1.

Attempt any FIVE of the following:

1)List any eight features of Java

Certainly! Here's your answer for:

Q. a) List any Eight Features of Java

(4 Marks – ½ mark each)

✅ Eight Features of Java:

1. Simple – Java is easy to learn, write, and understand with clear syntax similar to C/C++.

2. Object-Oriented – Everything in Java is treated as an object; supports concepts like

inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.

3. Platform Independent – Java programs are compiled into bytecode which can run on any
machine having JVM (Write Once, Run Anywhere – WORA).

4. Secure – Java provides built-in security features like bytecode verification, exception
handling, and no direct memory access.

5. Robust – Java provides strong memory management and exception handling, making it
reliable.

6. Portable – Java code can be easily moved and run on different platforms without changes.

7. Multithreaded – Java supports multithreading, allowing execution o f multiple threads

simultaneously.

8. Distributed – Java can create distributed applications using technologies like RMI and EJB.

✅ Perfect for MSBTE answers – if you need it in Marathi, or as short notes or a table, let me
know!

b) State use of finalize( ) method with its syntax.fxxx9-

Certainly! Here's your answer for:

Sure! Here's the same explanation about the finalize() method in English, perfectly formatted for
a 4-mark Java theory question (MSBTE or any board):

Q. State use of finalize() method with its syntax

✅ What is finalize() in Java?

 The finalize() method is used in Java to perform cleanup operations before an object is
removed from memory by the Garbage Collector.
 It is called automatically by the JVM when it determines that there are no more references
to the object.

🔹 Use of finalize() method:

 Used to release resources like files, network connections, or database connections before
the object is destroyed.

 Acts like a destructor (similar to C++) to handle cleanup.

🧾 Syntax:

protected void finalize() throws Throwable {

// cleanup code

✅ Example:

class Demo {

protected void finalize() throws Throwable {

System.out.println("Object is being garbage collected");

public static void main(String[] args) {

Demo d = new Demo();

d = null;

System.gc(); // Requesting Garbage Collection

Explanation:

 d = null; removes the reference to the object.

 System.gc(); requests the JVM to perform garbage collection.

 Before the object is destroyed, the finalize() method is called, and the message is printed.

📌 Quick to Remember Table:

 Method Purpose

finalize() Performs cleanup before object deletion

🎯 Short Summary:

finalize() = Used to free up resources before an object is destroyed by the Garbage Collector.
JVM calls it automatically.

✅ Perfect for 4 Marks –

 2M: Use & Explanation

 2M: Syntax + Example

Would you like a diagram on Java memory management or Garbage Collection process as well?

c) Ans. Name the wrapper class methods for the following:

Certainly! Here's your answer for:

Q. c) Name the Wrapper Class Methods for the Following:

(2 Marks – 1 mark each)

(i) To convert String object to primitive int:

String str=”5”;

int value = Integer.parseInt(str);

✅ Method: Integer.parseInt(String s)

(ii) To convert primitive int to String object:

int value=5;

String str=Integer.toString(value);z

✅ Method: Integer.toString(int i)

✅ Summary:
Conversion Wrapper Class Method

String → int (primitive) Integer.parseInt(String s)

int (primitive) → String Integer.toString(int i)

Let me know if you want a short example program as well!

d) List the types of inheritances in Java.

Certainly! Here's your answer for:

Q. List the Types of Inheritance in Java

(2 Marks)

✅ Types of Inheritance in Java:

1. Single Inheritance

o One subclass inherits from one superclass.

o ✅ Supported in Java.

2. Multilevel Inheritance

o A class inherits from a class which in turn inherits from another class.

o ✅ Supported in Java.

3. Hierarchical Inheritance

o Multiple subclasses inherit from a single superclass.

o ✅ Supported in Java.

4. Hybrid Inheritance

o Combination of two or more types of inheritance.

o ✅ Not directly supported due to ambiguity, but can be achieved using interfaces.

5. Multiple Inheritance (via Interfaces)

o A class can implement multiple interfaces.

o ✅ Supported in Java through interfaces (not via classes).

e) Write the syntax of try-catch-finally blocks.

Here’s the exam-ready answer for the syntax of try-catch-finally blocks in Java:

Q. Write the syntax of try-catch-finally blocks

✅ Syntax:

try {

// Code that may cause an exception

} catch (ExceptionType e) {

// Code to handle the exception

} finally {

// Code that will always execute (cleanup code)

📌 Explanation of Each Block:

 try block:
Contains code that might throw an exception.

 catch block:
Catches and handles specific type of exception.

 finally block:
Always executes after try (and catch if present), whether an exception occurred or not.
Useful for cleanup (like closing files, releasing resources).

✅ Example:

try {

int result = 10 / 0; // May throw ArithmeticException

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Division by zero not allowed.");

} finally {

System.out.println("This block always runs.");

Would you like the difference between try-catch and throws explained too?
e) Write the syntax of try-catch-finally blocks.

Here’s the exam-ready answer for the syntax of try-catch-finally blocks in Java:

Q. Write the syntax of try-catch-finally blocks

✅ Syntax:

try {

// Code that may cause an exception

} catch (ExceptionType e) {

// Code to handle the exception

} finally {

// Code that will always execute (cleanup code)

📌 Explanation of Each Block:

 try block:
Contains code that might throw an exception.

 catch block:
Catches and handles specific type of exception.

 finally block:
Always executes after try (and catch if present), whether an exception occurred or not.
Useful for cleanup (like closing files, releasing resources).

✅ Example:

try {

int result = 10 / 0; // May throw ArithmeticException

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Division by zero not allowed.");

} finally {

System.out.println("This block always runs.");

}
Would you like the difference between try-catch and throws explained too?

f) Give the syntax of < param > tag to pass parameters to an applet.

Here’s the exam-oriented answer for the syntax of the <param> tag used in Java Applets:

Q. Give the syntax of <param> tag to pass parameters to an applet

✅ Syntax:

<applet code="AppletClassName.class" width="300" height="200">

<param name="parameterName" value="parameterValue">

</applet>

✅ Explanation:

 The <param> tag is placed inside the <applet> tag.

 It is used to pass data (parameters) to the Java applet.

 These parameters can be retrieved in Java using getParameter("parameterName").

✅ Example:

<applet code="MyApplet.class" width="300" height="200">

<param name="username" value="John">

</applet>

➤ In Java Applet Code:

String user = getParameter("username");

🎯 Short Note:

Tag Purpose

<param> Passes name-value parameters to an applet

Would you like a full applet code example that uses <param>?

g) Define stream class. List its types.

Here’s a neat and exam-ready answer for your question:

Q. Define Stream Class. List its Types.

✅ Definition of Stream Class:

 In Java, a Stream is a sequence of data used for input and output (I/O) operations.

 Stream classes are used to read data from a source (like a file, keyboard) or write data to a
destination (like a file, console).

 Java provides different stream classes in the java.io package to handle both byte streams
and character streams.

✅ Types of Streams in Java:

🔹 1. Byte Streams

 Handle binary data (raw bytes).

 Superclasses:
➤ InputStream (for reading)
➤ OutputStream (for writing)

Examples:

 FileInputStream

 FileOutputStream

 BufferedInputStream

 DataOutputStream

🔹 2. Character Streams

 Handle character data (text).

 Superclasses:
➤ Reader (for reading)
➤ Writer (for writing)

Examples:

 FileReader

 FileWriter

 BufferedReader

 PrintWriter
🎯 Quick Summary Table:

Type Superclass Handles Example

Byte Stream InputStream / OutputStream Binary data FileInputStream

Character Stream Reader / Writer Text data BufferedReader

Let me know if you want a diagram showing Java I/O stream hierarchy – I can provide that too!

a) Define constructor. List its types

Here’s the exam-ready answer for:

Q. Define Constructor. List its Types.

✅ Definition of Constructor:
 A constructor in Java is a special method that is automatically called when an object of a
class is created.
 It is used to initialize objects.
 It has the same name as the class and does not have a return type (not even void).

✅ Types of Constructors in Java:

1. 🔹 Default Constructor
– A constructor with no parameters.
– Automatically provided by Java if no constructor is written.
2. 🔹 Parameterized Constructor
– A constructor that takes arguments.
– Used to assign custom values during object creation.
3. 🔹 Copy Constructor (Manual Implementation)
– Java doesn’t have a built-in copy constructor like C++, but we can define one manually.
– It copies values from one object to another.

✅ Example:
class Student {
int id;
String name;

// Default constructor
Student() {
id = 0;
name = "Unknown";
}

// Parameterized constructor
Student(int i, String n) {
id = i;
name = n;
}
 }

Would you like a short comparison table between constructor and method?

b) Define class and object.

Here’s a clear and concise answer suitable for exams (2–4 marks):

Q. Define Class and Object

✅ Definition of Class:

 A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects in Java.

 It defines the properties (variables) and behaviors (methods) that the objects created from it
will have.

🧾 Example:

class Car {

String color;

void drive() {

System.out.println("Car is moving");

✅ Definition of Object:

 An object is an instance of a class.

 It represents a real-world entity and has state (data) and behavior (methods).

 Objects are created using the new keyword.

🧾 Example:

Car c1 = new Car(); // c1 is an object of class Car

🎯 Short Summary:

Term Meaning

Class Blueprint or template for objects

Object Instance of a class (real entity)

Term Meaning

Would you like a diagram showing Class vs Object relationship?

c) List the methods of File Input Stream Class.

Here’s an exam-ready answer for:

Q. List the Methods of FileInputStream Class

✅ FileInputStream Class in Java:

 The FileInputStream class is used to read data (in bytes) from a file.

 It is part of the java.io package.

✅ Common Methods of FileInputStream:

Method Name Description

int read() Reads one byte of data from the file

int read(byte[] b) Reads data into a byte array

int read(byte[] b, int off, int len) Reads data into a portion of a byte array

void close() Closes the file input stream

int available() Returns the number of bytes that can be read

FileChannel getChannel() Returns the file channel associated with stream

FileDescriptor getFD() Returns the FileDescriptor object

long skip(long n) Skips and discards n bytes from input stream

🧾 Example (Basic Usage):

FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("data.txt");

int data = fis.read();

fis.close();

Let me know if you want the same for FileOutputStream methods!

d) Define error. List types of error

Here’s a neat, exam-oriented answer for your question:

Q. Define Error. List Types of Error

✅ Definition of Error:

 An error is an issue in a program that causes it to produce incorrect results or behave

unexpectedly.

 In Java, errors are serious problems that typically occur during program execution and
cannot be handled easily.

✅ Types of Errors in Java:

Java errors are mainly divided into the following categories:

1. 🔹 Syntax Errors

 Occur when code violates the rules of the Java language.

 Detected at compile time.

🧾 Example: Missing semicolon, misspelled keyword.

int a = 10 // Syntax error: missing semicolon

2. 🔹 Runtime Errors

 Occur during program execution.

 Caused by illegal operations like dividing by zero or accessing null objects.

🧾 Example: ArithmeticException, NullPointerException.

int a = 10 / 0; // Runtime error

3. 🔹 Logical Errors

 The program runs without crashing, but gives incorrect output.

 Occurs due to mistakes in logic.

🧾 Example: Using wrong formula in calculations.

4. 🔹 Compilation Errors

 Broad category including all errors found during compilation, mostly syntax errors.
 🎯 Short Summary Table:

Error Type When It Occurs Example

Syntax Error At compile time Missing semicolon

Runtime Error During execution Division by zero

Logical Error Valid run, wrong output Wrong logic/formula

Compilation Error At compile time Any syntax-related issue

Let me know if you'd like examples with try-catch handling for runtime errors!

d) List any four Java API packages

Here’s a clear and concise answer suitable for 2 marks in exams:

Q. List Any Four Java API Packages

✅ Four Common Java API Packages:

1. 🔹 java.lang
➤ Provides core classes (String, Math, Object, Exception, etc.)
➤ Automatically imported by default.

2. 🔹 java.util
➤ Contains utility classes like collections, Date, Scanner, etc.

3. 🔹 java.io
➤ Supports input and output operations (File, InputStream, OutputStream).

4. 🔹 java.awt
➤ Used for building Graphical User Interface (GUI) components like Button, Frame, etc.

🧾 Bonus Examples:

Package Name Purpose Example Classes

java.lang Core functionality String, System, Math

java.util Utilities and data structures ArrayList, HashMap, Scanner

java.io Input/output File, FileReader, BufferedReader

java.awt GUI programming Button, Frame, Label

Let me know if you'd like a list of commonly used classes from each package!
e) Define array. List its types.

Here’s a clear and exam-friendly answer for:

Q. Define Array. List Its Types

✅ Definition of Array:

 An array in Java is a collection of elements that are stored in contiguous memory locations.

 It is used to store multiple values of the same data type in a single variable.

 Each element in an array is accessed using an index starting from 0.

🧾 Example:

int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40};.

System.out.println(numbers[2]); // Output: 30

✅ Types of Arrays in Java:

1. 🔹 Single-Dimensional Array
– A linear array with one row of elements.
🧾 Example: int[] arr = new int[5];

2. 🔹 Multi-Dimensional Array
– An array of arrays, such as a 2D or 3D array.
🧾 Example: int[][] matrix = new int[3][3];

3. 🔹 Jagged Array
– A multi-dimensional array where rows can have different lengths.
🧾 Example:

int[][] jagged = new int[3][];

jagged[0] = new int[2];

jagged[1] = new int[4];

jagged[2] = new int[1];

🎯 Quick Summary Table:

Array Type Description

Single-Dimensional One row of elements (1D)

Array Type Description

Multi-Dimensional Array of arrays (2D, 3D, etc.)

Jagged Array Unequal-length rows in 2D structure

Would you like a diagram showing how arrays are stored in memory?

f) List access specifiers in Java.

Here’s a clear and concise answer for your question:

Q. List Access Specifiers in Java

✅ What are Access Specifiers?

 Access specifiers (also called access modifiers) define the scope or visibility of classes,
methods, and variables.

 They control where a particular class member can be accessed from.

✅ List of Access Specifiers in Java:

Access Specifier Description Accessible From

public Visible to all classes everywhere Any other class

Visible within the same package and subclasses Same package +

protected
in other packages subclasses

default (no Visible only within the same package (also

Same package only
keyword) called package-private)

Within the same class

private Visible only within the same class
only

🧾 Example:

public class Test {

private int a; // accessible only within Test class

protected int b; // accessible within package & subclass

int c; // default (package-private)

public int d; // accessible everywhere

}
Let me know if you'd like a diagram showing access levels across packages and subclasses!

2. Attempt any THREE of the following:

a) Explain the concept of platform independence and portability with respect to Java language.

Sure! Here's your revised and enriched answer with the additional explanation included in a
clean, exam-ready format:

Q. Explain the Concept of Platform Independence and Portability with Respect to Java
Language

✅ 1. Platform Independence in Java:

 Java is a platform-independent language, which means a Java program can run on any
operating system (Windows, Linux, macOS, etc.) without modification.

 When a Java program is compiled, it does not produce machine code. Instead, it produces an
intermediate code called Bytecode.

 Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to be executed by the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM).

 Bytecode is not machine-specific — it is a universal code that can run on any device with a
JVM installed.

🧾 Key Concept:8762

"Write Once, Run Anywhere" — this is possible because of Java’s Bytecode and JVM.

✅ 2. Portability in Java:

 Java is portable because:

o Programs are written in standard syntax.

o The compiled Bytecode is platform-independent.

o No need to rewrite code for different systems.

🧾 Meaning: You can develop a program on Windows and run the same .class file on Linux or
macOS without changes.
 Since Bytecode is universal and not tied to any specific machine, it can be carried across
platforms.

 This makes Java a portable language — a program written on one system can run on another
without rewriting.

 The only requirement is that the target machine must have a compatible JVM.

✅ Additional Explanation:

 JVM (Java Virtual Machine) acts as an interpreter for the Bytecode.

 JVM is a virtual machine that resides in the computer's memory. It simulates a complete
computer environment to run Java programs.

 Although the internal implementation of the JVM differs for each platform, all JVMs interpret
the same Bytecode in the same way.

 Therefore, onlyVFUOL/ the JVM needs to be platform-specific, not the Java program itself.

🎯 Summary Table:

Concept Description

Platform
Java Bytecode runs on any OS via JVM
Independence

Portability Bytecode can move to any platform with a JVM installed

Virtual machine that interprets Bytecode; platform-specific but

JVM
consistent

✅ Diagram:
b) Explain the types of constructors in Java with suitable example.

Here’s a clear and exam-ready answer for:

Q. Explain the Types of Constructors in Java with Suitable Example

✅ What is a Constructor?

 A constructor is a special method in Java that is automatically called when an object is

created.

 It is used to initialize the object.

 It has the same name as the class and does not have any return type.

✅ Types of Constructors in Java:

🔹 1. Default Constructor:

 A constructor with no parameters.

 Java provides it automatically if no other constructor is defined.

🧾 Example:

class Student {

Student() {

System.out.println("Default Constructor Called");

Usage:

Student s1 = new Student(); // Calls default constructor

🔹 2. Parameterized Constructor:

 A constructor that accepts arguments to initialize values during object creation.

🧾 Example:

class Student {

String name;

int age;

Student(String n, int a) {

name = n;

age = a;

Usage:

Student s2 = new Student("Rahul", 20); // Calls parameterized constructor

🔹 3. Copy Constructor (User-defined):

 Copies the values of one object into another.

 Java does not provide a built-in copy constructor, but it can be created manually.

🧾 Example:

class Student {

String name;

Student(Student s) {

name = s.name;

Usage:

Student s3 = new Student("Amit");

Student s4 = new Student(s3); // s4 is a copy of s3

🎯 Summary Table:
Constructor Type Description

Default Constructor No parameters, system-provided

Parameterized Accepts arguments to initialize data

Copy Constructor Creates a copy of another object

Let me know if you'd like a diagram or a sample program combining all three types!

Sure! Here's the complete answer including all the detailed points you’ve provided, neatly formatted
for a 4-mark question as per MSBTE exam style:

✅ Q. Explain the Types of Constructors in Java with Suitable Example

📝 (Note: Any Two Types Shall Be Considered)

✅ What is a Constructor?

 A constructor is used to initialize an object as soon as it is created.

 Every time an object is created using the new keyword, a constructor is automatically
invoked.

 If no constructor is defined by the programmer, the Java compiler automatically creates

a default constructor.

 Constructors are similar to methods but differ in two key ways:

1. A constructor has the same name as the class.

2. It does not return any value.

🔹 Types of Constructors:

1. ✅ Default Constructor:

o Created automatically by the Java compiler if no other constructor is written.

o It initializes variables with default values:

 Numeric → 0

 Boolean → false

 Object references → null

🧾 Example:

class Test1 {

int i;
 boolean b;

byte bt;

float ft;

String s;

public static void main(String args[]) {

Test1 t = new Test1(); // default constructor is called

System.out.println(t.i); // 0

System.out.println(t.s); // null

System.out.println(t.b); // false

System.out.println(t.bt); // 0

System.out.println(t.ft); // 0.0

2. ✅ Constructor with No Arguments:

o Also known as a no-argument constructor.

o This constructor is written by the programmer and contains logic to initialize default
values.

🧾 Example:

class Student {

int roll_no;

String name;

Student() {

roll_no = 50;

name = "ABC";

void display() {

System.out.println("Roll no is: " + roll_no);

 System.out.println("Name is : " + name);

public static void main(String[] args) {

Student s = new Student();

s.display();

3. ✅ Parameterized Constructor:

o Accepts parameters to initialize object variables with different values for each object.

🧾 Example:

class Student {

int roll_no;

String name;

Student(int r, String n) {

roll_no = r;

name = n;

void display() {

System.out.println("Roll no is: " + roll_no);

System.out.println("Name is : " + name);

public static void main(String[] args) {

Student s = new Student(20, "ABC");

s.display();

}
 4. ✅ Copy Constructor:

o Initializes a new object using an existing object of the same class.

o Copies data from the existing object to the new one.

🧾 Example:

class Rectangle {

int length;

int breadth;

Rectangle(int l, int b) {

length = l;

breadth = b;

// Copy constructor

Rectangle(Rectangle obj) {

length = obj.length;

breadth = obj.breadth;

public static void main(String[] args) {

Rectangle r1 = new Rectangle(5, 6);

Rectangle r2 = new Rectangle(r1);

System.out.println("Area of First Rectangle: " + (r1.length * r1.breadth));

System.out.println("Area of Second Rectangle: " + (r2.length * r2.breadth));

🎯 Summary Table:
Constructor Type Description

Default Constructor Automatically created by Java (if no constructor exists)

No-Argument Constructor Written by user, contains fixed initialization values

Parameterized Constructor Accepts values during object creation

Copy Constructor Creates a new object by copying an existing one

✅ Let me know if you'd like this converted into PDF or formatted in a chart!

c) Explain the two ways of creating threads in Java.

Sure! Here's a complete and exam-ready answer for:

✅ Q. Explain the Two Ways of Creating Threads in Java

(MSBTE 4 Marks Format)

✅ What is a Thread?

 A thread is an independent path of execution within a program.

 It allows multiple tasks to run concurrently (multi-threading).

 Java provides two main ways to create a thread:

🔹 1. By Extending the Thread Class

 Thread is a predefined class in java.lang package.

 It provides constructors and methods to create and control threads.

 Thread class itself implements the Runnable interface.

 To create a thread by this method:

1. Extend the Thread class.

2. Override the run() method.

3. Create an object of the class and call start() to begin execution.

🧾 Example:

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {

System.out.println(i);
 }

public static void main(String a[]) {

MyThread t = new MyThread(); // Create thread object

t.start(); // Start the thread

🔹 2. By Implementing the Runnable Interface

 Runnable is a functional interface with a single method: run().

 To create a thread by this method:

1. Create a class that implements Runnable.

2. Define the run() method.

3. Pass the object to the Thread constructor.

4. Call start() to begin execution.

🧾 Example:

class MyThread implements Runnable {

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {

System.out.println(i);

public static void main(String a[]) {

MyThread m = new MyThread(); // Runnable object

Thread t = new Thread(m); // Thread object

t.start(); // Start the thread

}
🎯 Summary Table:

Method Steps

Extending Thread class Extend Thread → Override run() → Create object → Call start()

Implementing Runnable Implement Runnable → Override run() → Pass to Thread → Call

interface start()

Let me know if you want a diagram of the thread lifecycle or difference between Thread vs Runnable.

d) Distinguish between Input stream class and output stream class.

Here is a clear and exam-ready answer for:

✅ Q. Distinguish Between InputStream Class and OutputStream Class

(MSBTE – 4 Marks Format)

Points InputStream Class OutputStream Class

Used to read (receive) data from a

1. Purpose Used to write (send) data to a destination
source

Abstract class for all input byte

2. Base Class Abstract class for all output byte streams
streams

Data flows from external source to Data flows from program to external
3. Direction of Flow
program target

4. Common FileInputStream, FileOutputStream,

Subclasses ByteArrayInputStream, etc. ByteArrayOutputStream, etc.

5. Key Methods read(), available(), close() write(), flush(), close()

6. Data Handling Handles input as a stream of bytes Handles output as a stream of bytes

✅ Example:

 InputStream (to read from a file):

FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("data.txt");

int i = fis.read(); // reads one byte

 OutputStream (to write to a file):

FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("output.txt");

fos.write(65); // writes byte value 65 (i.e., 'A')

✅ Summary:

 InputStream is used to read data (input), whereas OutputStream is used to write data
(output).

 Both are part of the java.io package and handle byte-level I/O.

Would you like a comparison chart for Reader vs Writer classes too (used for character data)?

1aHere is your answer rewritten in a clean, exam-ready tabular format, suitable for MSBTE or similar
4-mark Java theory questions:

✅ Q. Distinguish Between InputStream Class and OutputStream Class

Java I/O (Input and Output) is used to process input data and produce output.
It uses the concept of a stream — a continuous flow of data, typically in bytes.
The java.io package provides InputStream and OutputStream classes to handle byte-oriented data.

📊 Comparison Table:

Sr.
InputStream Class OutputStream Class
No.

Used by Java applications to read data from a Used by Java applications to write data to a
1
source destination

Can read data from sources like files, arrays, Can write data to destinations like files, arrays,
2
devices, or sockets devices, or sockets

3 Reads data in the form of bytes Writes data in the form of bytes

4 Superclass: abstract class InputStream Superclass: abstract class OutputStream

Common Methods:‣ int read()‣ int Common Methods:‣ void write(int b)‣ void
5
available()‣ void close() write(byte[] b)‣ flush()

Examples of Subclasses:‣ FileInputStream‣ Examples of Subclasses:‣ FileOutputStream‣

6
ByteArrayInputStream‣ DataInputStream ByteArrayOutputStream‣ DataOutputStream

✅ Summary:

 InputStream handles incoming data (input), byte-by-byte.

 OutputStream handles outgoing data (output), byte-by-byte.

 Both are abstract classes from java.io and form the base for byte stream handling.
Would you like the same format for Reader vs Writer classes (used for character streams)?

a) Differentiate between String and String Buffer.

Here’s your refined and formatted 4-mark answer for:

✅ Q. Differentiate Between String and StringBuffer in Java

(Perfect for MSBTE – 4 Marks)

Sr.
String StringBuffer
No.

String is a major class in java.lang

1 StringBuffer is a peer (helper) class of String.
package.

2 Length is fixed (String is immutable). Length is flexible (StringBuffer is mutable).

Contents of the object cannot be Contents of the object can be modified using
3
modified after creation. methods like append(), insert().

Object is created by assigning a string Object is created using the constructor and the new
4
constant in double quotes. keyword.

Ex: String s = "abc"; Ex: StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer("abc");

✅ Summary:

 Use String when the data is constant.

 Use StringBuffer when the content needs frequent modification.

Would you also like the differences between StringBuffer and StringBuilder (non-synchronized
version)?

b) Define a class circle having data members Pi and radius. Initialize and display values of data
members also calculate area of circle and display it

Here's the corrected and complete version of your Java program in the proper MSBTE exam format
(with explanation and correct syntax):

✅ Q. Define a class Circle having data members Pi and radius. Initialize and display values of data
members. Also calculate area of circle and display it.

✅ Correct Java Program:

class abc {

// Data Members

float pi, radius;

// Constructor

abc(float p, float r) {

pi = p;

radius = r;

// Method to calculate and display area

void area() {

float ar = pi * radius * radius;

System.out.println("Area = " + ar);

// Method to call area method

void display() {

area();

// Main Method

public static void main(String args[]) {

abc a = new abc(3.14f, 5.0f); // Creating object with values

a.display(); // Calling display method

✅ Output:

Area = 78.5
🔍 Key Concepts Covered:

 Constructor with parameters

 Use of float data type

 Area calculation logic

 Method calling within class

Would you like the same example with user input using Scanner?

c) Define exception. State built-in exceptions.

c) Define exception. State built-in exceptions

Here is your answer rewritten in a clean, MSBTE-friendly format for 4 marks:

✅ Q. Define Exception. State Built-in Exceptions. (4 Marks)

✅ Definition of Exception:

An exception is a problem or abnormal condition that arises during the execution of a program.
It disrupts the normal flow of the program.

Java provides an in-built mechanism called exception handling to manage runtime errors
systematically and allow the program to continue running or terminate gracefully.

✅ Built-in Exceptions in Java:

Some commonly used built-in exceptions in Java are:

Sr.
Exception Name Description
No.

1 ArithmeticException Occurs during arithmetic operations like division by zero.

2 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException Trying to access an array element with an invalid index.

3 ClassNotFoundException When a specified class is not found.

4 FileNotFoundException Trying to access a file that does not exist.

5 IOException General input/output failure (e.g., file read/write error).

6 NullPointerException Occurs when a null object is accessed or referenced.

7 NumberFormatException When conversion of string to number fails.

8 StringIndexOutOfBoundsException Trying to access an invalid character index in a string.

9 OutOfMemoryError When the JVM runs out of memory while allocating new
Sr.
Exception Name Description
No.

objects.

Thrown when a restricted action is attempted (common in

10 SecurityException
applets).

✅ This format is perfect for 4M theory questions and easy to revise during exam time.

Would you like a table with error class hierarchy or example code for any of these exceptions?

d) Write a syntax and example of (i) drawRect( ) (ii) drawoval( )

Here is your refined and formatted MSBTE-style answer:

✅ Q. Write syntax and example of:

(i) drawRect( )
(ii) drawOval( )
(4 Marks)

🔹 1) drawRect( )

✅ Description:

 The drawRect() method is used to draw an outlined rectangle.

 It belongs to the Graphics class in the java.awt package.

✅ Syntax:

void drawRect(int top, int left, int width, int height);

📌 top and left → Coordinates of upper-left corner.

📌 width and height → Dimensions of the rectangle.

✅ Example:

g.drawRect(10, 10, 60, 50);

📝 This draws a rectangle starting at (10,10) with width 60 and height 50.

🔹 2) drawOval( )

✅ Description:

 The drawOval() method is used to draw ellipses or circles.

 The ellipse is drawn within a bounding rectangle.

✅ Syntax:
void drawOval(int top, int left, int width, int height);

📌 top and left → Coordinates of the upper-left corner of bounding rectangle.

📌 width and height → Dimensions of the bounding rectangle.
📌 To draw a circle, use same width and height.

✅ Example:

g.drawOval(10, 10, 50, 50);

📝 This draws a circle centered at (10,10) inside a 50x50 bounding box.

✅ This answer format is suitable for 4 marks in board exams.

Would you like similar examples for fillRect( ) or fillOval( ) as well?

a) Write a program using sqrt() and pow() to calculate the square root and power of given number.

Here is a properly formatted Java program that uses sqrt() and pow() to calculate the square root and
power of a given number — suitable for MSBTE 4-mark answers:

✅ Q. Write a Java program using sqrt() and pow() to calculate the square root and power of a given
number. (4M)

✅ Program:

import java.util.Scanner;

class MathExample {

public static void main(String args[]) {

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

// Input for square root

System.out.print("Enter a number to find square root: ");

double num = sc.nextDouble();

double squareRoot = Math.sqrt(num);

System.out.println("Square root of " + num + " is: " + squareRoot);

// Input for power

 System.out.print("Enter base number: ");

double base = sc.nextDouble();

System.out.print("Enter exponent: ");

double exponent = sc.nextDouble();

double power = Math.pow(base, exponent);

System.out.println(base + " raised to power " + exponent + " is: " + power);

✅ Output (Example):

Enter a number to find square root: 25

Square root of 25.0 is: 5.0

Enter base number: 2

Enter exponent: 4

2.0 raised to power 4.0 is: 16.0

📌 Note:

 Math.sqrt() → Calculates square root.

 Math.pow(base, exponent) → Calculates base raised to power.

Would you like the same program in Marathi explanation format as well?

b) Write a program to accept four numbers from user using command line arguments and print the
smallest number

Here is a complete Java program that accepts four numbers using command-line arguments and
prints the smallest number — formatted as per MSBTE-style answer:

✅ Q. Write a Java program to accept four numbers from user using command-line arguments and
print the smallest number. (4 Marks)

✅ Program:
class SmallestNumber {

public static void main(String args[]) {

if (args.length != 4) {

System.out.println("Please enter exactly 4 numbers as command-line arguments.");

return;

int n1 = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);

int n2 = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);

int n3 = Integer.parseInt(args[2]);

int n4 = Integer.parseInt(args[3]);

int smallest = n1;

if (n2 < smallest)

smallest = n2;

if (n3 < smallest)

smallest = n3;

if (n4 < smallest)

smallest = n4;

System.out.println("The smallest number is: " + smallest);

✅ How to Run:

1. Compile:

javac SmallestNumber.java

2. Run with arguments:

java SmallestNumber 45 10 60 25

3. Output:
The smallest number is: 10

📌 Notes:

 args[] stores command-line input as strings.

 Integer.parseInt() is used to convert string to integer.

 Proper condition checks are done to find the smallest.

Would you like the same program using Scanner class instead of command-line arguments?

d) Give the usage of following : i) set Color () ii) get Color () iii) set Foreground () iv) set Background

Here’s the proper explanation of the usage of the following methods — formatted in an MSBTE-
friendly way for a 4-mark question:

✅ Q. Give the usage of following:

i) setColor() ii) getColor() iii) setForeground() iv) setBackground()

(4 Marks)

🔹 i) setColor(Color c)

✅ Use:

 The setColor() method is used in Graphics class to set the current drawing color.

 Any shapes drawn afterward will use this color.

🧾 Syntax:

g.setColor(Color.red);

Example:

g.setColor(Color.blue);

g.drawRect(10, 10, 50, 50);

🔹 ii) getColor()

✅ Use:

 This method returns the current color being used in the Graphics context.

🧾 Syntax:

Color c = g.getColor();

Example:

Color current = g.getColor();

System.out.println("Current Color: " + current);

🔹 iii) setForeground(Color c)

✅ Use:

 This method sets the foreground color of a component (like Label, Button, etc.)

 It is mainly used for setting text color.

🧾 Syntax:

label.setForeground(Color.red);

Example:

Label l = new Label("Hello");

l.setForeground(Color.green);

🔹 iv) setBackground(Color c)

✅ Use:

 This method sets the background color of a component (like Frame, Panel, etc.)

🧾 Syntax:

setBackground(Color.cyan);

Example:

Frame f = new Frame();

f.setBackground(Color.yellow);

📌 Summary Table:

Method Use

setColor() Sets drawing color for graphics

getColor() Gets current drawing color

setForeground() Sets text color of a component

setBackground() Sets background color of a component

Would you like a similar explanation with diagrams or code for drawing colored shapes?

3. Attempt any THREE of the following:

 a) Define a class student with int id and string name as data members and a method void
SetData ( ). Accept and display the data for five student

Your code works and logically performs the required task: it reads and displays data for five students
using BufferedReader. However, here is a revised and clean version with formatting corrections and
best practices applied for clarity and better readability:

✅ Final Java Program — Accept and Display Data for 5 Students:

import java.io.*;

class Student {

int id;

String name;

void setData(BufferedReader br) {

try {

System.out.print("Enter ID: ");

id = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());

System.out.print("Enter Name: ");

name = br.readLine();

} catch (Exception ex) {

System.out.println("Error: " + ex.getMessage());

void display() {

System.out.println("The ID is " + id + " and the Name is " + name);

public static void main(String[] args) {

Student[] arr = new Student[5];

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

 // Create student objects

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

arr[i] = new Student();

// Accept student data

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

System.out.println("Enter details for Student " + (i + 1));

arr[i].setData(br);

// Display student data

System.out.println("\n--- Student Details ---");

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

arr[i].display();

🟡 Improvements made:

 BufferedReader moved to main and passed to setData() — prevents each object from
creating its own.

 Added prompts and labels for clarity.

 Exception printing improved for easier debugging.

Would you like a version using the Scanner class instead? It's more beginner-friendly.

c) Describe the use of following methods: (i) Drawoval ( ) (ii) getFont ( ) (iii) drawRect ( ) (iv) getFamily
()

Here’s a clear explanation of the use of the following Java methods:

(i) drawOval()

 Purpose: Draws the outline of an oval or circle.

 Belongs to: Graphics class.

  Syntax:
void drawOval(int x, int y, int width, int height)

 Explanation:
Draws an oval bounded by the specified rectangle (x, y, width, height). If width = height, it
draws a circle.

 Example:
g.drawOval(50, 50, 100, 100);
→ Draws a circle with top-left corner at (50, 50) and radius 50.

(ii) getFont()

 Purpose: Retrieves the current font of a component.

 Belongs to: Component class (inherited by UI elements like Applet, Frame, etc.)

 Syntax:
Font getFont()

 Explanation:
Returns the Font object being used to draw text in the component.

 Example:
Font currentFont = getFont();
→ Gets the font currently set for the component.

(iii) drawRect()

 Purpose: Draws the outline of a rectangle.

 Belongs to: Graphics class.

 Syntax:
void drawRect(int x, int y, int width, int height)

 Explanation:
Draws a rectangle starting from the top-left corner (x, y) with given width and height.

 Example:
g.drawRect(10, 20, 100, 50);
→ Draws a rectangle at (10,20) of width 100 and height 50.

(iv) getFamily()

 Purpose: Returns the font family name from a Font object.

 Belongs to: Font class.

 Syntax:
String getFamily()
  Explanation:
Retrieves the name of the font family (like "Serif", "SansSerif", etc.) from a Font object.

 Example:

 Font f = new Font("Arial", Font.PLAIN, 14);

 System.out.println(f.getFamily());

→ Output: Arial

Let me know if you want this structured in a notes format or added to a document.

d) Write a program to count number of words from a text file using stream classes.

Your provided program to count the number of words in a file using stream classes is mostly correct
and functional. It reads characters one by one and counts spaces to determine the number of words.
Below is a slightly improved and cleaned-up version of your code, with a couple of enhancements
and explanations:

✅ Updated Program to Count Number of Words from a Text File:

import java.io.*;

public class FileWordCount {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

File file = new File("input.txt");

// Check if file exists

if (!file.exists()) {

System.out.println("File not found.");

return;

int wordCount = 0;

int c;

boolean isWord = false;

FileReader fr = new FileReader(file);

try {
 while ((c = fr.read()) != -1) {

// If character is not a space or newline, we're in a word

if (Character.isLetterOrDigit(c)) {

isWord = true;

} else if (isWord) {

wordCount++;

isWord = false;

// If file ends with a word

if (isWord) {

wordCount++;

System.out.println("Number of words: " + wordCount);

} finally {

fr.close();

🔍 Key Improvements:

 It handles multiple spaces and newline characters.

 It avoids counting extra words if there are trailing spaces.

 It checks if the file exists before processing.

This approach is more reliable in diverse formatting conditions (e.g., multiple spaces, tabs, or newline
characters). Would you like this adapted to count lines or characters too?

a) Explain the following classes. (i) Byte Stream Class (ii) Character Stream Class

Here’s a clear explanation of the two classes:

❶ Byte Stream Class

 Byte stream classes in Java handle input and output of raw binary data (8-bit bytes).
  They are used when working with binary data like images, audio files, and other non-text
files.

 These classes are defined in the java.io package.

 Common base classes:

o InputStream (for reading bytes)

o OutputStream (for writing bytes)

Examples:

 FileInputStream

 FileOutputStream

 BufferedInputStream

 DataInputStream

🔹 Example:

FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("file.dat");

int b;

while ((b = fis.read()) != -1) {

System.out.print((char) b);

fis.close();

❷ Character Stream Class

 Character stream classes handle input and output of 16-bit Unicode characters.

 These are used primarily for text files.

 They automatically handle character encoding and decoding, which is useful for
reading/writing human-readable text.

 These classes are also part of the java.io package.

 Common base classes:

o Reader (for reading characters)

o Writer (for writing characters)

Examples:

 FileReader

 FileWriter

 BufferedReader

 PrintWriter
🔹 Example:

FileReader fr = new FileReader("file.txt");

int ch;

while ((ch = fr.read()) != -1) {

System.out.print((char) ch);

fr.close();

✅ Summary:

Feature Byte Stream Character Stream

Data Type 8-bit binary data 16-bit Unicode characters

Base Classes InputStream / OutputStream Reader / Writer

Use Case Images, audio, binary files Text files

Encoding Handling No (manual) Yes (automatic)

Would you like a diagram comparing the two visually?

b) Explain life cycle of Applet.

Here’s the complete explanation of the Applet Life Cycle with the added points, structured clearly for
academic or exam-oriented use:

Life Cycle of an Applet

When an applet begins, the AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) calls the following methods in this
sequence:

1. init()

2. start()

3. paint()

When an applet is terminated, the following sequence of method calls takes place:

4. stop()

5. destroy()

Description of Life Cycle Methods

1. init( ):

o Called once when the applet is first loaded.

 o Used for initialization of variables, loading images or fonts, and setting up UI
components.

o This method is called only once during the runtime of the applet.

o Example:

o public void init() {

o // Initialization code

o }

2. start( ):

o Called immediately after init() and each time the applet's page is displayed
(revisited).

o Useful for starting threads or animations.

o Called every time the applet becomes active.

o Example:

o public void start() {

o // Start or resume execution

o }

3. paint(Graphics g):

o Called every time the applet window needs to be redrawn.

o Also called automatically after start() and when the applet is refreshed, resized, or
uncovered.

o Takes a Graphics object as a parameter for drawing.

o Example:

o public void paint(Graphics g) {

o g.drawString("Hello Applet", 20, 20);

o }

4. stop( ):

o Called when the browser leaves the HTML page containing the applet.

o Useful to pause threads or stop animations temporarily.

o Example:

o public void stop() {

o // Pause thread or animation

o }
 5. destroy( ):

o Called when the applet is about to be destroyed (usually when the browser is closed
or navigates away permanently).

o Used to release resources like memory, threads, or file handles.

o Example:

o public void destroy() {

o // Cleanup code

o }

Diagram of Applet Life Cycle (1 Mark):

c) Differentiate between class and interfaces

Here is the difference between a class and an interface in Java:

Aspect Class Interface

A class is a blueprint from which An interface is a collection of abstract

Definition
individual objects are created. methods that a class can implement.

A class can extend only one class An interface can be implemented by

Inheritance
(single inheritance). multiple classes (multiple inheritance).

Methods in a class can have a body Methods in an interface are abstract by

Implementation
(implementation). default (until Java 8).

Can have private, protected, and public Members are public and abstract by
Access Modifiers
members. default.

Can only contain static final variables

Variables Can contain instance variables (fields).
(constants).
Aspect Class Interface

Constructors Classes can have constructors. Interfaces cannot have constructors.

Object Objects can be created from a class

Cannot instantiate an interface directly.
Instantiation using new keyword.

Used to represent real-world entities Used to define a contract or capability a

Purpose
and behaviors. class must follow.

Would you like an example program that demonstrates both a class and an interface?

d) Define type casting. Explain its types with syntax and example.

Here is the refined and complete explanation based on your provided content, organized neatly for
clarity:

Type Casting in Java

Definition:
The process of converting one data type to another is called type casting or simply casting.

Java performs type conversion in two ways:

1. Implicit Type Casting (Widening Conversion)

 This is automatically performed by the compiler.

 It happens when the source type is smaller than the destination type, i.e., there is no loss of
data.

 This type of conversion is also called Widening Conversion.

📌 Example:

int i = 3;

double f;

f = i; // int to double conversion

System.out.println("f = " + f);

🔹 Output:
f = 3.0

✔ Compatible types (smaller to larger):

byte → short → int → long → float → double

2. Explicit Type Casting (Narrowing Conversion)

 This is done manually using a cast operator.

  It is required when converting from a larger data type to a smaller one.

 This process may result in data loss (e.g., truncation of decimal part).

📌 Syntax:

newValue = (dataType) value;

📌 Example:

double f = 3.5;

int i;

i = (int)f; // double to int conversion

System.out.println("i = " + i);

🔹 Output:
i=3

✔ Compatible types (larger to smaller):

double → float → long → int → short → byte

Summary Table

Type Description Conversion Direction Example

Implicit Automatic by compiler Smaller to larger (safe) int i = 3; double d = i;

Explicit Manual using cast operator Larger to smaller (may lose data) double d = 3.5; int i = (int)d;

Would you like me to format this into a printable note format or add a diagram for better
visualization?

a) Write a java program to copy the contents of one file into another.

Here's a Java program that copies the contents of one file into another using FileInputStream and
FileOutputStream:

import java.io.*;

public class FileCopy {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Replace with your actual file paths

String sourceFile = "source.txt";

String destFile = "destination.txt";

FileInputStream fis = null;

 FileOutputStream fos = null;

try {

fis = new FileInputStream(sourceFile);

fos = new FileOutputStream(destFile);

int byteRead;

while ((byteRead = fis.read()) != -1) {

fos.write(byteRead);

System.out.println("File copied successfully.");

} catch (IOException e) {

System.out.println("An error occurred during file copy: " + e.getMessage());

} finally {

try {

if (fis != null)

fis.close();

if (fos != null)

fos.close();

} catch (IOException e) {

System.out.println("Error closing files: " + e.getMessage());

📌 Notes:

 Make sure the source.txt file exists in the same directory or provide the full path.

 This program reads the source file byte by byte and writes it to the destination file.

Would you like a version that uses buffered streams for better performance?
b) Write a program to create user defined exception “MIN-BAL”. Throw the exception when balance
in account is below 500 rupees.

// Custom exception class

class MIN_BAL extends Exception {

public MIN_BAL(String message) {

super(message);

// BankAccount class to demonstrate the exception

public class BankAccount {

int balance;

// Constructor

BankAccount(int initialBalance) {

balance = initialBalance;

// Method to check balance and throw exception if below minimum

void checkBalance() throws MIN_BAL {

if (balance < 500) {

throw new MIN_BAL("Balance is below ₹500. Minimum balance requirement not met.");

} else {

System.out.println("Current balance: ₹" + balance);

public static void main(String[] args) {

BankAccount acc1 = new BankAccount(400); // set balance below 500

try {
 acc1.checkBalance(); // will throw MIN_BAL exception

} catch (MIN_BAL e) {

System.out.println("Exception caught: " + e.getMessage());

c) Define a class employee having data members as emp_id, name and salary. Accept and display the
data for five employees.

Here's a Java program that defines a class Employee with data members emp_id, name, and salary. It
accepts and displays the data for five employees using standard input:

import java.io.*;

class Employee {

int emp_id;

String name;

double salary;

// Method to accept data from user

void acceptData(BufferedReader br) throws IOException {

System.out.print("Enter Employee ID: ");

emp_id = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());

System.out.print("Enter Name: ");

name = br.readLine();

System.out.print("Enter Salary: ");

salary = Double.parseDouble(br.readLine());

// Method to display employee data

void displayData() {

System.out.println("Employee ID: " + emp_id);

 System.out.println("Name: " + name);

System.out.println("Salary: " + salary);

System.out.println("---------------------------");

// Main method

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

Employee[] emp = new Employee[5];

// Creating and accepting data for 5 employees

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

emp[i] = new Employee();

System.out.println("Enter details for Employee " + (i + 1) + ":");

emp[i].acceptData(br);

// Displaying employee data

System.out.println("\nEmployee Details:");

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

emp[i].displ

ayData();

This program uses BufferedReader to read input from the user, and it handles five Employee objects
using an array.

Would you like the version using Scanner class instead?

d) Write the use of ‘Final’ key word with suitable example.

In Java, the final keyword is used to restrict the user. It can be applied to variables, methods, and
classes. Here’s how it works:
1. Final Variable:
Once assigned, the value of a final variable cannot be changed (i.e., it becomes a constant).

Example:

class Demo {

final int MAX_VALUE = 100;

void show() {

// MAX_VALUE = 200; // Error: cannot assign a value to final variable

System.out.println("MAX_VALUE: " + MAX_VALUE);

2. Final Method:
A final method cannot be overridden by subclasses.

Example:

class Parent {

final void display() {

System.out.println("Final method in Parent class");

class Child extends Parent {

// void display() { } // Error: Cannot override the final method

3. Final Class:
A final class cannot be inherited (i.e., no class can extend it).

Example:

final class FinalClass {

void show() {

System.out.println("This is a final class.");

}
// class SubClass extends FinalClass { } // Error: Cannot subclass the final class

In summary:

 Use final variables to define constants.

 Use final methods to prevent method overriding.

 Use final classes to prevent inheritance.

Would you like a program demonstrating all three uses together?

a) Explain life cycle of thread.

Here is a concise and properly formatted answer for “Explain life cycle of thread” worth 4 marks,
based on the Maharashtra State Board format:

a) Explain Life Cycle of Thread. (4 Marks)

A thread in Java passes through the following five states during its life cycle:

1. Newborn State

When a thread object is created using Thread class but the start() method is not yet called, it is in
Newborn state.

2. Runnable State

After calling start(), the thread enters the runnable state. It is ready to run but waiting for CPU time.
Threads are scheduled using priority and round-robin fashion.

3. Running State

The thread is selected by the thread scheduler and is currently executing. It continues to run until it
finishes or yields control.

4. Blocked/Waiting State

A thread enters this state when it is temporarily inactive due to operations like sleep(), wait(), or
suspend(). It resumes execution when the blocking condition is resolved.

5. Dead State

A thread enters this state when the run() method finishes execution or it is terminated explicitly
using stop().

Life Cycle Diagram (2 Marks)

Newborn --> Runnable --> Running --> Dead

↑ ↓

Blocked/Waiting

Each transition is controlled by methods like start(), yield(), sleep(), wait(), notify(), stop() etc.
Would you like this answer in a PDF or printable format?

Here's a clean and well-formatted answer for Question 4(a): Explain life cycle of a thread (4M), as
per Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education guidelines:

Thread Life Cycle

A thread in Java (or any multithreaded environment) goes through several states during its life.
These are:

Diagram of Thread Life Cycle (2M)

Explanation of States (2M)

1. Newborn State:

o When a thread object is created, it is in the newborn state.

o It is not yet scheduled for running.

o From this state, it can:

 Move to Runnable using start()

 Move to Dead using stop()

2. Runnable State:

o Thread is ready to run and waiting for CPU time.

o It enters this state after start() or after being unblocked.

o Threads may share CPU using time-slicing (round-robin).

o Method like yield() allows a thread to give up CPU voluntarily.

3. Running State:
 o Thread is currently being executed by the CPU.

o It continues until:

 It finishes its execution

 Yields

 Is preempted by a higher priority thread

4. Blocked State:

o Thread is temporarily inactive and cannot proceed.

o Common methods causing blocked state:

 suspend() → resumed with resume()

 wait() → resumed with notify()

 sleep(ms) → resumes after time elapses

5. Dead State:

o Thread has completed execution or has been stopped using stop().

o It cannot be restarted.

Would you like help with the remaining sub-questions (b, c, d, etc.) as well?

c) Explain any two logical operators in Java with example

Here’s a clean and well-structured answer for Question 4(c): Explain any two logical operators in
Java with example (4M), as per MSBTE guidelines:

Logical Operators in Java

Logical operators are used to form compound Boolean expressions by combining two or more
conditions. Java supports three logical operators: && (AND), || (OR), and ! (NOT).

1. Logical AND (&&) — 2 Marks

 Description: Returns true if both conditions are true.

 Truth Table:

o true && true → true

o true && false → false

o false && true → false

o false && false → false

Example:

public class LogicalAndExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

boolean a = true;

boolean b = false;

System.out.println("a && b = " + (a && b)); // Output: false

2. Logical OR (||) — 2 Marks

 Description: Returns true if at least one condition is true.

 Truth Table:

o true || true → true

o true || false → true

o false || true → true

o false || false → false

Example:

public class LogicalOrExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

 boolean a = true;

boolean b = false;

System.out.println("a || b = " + (a || b)); // Output: true

Let me know if you'd like the explanation for the ! (NOT) operator as well or need help with other
sub-questions.

Here is a complete and well-presented answer for Question 4(c): Explain any two logical
operators in Java with example (4 Marks), based on the provided program and MSBTE format:

Logical Operators in Java

Logical operators are used to combine multiple boolean expressions or conditions. Java provides
three logical operators:

Operator Meaning

&& Logical AND

! Logical NOT

Below is a program that demonstrates the use of logical operators:

Program Demonstrating Logical Operators

public class Test {

public static void main(String args[]) {

boolean a = true;

boolean b = false;

System.out.println("a && b = " + (a && b)); // Logical AND

System.out.println("a || b = " + (a || b)); // Logical OR

System.out.println("!(a && b) = " + !(a && b)); // Logical NOT

Output:
a && b = false

a || b = true

!(a && b) = true

Explanation:

1. Logical AND (&&) – 2 Marks

 Returns true only if both conditions are true.

 In the above example: a && b → true && false = false

2. Logical OR (||) – 2 Marks

 Returns true if at least one condition is true.

 In the above example: a || b → true || false = true

(The ! operator is shown in the program but can be skipped in explanation if only two operators
are to be discussed.)

Let me know if you'd like similar answers for other parts of Question 4.

d Differentiate between array and vector.

Here's a clear and concise answer for the comparison between Array and Vector as per
MSBTE guidelines (1 mark for each point) – any four points:

Comparison Between Array and Vector in Java

(Any Four Points – 1 Mark Each)

Array Vector

1. Array holds multiple values of the same 1. Vector can store different types of
data type (homogeneous). objects (heterogeneous).

2. Vector size is dynamic; it grows or

2. Array size is fixed once declared.
shrinks as needed.

3. Array can store primitive data types 3. Vector stores only objects (non-
(e.g., int, char). primitive types).

4. Memory allocation is static. 4. Memory allocation is dynamic.

5. Declaration: int arr[] = new int[10]; 5. Declaration: Vector list = new

Array Vector

Vector(3);

Would you like the answer for Question 4(e): List any four methods of String class and state
their use as well?
e List any four methods of string class and state the use of each.