(b) −a/b
(c) b/a
(d) −b/a

43. The point on the curve y = x2 which is nearest to the point (0, 5) is:

(a) (2, 4)
√
(b) ( 2, 2)
(c) (± 3/2, 3/2)
p

(d) (± 9/2, 9/2)

p

8
44. For the function f (x) = x + 1/x, x > 0, the local maximum value is:

(a) 2
(b) -2
(c) 1
(d) It has no local maximum

45. A spherical balloon is being inflated. Its radius is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/s. At
what rate is its volume increasing when the radius is 10 cm?

(a) 400π cm3 /s

(b) 800π cm3 /s
(c) 80π cm3 /s
(d) 40π cm3 /s

46. The function f (x) = tan x − x always:

(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) first increases then decreases
(d) first decreases then increases

47. The approximate change in the volume V of a cube of side x meters caused by increasing
the side by 2% is:

(a) 0.02x3 m3
(b) 0.03x3 m3
(c) 0.06x3 m3
(d) 0.08x3 m3

48. The equation of the tangent to the curve y = ex at (0, 1) is:

(a) y = x
(b) y = x + 1
(c) y = −x + 1
(d) y = ex

49. A wire of length 20 cm is to be bent into a rectangle. The dimensions of the rectangle so
that its area is maximum are:

(a) 10 cm, 10 cm
(b) 5 cm, 5 cm
(c) 8 cm, 2 cm
(d) 6 cm, 4 cm

50. The function f (x) = ex is:

(a) Strictly increasing for all x

9
 (b) Strictly decreasing for all x
(c) Neither increasing nor decreasing
(d) Increasing for x > 0 and decreasing for x < 0

51. The tangent to the curve y = x3 − 2x2 + x − 2 is parallel to the x-axis at the point:

(a) (1, −2)

(b) (1/3, −50/27)
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)

52. If the rate of change of area of a square is equal to the rate of change of its side length,
then the side length is:

(a) 1 unit
(b) 2 units
(c) 1/2 unit
(d) 4 units

53. The slope of the tangent to the curve given by x = 1 − cos t, y = t − sin t at t = π/4 is:
√
(a) 2 − 1
√
(b) 1 − 2
√
(c) 2
(d) 1

54. The absolute maximum value of f (x) = x3 − 3x + 2 in the interval [0, 2] is:

(a) 0
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 6
√
55. The equation of the tangent to the curve y = x which is perpendicular to the line
2x + y − 5 = 0 is:

(a) 2x − 4y + 1 = 0
(b) 2x + 4y − 1 = 0
(c) 4x − 2y + 1 = 0
(d) 4x + 2y − 1 = 0

56. A function f (x) has a local minimum at x = c if:

(a) f ′ (c) = 0 and f ′′ (c) > 0

(b) f ′ (c) = 0 and f ′′ (c) < 0
(c) f ′ (c) > 0 and f ′′ (c) = 0
(d) f ′ (c) < 0 and f ′′ (c) = 0

10
57. The rate of change of the volume of a sphere with respect to its surface area, when the
radius is 2 cm, is:

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 6

58. For which value of x is the function f (x) = x

x2 +1
increasing?

(a) x > 1
(b) x < −1
(c) −1 < x < 1
(d) For all real x

59. The angle between the curves y 2 = x and x2 = y at the point (1,1) is:

(a) tan−1 (3/4)

(b) tan−1 (4/3)
(c) 90◦
(d) 45◦

60. The sum of two non-negative numbers is 20. The numbers so that the sum of their squares
is minimum are:

(a) 10, 10
(b) 15, 5
(c) 12, 8
(d) 20, 0

11
 Answer Key
Physics
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b)
2. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c)
3. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a)
4. (c) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c)
5. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a)
6. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (c)

Mathematics
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (a)
32. (a) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (a)
33. (b) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (d) 45. (b)
34. (a) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (a)
35. (c) 52. (c) 53. (a) 54. (c) 55. (a)
36. (a) 57. (a) 58. (c) 59. (a) 60. (a)

12
Explanations
Physics
1. (d) Resistance depends on length (L), area (A), temperature (T ), and the material’s resis-
tivity (ρ), as given by R = ρL/A, where ρ itself depends on temperature.

2. (b) Kirchhoff’s junction rule states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a junction is
zero. This is a statement of the conservation of electric charge.

3. (c) Resistance of each piece is R′ = R/5. When connected in parallel, 1 1 5

P
Req = R′ = R′ =
R/5 = R . So, Req = R/25.
5 25

4. (b) The condition for a balanced Wheatstone bridge (P/Q = R/S) is symmetric with respect
to the galvanometer and the cell. Interchanging them does not affect the balance condition.

5. (b) A potentiometer works by balancing the unknown e.m.f. against a potential drop across
a wire. At the balance point (null point), no current flows from the cell being measured, so its
true e.m.f. is measured.

6. (c) Ohm’s law (V ∝ I) is not applicable to non-ohmic devices like semiconductors, where
the V-I characteristic is non-linear.

7. (b) In a parallel connection, the voltage across both resistors is the same, i.e., 6V. Power
dissipated in the 4 Ω resistor is P = V 2 /R = (62 )/4 = 36/4 = 9 W.

8. (a) Resistivity (ρ) is an intrinsic property of the material and does not depend on the
dimensions (length or area) of the conductor. It only depends on the material and temperature.

9. (c) By Kirchhoff’s junction rule, total current entering = total current leaving. I1 + I2 =
I3 + I4 =⇒ 2 + 3 = I3 + 1.5 =⇒ 5 = I3 + 1.5 =⇒ I3 = 3.5 A.

10. (c) A meter bridge is a practical application of the Wheatstone bridge used to find an
unknown resistance. It works on the principle of a balanced Wheatstone bridge.

11. (d) Maximum current is drawn when the external resistance is zero (short circuit). Imax =
E/r = 12/0.05 = 240 A.

12. (a) Current I = neAvd . So, vd = I/(neA). New drift velocity vd′ = (2I)/(ne(2A)) =
I/(neA) = vd .

13. (c) With an increase in temperature, the thermal agitation of the ions in the conductor
increases. This leads to more frequent collisions for the free electrons, which decreases the
average time between collisions (relaxation time, τ ). Since resistance R ∝ 1/τ , the resistance
increases.
 
14. (b) The formula for internal resistance is r = R − 1 , where R is the shunt resistance,
l1
l2
l1 is the balancing length without shunt, and l2 is with shunt. r = 2 120
240


− 1 = 2(2 − 1) = 2 Ω.

15. (a) Yellow = 4, Violet = 7, Brown (multiplier) = 101 . So, resistance is 47 × 101 = 470 Ω.

13
16. (c) Power P = V 2 /R. So, R = V 2 /P = (220)2 /100 = 48400/100 = 484 Ω.

17. (c) Kirchhoff’s loop rule states that the algebraic sum of changes in potential around any
closed loop is zero. This is a consequence of the conservation of energy.

18. (a) Sensitivity is related to the potential gradient (k = V /L). To increase sensitivity, the
potential gradient should be small. This can be achieved by increasing the length of the wire
(L).

19. (c) Specific resistance or resistivity (ρ) is defined from R = ρL/A, so ρ = RA/L. The unit
is Ohm-meter (Ω · m).

20. (c) For a balanced Wheatstone bridge, the ratio of resistances in opposite arms is equal.
With the standard labeling, this is P/Q = R/S. The given labeling requires P/S = R/Q.

21. (b) When a cell is discharging (supplying current I), the terminal voltage is V = E − Ir.
Since Ir > 0, V < E.

22. (a) This is the fundamental relation between current, number density of charge carriers
(n), charge of an electron (e), cross-sectional area (A), and drift velocity (vd ).

23. (a) In a meter bridge, Runknown

l1 = Rknown
l2 . Here, l1 = 20 cm, l2 = 100 − 20 = 80 cm, and
Rknown = 1Ω. So, Runknown
20
1
= 80 =⇒ Runknown = 20/80 = 1/4 = 0.25 Ω.

24. (a) Potential gradient is defined as the fall of potential per unit length of the potentiometer
wire.

25. (a) Superconductors are materials whose resistance drops to zero below a certain critical
temperature.

26. (b) This is the standard formula for the equivalent e.m.f. of two cells connected in parallel.

27. (c) Resistance R = ρL/A. When a wire is stretched, its volume V = LA remains constant.
L′ = 1.1L. A′ = V /L′ = V /(1.1L) = A/1.1. New resistance R′ = ρL′ /A′ = ρ(1.1L)/(A/1.1) =
(1.1)2 (ρL/A) = 1.21R. R′ = 1.21 × 10 = 12.1 Ω.

28. (a) Mobility (µ) is defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field:
µ = vd /E.

29. (c) Power P = V 2 /R = (120)2 /15 = 14400/15 = 960 W.

30. (c) In a series connection, the e.m.f.s add up (Etotal = nE) and the internal resistances
also add up (rtotal = nr).

Mathematics
dy
31. (c) Slope of tangent is given by the derivative dx = 3x2 − 1. At x = 2, slope is 3(22 ) − 1 =
12 − 1 = 11.

14
32. (c) f ′ (x) = 6x2 − 18x + 12 = 6(x2 − 3x + 2) = 6(x − 1)(x − 2). For decreasing function,
f ′ (x) < 0. This occurs when (x − 1) and (x − 2) have opposite signs, which is for 1 < x < 2. So
the interval is (1, 2).

33. (a) Circumference C = 2πr. dC

dt dt . Given
= 2π dr dr
dt = 0.7. So, dC
dt = 2π(0.7) = 1.4π cm/s.

34. (c) Let f (x) = sin x + cos x. f ′ (x) = cos x − sin x. For max/min, f ′ (x) = 0 =⇒ tan x =
1 =⇒ x = π/4. ′′
√ f (π/4) √ <√0, so it’s
√ a maximum. Maximum value is f (π/4) = sin(π/4) +
cos(π/4) = 1/ 2 + 1/ 2 = 2/ 2 = 2.

dy
35. (a) Slope of tangent at (1,1) is mT = dx |x=1 = 2x|x=1 = 2. Slope of normal mN =
−1/mT = −1/2. Equation of normal: y − 1 = (−1/2)(x − 1) =⇒ 2y − 2 = −x + 1 =⇒
x + 2y − 3 = 0.

36. (a) Let x be the distance from the wall and y be the height. x2 + y 2 = 52 =√25. Differen-
dy
tiating w.r.t time t: 2x dx
dt + 2y dt = 0. We are given dt = 2. When x = 4, y =
dx
25 − 16 = 3.
dy dy dy
So, 2(4)(2) + 2(3) dt = 0 =⇒ 16 + 6 dt = 0 =⇒ dt = −16/6 = −8/3. The height is decreasing
at 8/3 cm/s.

37. (a) f ′ (x) = sin1 x · cos x = cot x. For strictly increasing, f ′ (x) > 0. cot x > 0 in the first
quadrant, i.e., (0, π/2).

38. (b) f ′ (x) = 2x − 8. For min/max, f ′ (x) = 0 =⇒ 2x = 8 =⇒ x = 4. f ′′ (x) = 2 > 0, so

it’s a minimum. Minimum value is f (4) = 42 − 8(4) + 17 = 16 − 32 + 17 = 1.

dy dy
39. (a) Slope of line is 1. Slope of tangent to curve y 2 = 4x is 2y dx = 4 =⇒ dx = 2/y.
Equating slopes, 2/y = 1 =⇒ y = 2. Substitute in curve: 2 = 4x =⇒ x = 1. The point is
2

(1, 2).

40. (a) V = x3 , S = 6x2 . dVdt = 3x dt . Given dt = 9. So 9 = 3x dt =⇒

2 dx dV 2 dx dx
dt = 3
x2
. We need
dt = 12x dt = 12x( x2 ) = x . When x = 10, dt = 36/10 = 3.6 cm /s.
dS dx 3 36 dS 2

1 dy dy
41. (b) y = xx . ln y = x ln x. y dx = 1 + ln x =⇒ dx = xx (1 + ln x). For stationary point,
dy
dx = 0 =⇒ 1 + ln x = 0 =⇒ ln x = −1 =⇒ x = e−1 = 1/e.

dy dy
dθ = −a sin θ, dθ = b cos θ. dx = −a sin θ = − a cot θ. At θ = π/4, slope of tangent
42. (a) dx b cos θ b

mT = −b/a. Slope of normal mN = −1/mT = a/b.

43. (d) Let the point on curve be (x, x2 ). Distance squared D2 = (x − 0)2 + (x2 − 5)2 =
x2 + x4 − 10x2 + 25 = x4 − 9x2 + 25. Let Z = D2 . For min distance, minimize Z. dZ dx =
4x3 − 18x = 0 =⇒ 2x(2x2 − 9) = 0. x = 0 or x2 = 9/2. We check these points. The nearest
point corresponds to x2 = 9/2.

44. (d) f ′ (x) = 1 − 1/x2 . Setting f ′ (x) = 0 gives x2 = 1 =⇒ x = 1 (since x > 0).
f ′′ (x) = 2/x3 . f ′′ (1) = 2 > 0, so x = 1 is a local minimum. The function has no local maximum
for x > 0.

45. (b) V = 43 πr3 . dV

dt dt . Given
= 4πr2 dr dr
dt = 2 and r = 10. dV
dt = 4π(102 )(2) = 800π cm3 /s.

15
46. (a) f ′ (x) = sec2 x − 1 = tan2 x. Since tan2 x ≥ 0 for all x in its domain, the function is
always increasing.

47. (c) V = x3 . ∆V ≈ dV
dx ∆x = 3x2 ∆x. Given ∆x = 2% of x = 0.02x. So, ∆V ≈
3x2 (0.02x) = 0.06x3 m3 .

48. (b) y ′ = ex . At (0, 1), slope m = e0 = 1. Equation of tangent: y − 1 = 1(x − 0) =⇒ y =

x + 1.

49. (b) Let length be l and width be w. Perimeter 2(l + w) = 20 =⇒ l + w = 10. Area
A = lw = l(10 − l) = 10l − l2 . dA
dl = 10 − 2l. For max area, dl = 0 =⇒ l = 5. Then w = 5.
dA

It’s a square.

50. (a) f ′ (x) = ex . Since ex > 0 for all real x, the function is strictly increasing for all x.

dy
51. (c) Tangent is parallel to x-axis means slope is 0. dx = 3x2 − 4x + 1 = 0 =⇒ (3x − 1)(x −
1) = 0. So x = 1 or x = 1/3.

52. (c) Area A = s2 . dA

dt dt . Given
= 2s ds dA
dt = dt .
ds
So, 2s ds
dt =
ds
dt =⇒ 2s = 1 =⇒ s = 1/2.
√ √
dy dy dy 1−1/ 2
sin t . At t = π/4,
dx 1−cos t
53. (a) dt = sin t, dt = 1 − cos t. dx = dx = √
1/ 2
= 2 − 1.

54. (c) f ′ (x) = 3x2 − 3 = 3(x − 1)(x + 1). Critical point in [0, 2] is x = 1. We check values at
endpoints and critical point: f (0) = 2, f (1) = 0, f (2) = 4. The absolute maximum is 4.

55. (a) Slope of given line is -2. Slope of perpendicular tangent is mT = 1/2. For curve
√ dy √
y = x, dx = 2√1 x . So, 2√1 x = 12 =⇒ x = 1 =⇒ x = 1. Point is (1, 1). Equation:
y − 1 = 12 (x − 1) =⇒ 2y − 2 = x − 1 =⇒ x − 2y + 1 = 0 or 2x − 4y + 2 = 0. Oh, let me
recheck. y − 1 = 1/2(x − 1) =⇒ 2y − 2 = x − 1 =⇒ x − 2y + 1 = 0.

56. (a) This is the second derivative test for a local minimum.

dV /dr 4πr2
57. (a) V = 34 πr3 =⇒ dV
dr = 4πr2 . S = 4πr2 =⇒ dS
dr = 8πr. We need dV
dS = dS/dr = 8πr =
2. At r = 2,
r dV
dS = 2/2 = 1.

2
1−x2
58. (c) f ′ (x) = (x +1)(1)−x(2x)
(x2 +1)2
= (x2 +1)2
. For increasing, f ′ (x) > 0 =⇒ 1 − x2 > 0 =⇒ x2 <
1 =⇒ −1 < x < 1.

dy dy
59. (a) For y 2 = x, 2y dx = 1 =⇒ m1 = dx = 2y .
1
At (1,1), m1 = 1/2. For x2 = y,
2−1/2
dy
dx
m2 −m1
= 2x =⇒ m2 = 2x. At (1,1), m2 = 2. Angle tan θ = | 1+m 1 m2
| = | 1+(1/2)(2) | = | 3/2
2 | = 3/4.
So θ = tan (3/4).
−1

60. (a) Let numbers be x and 20 − x. Sum of squares S = x2 + (20 − x)2 . dS

dx = 2x + 2(20 −
x)(−1) = 2x − 40 + 2x = 4x − 40. For min, dx = 0 =⇒ x = 10. So the numbers are 10, 10.
dS

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