Matrices

Short Answer Type Quesrtoins

1. Construct a matrix A = [ aij ]2× 2 whose elements aij are given by aij = e2ix sin jx
Sol. For i = 1, j = 1, a11 = e2 x sin x
For i = 1, j = 2, a21 = e2 x sin 2 x
For i = 2, j = 1, a21 = e4 x sin x
For i = 2, j = 2, a22 = e4 x sin 2 x
e2 x sin x e2 x sin 2 x 
Thus, A =  4 x 4x 
e sin x e sin 2 x 
2 3 1 3 2 1 4 6 8
2. If A =   , B=  , C = , D= , then which of the sums
1 2  4 3 1 2 5 7 9 
A + B, B + C, C + D and B + D is defined?
Sol. Only B + D is defined since matrices of the same order can only be added.
3. Show that a matrix which is both symmetric and skew symmetric is a zero
matrix.
Sol. Let A = [aij] be a matrix which is both symmetric and skew symmetric.
Since A is a skew symmetric matrix, so A′= –A.
Thus, for all i and j , we have aij= – aji (1)
Again, since A is a symmetric matrix, so A′= A.
Thus, for all i and j , we have
a ji = aij ( 2)
Therefore, from (1) and (2), we get
aij = −aij for all i and j
Or 2aij = 0,
i.e., aij = 0 for all i and j. Hence A is Zero matrix.
 1 2  x 
4. If [ 2 x 3 ]     = O, find the value of x.
 −3 0  8 
 1 2  x   x
Sol. We have [2 x 3]     = 0 ⇒ [2 x − 9 4 x] 8  =0
−3 0  8   
Or [ 2 x − 9 +32 x ]= [ 0] ⇒ 2x + 23x = 0
2 2

−23
Or x ( 2 x + 23) = 0 ⇒ x=0, x=
2

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5. If A is 3×3 invertible matrix, then show that for any scalar k(non-zero), kA is
–1 1
invertible and ( kA ) = A−1
k
Sol. We have

( kA )  A−1  =  k .  ( A. A−1 ) = 1( I ) = I
1 1
k   k
1  −1 1
Hence (kA) is inverse of  A−1  or ( kA ) = A−1
k  k

Long Answer Type Questions

6. Express the matrix A as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix,
where
 2 4 −6 
A = 7 3 5 
1 −2 4 
Sol. We have
 2 4 −6  2 7 1
A = 7 3 5  , then A ' =  4 3 −2 
 
1 −2 4   −6 5 4 
 11 5 
 2 2 2
4 11 −5   
A + A' 1    11 3
Hence = 11 6 3 = 3
2 2    2 2
 −5 3 8   −5 3 
 4
 2 2 
 −3 −7 
0 2 2
 0 −3 −7   
And
A − A' 1
=  3 0 7  =  3
3
7 
2 2    2 2
 7 −7 0   7 −7 
 4
 2 2 
Therefore,

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  11 −5   −3 −7 
2 2 2 
0
2 2   2 4 −6 
   
7  
= 7 3 5=A
A + A ' A − A '  11 3  3
+ = 3 + 0
2 2 2 2  2 2  
 −5 3  7 −7   0 −2 4 
 4  0 
 2 2   2 2 
1 3 2 
7. If A =  2 0 −1 , then show that A satisfies the equation
 1 2 3 
A3 − 4 A2 − 3 A + 11I = O.
1 3 2   1 3 2 
Sol. A = A × A =  2 0 −1 ×  2 0 −1
2

1 2 3   1 2 3 
1 + 6 + 2 3 + 0 + 4 2 − 3 + 6  9 7 5
 2 + 0 − 1 6 + 0 − 2 4 + 0 − 3  = 1 4 1 
   
1 + 4 + 3 3 + 0 + 6 2 − 2 + 9  8 9 9 
9 7 5   1 3 2 
3 2 
And A = A × A = 1 4 1 × 2 0 −1
  
   
8 9 9  1 2 3 
9 + 14 + 5 27 + 0 + 10 18 − 7 + 15   28 37 26 
=  1 + 8 + 1 3+ 0 + 2 2 − 4 + 3  = 10 5 1 
8 + 18 + 9 24 + 0 + 18 16 − 9 + 27   35 42 34 
Now A3 − 4 A2 − 3 A + 11( I )
 28 37 26  9 7 5  1 3 2  1 0 0 
= 10 5 1  − 4 1 4 1  − 3  2 0 −1 + 11 0 1 0 
35 42 34  8 9 9   1 2 3  0 0 1 
 28 − 36 − 3 + 11 37 − 28 − 9 + 0 26 − 20 − 6 + 0 
=  10 − 4 − 6 + 0 5 − 16 + 0 + 11 1 − 4 + 3 + 0 
 35 − 32 − 3 + 0 42 − 36 − 6 + 0 34 − 36 − 9 + 11
0 0 0
= 0 0 0 = 0
 
0 0 0 

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  2 3
8. Let A =   . Then show that A2 − 4 A + 7 I = 0. Using this result calculate A5
 −1 2 
also.
 2 3   2 3   1 12 
Sol. We have A2 =   = 
−1 2  −1 2   −4 1 
 −8 −12  7 0 
−4 A =   and 7 I =  
 4 −8  0 7 
 1 − 8 + 7 12 − 12 + 0  0 0 
Therefore, A2 − 4 A + 7 I =   = 0 0  = O
 −4 + 4 + 0 1 − 8 + 7   
⇒ A = 4 A − 7I
2

Thus A3 = A. A2 = A(4 A − 7 I ) = 4(4 A − 7 I ) − 7 A

= 16 A − 28 I − 7 A = 9 A − 28 I
And so A5 = A3 A2
= (9A – 28I) (4A – 7I)
= 36A2– 63A – 112A + 196I
= 36 (4A – 7I) – 175A + 196I
= – 31A – 56I
 2 3 1 0 
= −31   − 56 0 1 
 −1 2  
 −118 −93 
= 
 31 −118

Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given four options in s 9 to 12.
9. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then (A+B) (A–B) is equal to
(A) A2 − B 2
(B) A2 − BA − AB − B 2
(C) A2 − B 2 + BA − AB
(D) A2 − BA + B 2 + AB
Sol. (C) is correct answer. (A + B) (A – B) = A (A – B) + B (A – B)= A2– AB + BA – B2
2 3 
 2 1 3
10. If A = A =   and B =  4 2  , then
 4 5 1  1 5 
(A) only AB is defined
(B) only BA is defined

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 (C) AB and BA both are defined
(D) AB and BA both are not defined.
Sol. (C) is correct answer. Let A = [aij]2×3 B = [bij]3×2. Both AB and BA are defined.
0 0 5
11. The matrix A =  0 5 0  is a
 5 0 0 
(A) scalar matrix
(B) diagonal matrix
(C) unit matrix
(D) square matrix
Sol. (D) is correct answer.
12. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then (AB′–BA′) is a
(A) Skew symmetric matrix
(B) Null matrix
(C) Symmetric matrix
(D) None of these
Sol. (A) is correct answer since
(AB′–BA′)′ = (AB′)′– (BA′)′
= (BA′– AB′)
= – (AB′–BA′)
Fill in the blanks in each of the s 13 to 15:
13. If A and B are two skew symmetric matrices of same order, then AB is
symmetric matrix if ________.
Sol. AB = BA.
14. If A and B are matrices of same order, then (3A –2B)′is equal to ________.
Sol. 3A′–2B′.
15. Addition of matrices is defined if order of the matrices is ________
Sol. Same.
State whether the statements in each of the s 16 to 19 is true or false:
16. If two matrices A and B are of the same order, then 2A + B = B + 2A.
Sol. True
17. Matrix subtraction is associative
Sol. False
18. For the non-singular matrix A, (A′)–1= (A–1)′.
Sol. True
19. AB = AC ⇒B = C for any three matrices of same order.
Sol. False

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 Matrices
Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given four options in each of the Exercises 53 to
67.
0 0 4
53. The matrix P =  0 4 0  is a
 4 0 0 
(A) square matrix
(B) diagonal matrix
(C) unit matrix
(D) none of these
Sol. We know that, in a square matrix number of rows are equal to the number of
0 0 4
columns. So, the matrix P =  0 4 0  is a square matrix.
 4 0 0 
54. Total number of possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 2 or 0 is
(A) 9
(B) 27
(C) 81
(D) 512
Sol. (D) Total number of possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 2 or 0 is 29 i.e.,
512.
2 x + y 4 x   7 7 y − 13
55. If  =  , then the value of x + y is
 5 x − 7 4 x   y x + 16 
(A) x= 3, y= 1
(B) x= 2, y= 3
(C) x= 2, y= 4
(D) x= 3, y= 3
Sol. (B) We have, 4 x = x + 6 ⇒ x = 2
And 4 x = 7 y − 13 ⇒ 8 = 7 y − 13
⇒ 7y=21 ⇒ y=3
∴ x+y=2+3=5

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  −1 −1  x    −1  x  
sin ( xπ ) tan  π    − cos ( xπ ) tan  π  
−1

1   1   
56. If A =  and B =  then A – B is
π  −1  x   π −1  x  
 sin   cot (π x )   sin   − tan (π x ) 
−1 −1

 π    π  
equal to
(A) I
(B) O
(C) 2I
1
(D) I
2
1 1  x 
 π sin ( xπ )
−1
tan −1   
π  π 
Sol. (D) We have, A = 
1 −1  x  1 
 sin   cot −1 (π x ) 
π π  π 
 1 1 −1  x  
 − π cos ( xπ ) π tan  π  
−1

  
B =
 1 −1  x  1 
 sin   − tan ( π x ) 
−1

 π π  π 
 1 −1 −1 1  −1 x  −1 x 
 π sin xπ + cos xπ π  tan π  − tan π 
 
∴ A− B =  
 1  −1 x x  1 
  sin − sin −1  cot −1 π x + tan −1 π x 
π  π π π 
1 π   −1 −1 π 
π . 2 0  ∵ sin x + cos x = 2 
=   
0 1 π  −1 −1 π
. and tan x + cot x =
 π 2   2 
1 1 0  1
=  = I
2 0 1  2
57. If A and B are two matrices of the order 3 × m and 3 × n, respectively and m= n,
then order of matrix (5A – 2B) is
(A) m× 3
(B) 3 × 3
(C) m× n
(D) 3 × n
Sol. (d) A3×m and B3×n are two matrices. If m=n, then A and B have same orders as 3 × n
each, so the order of (5A-2B) should be same as 3 × n .

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 0 1 
58. If A =   , then A is equal to
2
1 0 
0 1 
(A)  
1 0 
1 0 
(B)  
1 0 
0 1
(C) 
0 1
1 0
(D) 
0 1 
 0 1   0 1  1 0 
Sol. (D) ∵ A2 = A. A =  . = 
1 0  1 0  0 1 
59. If matrix A = [aij]2 × 2, where aij= 1 if i ≠ j= 0 if i= j then A2 is equal to
(A) I
(B) A
(C) 0
(D) None of these
Sol. (a) We have, A = [aij]2×2, where aij= 1 if i ≠ j= 0 if i= j
0 1 
∴ A=  
1 0 
0 1  0 1  1 0 
And A 2 =   = =I
1 0  1 0  0 1 
1 0 0
60. The matrix 0 2 0  is a
0 0 4 
(A) identity matrix
(B) symmetric matrix
(C) skew-symmetric matrix
(D) None of these
1 0 0 
Sol. (B) Let A =  0 2 0 
 0 0 4 

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 1 0 0 
∴ A ' = 0 2 0  = A
0 0 4 
So, the given matrix is a symmetric matrix.
[Since, in a square matrix A, if A’=A, then A is called symmetric matrix]
 0 −5 8 
61. The matrix  5 0 12  is a
 −8 −12 0 
(A) diagonal matrix
(B) symmetric matrix
(C) skew symmetric matrix
(D) scalar matrix
Sol. (C) We know that, in a square matrix, if bij = 0 , when i ≠ j , then it is said to be a
diagonal matrix. Here, b12 , b13 ..... ≠ 0, so the given matrix is not a diagonal matrix.
 0 −5 8 
Now, B =  5 0 12 
 −8 −12 0 
 0 5 −8   0 −5 8 
∴ B'=  − 5 0 −12  =-  5 0 12  = − B
 8 12 0   −8 −12 0 
So, the given matrix is a skew-symmetric matrix, since we know that in a square
matrix B, if B’=-B, then it is called skew-symmetric matrix.
62. If A is matrix of order m× n and B is a matrix such that AB′and B′A are both
defined, then order of matrix B is
(A) m × m
(B) n × n
(C) n × m
(D) m × n
Sol. (D) Let A =  aij  and B = bij 
m× n p× q

B ' = b ji 
q× p

Now, AB’ is defined, so n=q

and B’A is also defined, so p=m
∴ Order of B'= b ji 
n×m

And order of B= bij  m×n

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63. If A and B are matrices of same order, then (AB′–BA′) is a
(A) skew symmetric matrix
(B) null matrix
(C) symmetric matrix
(D) unit matrix
Sol. (a) We have matrices A and B of same order.
Let P ( AB '− BA ')
Then, P ' = ( AB '− BA ') ' = ( AB ') '− ( BA ') '
= ( B ') ' ( A) '− ( A ') ' B ' = BA '− AB '
= − ( AB '− BA ') = − P
Hence, ( AB '− BA ') is a skew-symmetric matrix.
3 3
64. If A is a square matrix such that A2= I, then ( A – I ) + ( A + I ) – 7 A is equal to
(A) A
(B) I – A
(C) I + A
(D) 3A
Sol. (a) We have, A2 = I
3 3
∴( A − I ) + ( A + I ) − 7 A

= ( A − I ) + ( A + I ) ( A − I ) + ( A + I ) − ( A − I )( A + I )  − 7 A
{ }
2 2

 
∵ a 3 + b3 = ( a + b ) ( a 2 + b 2 − ab ) 
 
= (2 A) A2 + I 2 − 2 AI + A2 + I 2 + AI − ( A2 − I 2 )  -7A
{ }
 
= 2 A[ I + I + I + I − A + I ] − 7 A ∵ A = AI 
2 2 2 2 2

= 2 A [5I − I ] − 7 A
= 8 AI − 7 AI [∵ A = AI ]
= AI = A
65. For any two matrices A and B, we have
(A) AB = BA
(B) AB ≠BA
(C) AB = 0
(D) None of the above
Sol. (D) For any two matrices A and B, we may have AB=BA=I, AB ≠ BA and AB=0 but it
is not always true.
66. On using elementary column operations C2 → C2 – 2C1 in the following matrix

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 1 −3 1 −1  3 1 
equation  =   , we have:
 2 4  0 1   2 4 
1 −5  1 −1  3 −5
(A)   =  
0 4   −2 2   2 0 
1 −5 1 −1  3 −5
(B)   = 1  −0 2 
0 4  0
1 −5 1 −3  3 1 
(C)   = 1   −2 4 
2 0  0
1 −5 1 −1  3 −5
(D)   = 1   2 0 
2 0  0
1 −3 1 −1  3 1 
Sol. (D) Given that,  =
2 4  0 1   2 4 
1 −5 1 −1 3 −5
On using C2 → C2 − 2C1 ,  =  
 2 0  0 1   2 0 
Since, on using elementary column operation on X=AB, we apply these operations
simultaneously on X and on the second matrix B of the product AB on RHS.
67. On using elementary row operation R1 → R1 – 3R2 in the following matrix
 4 2  1 2   2 0 
equation  =   , we have
 3 3  0 3  1 1 
−5 −7  1 −7   2 0
(a)  =  
 3 3  0 3   1 1 
−5 −7  1 2 −1 −3
(b)  =  
 3 3  0 3  1 1 
−5 −7  1 2   2 0
(c)  =  
 3 3  1 −7  1 1 
 4 2   1 2   2 0
(d)  =  
−5 −7  −3 −3 1 1 
 4 2  1 2   2 0 
Sol. We have,  =  
 3 3 0 3 1 1 
Using elementary row operation R1 → R1 − 3R2,
−5 −7  1 −7   2 0
 3 3  = 0 3   1 1 
    

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 Since, on using elementary row operation on X=AB, we apply these operation
simultaneously on X and on the first matrix A of the product AB on RHS.

Fill in the blanks in each of the Exercises 68–81.

68. _________ matrix is both symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.
Sol. Null matrix is both symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.
69. Sum of two skew-symmetric matrices is always _________ matrix.
Sol. Let A is a given matrix, then (-A) is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Similarly, for a given matrix-B is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Hence, − A − B = − ( A + B ) ⇒ sum of two skew-symmetric matrices is always skew-
symmetric matrix.
70. The negative of a matrix is obtained by multiplying it by _________.
Sol. Let A is a given matrix.
∴ -A=-1[ A]
So, the negative of a matrix is obtained by multiplying it by -1.
71. The product of any matrix by the scalar _________ is the null matrix.
Sol. The product of any matrix by the scalar 0 is the null matrix. i.e., 0. A=0
[where, A is any matrix]
72. A matrix which is not a square matrix is called a _________ matrix.
Sol. A matrix which is not a square matrix is called a rectangular matrix. For example, a
rectangular matrix is A =  aij  , where m ≠ n
m×n

73. Matrix multiplication is _________ over addition.

Sol. Matrix multiplication is distributive over addition.
e.g., For three matrices A, B and C.
(i) A(B+C) = AB+AC
(ii) (A+B)C = AC+BC
74. If A is a symmetric matrix, then A3 is a _________ matrix.
Sol. If A is a symmetric matrix, then A3 is a symmetric matrix.
∵A' = A
∴( A3 ) ' = A '3

= A3 ∵ ( A ' ) = ( An ) '
n
 
75. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then A2 is a _________.
Sol. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then A2 is a symmetric matrix.

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 ∵A' = −A
∴ ( A2 ) ' = A '2
2
= ( − A) [∵ A ' = − A]
= A2
So, A2 is a symmetric matrix.
76. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then
(i) (AB)′= _________.
(ii) (kA)′= _________. (Where, k is any scalar)
(iii) [k (A – B)]′= _________.
Sol.
( i ) ( AB ) ′ = B'A'
( ii ) ( kA ) ′ = kA'
( iii ) k ( A – B )  ′ = k ( A '− B ')
77. If A is skew-symmetric, then kA is a _________. (where, k is any scalar)
Sol. If A is a skew-symmetric, then kA is a skew-symmetric matrix (where, k is any
scalar).
∵ A ' = − A ⇒ ( kA ) ' = k ( A ) ' = − ( kA ) 
78. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then
(i) AB – BA is a _________.
(ii) BA – 2AB is a _________.
Sol. (i)AB-BA is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Since, [ AB − BA] ' = ( AB ' ) − ( BA ) '
= B'A'-A'B' ∵ ( AB ) ' = B ' A '
= BA-AB [∵ A '] = A and B ' = B ]
= - [ AB − BA]
So, [AB-BA] is a skew-symmetric matrix.
(ii) [BA-2AB] is a neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric matrix.
∴ ( BA − 2 AB ) ' = ( BA ) '− 2( AB) '
= A'B'-2B'A'
= AB-2BA
= - ( 2 BA − AB )
So, [BA-2AB] is neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric matrix.
79. If A is symmetric matrix, then B′AB is _________.
Sol. If A is a symmetric matrix, then B’AB is a symmetric matrix.

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 ∵ [ B ' AB ] ' =  B ' ( AB )  '
= ( AB ) ' ( B ' ) '[∵( AB ) ' = B ' A ']
= B ' A' B
[ = B ' A ' B]
So, B’AB is a symmetric matrix.
80. If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB is symmetric if and
only if _________.
Sol. If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB is symmetric if and only if
AB=BA.
∴ ( AB ) '
= B'A'=BA [∵ AB = BA]
= AB
81. In applying one or more row operations while finding A–1 by elementary row
operations, we obtain all zeroes in one or more, then A–1 _________.
Sol. In applying one or more row operations while finding A–1 by elementary row
operations, we obtain all zeroes in one or more, then A–1 does not exist.
State Exercises 82 to 101 which of the following statements are True or False
82. A matrix denotes a number.
Sol. False
A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers of functions.
83. Matrices of any order can be added.
Sol. False
Two matrices are added, if they are of the same order.
84. Two matrices are equal if they have same number of rows and same number
of columns.
Sol. False
If two matrices have same number of rows and same number of columns, then they
are said to be square matrix and if two square matrices have same elements in both
the matrices, only then they are called equal.
85. Matrices of different order cannot be subtracted.
Sol. True
Two matrices of same order can be subtracted.
86. Matrix addition is associative as well as commutative.
Sol. True
Matrix addition is associative as well as commutative i.e.,
( A + B ) + C = A + ( B + C ) and A + B = B + A, where A, B and C are matrices of same
order.
87. Matrix multiplication is commutative.

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Sol. False
Since, AB ≠ BA is possible when AB and BA are both defined.
88. A square matrix where every element is unity is called an identity matrix.
Sol. False
Since, in an identity matrix, the diagonal elements are all one and rest are all zero.
89. If A and B are two square matrices of the same order, then A + B = B + A.
Sol. True
Since, matrix addition is commutative ie, A+B=B+A, where A and B are two square
matrices.
90. If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then A – B = B – A.
Sol. False
Since the addition of two matrices of same order are commutative.
∴ A+ ( − B ) = A − B = − [ B − A] ≠ B − A
91. If matrix AB = 0, then A = 0 or B = 0 or both A and B are null matrices.
Sol. False
Since, for two non-zero matrices A and B of same order, it can be possible that
A.B=0= null matrix
92. Transpose of a column matrix is a column matrix.
Sol. False
Transpose of a column matrix is a row matrix.
93. If A and B are two square matrices of the same order, then AB = BA.
Sol. False
For two square matrices of same order it is not always true that AB=BA.
94. If each of the three matrices of the same order are symmetric, then their sum
is a symmetric matrix.
Sol. True
Let A, B and C are three matrices of same order
∴ A ' = A, B ' = B and C ' = C
∴ ( A + B + C ) ' = A '+ B '+ C '
= ( A+ B + C)
95. If A and B are any two matrices of the same order, then (AB)′= A′B′.
Sol. False
∵ ( AB ) ' = B ' A '
96. If (AB)′= B′A′, where A and B are not square matrices, then number of rows in
A is equal to number of columns in B and number of columns in A is equal to
number of rows in B.
Sol. True
Let A is of order m × n and B is of order p × q

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 Since, ( AB) ' = B ' A '
∴ A( m×n) B( p× p ) is defined ⇒ n = p ...(i)
and AB is of order m × q
⇒ ( AB ) ' is of order q × m ...(ii )
Also, B’ is of order q × p and A’ is of order n × m
∴ B'A' is defined ⇒ p=n
And B ' A ' is of order q × m. ...(iii )
Also, equality of matrices (AB)’ =B’A’, we get the given statement as true.
e.g. If A is order ( 3 ×1) and B is of order (1× 3) , we get
Order of (AB)’ = Order of ( B ' A ') = 3 × 3
97. If A, B and C are square matrices of same order, then AB = AC always implies
that B = C.
Sol. False
If AB=AC=0, then it can be possible that B and C are two non-zero matrices such that
B ≠ C.
∴ A.B = 0 = A.C
1 0  0 0
Let A   ,B =  
0 0 1 3
0 0 
And C =  
3 1 
1 0   0 0   0 0 
∴ AB=   = 
 0 0  1 3   0 0 
1 0 0 0   0 0 
And AC=  . = 
0 0  3 1  0 0 
⇒ AB = AC but B ≠ C
98. AA′ is always a symmetric matrix for any matrix A.
Sol. True
∵ [ AA '] ' = ( A ') ' A ' = [ AA ']
2 3
2 3 −1
99. If A = and B = 4 5 , then AB and BA are defined and equal.
1 4 2
2 1
Sol. False
Since, AB is defined,

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  2 3
 2 3 −1  14 20 
∴ AB =    4 5 =  
1 4 2     22 25
 2 1 
Also, BA is defined
 2 3
 2 3 −1
∴ BA  4 5 
1 4 2 
 2 1  
 7 18 4 
= 13 32 6 
 5 10 0 
∴ AB ≠ BA
100. If A is skew-symmetric matrix, then A2 is a symmetric matrix.
Sol. True
2
∵  A2  ' = [ A ']
2
= [ − A] [∵ A ' = − A]
= A2
Hence, A2 is symmetric matrix.
101. (AB)–1= A–1. B–1, where A and B are invertible matrices satisfying commutative
property with respect to multiplication.
Sol. True
We know that, if A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then
−1 −1
( AB ) = ( BA ) [∵ AB = BA]
−1 −1
Here, ( AB ) = ( AB )
⇒ B−1 A−1 = A−1B −1
[Since, A and B are satisfying commutative property with respect to multiplications].

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 Matrices
Short Answer Type Questions

1. If a matrix has 28 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What if it
has 13 elements?
Sol. We know that, if a matrix is of order m × n, it has mn elements, where m and n are
natural numbers.
We have, m × n =28
⇒ ( m, n ) = {(1, 28) , ( 2,14 ) , ( 4, 7 ) , ( 7, 4 ) , (14, 2 ) , ( 28,1)}
So, the possible orders are 1× 28, 2 ×14, 4 × 7, 7 × 4, 14 × 2, 28 ×1
Also, if it has 13 elements, then m × n = 13
( m, n ) = {(1,13) , (13,1)}
Hence, the possible orders are 1×13, 13 ×1.
 
a 1 x 
 
2. In the matrix A =  2 3 x 2 − y  , write
 −2 
0 5 
 5 
(i) The order of the matrix A
(ii) The number of elements
(iii) elements a23 , a31 and a12
 
a 1 x 
 
Sol. We have, A =  2 3 x2 − y 
 −2 
0 5 
 5 
(i) the order of matrix A = 3 × 3
(ii) the number of elements= 3 × 3 = 9
[Since, the number of elements in an m × n, matrix will be equal to m × n = mn ]
(iii) a23 = x 2 − y, a31 = 0, a12 = 1
[since, we know that aij , is a representation of element lying in the ith row and jth column]
3. Construct a2×2 matrix, where
2

=
(i − 2 j )
(i) aij
2
(ii) aij = −2i + 3 j

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Sol. We know that, the notation, namely A  aij  indicates that A is a matrix of order
m×n

m × n , also 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n; i, j ∈ N .
(i) Here, A =  aij  2×2
2

⇒ A=
(i − 2 j ) , 1 ≤ i ≤ 2; 1 ≤ j ≤ 2 ...(i)
2
2

∴ a11 =
(1 − 2 ) =
1
2 2
2

a12 =
(1 − 2 × 2 ) =
9
2 2
2

a 21 =
( 2 − 2 ×1) =0
2
2 2

a 22 =
(2 − 2× 2 ) =2
2
1 9
Thus, A =  2 2
 
0 2  2×2
(ii) Here, A =  aij  2×2 = −2i + 3 j ,1 ≤ i ≤ 2;1 ≤ j ≤ 2
∴ a11 = −2 ×1 + 3 ×1 = 1
a12 = −2 × 1 + 3 × 2 = 4 ∵ −1 = 1
a21 = −2 × 2 + 3 ×1 = 1
a22 = −2 × 2 + 3 × 2 = 2
1 4
∴ A
1 2 2×2
4. Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = ei. x = sin jx.
Sol. Since, A =  aij  m×n 1 ≤ i ≤ m and 1 ≤ j ≤ n, i, j ∈ N

∴ A = ei. x sin jx  ;1 ≤ i ≤ 3;1 ≤ j ≤ 2

3×2

⇒ a11 = e1. x .sin1.x = e x sin x

a12 = e1. x .sin 2.x = e x sin 2 x
a 21 = e2. x .sin1.x = e2 x sin x
a 22 = e2. x .sin 2.x = e2 x sin 2 x

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 a 31 = e3. x .sin1.x = e3 x sin x
a 32 = e3. x .sin 2.x = e3 x sin 2 x
e x sin x e x sin 2 x 
 
∴ A= e2 x sin x e 2 x sin 2 x 
e3 x sin x e3 x sin 2 x 
  3×2
5. Find values of a and b if A = B, where
 a + 4 3b   2a + 2 b 2 + 2 
A= and B =  
 8 −6   8 b 2 − 5b 
Sol. We have,
 a + 4 3b   2a + 2 b 2 + 2 
A= and B =  
 8 −6  2×2  8 b 2 − 5b  2×2
Also, A=B
By equality of matrices we know that each element of A is equal to the
corresponding element of B, that is aij = bij for all i and j.
a11 = b11 ⇒ a + 4 = 2a + 2 ⇒ a = 2
a12 = b12 ⇒ 3b = b 2 + 2 ⇒ b 2 = 3b − 2
And a22 = b22 ⇒ −6 = b 2 − 5b
⇒ -6=3b-2-5b ∵ b2 = 3b − 2
⇒ 2b = 4 ⇒ b = 2
∴ a = 2 and b = 2
 3 1
6. If possible, find the sum of the matrices A and B, where A =   and
 2 3
x y z
B= 
a b c 
 3 1 x y z
Sol. We have, A =   and B =  
 2 3 2×2  a b c  2×3
Here, A and B are of different Orders. Also, we know that the addition of two matrices
A and B is possible only if order of both the matrices A and B should be same.
Hence, the sum of matrices A and B is not possible.
3 1 −1  2 1 −1
7. If X =   and Y =   , then find
5 −2 −3 7 2 4 
(i) X + Y.
(ii) 2x - 3Y

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 (iii) a matrix Z such that X + Y + Z is a zero matrix.
 3 1 −1  2 1 −1
Sol. We have, X =   and Y =  
5 −2 −3 2×3  7 2 4  2×3
3 + 2 1 + 1 −1 − 1   5 2 −2 
(i) X + Y =  = 
5 + 7 −2 + 2 −3 + 4  12 0 1 
3 1 −1  6 2 −2 
(ii) ∵ 2 x = 2  = 
5 −2 −3 10 −4 −6 
 2 1 −1  6 3 −3
and 3 y = 3   =  21 6 12 
 7 2 4   
 6−6 2 − 3 −2 + 3   0 −1 1 
∴ 2x − 3 y =   = 
10 − 21 −4 − 6 −6 − 12  −11 −10 −18
3 + 2 1 + 1 −1 − 1  5 2 −2
(iii) x + y =  = 
5 + 7 −2 + 2 −3 + 4 12 0 +1
 0 0 0
Also, X + Y + Z =  
 0 0 0
We see that Z is the additive inverse of ( x + y ) or negative of ( x + y )
 −5 −2 2 
∴Z =   [∵Z = −( X + Y )]
 −12 0 − 1
8. Find non-zero values of x satisfying the matrix equation:
2 x 2 8 5 x  ( x 2 + 8 ) 24 
x  + 2 4 4 x  = 2  .
 3 x    (10 ) 6 x 
Sol. Given that,
2 x 2  8 5 x  ( x 2 + 8 ) 24 
x  + 2 4 4 x = 2  
 3 x    (10 ) 6 x 
 2 x 2 2 x  16 10 x   2 x 2 + 16 48 
⇒ 2
+ = 
 3 x x   8 8 x   20 12 x 
 2 x 2 + 16 2 x + 10 x   2 x 2 + 16 48 
⇒ = 
 3x + 8 x 2 + 8 x   20 12 x 
⇒ 2 x + 10 x = 48
⇒ 12 x = 48
48
∴x = =4
12

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  0 1  0 −1
9. If A =   and B =   , then show that
1 1 1 0 
( A + B ) ( A – B ) ≠ A2 – B2 .
0 1 0 −1
Sol. We have, A =   and B =  
1 1 1 0 
0 + 0 1 − 1  0 0
∴( A + B) =  =
 1+1 1 + 0   2 1  2×2
0 − 0 1 + 1  0 2
and ( A − B ) =  = 
 1 − 1 1 − 0   0 1  2×2
Since, (A+B). (A-B) is defined, if the number of columns of (A+B) is equal to the
number of rows of (A-B), so here multiplication of matrices (A+B). (A-B) is possible.
0 + 0 0 + 0 0 0 
Now, ( A + B )2×2 . ( A − B )2×2 =  =  ...... ( i )
0 + 0 4 + 1 0 5 
Also, A2 = A. A
0 1 0 1
= . 
1 1 1 1
0 + 1 0 + 1 1 1 
= = 
0 + 1 1 + 1  1 2
0 −1 0 −1
And B 2 = B.B =  . 
 1 0  1 0 
 0 − 1 0 + 0   −1 0 
= = 
0 + 1 −1 + 0  0 −1
1 1   −1 0   2 1
∴ A2 − B 2 =  − =  ..... ( ii )
1 2  0 −1 1 3
Thus, we see that
2
( A + B ) . ( A − B ) ≠ A2 − B  using Eqs. ( i ) and ( ii ) 
 0 0   2 1
⇒ ≠  Hence proved.
 0 5   1 3
 1 3 2 1 
10. Find the value of x, if [1 x 1]  2 5 1   2  = 0
15 3 2   x 

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  1 3 2 1 
Sol. We have, [1 x 1]1×3  2 5 1   2  = 0
15 3 2  3×3  x  3×1
1 
⇒ [1 + 2 x + 15 3 + 5 x + 3 2 + x + 2]1×3  2  = 0
 x  3×1
1 
⇒ [16 + 2 x 5 x + 6 x + 4]1×3  2  = 0
 x  3×1
⇒ 16 + 2 x + ( 5 x + 6 ) .2 + ( x + 4 ) .x 1×1 = 0
⇒ 16 + 2 x + 10 x + 12 + x 2 + 4 x  = 0
⇒  x 2 + 16 x + 28  = 0
⇒  x 2 + 2 x + 14 x + 28  = 0
⇒ ( x + 2 )( x + 14 ) = 0
∴ x = −2, −14
5 3
11. Show that A =   satisfies the equation A2 – 3 A – 7 I = 0 and hence find
 −1 −2
A –1 .
5 3
Sol. We have, A =  
 −1 −2
5 3 5 3
∴ A2 = A. A =  . 
 −1 −2  −1 −2 
 25 − 3 15 − 6   22 9 
= = 
 −5 + 2 −3 + 4   −3 1 
 5 3  15 9 
3A = 3  = 
 −1 −2   −3 −6
1 0   7 0 
And 7 I = 7  = 
0 1   0 7 
 22 9 15 9  7 0 
∴ A2 − 3 A − 7 I =  − − 
 −3 1  −3 −6 0 7 
 22 − 15 − 7 9 − 9 − 0 
= 
 −3 + 3 − 0 1 + 6 − 7 

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 0 0
= 
0 0
=0 Hence proved.
Since, A2 − 3 A − 7 I = 0
⇒ A−1 ( A2 ) − 3 A − 7 I  = A−1 0

⇒ A−1 A. A − 3 A−1 A − 7 A−1 I = 0 ∵ A−1 0 = 0 

⇒ IA − 3 I − 7 A−1 = 0 ∵ A−1 A = I 
⇒ A − 3I − 7 A−1 = 0 ∵ A−1 I = A−1 
⇒ −7 A−1 = − A + 3I
 −5 −3  3 0   −2 −3
= + = 
 1 2  0 3  1 5 
−1  −2 −3
∴ A−1 = 
7  1 5 
12. Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation:
 2 1   −3 2  1 0 
 3 2 A  5 −3 = 0 1  .
     
2 1   −3 2  1 0 
Sol. We have,   A.   = 
 3 2  2×2  5 −3 2×2  0 1  2×2
a b 
Let A  
 c d  2×2
 2 1   a b   −3 2  1 0 
∴    = 
 3 2  c d   5 −3 0 1 
 2a + c 2b + d   −3 2  1 0 
⇒  = 
3a + 2c 3b + 2d   5 −3  0 1 
 −6a − 3c + 10b + 5d 4a + 2c − 6b − 3d  1 0
⇒ = 
 −9a − 6c + 15b + 10d 6a + 4c − 9b − 6d  0 1 
⇒ −6a − 3c + 10b + 5d = 1 ...... ( i )
⇒ 4a + 2c − 6b − 3d = 0 ........ ( ii )
⇒ −9a − 6c + 15b + 10d = 0 ...... ( iii )
⇒ 6a+4c-9c-6d=1 ..... ( iv )
On adding Eqs. (i) and (iv), we get
c + b − d = 2 ⇒ d = c + b − 2............... ( v )

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 On adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
−5a − 4c + 9b + 7d = 0 ........ ( vi )
On adding Eqs. (vi) and (iv), we get
a + 0 + 0 + d = 1 ⇒ d = 1 − a ..... ( vii )
From Eqs. (v) and (vii)
⇒ c + b − 2 = 1 − a ⇒ a + b + c = 3 ..... ( viii )
⇒ a = 3−b−c
Now, using the values of a and d in Eq. (iii) , we get
−9 ( 3 − b − c ) − 6c + 15b + 10(−2 + b + c) = 0
⇒ −27 + 9b + 9c − 6c + 15b − 20 + 10b + 10c = 0
⇒ 34b + 13c = 47 ..... ( ix )
Now, using the values of a and d in Eq. (ii), we get
4 ( 3 − b − c ) + 2c − 6b − 3 ( b + c − 2 ) = 0
⇒ 12 − 4b − 4c + 2c − 6b − 3b − 3c + 6 = 0
⇒ -13b+5c=-18 .... ( x )
On multiplying Eq. (ix) by 5 and Eq. (x) by 13, then adding, we get
−169b − 65c = −234
170b + 65c = 235
b =1
⇒ -13 ×1-5c=-18  from Eq. ( x ) 
⇒ −5c = −18 + 13 = −5 ⇒ c = 1
∴ a = 3 − 1 − 1 = 1 and d = 1 − 1 = 0
1 1 
∴ A 
1 0 
 4  −4 8 4 
13. Find A, if 1  A =  −1 2 1  .
 
 3   −3 6 3 
4  −4 8 4 
Sol. We have, 1  A =  −1 2 1 
 
 3  3×1  −3 6 3  3×3
Let A = [ x y z]
4  −4 8 4 
∴ 1  [ x y z ]1×3 =  −1 2 1 
 3  3×1  −3 6 3  3×3

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  4 x 4 y 4 z   −4 8 4 
⇒  x y z  =  −1 2 1 
 3 x 3 y 3 z   −3 6 3 
⇒ 4 x = −4 ⇒ x = −1, 4 y = 8
⇒ y = 2 and 4 z = 4
⇒ z =1
∴ A = [ −1 2 1]
 3 −4 
If A 1 1  and B=  2 1 2  , then verify BA 2 ≠ B 2 A2 .
14.  1 2 4  ( )
 2 0   

3 −4 
2 1 2
Sol. We have, A 1 1  and B= 
 1 2 4  2×3
 2 0  3×2
 3 −4 
 2 1 2 
∴ BA =   1 1 
1 2 4  2×3 
 2 0  3×2
 6 + 1 + 4 −8 + 1 + 0  11 −7 
= = 
3 + 2 + 8 −4 + 2 + 0 13 −2 
11 −7  11 −7 
And ( BA) . ( BA) =   
13 −2  13 −2 
2 121 − 91 −77 + 14   30 −63
⇒ ( BA) =  =  ....(i)
143 − 26 −91 + 4  117 −87 
 2 1 2 2 1 2
Also, B 2 = B.B =   1 2 4
 1 2 4  2×3   2×3
So B 2 is not possible, since the B is not a square matrix.
2
Hence, ( BA ) ≠ B 2 A2 .
15. If possible, find the value of BA and AB, Where
4 1 
2 1 2  
A=  B = 2 3 
 1 2 4 
1 2 
4 1 
 2 1 2
Sol. We have, A =   B =  2 3 
1 2 4  2×3 1 2  3×2

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 So, AB and BA both are possible.
[Since, in both A.B and B. A, the number of columns of first is equal to the number of
rows of second.]
4 1 
2 1 2
∴ AB =   B =  2 3 
1 2 4  2×3 1 2  3×2
8 + 2 + 2 2 + 3 + 4  12 9 
= = 
 4 + 4 + 4 1 + 6 + 8  12 15
4 1 
2 1 2
And BA =  2 3  
1 2 4  2×3
1 2  3×2 
 4 × 2 + 1 4 + 2 8 + 4  9 6 12 
=  4 + 3 2 + 6 4 + 12  = 7 8 16 
 2 + 2 1 + 4 2 + 8   4 5 10 
16. Show by an example that for A ≠ 0, B ≠ 0, AB = 0.
0 −4  3 5
Sol. Let A =   ≠ 0 and B =  
0 2 0 0 
0 0
∴ AB =  = 0 Hence proved .
0 0
1 4 
2 4 0
17. Given A =   and B =  2 8  . Is (AB)′= B′A′?
3 9 6 1 3 
1 4 
2 4 0
Sol. We have, A =   and B =  2 8 
3 9 6  2×3 1 3  3×2
 2 + 8 + 0 8 + 32 + 0  10 40 
∴ AB =  = 
3 + 18 + 6 12 + 72 + 18  27 102 
10 27 
And ( AB ) ' =   .... ( i )
 40 102 
2 3
1 2 1  
Also, B ' =   and A ' =  4 9 
 4 8 3  2×3  0 6  3×2

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  2+8+0 3 + 18 + 6  10 27 
∴ B ' A' =  =  ( ii )
8 + 32 + 0 12 + 72 + 18  40 102 
Thus, we see that, (AB)’=B’A’ [Using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
 2 3  −8 
18. Solve for x and y, x   + y   +  =0
1  5  −11
2 3  −8 
Sol. We have, x   + y   +  =0
1  5  −11
 2 x  3. y   −8 
⇒ + + =0
x
    5. y − 11
 2 x 3 y −8  0
⇒ = 
 x 5 y −11 0
∴ 2x + 3 y − 8 = 0
⇒ 4 x + 6 y = 16 .... ( i )
and x + 5 y − 11 = 0
⇒ 4 x + 20 y = 44 ...... ( ii )
On subtracting Eq. (i) and from (ii), we get
14 y = 28 ⇒ y = 2
∴ 2x + 3× 2 − 8 = 0
⇒ 2x = 2 ⇒ x = 1
∴ x = 1 and y = 2
19. If X and Y are 2 × 2 matrices, then solve the following matrix equations for X
and Y
 2 3  −2 2 
2 X + 3Y =   ,3 X + 2Y =  
 4 0  1 −5
Sol. We have,
 2 3
2 X + 3Y =   ....(i)
 4 0 
 −2 2 
And 3 X + 2Y =   ....(ii)
 1 −5
On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get
 −2 − 2 2 − 3 
∴ ( 3 X + 2Y ) − (2 X + 3Y ) =  
 1 − 4 −5 − 0 
 −4 −1
( x − y) =   ....(iii)
 −3 −5 

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 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
0 5 
( 5 X + 5Y ) =  
 5 −5
1 0 5  0 1 
⇒(X +Y) =  =
5 5 −5 1 −1
On adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
 −4 0 
⇒ ( X −Y ) + ( X +Y ) =  
 −2 −6 
 −2 0 
⇒ 2X=2  
 −1 3
 −2 0 
∴X =  
 −1 3
From Eq. (iv),
 −2 0  0 1 
 −1 −3 + Y = 1 −1
   
2 1  −2 0 
∴Y =   and X =  
 2 2  −1 −3
20. If A = [3 5] and B = [ 7 3] , then find a non-zero matrix C such that AC = BC.
Sol. We have, A = [3 5]1×2 and B = [ 7 3]1×2
 x
Let C =   is a non-zero matrix of order 2 × 1 .
 y  2×1
x
∴ AC = [3 5]   = [3x + 5 y ]
 y
 x
And BC = [ 7 3]   = [ 7 x + 3 y ]
 y
For AC=BC,
[3x + 5 y ] = [ 7 x + 3 y ]
On using equality of matrix, we get
⇒ 3x + 5 y = 7 x + 3 y
⇒ 4x = 2 y
1
⇒x= y
2
⇒ y = 2x

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 x
∴C =  
2 x 
We see that on taking C of order 2 ×1, 2 × 2, 2 × 3, ...... we get
 x   x x  x x x 
C =  ,  ,  .....
2 x 2x 2x  2x 2x 2x 
In general,
k k k
C =  ,  etc.....
 2 k   2 k 2k 
Where, k is any real number.
21. Give an example of matrices A, B and C such that AB = AC, where A is non-zero
matrix, but B ≠C.
1 0   2 3  2 3
Sol. Let A =   ,B =   and C =   [∵ B ≠ C ]
0 0   4 0  4 4
1 0   2 3   2 3 
∴ AB =   =  ...... ( i )
0 0   4 0  0 0 
1 0   2 3   2 3 
And ∴ AC =  . =  ...... ( ii )
0 0  4 0   0 0 
Thus, we see that AB=AC [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
Where, A is non-zero matrix but B ≠ C .
 1 2 2 3   1 0
22. If A =   , B=  and C =   , verify
 −2 1   3 −4  −1 0 
(i) ( AB ) C = A ( BC )
(ii) A ( B + C ) = AB + AC.
 1 2 2 3   1 0
Sol. We have, A =   , B=  and C =  
 −2 1   3 −4  −1 0 
 1 2   2 3   2 + 6 3 − 8   8 −5 
(i) (AB) =   = = 
 −2 1   3 −4  −4 + 3 −6 − 4   −1 −10
 8 −5   1 0
And ( AB)C =   
 −1 −10   −1 0
 8 + 5 0  13 0 
= =  .... ( i )
 −1 + 10 0   9 0 
 2 3   1 0
Again, ( BC ) =   
 3 −4   −1 0

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  2 − 3 0   −1 0
= = 
3 + 4 0   7 0 
 1 2  −1 0
And A ( BC ) =   
 −2 1   7 0
 −1 + 14 0 13 0
= =  ... ( ii )
 +2 + 7 0  9 0
∴ ( AB)C = A( BC ) [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
2 3   1 0 3 3 
(ii) ( B + C ) =  + = 
 3 −4  −1 0   2 −4
 1 2 3 3 
And A. ( B + C ) =   
 −2 1   2 −4
 3+ 4 3 − 8   7 −5 
= =  ... ( iii )
 −6 + 2 −6 − 4   −4 −10 
 1 2 2 3 
Also, AB =  . 
 −2 1   3 −4
 2 + 6 3 − 8   8 −5 
= = 
 −4 + 3 −6 − 4   −1 −10 
 1 2  1 0   1 − 2 0  −1 0
And AC =   = = 
 −2 1   −1 0   −2 − 1 0  −3 0
 8 −5   −1 0 
∴ AB + AC =  + 
 −1 −10   −3 0 
 7 −5 
⇒ AB + AC =   .... ( iv )
 −4 −10 
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv),
A ( B + C ) = AB + AC
 x 0 0 a 0 0
23. If P =  0 y 0  and Q =  0 b 0  , then prove that
 0 0 z   0 0 c 
 xa 0 0 
PQ =  0 yb 0  = QP.
 0 0 zc 

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  x 0 0 a 0 0   xa 0 0 
Sol. PQ =  0 y 0   0 b 0  =  0 yb 0  .... ( i )
 0 0 z   0 0 c   0 0 zc 
 a 0 0  x 0 0   ax 0 0 
and QP =  0 b 0   0 y 0  =  0 by 0  ... ( ii )
 0 0 c   0 0 z   0 0 zc 
Thus, we see that, PQ=QP [using Eqs. (i) and (ii) ]
Hence proved.
 −1 0 −1  1 
24. If [ 2 1 3]  −1 1 0   0  = A, then find the value of A.
 0 1 1   −1
 −1 0 −1  1 
Sol. We have, [ 2 1 3]  −1 1 0   0  = A
 0 1 1   −1
 −1 0 −1
∴ [ 2 1 3]  −1 1 0  = [ −2 − 1 + 0 0 + 1 + 3 −2 + 0 + 3]
 0 1 1 
= [−3 4 1]
1
Now, [ −3 4 1]  0  = A
 −1
1
∴ A = [ −3 4 1]  0 
 −1
= [ −3 + 0 − 1] = [ −4]
5 3 4   −1 2 1 
25. If A = [ 2 1] , B =   and C = 1 0 2 , then verify that
8 7 6   
A ( B + C ) = ( AB + AC ) .
Sol. We have to verify that, A ( B + C ) = ( AB + AC )
5 3 4   −1 2 1 
We have, A = [ 2 1] , B =   and C =  
8 7 6  1 0 2

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 5 − 1 3 + 2 4 + 1 
∴ A ( B + C ) = [ 2 1]  
8 + 1 7 + 0 6 + 2 
 4 5 5
= [ 2 1]  
9 7 8 
= [8 + 9 10 + 7 10 + 8]
= [17 17 18] ...(i )
5 3 4 
Also, AB = [ 2 1]   ..... ( i )
8 7 6 
= [10 + 8 6 + 7 8 + 6] = [18 13 14]
 −1 2 1 
And AC = [2 1]  
1 0 2 
= [ −2 + 1 4 + 0 2 + 2] = [ −1 4 4]
∴ AB + AC = [18 13 14] + [ −1 4 4]
= [17 17 18] ... ( ii )
∴ A ( B + C ) = ( AB + AC ) [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
Hence proved.
1 0 −1
26. If A =  2 1 3  , then verify that A2 + A = A ( A + I ) , where I is 3 × 3 unit matrix.
 0 1 1 
1 0 −1
Sol. We have, A =  2 1 3 
 0 1 1 
∴ A2 = A. A
1 0 −1 1 0 −1  1 −1 −2 
=  2 1 3   2 1 3  =  4 4 4 
 0 1 1   0 1 1   2 2 4 
 1 −1 −2  1 0 −1
∴ A + A =  4 4 4  +  2 1 3 
2

 2 2 4   0 1 1 
 2 − 1 − 3
=  6 5 7  ... ( i )
 2 3 5 

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 1 0 −1 1 0 0   2 0 −1
Now, A + I =  2 1 3  + 0 1 0  =  2 2 3 
 0 1 1  0 0 1   0 1 2 
1 0 −1  2 0 −1  2 −1 −3
And A ( A + I ) =  2 1 3  .  2 2 3  =  6 5 7  ... ( ii )
 0 1 1   0 1 2   2 3 5 
Thus, we see that A2 + A = A( A + I ) [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
4 0
0 −1 2   
27. If A =   and B = 1 3  then verify that:
 4 3 −4   2 6 
(i) ( A′ ) ′ = A
(ii) ( AB ) ′ = B′ A′
(iii) ( kA) ′ = ( kA′ ) .
4 0
0 −1 2 
Sol. We have, A =   and B = 1 3 
 4 3 −4  2 6 
(i) We have to verify that, A’=A
0 4 
∴ A ' =  −1 3 
 2 −4 
0 −1 2 
And A ' =   = A Hence Proved.
 4 3 −4 
(ii) We have to verify that, AB’=B’A’
3 9 
∴ AB =  
11 −15
3 11 
⇒ AB =  
9 −15
0 4 
4 1 2  3 11 
And B ' A ' =    −1 3  =  
0 3 6    9 −15 
 2 − 4 
=(AB)’ Hence proved.
(iii) We have to verify that, (kA)’=(kA’)

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 0 −k 2k 
Now, (kA) = 
 4k 3k −4k 
0 4k 
And (kA) ' =  −k 3k 
 2k −4k 
0 4k 
Also, kA ' =  − k 3k  = ( kA ) ' Hence proved.
 2k −4k 
1 2  1 2 
28. If A =  4 1  and B =  6 4  , then verify that:
5 6   7 3 
(i) ( 2 A + B ) ′ = 2 A′ + B′
(ii) ( A – B ) ′ = A′ – B′
1 2  1 2 
Sol. We have, A =  4 1  and B =  6 4 
 
5 6   7 3 
 2 4  1 2  3 6 
(i) ∴ ( 2 A + B ) = 8 2  + 6 4  = 14 6 
10 12  7 3  17 15
3 14 17 
And ( 2 A + B ) ' =  
6 6 15 
1 4 5  1 6 7 
Also, 2 A '+ B ' = 2  + 
 2 1 6  2 4 3 
3 14 17 
=  = (2A + B) ' Hence proved.
6 6 15 
1 2  1 2  0 0 
(ii) ( A − B ) =  4 1  −  6 4  =  −2 −3
  
5 6  7 3   −2 3 
0 −2 −2
And ( A − B ) ' =  
0 −3 3 
1 4 5  1 6 7 
Also, A '− B ' =  − 
2 1 6 2 4 3 

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  0 −2 −2 
= 
 0 −3 3 
= (A-B)’ Hence Proved.
29. Show that A′A and AA′ are both symmetric matrices for any matrix A.
Sol. Let P=A’A
∴ P'= ( AA ') '
= A ' ( A ' ) ' ∵ ( AB ' ) ' = B ' A ']
= A' A = P
So, A’A is symmetric matrix for any matrix A.
Similarly, let Q=AA’
∴ Q'= ( AA ') ' = ( A ') ' ( A) '
= A ( A ') ' = Q
So, AA’ is symmetric matrix for any matrix A.
2
30. Let A and B be square matrices of the order 3×3. Is ( AB ) =A2 B 2 ? Give reasons.
Sol. Since, A and B are square matrices of order 3 × 3 .
∴ AB2 = AB. AB
=ABAB
=AABB [∵ AB = BA]
= A2 B 2
So, AB 2 = A2 B 2 is true when AB=BA
31. Show that if A and B are square matrices such that AB = BA, then
2
(A + B ) = A2 + 2 AB + B 2
Sol. Since, A and B are square matrices such that AB=BA
2
∴ ( A + B ) = ( A + B ) .( A + B )
= A2 + AB + BA + B 2
= A2 + AB + AB + B 2 [∵ AB = BA]
= A2 + 2 AB + B 2 Hence proved.
 1 2 4 0 2 0 
32. Let A =   ,B =   , C=  , a= 4, b= –2, then show that:
 −1 3  1 5  1 −2 
(a) A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
(b) A (BC) = (AB) C
(c) (a+ b)B = aB + bB
(d) a(C–A) = aC –aA
(e) (AT)T= A
(f) (bA)T= bAT

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 (g) (AB)T= BTAT
(h) (A –B)C = AC – BC
(i) (A – B)T= AT– BT
 1 2 4 0
Sol. We have, A =   ,B =  ,
 −1 3  1 5 
2 0 
C=  and a= 4, b= –2.
1 −2 
 1 2  6 0  7 2 
(i) A + ( B + C ) =  + = 
 −1 3  2 3 1 6 
5 2   2 0 
And ( A + B ) + C =  + 
0 8  1 −2
7 2 
=  = A + ( B + C ) Hence proved.
 1 6 
 4 0   2 0  8 0 
(ii) ( BC ) =   = 
1 5 1 −2  7 −10 
 1 2 8 0 
And A ( BC ) =   
 −1 3 7 −10
 8 + 14 0 − 20   22 −20 
= = 
 −8 + 21 0 − 30  13 −30 
 1 2   4 0  6 10 
Also, ( AB ) =  . = 
 −1 3  1 5  −1 15
 6 10   2 0 
( AB ) C =   
 −1 15 1 −2 
 22 −20
=  = A ( BC ) Hence Proved.
13 −30
 4 0
(iii) ( a + b ) B = ( 4 − 2 )   [∵ a = 4, b = −2]
1 5
8 0 
= 
 2 10
and aB + bB = 4 B − 2 B
16 0   8 0 
= − 
 4 20   2 10 

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 8 0 
= 
 2 10
=(a+b)B Hence Proved.
 2 − 1 0 − 2  1 −2 
(iv) ( C − A ) =  = 
1 + 1 −2 − 3  2 −5
 4 −8 
and a ( C − A) =  
8 −20 
 8 0   4 8   4 −8 
Also, aC − aA =   −  −4 12  = 8 −20 
 4 −8     
=a(C-A) Hence Proved.
T
T  1 2  1 −1
(v) A =   = 
 −1 3  2 3 
T
 1 2
T T
Now, ( A ) =  
 −1 3 
= A. Hence Proved.
T
T −2 −4 
(vi) ( bA ) =   [∵ b = −2]
 2 −6 
 −2 2 
= 
 −4 −6 
1 −1
and AT =  
2 3 
 −2 2  T
∴ bAT =   = ( bA) Hence proved.
 −4 −6 
 1 2  4 0   4 + 2 0 + 10   6 10 
(vii) AB =   = = 
 −1 3  1 5   −4 + 3 0 + 15  −1 15
T  6 −1
∴ ( AB ) =  
10 15 
 4 1  1 −1  6 −1
Now, BT AT =   = 
0 5  2 3  10 15 
T

= ( AB ) Hence proved.
 1 − 4 2 − 0   −3 2 
(viii) ( A − B ) =  = 
 −1 − 1 3 − 5   −2 −2 

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  −3 2   2 0   −4 −4 
( A − B) C =   =  …(i)
 −2 −2 1 −2  −6 4 
 1 2   2 0   4 −4 
Now, AC =   =  .... ( ii )
 −1 3  1 −2  1 −6 
 4 0   2 0  8 0 
and BC =   =  .... ( iii )
1 5  1 −2  7 −10 
 4 − 8 −4 − 0 
∴ AC-BC=   [using Eq. (ii) and (iii)]
1 − 7 −6 + 10
 −4 −4 
= 
 −6 4 
=(A-B)C [using Eq. (i)] Hence proved.
T
T  1 − 4 2 − 0
(ix) ( A − B ) = 
 −1 − 1 3 − 5 
T
 −3 2   −3 −2 
=  = 
 −2 −2   2 −2 
1 −1  4 1
AT − BT =  − 
 2 3   0 5
 −3 −2  T
=  = ( A + B ) Hence proved.
 2 −2 
 cos q sin q   cos 2q sin 2q 
33. If A =   then show that A2 =  
 − sin q cos q   − sin 2q cos 2q 
 cos q sin q 
Sol. We have, A =  
 − sin q cos q 
 cos q sin q   cos q sin q 
∴ A2 = A. A =  . 
 − sin q cos q   − sin q cos q 
 cos 2 q − sin 2 q cos q.sin q + sin q cos q 
= 
 − sin q cos q − cos q sin q − sin 2 + cos 2 q 
 cos 2 q 2sin q cos q 
 ∵ cos θ − sin θ = cos 2θ 
2 2
=
 − sin q cos q cos 2 q 
 cos 2q sin 2q 
=  [∵ sin 2θ = 2sin θ .cos θ ] Hence proved.
 − sin 2q cos 2q 

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 0 − x  0 1  2
34. If A =   ,B =   and x 2 = −1 , then show that ( A + B ) = A2 + B 2
x 0  1 0 
0 − x  0 1  2
Sol. We have, A =   ,B =   and x = −1
 x 0   1 0 
 0 − x + 1
∴ ( A + B) = 
x +1 0 
2  0 − x + 1  0 − x + 1
And ( A + B ) = 
x +1 0   x + 1 0 
1 − x 2 0 
=  ...(i )
 0 1 − x2 
0 − x  0 − x  − x2 0 
Also, A2 = A. A =     = 2
x 0  x 0   0 −x 
 0 1   0 1  1 0 
And B 2 = B.B =   = 
 1 0  1 0   0 1 
− x2 + 1 0  1 − x 2 0 
Now, A2 + B 2 =  2 =  [using Eq. (i)]
 0 − x + 1  0 1 − x2 
2
= ( A + B ) Hence Proved.
0 1 −1
35. Verify that A2= I, when A =  4 −3 4  .
 3 −3 4 
 0 1 −1
Sol. We have, A =  4 −3 4 
 3 −3 4 
 0 1 −1  0 1 −1
∴ A =  4 −3 4  .  4 −3 4 
2
∵ A2 = A. A 
 3 −3 4   3 −3 4 
1 0 0
=  0 1 0  = I Hence proved.
 0 0 1 

36.
n
( )
Prove by Mathematical Induction that ( A′) = An ' where n ∈ N for any square
matrix A.
Sol.
n
( )
Let P ( n ) : ( A ') = An '

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 1 '
∴ P (1) : ( A ) = ( A )
⇒ A'=A' ⇒ P (1) is true.
Now, P ( k ) : ( A ') = Ak ',
k
( )
Where k ∈ N
= ( Ak +1 ) '
k +1
And P ( k + 1) : ( A ')
where P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true.
k 1
∴ P ( k + 1) : ( A ') . ( A ') =  Ak +1  '
( A ) '. ( A ) ' =  A  '
k k +1

( A. A ) ' =  A  ' ∵ ( A ') = ( A ) ' and ( AB ) = B ' A '

k k +1 k k

( A ) ' =  A  ' Hence proved.

k +1 k +1

37. Find inverse, by elementary row operations (if possible), of the following
matrices
 1 3
(i)  
 −5 7 
 1 −3
(ii)  
 −2 6 
 1 3
Sol. (i) Let A =  
 −5 7 
In order to use elementary row operations we may write A=IA.
 1 3  1 0
∴  = A
 −5 7   0 1 
1 3  1 0 
⇒ 0 22 = 5 1  A [∵ R2 → R2 + 5R1 ]
   
1 3  1 0   1 
⇒ =
0 1 5 / 22 1/ 22  A ∵ R2 → 22 R2 
     
1 0  7 / 22 −3 / 22 
⇒ 0 1  =  5 / 22 1/ 22  A [∵ R1 → R1 − 3R2 ]
   
1 0  1 7 −3
⇒ 0 1  = 22 5 1  A
   
⇒ I = BA, where B is the inverse of A.

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 1 7 −3
∴ B=
22 5 −1
 1 −3
(ii) Let A =  
 −2 6 
In order to use elementary row operations, we write A=IA
 1 −3 1 0
⇒  = A
 −2 6  0 1 
1 −3 1 0 
⇒   =  2 1  A [∵ R2 → R2 + 2 R1 ]
 0 0   
Since, we obtain all zeroes in a row of the matrix A on LHS, so A-1 does not exist.
 xy 4  8 w 
38. If  =  , then find values of x, y, z and w.
 z + 6 x + y  0 6 
 xy 4  8 w 
Sol. We have,  = 
 z + 6 x + y  0 6 
By equality of matrix, x + y = 6 and xy = 8
⇒ x=6-y and ( 6 − y ) .y=8
⇒ y2 − 6 y + 8 = 0
⇒ y2 − 4 y − 2 y + 8 = 0
⇒ ( y − 2 )( y − 4 ) = 0
⇒ y = 2 or y = 4
∴x = 6−4 = 2
or x = 6 − 4 = 2 [∵ x = 6 − y ]
Also, z + 6=0
⇒ z = −6 and w = 4
∴ x=2, y=4 or x=4, y=2, z=-6 and w=4
1 5   9 1
39. If A =   and B =  7 8 , find a matrix C such that 3A + 5B + 2C is a null
7 12   
matrix.
1 5   9 1
Sol. We have, A =   and B =  
7 12   7 8
a b 
Let C =  
c d 
∴ 3 A + 5B + 2C = 0

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  3 15   45 5   2a 2b   0 0 
⇒ + + = 
 21 36  35 40   2c 2d   0 0 
 48 + 2a 20 + 2b   0 0
⇒ = 
 56 + 2c 76 + 2d   0 0
⇒ 2a + 48 = 0 ⇒ a = −24
Also, 20 + 2b = 0 ⇒ b = −10
56 + 2c = 0 ⇒ c = −28
And 76 + 2d = 0 ⇒ d = −38
 −24 −10 
∴C  
 −28 −38
 3 −5 2
40. If A =   , then find A − 5 A − 14 I . Hence, obtain A .
3
 −4 2 
 3 −5
Sol. We have, A =   ...(i)
 −4 2 
 3 −5  3 −5
∴ A2 =A.A =   
 −4 2   −4 2 
 29 −25
=  ...(ii)
 −20 24 
 29 −25  15 −25 14 0 
∴ A 2 − 5 A − 14 I =  − − 
 −20 24   −20 10   0 14 
0 0
= 
0 0
Now, A2 − 5 A − 14 I = 0
⇒ A.A 2 − 5 A. A − 14 AI = 0
⇒ A3 − 5 A2 − 14 A = 0 [∵ AI = A]
⇒ A3 = 5 A2 = 14 A
 29 −25  3 −5
= 5  + 14   [Using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
 −20 24   −4 2 
 145 −125  42 −70 
= + 
 −100 120   −56 28 
 187 −195
= 
 −156 148 
41. Find the values of a, b, c and d, if

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 a b   a 6   4 a + b
3  =  + z.
 c d   −1 2d  c + d 3 
a b   a 6   4 a + b
Sol. We have, 3   =  +
 c d   −1 2d  c + d 3 
3a 3b   a + 4 6 + a + b
⇒  = 
 3c 3d  c + d − 1 3 + 2d 
⇒ 3a = a + 4 ⇒ a = 2;
3b = 6 + a + b
⇒ 3b − b = 8 ⇒ b = 4;
3d = 3 + 2d ⇒ d = 3
and 3c=c+d-1
⇒ 2c=3-1 ⇒ c=1
∴ a=2, b=4, c=1 and d=3
 2 −1  −1 −8 −10 
42. 
Find the matrix A such that 1 0  A =  1 −2 −5  .

 −3 4   9 22 15 
 2 −1  −1 −8 −10 
Sol. 
We have, 1 0  A =  1 −2 −5 

 −3 4  3×2  9 22 15  3×3
From the given equation, it is clear that order of A should be 2 × 3
a b c 
Let A =  
d e f 
 2 −1  −1 −8 −10 
a b c 
∴ 1 0  A =   =  1 −2 −5 
 −3 4  d e f
 9 22 15 
 2a − d 2b − e 2c − f   −1 −8 −10 
⇒  a + 0d b + 0.e c + 0. f  =  1 −2 −5 
 −3a + 4d −3b + 4e −3c + 4 f   9 22 15 
 2a − d 2b − e 2c − f   −1 −8 −10 
⇒  a b c  =  1 −2 −5 
  
 −3a + 4d −3b + 4e −3c + 4 f   9 22 15 
By equality of matrices, we get
a = 1, b = −2 c = −5

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 And 2a − d = −1 ⇒ d = 2a + 1 = 3;
⇒ 2b − e = −8 ⇒ e = 2 ( −2 ) + 8 = 4
2c − f = −10 ⇒ f = 2c + 10 = 0
1 −2 −5
∴A = 
3 4 0 
1 2
43. If A =  , then find A2 + 2 A + 7 I .
4 1 
1 2
Sol. We have, A =  ,
4 1 
1 2  1 2
∴ A2 −  
4 1  4 1 
 1 − 8 2 + 2  9 4 
= = 
 4 + 4 8 + 1  8 9 
9 4   2 4  7 0  18 8 
∴ A2 + 2 A + 7 =  + +  = 
8 9  8 2   0 7  16 18
 cosα sinα  −1
44. If A =   and A = A ', then find value of α.
 − sinα cosα 
 cosα sinα  cos a − sin a 
Sol. We have, A =   and A ' =  
 − sinα cosα   sin a cos a 
−1
Also, A = A '
⇒ AA −1 = AA '
 cosα sinα  cosα − sinα 
⇒I =   sinα cosα 
 − sinα cosα   
1 0   cos 2 α + sin 2 α 0 
⇒   = 2 2 
0 1   0 sin α + cos α 
By Using equality of matrices, we get
cos 2 α + sin 2 α = 1
Which is true for all real values of α .
0 a 3 
45. If the matrix  2 b −1 is a skew symmetric matrix, then find the values of a,
 c 1 0 
b and c.

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 0 a 3 
Sol. Let A =  2 b −1
 c 1 0 
Since, A is skew-symmetric matrix.
∴ A' = −A
0 2 c  0 a 3 
⇒  a b 1  = −  2 b −1
 

 3 −1 0   c 1 0 
 0 2 c   0 − a −3
⇒  a b 1  =  −2 −b +1
 3 −1 0   −c −1 0 
By equality of matrices, we get
a = −2, c = −3 and b = −b ⇒ b = 0
∴ a=-2, b=0 and c=-3
 cos x sin x 
46. If P ( x ) =   , then show that P ( x ) .P ( y ) = P ( x + y ) = P ( y ) .P ( x ) .
 − sin x cos x 
Sol. We have,
 cos x sin x 
P ( x) =  ,
 − sin x cos x 
 cos y sin y 
∴P ( y) =  ,
 − sin y cos y 
 cos x sin x   cos y sin y 
Now, P ( x ) .P ( y ) =   
 − sin x cos x   − sin y cos y 
 cos x.cos y − sin x.sin y cos x.sin y + sin x.cos y 
= 
 − sin x.cos y − cos x.sin y − sin x.sin y + cos x.cos y 
 cos ( x + y ) sin ( x + y ) 
=  ….(i)
 − sin ( x + y ) cos ( x + y ) 
∴ cos ( x + y ) = cos x.cos y − sin x.sin y 
 
 and sin ( x + y ) = sin x.cos y + cos x.sin y 
 cos ( x + y ) sin ( x + y ) 
And P ( x + y ) =   ..... ( ii )
 − sin ( x + y ) cos ( x + y ) 
 cos y sin y   cos x sin x 
Also, P ( y ) .P ( x ) =   
 − sin y cos y   − sin x cos x 

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  cos y.cos x − sin y.sin x cos y.sin x + sin y.cos x 
= 
 − sin y.cos x − sin x − cos y − sin y.sin x + cos y.cos x 
 cos ( x + y ) sin ( x + y ) 
= 
 − sin ( x + y ) cos ( x + y ) 
Thus, we see from the Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) that,
P ( x ) .P ( y ) = P ( x + y ) = P ( y ) .P ( x ) Hence Proved.
47. If A is square matrix such that A2= A, show that (I + A)3= 7A + I.
Sol. Since, A2 = A and ( I + A). ( I + A) = I 2 + IA + AI + A2
= I 2 + 2 AI + A2
= I + 2 A + A = I + 3A
And ( I + A) . ( I + A ) ( I + A) = ( I + A )( I + 3 A )
= I 2 + 3 AI + AI + 3 A2
= I + 4 AI + 3 A
= I + 7 A = 7 A + I Hence proved.
48. If A, B are square matrices of same order and B is a skew-symmetric matrix,
show that A′BA is skew symmetric.
Sol. Since, A and B are square matrices of same order and B is a skew-symmetric matrix
i.e. B’=-B.
Now, we have to prove that A’BA is a skew-symmetric matrix.
∴ A ' BA ' = A ' BA ' = BA ' A ' [∵ AB ' = B ' A ']
= A ' BA ' = A '− BA = − A ' BA
Hence, A’BA is a skew-symmetric matrix.

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 Matrices
Long Answer Type Questions

49. If AB = BA for any two square matrices, then prove by mathematical induction
n
that ( AB ) = An B n
n
Sol. Let P ( n ) : ( AB ) = An B n
1
∴ P (1) : ( AB ) = A1 B1 ⇒ AB = AB
So, P(1) is true.
k
Now, P ( k ) : ( AB ) = Ak B k .k ∈ N
So, P(K) is true, whenever P(k+1) is true.
k +1
∴ P ( K + 1: AB ) = Ak +1 B k +1
⇒ AB k . AB1 [∵ AB = BA]
⇒ Ak B k .BA ⇒ Ak B k +1 A
⇒ Ak A.B k +1 ⇒ Ak +1 B k +1
k +1
⇒ ( A.B ) = Ak +1 B k +1
So, P(k+1) is true for all n ∈ N , whenever P(k) is true.
By mathematical induction (AB)=AnBn is true for all n ∈ N .
0 2 y z 
50. Find x, y, z if A =  x y − z  satisfies A′= A–1.
 x − y z 
0 2 y z  0 x x
Sol. We have, A =  x y − z  and A ' =  2 y y − y 
  
 x − y z   z − z z 
Also, A ' = A−1
⇒ AA ' = AA−1 ∵ AA−1 = I 
⇒ AA ' = I
0 2 y z   0 x x  1 0 0 
⇒  x y − z   2 y y − y  =  0 1 0 
  

 x − y z   z − z z   0 0 1 
 4 y2 + z2 2 y2 − z2 −2 y 2 + z 2  1 0 0 
 
⇒  2 y2 − z2 x2 + y2 + z2 x 2 − y 2 − z 2  = 0 1 0 
 −2 y 2 + z 2 x 2 − y 2 − z 2 x 2 + y 2 − z 2  0 0 1 

⇒ 2 y2 − z2 = 0 ⇒ 2 y2 = z2

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 ⇒ 4 y2 + z2 = 1
⇒ 2.z 2 + z 2 = 1
1
z=±
3
z2 1
∴ y2 = ⇒ y=±
2 6
Also, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
1 1
⇒ x2 = 1− y2 − z2 = 1− −
6 3
3 1
= 1− =
6 2
1
⇒ x= ±
2
1 1
∴ x = ±, ,y=±
2 6
1
and z = ±
3
51. If possible, using elementary row transformations, find the inverse of the
following matrices
 2 − 1 3
(i)  −5 3 1
 −3 2 3
 2 3 − 3
(ii)  −1 −2 2 
 1 1 −1
 2 0 −1
(iii)  5 1 0 
 0 1 3 
Sol. For getting the inverse of the given matrix A by row elementary operations we may
write the given matrix as A=IA
 2 − 1 3  1 0 0 
(i)∵  −5 3 1 = 0 1 0  A
 −3 2 3 0 0 1 

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  2 −1 3   1 0 0
⇒  −3 2 4  = 0 1 0  A [∵ R2 → R2 − R1 ]
 −3 2 3  0 0 1 
 2 −1 3   1 0 0
⇒  −3 2 4  =  1 1 0  A [∵ R3 → R3 − R2 ]
 0 0 −1  −1 −1 1 
 −1 1 7   2 1 0
⇒  −3 2 4  =  1 1 0  A [∵ R1 → R1 − R2 ]
 0 0 −1  −1 −1 1 
 −1 1 7   2 1 0
⇒  0 −1 −17   −5 −2 0  A [∵ R2 → R2 − 3R1 ]
 0 0 −1   −1 −1 1 
 −1 0 −10   −3 −1 0 
∵ R1 → R1 + R2 
⇒  0 −1 −17   −5 −2 0  A 
and R3 → −1.R3 
 0 0 1   1 1 −1 
 −1 0 0   7 9 −10 
∵ R1 → R1 + 10 R3 
⇒  0 −1 0  12 15 −17  A 
 and R2 → R2 + 17 R3 
 0  
0 1   1 1 −1  
1 0 0   −7 −9 10 
∵ R1 → −1R1 
⇒ 0 1 0   −12 −15 17  A 
 and R2 → −1R2 
0 0 1   1 1 −1
 −7 −9 10 
So, the inverse of A is  −12 −15 17 
 1 1 −1
 2 3 − 3  1 0 0 
(ii) ∴  −1 −2 2  = 0 1 0  A
 1 1 −1 0 0 1 
 0 1 −1 1 0 −2 
∵ R2 → R2 + R3 
⇒  0 −1 1  = 0 1 1  A 
and R1 → R1 − 2 R3 
1 1 −1 0 0 1  

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 0 1 −1 1 0 −2 
⇒ 0 0 0  =  2 1 −2  A [∵ R2 → R2 + R1 ]
1 1 1  0 0 1 
Since, second row of the matrix A on LHS is containing all zeroes, so we can say that
inverse of matrix A does not exist.
 2 0 −1 1 0 0 
(iii) ∴  5 1 0  = 0 1 0  A
 0 1 3  0 0 1 
2 0 −1  1 0 0 
⇒  3 1 1  =  −1 1 0  A [∵ R2 → R2 − R1 ]
 0 1 3   0 0 1 
2 0 −1  1 0 0 
∵ R2 → R2 − R1 
⇒ 1 1 2  =  −2 1 0  A  and R → R + R 
 1
 2 1 2   1 0 1  3 3

 2 0 −1  1 0 0
 ∵ R3 → R3 + R1 
5  5 
 
⇒ 0 1  = − 1 0 A
 2  2   and R2 → R2 − 1 R1 
4 1 1   2 0 1   2 
  
 2 0 −1  1 0 0
 5  5 
⇒ 0 1  = − 1 0  A [∵ R3 → R3 − 2 R1 ]
 2  2 
0 1 3   0 0 1 
  
   
2 0 −1  1 0 0
   
5  5
⇒ 0 1 = − 1 0 A [∵ R3 → R3 − R2 ]
 2  2 
 1  5 
0 0   −1 1
 2  2 
 −1   1 
1 0
2 2
0 0
     1 
5   −5 ∵ R1 → R1 
⇒ 0 1 = 1 
0 A  2
 2 2   
0 0 1   5 −2 
2  and R3 → 2 R3 

   

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 1 0 0   3 −1 1  ∵ R1 → R1 + 1 R3 
 
⇒  0 1 0  =  −15 6 −5 A 
2

5
 0 0 1   5 −2 2   and R2 → R2 − R3 
 2 
 3 −1 1 
Hence,  −15 6 −5 is the inverse of given matrix A.

 5 −2 2 
2 3 1 
52. Express the matrix 1 −1 2  as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-
 4 1 2 
symmetric matrix.
2 3 1
Sol. We have, A = 1 −1 2 
 4 1 2 
2 1 4
∴ A ' =  3 −1 1 
1 2 2 
 5
2 2 2
4 4 5  
A + A' 1 
= 4 −2 3  =  2 −1
3
Now,
2 2   2
 5 3 4   
5 3 2
 2 
 −3 
0 1 2
 0 2 − 3  
A − A' 1    1
And = −2 0 1 = −1 0
2 2   2
 3 −1 0   
 3 −1 0 
 2 2 
 5  −3 
2 2 2  0 1 2
   
A + A' A − A'  3  1
∴ = = 2 −1 = −1 0
2 2  2  2
5 3   3 −1 
 0  0
 2 2   2 2 
Which is the required expression.

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