Get.Set.

Law Weekly Magazine

CURRENTMay 2025
AFFAIRSFirst
NEWS Week
 Index
1. National 3
1.1. Vizhinjam International Seaport 3
1.2. Foundation Day of ED 4
1.3. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana 5
2. International 7
2.1.Human Development Report 2025 7
3. Economy 9
3.1. Free Trade Agreement 9
3.2. Orange Economy 11
4. Defence 12
4.1. Operation Sindoor 12
5. Legal 16
5.1. SUPREME COURT MANDATES ACCESSIBLE DIGITAL KYC FOR DISABLED CITIZENS 16
5.2. GANG RAPE CONVICTION UPHELD, MISUSE OF SC/ST ACT CHECKED 17
5.3. SUPREME COURT STRIKES DOWN 15-DAY SPLIT CUSTODY TO PROTECT
CHILDREN’S WELL-BEING 18
5.4. SUPREME COURT ACQUITS RAPE ACCUSED OVER
CONTRADICTORY TESTIMONY AND LACK OF CORROBORATION 19
5.5 DELHI HIGH COURT GRANTS BAIL IN SUICIDE CASE INVOLVING
MENTALLY ILL DECEASED 20
5.6. PUNJAB & HARYANA HC UPHOLDS CITIZEN’S ENTITLEMENT DESPITE
OFFICIAL NEGLIGENCE 21

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CURRENT AFFAIRS NEWS
1 | NATIONAL

1.1. Vizhinjam International Seaport

Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Vizhinjam International Seaport (VIS) in Kerala, marking
a significant milestone in India’s maritime infrastructure.

• Vizhinjam International Seaport: It is India's first deep-water transshipment port, designed for
container and multi-purpose cargo.
• The port is developed under the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) on a Design, Build, Finance, Operate,
and Transfer (DBFOT) basis.
• Strategic Location: VIS, positioned just 10 nautical miles from major international shipping routes
connecting Europe, the Persian Gulf, and the Far East, enhances accessibility for large vessels (depth
of 18 to 20 meters).
• Technological Advancement: Vizhinjam seaport, India's first semi-automated port, is equipped with
an AI-driven control room and the country's first Indigenous Vessel Traffic Management System
(VTMS).
• It reduces vessel turnaround times, optimizes traffic flow, and enhances capacity for large ships with
real-time updates.
• Economic Impact: The port aims to reduce India's reliance on international facilities, as 75% of
transshipment cargo is currently handled abroad.
• By handling transshipment domestically, the port is expected to save India USD 200-220 million in
potential revenue loss annually.
• Future Development: The second and third phases of the Vizhinjam port will increase its capacity from
1 million (twenty-foot equivalent units) TEUs to 3 million TEUs annually by 2028.

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Important Points to remember:
♦ India’s First Deep-Water Transshipment Port: VIS is India's first deep-water and semi-automated
transshipment port, strategically located just 10 nautical miles from key international shipping routes,
allowing it to handle large container vessels with a depth of 18–20 meters.
♦ Technological & Operational Advancements: It features India's first AI-enabled control room and
Indigenous Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS), enhancing real-time monitoring, reducing
vessel turnaround time, and optimizing cargo flow.
♦ Major Economic Impact: The port aims to curb India’s dependence on foreign ports for transshipment
(currently 75% is handled abroad), potentially saving USD 200–220 million annually and increasing
capacity to 3 million TEUs by 2028 under its phased development.

1.2. Foundation Day of ED

The 69th Foundation Day of the Enforcement Directorate (ED), held in New Delhi, reaffirmed the agency’s
pivotal role in combating economic offences and money laundering, as India strives toward the vision of
Viksit Bharat 2047.

Background:
1. About: Established on 1st May 1956, as the 'Enforcement Unit' under the Department of Economic
Affairs to tackle violations of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), 1947, and renamed as the
Enforcement Directorate in 1957. Its headquarters is located in New Delhi.
• Transferred to the Department of Revenue in 1960, the ED now functions under the Union Ministry
of Finance, enforcing the criminal provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
(PMLA) and Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA), and civil provisions of Foreign Exchange
Management Act (FEMA).
• The ED is headed by a Director (not below the rank of Additional Secretary, to the Government of
India).
• Core functions of ED include curbing money laundering, financing of terrorism, and organised
crime, ensuring economic security.

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2. Achievements of ED: In FY 2024–25, the ED issued provisional attachment orders worth Rs 30,036
crore, reflecting a 44% increase in number and a 141% increase in value over 2023–24.
• As of 2025, the total value of assets under provisional attachment stood at Rs 15.46 lakh crore.
• Between 2014 and 2024, ED initiated around 5,000 new PMLA investigations, showcasing a
significant increase in enforcement activities.

Important Points to remember:

♦ Historical Background and Mandate: The Enforcement Directorate was established in 1956 and
renamed in 1957, now functioning under the Ministry of Finance, enforcing laws like the Prevention
of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002, Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018, and FEMA to curb
economic offences and ensure national economic security.
♦ Significant Enforcement Achievements: In FY 2024–25, the ED issued provisional attachment orders
worth ₹30,036 crore, marking a 141% rise in value from the previous year, and by 2025, total assets
under attachment reached ₹15.46 lakh crore.
♦ Strengthening India’s Financial Integrity: With around 5,000 new PMLA investigations initiated
between 2014–2024, the ED is playing a key role in fighting money laundering, terror financing, and
organised crime, aligning with the broader vision of Viksit Bharat 2047.

1.3. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana

According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, 97% of all reported claims under the
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) and the Restructured Weather-Based Crop Insurance Scheme
(RWBCIS) have been settled across India. Goa, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, and Tamil Nadu have achieved
full claim settlement, while Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, and Sikkim have
settlement rates from 91% to 51%.

Background:
1. What is Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana?
• About: Launched in 2016, PMFBY is a Central Sector Scheme designed to offer financial protection to
farmers against crop losses caused by natural disasters, pests, or diseases.
• As of 2023–24, PMFBY became the world’s largest crop insurance scheme in terms of the number
of farmers enrolled and land area covered.
• Key Features:
• Eligibility: All farmers including sharecroppers and tenant farmers growing the notified crops in
the notified areas are eligible for coverage.
• Participation in PMFBY is voluntary, with non-loanee farmers comprising 55% of total
beneficiaries.
• Risk Coverage:
• Natural Disasters: Includes floods, droughts, cyclones, hailstorms, landslides, and unseasonal
rainfall.
• Pest & Disease Coverage: Protects against pest attacks and crop diseases.
• Post-Harvest Losses (Individual Farm Basis): Compensation for damage within 14 days of
harvest, especially for crops kept in "cut and spread" condition.
• Localised Calamities: The government provides compensation for localised calamities on an
individual farm basis.

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 • Prevented Sowing (on Notified Area Basis): If most insured farmers in a notified area are unable
to sow due to adverse weather despite intent and incurred costs, they can claim up to 25% of the
sum insured as indemnity.
• Premium Rates: Farmers pay affordable premiums—2% for Kharif crops, 1.5% for Rabi crops, and
5% for annual commercial or horticultural crops.
• The government fully subsidizes premiums for farmers in the Northeast, Jammu & Kashmir, and
Himachal Pradesh.
• Technological Integration:
• Satellite Imagery & Drones: Used for estimating crop area, resolving yield disputes, and assessing
crop losses.
• Crop Cutting Experiments (CCEs): The CCE-Agri App enables direct data upload to the National
Crop Insurance Portal (NCIP), ensuring transparent yield assessment.
• It also utilizes DigiClaim, Collection of Real Time Observations and Photographs of Crops (CROPIC),
and Weather Information Network Data Systems (WINDS).
• Payouts: PMFBY aims to process claims within two months of harvest, offering timely financial
support to prevent farmers from falling into debt traps.

2. Restructured Weather-Based Crop Insurance Scheme

• It was launched in 2016 to safeguard farmers against financial losses due to unfavorable weather
conditions.
• RWBCIS offers compensation based on deviations from predefined weather indicators—like
rainfall, temperature, humidity, and wind speed—serving as proxies for crop loss without field-
level evaluations
• Whereas, PMFBY provides compensation based on actual crop loss assessments caused by
natural calamities, pests, or diseases

Important Points to remember:

♦ High Claim Settlement Rate: As per the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, 97% of all
reported claims under PMFBY and RWBCIS have been settled across India, with states like Goa,
Chhattisgarh, Telangana, and Tamil Nadu achieving 100% claim settlement.
♦ Largest Crop Insurance Scheme Globally: Launched in 2016, PMFBY is now the world’s largest crop
insurance scheme by both the number of farmers enrolled and land area covered, offering financial
protection against crop losses from natural calamities, pests, and diseases.
♦ Affordable & Inclusive Coverage: The scheme is voluntary and covers all farmers, including
sharecroppers and tenant farmers, with premium rates of just 2% (Kharif), 1.5% (Rabi), and 5%
(commercial/horticultural crops). Special subsidies are given to Northeast and Himalayan states.
♦ Tech-Driven Transparency & Speed: PMFBY integrates satellite imagery, drones, mobile apps (CCE-
Agri App, DigiClaim, CROPIC) and weather data (WINDS) to ensure transparent and faster crop loss
assessment, with claims processed within two months of harvest.

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2 | INTERNATIONAL
2.1. Human Development Report 2025
India has been ranked 130th out of 193 countries and territories in the 2025 Human Development
Report (HDR), titled "A Matter of Choice: People and Possibilities in the Age of AI", released by the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

What are the Key Highlights of Human Development Report 2025?

• Global
• Stalled Human Development Progress: The global HDI saw its smallest increase since 1990
(excluding the 2020-2021 crisis years). If pre-Covid trends had continued, most countries could
have reached very high human development by 2030, this is now likely to be delayed by decades.
• Top and Bottom Ranks: Iceland ranked first with an HDI of 0.972, while South Sudan ranked last
with an HDI of 0.388.
• Growing Inequality: The disparity between the richest and poorest nations has been widening,
with high-HDI countries continuing to make progress while low-HDI countries face stagnation.
• AI and Future of Work: The report notes that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly spreading, with
1 in 5 people globally already using AI tools. While 60% served people believe AI will create new
job opportunities, half fear it could replace or transform their current roles. The 2025 Human
Development Report emphasizes the need for inclusive, human-centered AI policies to ensure AI
contributes positively to human development, rather than exacerbating inequalities or displacing
jobs.
• India
• India’s HDI Ranking: India ranked 133rd in 2022 and improved to 130th in 2023, with its HDI
value rising from 0.676 to 0.685.
• The country remains in the "medium human development" category, though it is approaching
the threshold for "high human development" (HDI ≥ 0.700).
• Regional Comparison: Among India’s neighbors, China (78th), Sri Lanka (89th), and Bhutan
(125th) rank above India, while Bangladesh (130th) is on par. Nepal (145th), Myanmar (150th),
and Pakistan (168th) are ranked below India.
• Progress in Key Areas:
• Life Expectancy: India’s life expectancy rose from 58.6 years in 1990 to 72 years in 2023, the
highest ever, reflecting a strong post-pandemic recovery.
• This progress is attributed to national health programs like National Health Mission, Ayushman
Bharat, Janani Suraksha Yojana, and Poshan Abhiyaan.
• Education: India's mean years of schooling have increased, with children now expected to stay in
school for 13 years, up from 8.2 years in 1990.
• Initiatives like the Right to Education Act 2009, National Education Policy 2020, and Samagra
Shiksha Abhiyan have improved access, though quality and learning outcomes still require
attention.
• National Income: India’s Gross National Income per capita rose over fourfold, from USD 2,167 in
1990 to USD 9,046 in 2023 based on 2021 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
• Additionally, 135 million Indians escaped multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and
2019-21, contributing to HDI improvement.

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Background:
1. What is the Human Development Report?
• About:
• Human Development Reports (HDRs) have been released since 1990 and have explored different
themes through the human development approach.
• The reports are produced by the Human Development Report Office for the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP).
• Human Development Index:
• HDI is a composite index that measures average achievement in human development taking into
account three indicators:
• Life expectancy at birth
• Expected years of schooling
• Mean years of schooling
• Gross national income (GNI)

2. About United Nations Development Programme (UNDP):

• The UNDP is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve
sustainable economic growth and human development.
• UNDP was established in 1966 by the General Assembly of the United Nations.
• UNDP’s work is concentrated in three focus areas –
• Sustainable development,
• Democratic governance and peace building, and
• Climate and disaster resilience.
• Mission & Vision –
• UNDP’s mandate is to end poverty, build democratic governance, rule of law, and inclusive
institutions.
• It advocates for change, and connects countries to knowledge, experience and resources to
help people build a better life.
• Funding – It is funded entirely by voluntary contributions from member nations.
• Headquarters – New York, USA
• Reports published by UNDP:

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 • Human Development Index
• Sustainable Development Goals
• Gender Inequality Index

Important Points to remember:

♦ India's HDI Rank Improves to 130: India moved up three places from 133rd in 2022 to 130th out of
193 countries in 2023, with its HDI value rising from 0.676 to 0.685, remaining in the medium human
development category but nearing the high threshold (≥ 0.700).
♦ Global Human Development Progress Slows: The report notes that the global HDI increase was the
smallest since 1990 (excluding COVID years), and if pre-COVID trends had continued, most countries
would have reached very high HDI by 2030 — now delayed by decades.
♦ AI's Dual Impact on Jobs and Inequality: With 1 in 5 people globally using AI tools, the report highlights
both opportunities and fears: while 60% believe AI will create new jobs, nearly half are concerned
about job replacement or transformation, calling for human-centric AI policies.
♦ India’s Development Gains in Health, Education & Income: India’s life expectancy rose to 72 years
(from 58.6 in 1990), schooling expectancy increased to 13 years, and GNI per capita jumped from
USD 2,167 (1990) to USD 9,046 (2023) (PPP). 135 million Indians exited multidimensional poverty
from 2015–21.
♦ Iceland Ranks First; South Sudan Last in HDI 2025: Iceland topped the 2025 HDI rankings with a
value of 0.972, while South Sudan ranked last at 0.388, reflecting growing global inequality between
high-HDI and low-HDI countries.

3 | ECONOMY

3.1. Free Trade Agreement

India and the UK have signed a India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA), marking a significant step between
the world's 5th and 6th largest economies amid ongoing global trade volatility and tariff uncertainties.

What are Key Highlights of the India-UK FTA?

• About India-UK Trade: UK is India’s 4th largest export destination and India is UK’s 11th largest
trading partner. The bilateral trade of about USD 60 billion is projected to double by 2030.
• It is India’s 16th FTA, and the UK's most significant bilateral trade deal post-Brexit.
• The FTA grants zero-duty access for 99% of Indian exports to the UK, including textiles, apparel,
leather, footwear, marine products, sports goods, toys, gems and jewellery, auto parts, engineering
goods, and organic chemicals.
• Automobiles tariffs cut to 10% under a quota, down from over 100%
• It also promotes labour mobility. About 100 additional annual visas for Indian professionals,
particularly in IT and healthcare
• Double Contribution Convention Agreement: India and the UK also signed a Double Contribution
Convention Agreement (also called a Social Security Agreement) as one of the key aspects of the deal.
• It will ensure that professionals in either country are not forced to pay national insurance or social
security contributions in both countries

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What is the Significance of FTAs for India?
• Enhanced Market Access: FTAs enable Indian exporters to tap into new markets with preferential
terms, boosting trade volumes and competitiveness.
• India's FTA with UAE boosted exports by 11.8% to USD 31.3 billion in FY23, offering preferential
access to 97% of UAE's tariff lines, especially for textiles, gems, jewelry, and engineering goods.
• Investment Inflows: By fostering investor confidence and offering regulatory certainty, FTAs facilitate
sustained foreign direct investment into India.
• For example, the EFTA agreement promises USD 100 billion in investments over 15 years,
supporting Make in India and job creation.
• Supply Chain Resilience: FTAs help India diversify sourcing channels and secure vital inputs for
strategic sectors.
• For example, FTAs like Australia-India ECTA help diversify supply chains, with access to critical
minerals for green tech and EV manufacturing, strengthening India's position in global supply
chains.
• Technology Access and Innovation: Through deeper economic integration, FTAs enable India to
collaborate on advanced technologies and future-oriented sectors.
• For instance, India-Japan CEPA aids in bringing advanced manufacturing technologies, while the
EFTA includes provisions for green tech and digital innovation cooperation.
• Services Sector Growth and Professional Mobility: FTAs open up new opportunities for Indian
professionals and service providers through liberalised entry norms and mutual recognition.
• For instance, the UAE CEPA and Australia ECTA improve access for Indian services, with easier visa
access for professionals and provisions for IT/ITeS sector growth.

Background:
1. What are Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)?
• About: An FTA is a trade pact between two or more nations that aims to reduce or eliminate
customs duties and trade barriers on goods traded between them.
• FTAs, unlike Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs), offer comprehensive tariff elimination on
most goods, whereas PTAs provide only limited tariff concessions on select products.
• Objectives:
• Reduction in Customs duties: Typically, 90-95% of goods are subject to lower or zero tariffs.
• Reduction in Non-trade barriers: Aims to ease regulations that hinder trade.
• Promotion of Services and Investment: Relax norms for services exports and encourage
bilateral investments.
• Types of Trade Agreements:

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Important Points To Remember:
♦ Zero-Duty Market Access for Indian Exports: Under the India-UK FTA, 99% of Indian exports to the
UK—including textiles, leather, gems, auto parts, and marine products—will receive zero-duty access,
significantly boosting India's export potential.
♦ Labour Mobility and Professional Visas: The FTA allows additional 100 annual visas for Indian
professionals, especially in IT and healthcare, and includes a Social Security Agreement to avoid dual
contributions, easing employment-related challenges.
♦ Boost to Bilateral Trade and Investment: With bilateral trade at USD 60 billion, this FTA—India’s 16th
overall and the UK's most ambitious post-Brexit—aims to double trade by 2030, while promoting
investment inflows and regulatory certainty.
♦ Strengthening Supply Chains and Tech Collaboration: The FTA is a step toward diversifying critical
supply chains, especially in EVs and green technology, and fostering collaboration in advanced
manufacturing, similar to India's FTAs with Australia, Japan, and EFTA nations.
♦ Strategic Role of FTAs in India's Global Trade: FTAs help India secure preferential access, encourage
foreign direct investment, and promote services sector growth, including professional mobility,
making them a key tool for economic diplomacy and Atmanirbhar Bharat goals.

3.2. Orange Economy

The Prime Minister highlighted India’s rising role in the global creative economy at the WAVES 2025
(World Audio Visual and Entertainment Summit), focusing on the concept of an "orange economy" that
emphasizes creativity, culture, and intellectual property.

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Background:
1. Orange Economy: The creative economy (also known as the orange economy) refers to knowledge-
based activities that integrate culture, creativity, technology, and IP to drive economic, social, and
cultural development, with strong potential to support sustainable development goals.
• India’s creator economy is projected to grow at an 18% Compound annual growth rate, rising from
Rs 19 billion in 2023 to Rs 34 billion by 2026, according to Ernst & Young.

2. WAVES 2025: It is the first World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit, held at the Jio World
Convention Centre, Mumbai, and hosted by the Government of India.
• It aims to position India as a global hub for Media & Entertainment (M&E), intellectual property,
and technological innovation.
• The summit highlights India’s prowess in content creation and tech innovation across Broadcasting,
Films, Animation, Gaming, Digital Media, Artificial Intelligence, and more.
• WAVES 2025 features the WAVES Bazaar, a global digital marketplace connecting creators with
buyers and investors.

Important Points To Remember:

♦ Orange Economy: Refers to knowledge-based sectors that merge culture, creativity, technology, and
intellectual property, contributing significantly to sustainable economic and social development.
♦ India’s Growth: India’s creator economy is expected to grow at an 18% CAGR, rising from Rs 19 billion
in 2023 to Rs 34 billion by 2026, highlighting its global potential.
♦ WAVES 2025 Summit: Held at Jio World Convention Centre, Mumbai, it aims to establish India as a
global hub for media, entertainment, and innovation, showcasing strengths in AI, gaming, films, and
more.

4 | DEFENCE

4.1. Operation Sindoor

India launched Operation Sindoor in retaliation for the April 2025 Pahalgam terrorist attack, targeting
9 terrorist infrastructure sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir (PoJK). Wing
Commander Vyomika Singh and Colonel Sofiya Qureshi led the Indian government's briefing about the
operation.

What is Operation Sindoor?

• About: Operation Sindoor was a coordinated precision strike operation launched by the Indian Armed
Forces on 7th May 2025, in retaliation for the Pahalgam terror attack.
• It was executed through the coordinated efforts of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, conducted from
Indian territory.
• Unlike past operations with aggressive names meant to project strength, this operation’s name
was chosen as a personal tribute to the victims, particularly the widows of the Pahalgam attack.
• Targets: Under 'Operation Sindoor,' the Indian Armed Forces targeted terror facilities linked to Jaish-
e-Mohammed, Lashkar-e-Taiba, and Hizbul Mujahideen in Pakistan and PoJK.
• These strikes aimed to dismantle terrorist infrastructure used for planning attacks against India.

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• High-Precision Weapons Involved in Operation Sindoor: Indian Air Force (IAF) used advanced
systems like SCALP Cruise Missiles, HAMMER Precision-Guided Bombs, and Loitering Munitions to
carry out these operations with high accuracy and minimal collateral damage.
• SCALP Cruise Missile: SCALP stands for "Storm Shadow", a long-range, air-launched cruise missile.
It was used for deep, precision strikes against high-value, fixed targets, including fortified positions
and critical infrastructure in enemy territory.
• Manufacturer: Developed by MBDA, a European defense firm.
• Launch Platform: Typically deployed from advanced fighter jets like the Rafale.
• Combat Use: The missile has been used in combat scenarios, including operations in Iraq,
Libya, and Syria, and also supplied to Ukraine for precision strikes against enemy positions.

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• HAMMER Precision-Guided Bomb: The HAMMER (Highly Agile Modular Munition Extended Range)
missile was used to engage targets requiring medium-range precision, such as dynamic or mobile
terrorist sites.
• Manufacturer: Developed by Safran Electronics & Defense, a French defense company.
• Key Features: HAMMER can be fitted with various guidance systems, including GPS, infrared
imaging, and laser targeting, making it versatile against different targets.

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• Loitering Munitions: Also known as "kamikaze drones", Loitering Munitions are used for surveillance
and target engagement, loitering over enemy territory before executing precision strikes.
• Key Advantages: They provide real-time intelligence and can operate over extended periods and
can make autonomous decisions on when to engage, offering flexibility and reducing the risk to
operators.

Background:
1. What are the Past Military Operations by India against Pakistan?
• Operation Riddle (1965 Indo-Pak War): It was India’s response to Pakistan’s Operation Gibraltar
and Grand Slam in 1965, following Pakistan's violation of the Line of Control (LoC) and entry into
Jammu and Kashmir.
• Operation Ablaze (1965 Indo-Pak War): It was a pre-emptive mobilisation by the Indian Army in
April 1965, triggered by rising tensions along the India-Pakistan border, particularly in the Rann of
Kutch.
• While it did not lead to immediate combat, it demonstrated India's military readiness, setting
the stage for the full-scale war that began in August 1965.
• The operation, along with Operation Riddle, helped push back Pakistan and led to the Tashkent
Agreement (1966).
• Operation Cactus Lily (1971 Indo-Pak War): It was an air assault operation by the Indian Army
and Air Force during the Bangladesh Liberation War.
• Conducted in December 1971, it involved crossing the Meghna River, bypassing a Pakistani
stronghold at Ashuganj/Bhairab Bazar, and advancing towards Dhaka.
• Operations Trident and Python (1971): These are Indian Navy offensive operations on Pakistan’s
Karachi port during the Indo-Pak War, 1971.
• Operation Trident, was the first use of anti-ship missiles in the region. These operations
contributed to Pakistan's defeat and the creation of Bangladesh.
• Operation Meghdoot (1984): On 13th April 1984, under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, India
launched Operation Meghdoot, securing control of the Siachen Glacier and Saltoro Ridge, including
key passes like Bilafond La and Sia La.
• Operation Vijay (1999): It was India's military operation to reclaim territory occupied by Pakistani
forces during the Kargil War.
• It successfully forced Pakistani troops to withdraw, leading to India's victory.

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 • Operation Safed Sagar (1999 Kargil conflict): It involved IAF launching airstrikes to dislodge
Pakistani troops from Indian positions along the LoC. It was the first large-scale use of air power
since 1971.
• The operation successfully helped India regain all strategic heights in Kargil.
• 2016 Surgical Strikes: The surgical strikes were conducted by Indian special forces in response to
the Uri attack. The operation targeted terrorist launch pads across the LoC in Pakistan-administered
Kashmir.
• Operation Bandar (2019 Balakot air strikes): In response to the 2019 attack on a Central Reserve
Police Force convoy in Jammu and Kashmir.
• The Indian Air Force conducted air strikes on a Jaish-e-Mohammed training camp in Balakot,
Pakistan.
• This operation was the first air strike across the LoC since 1971, leading to brief aerial skirmishes
between India and Pakistan.

Important Points To Remember:

♦ Retaliatory Strike After Pahalgam Attack: Operation Sindoor was launched on 7th May 2025 by the
Indian Armed Forces in retaliation for the April 2025 Pahalgam terrorist attack, targeting terrorist
infrastructure across Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir (PoJK).
♦ Coordinated Tri-Forces Operation: The operation was jointly executed by the Army, Navy, and Air
Force from Indian territory, showcasing India's ability to conduct high-precision, integrated military
actions.
♦ Symbolic Name Honoring Victims: Unlike past operations named to reflect aggression, ‘Sindoor’ was
chosen to honour the widows of the victims, making the operation a symbolic tribute rather than a
show of force alone.
♦ High-Precision Weapons Used: The IAF deployed advanced systems:
◊ SCALP cruise missiles (deep strikes from Rafale jets),
◊ HAMMER bombs (precision-guided munitions),
◊ Loitering munitions (kamikaze drones for surveillance + strike), ensuring maximum impact with
minimal collateral damage.
♦ Targets: Major Terror Groups: Strikes specifically targeted camps of Jaish-e-Mohammed, Lashkar-e-
Taiba, and Hizbul Mujahideen, aimed at dismantling infrastructure used to plan attacks on Indian soil.

5 | LEGAL

5.1. SUPREME COURT MANDATES ACCESSIBLE DIGITAL KYC FOR

DISABLED CITIZENS
What Happened? In a landmark 2025 judgment, the Supreme Court of India directed all digital KYC
systems to be made accessible for acid attack survivors and visually impaired persons. The case was
filed by individuals who were denied access to essential services like banking, SIM cards, pensions,
and welfare schemes due to their inability to complete standard digital KYC processes such as selfie
verification or eye-blinking detection.

Why Was It a Legal Issue? The petitioners argued that the current digital KYC systems exclude persons
with disabilities, violating Article 21 of the Constitution (Right to Life with Dignity) and the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016. These processes presumed visual ability and offered no

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alternative methods. The question was whether technology can be used in a way that denies fundamental
rights, especially to vulnerable groups.

What Did the Supreme Court Say?

A Bench led by Justice R. Mahadevan made several key observations:“Exclusion by Design” Is

Discriminatory: The Court said that relying solely on visual authentication creates systemic exclusion
of disabled persons.Accessibility Is a Legal Right, Not a Favour: The judgment held that accessibility
must be built into digital systems as a constitutional and statutory obligation.Alternative Methods Must
Be Offered: The Court directed authorities to implement thumb impression, voice recognition, offline
verification, and screen reader support in KYC processes.Burden Lies on the State: It stated that disabled
persons should not be expected to find workarounds; the duty lies with the government and regulators
to ensure access.

What Was the Final Decision? The Supreme Court ordered all regulatory bodies—including RBI, SEBI,
IRDAI, TRAI, and PFRDA—to issue new, binding directions for inclusive and accessible KYC processes. It
also called for the setup of a special grievance redressal mechanism for disabled individuals.
Why Is This Important?This case teaches us: (a) Digital progress must include everyone—no citizen
should be excluded due to disability. (b) Rights of persons with disabilities are enforceable, not optional.
(c) Governments and regulators must design systems that work for all, not just the able-bodied. (d)
Inclusion is not a charitable gesture—it is part of the rule of law.

Legal Concepts Simplified

Article 21: Guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, including dignity and access to services.
Digital KYC: A process of verifying identity electronically, often using biometric or visual methods.
Reasonable Accommodation: Adjustments made to ensure equal access for persons with disabilities.
Exclusion by Design: When a system or policy unintentionally or systematically leaves out certain groups.

5.2. GANG RAPE CONVICTION UPHELD, MISUSE OF SC/ST ACT

CHECKED
What Happened? In a significant 2025 judgment, the Supreme Court of India upheld the conviction
of an accused in a 2004 gang rape case, but set aside his conviction under the SC/ST (Prevention of
Atrocities) Act, citing lack of caste-based motive. The case involved the abduction and gang rape of a
Scheduled Caste woman, with the trial court having earlier sentenced the accused to life imprisonment
under various provisions of the IPC and the SC/ST Act.

Why Was It a Legal Issue? The central issue was whether Section 3(2)(v) of the SC/ST Act could be
invoked in the absence of evidence showing that the offence was committed because the victim belonged
to a Scheduled Caste. The accused also challenged the use of the prosecutrix’s sole testimony and raised
concerns about procedural fairness.

What Did the Supreme Court Say? The Bench delivered a nuanced decision, making several key
observations:

Gang Rape and Common Intention: The Court held that in a gang rape, the act of one is enough to hold all
liable if they acted with common intention, as per Explanation 1 to Section 376(2)(g) IPC.

Caste Alone Is Not a Trigger: The Court ruled that mere knowledge of the victim’s caste is not sufficient to
invoke the SC/ST Act; there must be proof that caste was a motivating factor.

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Prosecutrix's Testimony Accepted: Despite minor inconsistencies, the Court found the victim’s testimony
trustworthy and adequate for conviction.

Condemnation of the Two-Finger Test: The Court strongly condemned the use of the two-finger test,
reaffirming that a woman’s sexual history is irrelevant in adjudicating rape cases.

What Was the Final Decision? The Court upheld the conviction under IPC Sections 366, 342, and 376(2)
(g), but set aside the conviction under Section 3(2)(v) of the SC/ST Act due to lack of evidence of caste-
based intent. The sentence was modified from life imprisonment to 10 years’ rigorous imprisonment,
ensuring parity with the co-accused.

Why Is This Important? This judgment highlights: (a) The importance of credible victim testimony in
securing rape convictions. (b) That misuse or over-extension of protective laws like the SC/ST Act can
weaken their credibility. (c) That courts are committed to ensuring justice with procedural fairness while
safeguarding constitutional dignity. (d) A renewed call to end unconstitutional medical practices like the
two-finger test.

Legal Concepts Simplified

Section 3(2)(v) of the SC/ST Act: Applies when an offence is committed because the victim belongs to a
Scheduled Caste or Tribe.

Common Intention: A shared plan among accused persons; each is held liable for acts done in furtherance
of that plan.

Two-Finger Test: An outdated and unconstitutional medical examination to assess a rape survivor’s
sexual history—now banned.

5.3. SUPREME COURT STRIKES DOWN 15-DAY SPLIT CUSTODY TO

PROTECT CHILDREN’S WELL-BEING
What Happened? In a 2025 ruling, the Supreme Court of India set aside a Kerala High Court order that
had granted 15-day alternating custody of two minor children to their father. The Court intervened after
the mother challenged the arrangement, citing emotional harm and inadequate care during the father’s
custody period.

Why Was It a Legal Issue? The issue raised was whether equal split custody—despite being fair in form—
was truly beneficial for the physical and emotional welfare of young children, especially when the father
failed to provide proper support like a nanny, nutritious meals, or companionship during his custody
period.

What Did the Supreme Court Say? A Bench comprising Justices Vikram Nath, Sanjay Karol, and Sandeep
Mehta made the following key observations:

Welfare of the Child Comes First: The Court ruled that mechanical division of custody is inappropriate and
must not override the child’s best interests.

Emotional and Physical Needs Ignored: It found that the 8-year-old daughter experienced isolation and
lacked proper nutrition, and the 3-year-old son had minimal bonding with the father—rendering split
custody unrealistic.

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Rejected “Parental Symmetry”: The Court dismissed the idea that equal division of time automatically
ensures fairness, calling it “inhuman and unrealistic.”

Crafted Balanced Arrangement: The Court awarded full custody to the mother, with alternate weekend
visits for the father, supervised visitation of the younger child, home-cooked meals during visits, and
video calls twice a week.

What Was the Final Decision? The Supreme Court set aside the High Court’s 15-day custody order,
upheld the mother’s appeal, and directed a revised, child-centric custody arrangement while urging
expedited adjudication of the main guardianship case.

Why Is This Important? This case highlights: (a) Child custody must prioritize emotional and
developmental needs, not just parental equality. (b) Courts must intervene when custody arrangements
cause distress or lack basic support. (c) Shared parenting should be meaningful—not mechanical—and
must foster real bonds.

Legal Concepts Simplified

Custody Arrangement: Legal plan outlining who a child lives with and how visitation is managed.

Best Interest of the Child: The guiding principle in family law ensuring all decisions promote a child’s
welfare.

Supervised Visitation: Court-mandated condition where visits are monitored for the child’s safety or
comfort.

Parental Symmetry: The idea of giving equal time to both parents, which may not always be practical or
beneficial.

5.4. SUPREME COURT ACQUITS RAPE ACCUSED OVER CONTRADICTORY

TESTIMONY AND LACK OF CORROBORATION
What Happened? In a 2025 ruling, the Supreme Court of India acquitted two men who had been convicted
of gang rape and abduction, stating that the prosecutrix’s testimony lacked the "sterling quality" required
for conviction in the absence of corroborative evidence. The women had alleged that they were abducted
and raped, but the Court found the prosecution’s version riddled with inconsistencies and improbabilities.

Why Was It a Legal Issue? The key issue was whether a rape conviction could stand solely on the
testimony of the prosecutrix, despite major gaps and contradictions, particularly in a case involving no
medical evidence and weak identification of the accused.

What Did the Supreme Court Say? A bench led by Justice K. Vinod Chandran made the following key
findings:

Testimony Must Inspire Confidence: The Court reaffirmed that victim testimony can suffice, but only when
it is consistent, credible, and free from material contradictions.

Contradictions in Narrative: The victims gave conflicting accounts of their 15-day stay post-assault and
failed to explain the presence or safety of a child during the alleged incident.

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No Proper Identification of Accused: The accused were not identified by the victims during the investigation
or trial, and a key witness failed to confirm their presence.

Lack of Medical Corroboration: Medical reports showed no signs of physical injury, casting further doubt
on the claims of violent repeated rape.

What Was the Final Decision? The Supreme Court set aside the conviction and acquitted both accused,
holding that reasonable doubt existed due to inconsistencies and lack of corroborative evidence. The
Court stressed that sensitivity to survivors must be balanced with legal rigour.

Why Is This Important? This case underscores: (a) Criminal convictions must meet the standard of “proof
beyond reasonable doubt.” (b) Testimony alone is not enough unless it is free from serious doubt or
contradiction. (c) The need for courts to guard against wrongful conviction, especially in emotionally
charged cases.

Legal Concepts Simplified

Sterling Testimony: Evidence that is consistent, credible, and convincing enough to stand alone in court.

Reasonable Doubt: A standard of proof that requires the case against the accused to be so convincing
that there is no logical reason to question their guilt.

Medical Corroboration: Supporting evidence from medical reports that confirms or contradicts claims of
physical assault.

Identification Evidence: The ability of the victim or witness to recognize the accused as the perpetrator.

5.5 DELHI HIGH COURT GRANTS BAIL IN SUICIDE CASE INVOLVING

MENTALLY ILL DECEASED
What Happened? In a notable 2025 ruling, the Delhi High Court granted anticipatory bail to a woman and
her son who were named in the suicide note of her husband, who died by suicide a day after she had filed
an FIR alleging marital rape and domestic violence. The deceased had a documented history of mental
illness, including schizophrenia, depression, and OCD.

Why Was It a Legal Issue? The police had registered a case under Section 306 IPC (abetment of suicide),
based on the suicide note. The central legal question was whether mere mention of someone in a suicide
note, without direct instigation, could justify criminal prosecution—especially when the deceased
suffered from psychiatric disorders.

What Did the Delhi High Court Say? Justice Ravinder Dudeja made several important observations:

Suicide Note Alone Is Not Sufficient: The Court held that simply being named in a suicide note does not
prove abetment, especially in the absence of direct instigation or aiding.

Mental Illness Demands Higher Threshold: When the deceased has a history of psychiatric illness, the test
for abetment must be stricter—conduct must be such that it would have caused a reasonable person, not
a mentally vulnerable one, to take such a step.

Possible Retaliatory Motive: The Court considered that the suicide note may have been written in
retaliation after the wife filed serious criminal charges against the deceased.

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Family Conflict Is Not Criminal Instigation: The Court reiterated that domestic disputes alone do not
constitute abetment, unless there is active and intentional provocation.

What Was the Final Decision? The Court granted anticipatory bail to both the wife and son, directing that
they be released on personal bonds if arrested. It also noted that they had already joined the investigation
and there was no need for custodial interrogation.

Why Is This Important? This judgment highlights: (a) Personal liberty cannot be denied based solely
on unverified or emotionally charged allegations. (b) Mental health history of the deceased matters
when assessing criminal liability under Section 306 IPC. (c) Courts must distinguish between emotional
distress and actual criminal abetment, especially in family settings.

Legal Concepts Simplified

Section 306 IPC: Penal provision for abetment of suicide; requires proof of instigation, aid, or intentional
encouragement.

Anticipatory Bail: Legal protection sought before arrest, granted under Section 438 CrPC.

Reasonable Person Standard: Legal test to evaluate conduct based on how a typical, mentally stable
person would react.

Retaliatory Allegation: A claim made in response to an earlier accusation, often viewed with caution.

5.6. PUNJAB & HARYANA HC UPHOLDS CITIZEN’S ENTITLEMENT DESPITE

OFFICIAL NEGLIGENCE
What Happened? In a strong 2025 ruling, the Punjab and Haryana High Court restored the rightful plot
allotment of Gurcharan Singh, which had been cancelled due to missing records from a 1982 government
housing scheme. Singh had duly registered for the plot and paid the required earnest money, but the
Improvement Trust later cancelled his allotment, citing loss of administrative records.

Why Was It a Legal Issue? The petitioner had fulfilled all obligations, including registration and payment.
However, his rights were denied due to negligence by public officials. The key legal issue was whether
bureaucratic failure could be used to defeat a citizen’s vested right, and whether internal resolutions by
public bodies could be overruled arbitrarily by higher administrative departments.

What Did the High Court Say? A Division Bench comprising Justices Sureshwar Thakur and Vikas Suri
ruled:

Vested Rights Cannot Be Cancelled by Negligence: Once a right is lawfully acquired, administrative lapses
cannot undo it—doing so violates constitutional fairness and the rule of law.

Promissory Estoppel Applies: The Court invoked the doctrine of promissory estoppel, holding that the
government must honour its commitments when the citizen has acted in reliance upon them.

Improvement Trust Has Autonomy: The Trust’s resolution to restore the allotment was binding and could
not be vetoed by the Local Bodies Department.

Authenticity of Records Not Disputed: The receipts and registration documents presented by the petitioner
were deemed conclusive, since the authorities offered no evidence to refute them.

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Officials Must Be Held Accountable: The Court stressed that public officials responsible for such tortious
negligence must face personal accountability.

What Was the Final Decision? The High Court: (a) Quashed the cancellation orders of 2012 and 2016,
(b) Directed restoration of the plot to Gurcharan Singh within three months, and (c) Awarded ₹2 lakh as
compensation, holding that the citizen should not suffer for official errors.

Why Is This Important? This case reinforces: (a) Rule of law prevails over bureaucratic inefficiency. (b)
Legitimate expectations and fairness are enforceable constitutional doctrines. (c) Citizens’ rights cannot
be nullified by poor recordkeeping or negligence. (d) Officials may be personally liable for administrative
injustices.

Legal Concepts Simplified

Promissory Estoppel: A principle that stops the government from going back on its promise when a citizen
has acted upon it.

Vested Right: A legal right that is established and cannot be taken away arbitrarily.

Improvement Trust: A statutory body that administers land allotment schemes and has decision-making
autonomy.

Tortious Negligence: Failure by officials to perform duties properly, causing harm or loss to a citizen.

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