386

FLOW IN PIPES
19.G.Vass. "Ultrasonic Flowmeter Basics," Sensors, 14, no. 10 Fluid Mechanics
(1997). McGraw-Hill, 2003.
20. A. J. Wheeler and A. R. Ganji. Introduction to Engineering 22.W.Zhi-qing. "Study on Correction Coefficients of Laminar"
Experimentation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, and Turbulent Entrance Region Effects in Round Pipes,
1996. Applied Mathematical Mechanics, 3 (1982), p. 433.

PROBLEMS*

Laminar and turbulent flow 8-10C Consider laminar flow in a circular pipe. What is the
shear force on the wallw it will be larger near the entrance of
Why are liquids usually transported in tubes? the pipe or fence at the exit? Why? What would be its re-
circular bays? what if the flow were turbulent?
What is the physical meaning of the Reynolds number? How does surface roughness affect the fall?
How is it defined for: a) flow in a circular pipe of diameter- What is the pressure in a pipe if the flow is turbulent? What would it be?
flow in a rectangular duct section your answer if the flow were laminar?
transversalϫ b?

Fully developed flow in pipes

8-12C How does the shear stress vary in the wall? wto the
a length of the flow direction in the fully developed region
D b
a) laminar flow and b) turbulent flow?
FIGURE P8-2C What property of the fluid causes the development of the ca-
Is there a speed limit? For which types of fluids will there not be one?
Consider a person who first walks in the air speed limit cap in a pipe?
and then in water at the same speed. For which movement
Will the Reynolds number be greater? In the fully developed flow region of a tu-
It should circulate, will the speed profile change in the direction
8-4C Demonstrate that the Reynolds number for flowof the in flow?
a
The circular pipe with diameter D can be expressed as Re.ϭ
. How is the friction factor for flow related to
4m/(pDm).
a pipe, with the loss of pressure? How is it related to the
8-5C What fluid at room temperature needs a pumppressure loss with the pumping power requirement
the larger for flow at a specific speed in a tu- for a given mass flow rate?
Should I use water or motor oil? Why?
Someone claims that the shear stress at the center of
What is the accepted value of the Reynolds number? a circular pipe in fully developed laminar flow is
Under what conditions is the flow in smooth pipes turbulent? zero. Do you agree with this statement? Explain it.
Consider the flow of air and water in pipes of the same claims that in fully turbulent flow-
Someone
diameter, at the same temperature and at the same speed developed in a pipe, the shear stress is maximum in the
day. Which flow is more likely to be turbulent? Surface of the pipe. Do you agree with this statement?
What is hydraulic diameter? How is it defined? What does it What is it?to?
relate Explain it.
Is it the same for a circular pipe with diameter D?
Consider fully developed flow in a pipe.
How is the hydrodynamic entrance length defined? circular with negligible entry effects. If the length of
for flow in a pipe? Is the inlet length longer the pipe doubles, does the load loss a) double, b) is
in laminar or turbulent flow? more than double, c) less than double, d) is reduced to half-
tad oe) remains constant.
Someone claims that the volumetric flow rate in a pipe
A circular with laminar flow can be determined when measured.
Problems designated by a 'C' are concept questions and the speed in the central line in the completely de-
students are encouraged to respond to all. The problems developed, multiply it by the cross-sectional area and divide the re-
designated by an 'I' are in English units and the users of the result between 2. Do you agree? Explain.
If they can ignore them. The problems with the icon they are resolved
with the application of the EES and the complete resolutions, along with Someone claims that the average speed in a tube-
parametric studies are included on the DVD attached to this book. The a circular channel in fully developed laminar flow can be
problems with the icon they are of a detailed nature and are intended determine by simply measuring the speed at R/2 (to the my-
to be solved with a computer, preferably applying the of the path between the surface of the wall and the centerline.
EES software that accompanies this book. Do you agree? Explain it.
 387
CHAPTER 8
8-21C Consider fully developed laminar flow in a 8-31Water is at 10°C (r ϭ 999.7 kg/m3ymϭ 1.307
circular pipe. If the diameter of the pipe is reduced by half ϫ 10Ϫ3kg/m · s) that flows steadily in a pipe of
while the flow rate and the length of the pipe are maintained 0.20 cm in diameter and 15 m in length at an average speed
in constants, the pressure drop a) will be doubled, b) tripled the pressure drop
a) will triple, b) will quadruple, c) will increase by a factor of 8, or d) will
load yc) the need for pumping power to overcome is-
will it increase by a factor of 16? 188 kPa
8-22C What is the physical mechanism that causes the W factor
Is friction greater in turbulent flow? Water is at 15°Cϭ 999.1 kg/m3ymϭ 1.138
ϫ 10Ϫ3kg/m · s) flowing at a rate of 8 L/s in a way that is-
What is turbulent viscosity? What causes it?
stationary in a horizontal pipe 30 m long and 4 cm of
The pressure loss .for a certain circular pipe is diameter made of stainless steel. Determine: a) the drop
playgroundLϭ 0.0826fL(V 2/D5), where fes is the . friction factor de presión,b) la pérdida de carga yc) la potencia de bombeo
(dimensionless), The length of the pipe,Vit is the vo flow necessary to overcome this pressure drop.
lumetric and the diameter of the pipe. Determine if the
0.0826 is a dimensional or adimensional constant. This equation-
Is the quantity exactly dimensionally homogeneous?
8 L/s
8-25CConsider fully developed laminar flow in a 4 cm
circular pipe. If the viscosity of the fluid is reduced by half
through heating while the flow rate is maintained
30 m
constant, how will the pressure drop change?
How is the pressure loss related to the loss FIGURE P8-32
of pressure? For a given fluid, explain how you would convert per-
load loss in pressure drop.
Consider laminar airflow in a circular pipe There is hot air at 1 atm and 100°F that must be
with perfectly smooth surfaces. Do you think that the factor of transport in a circular plastic duct 400 ft long to a
Will friction for this flow be zero? Explain. reason of 12 ft3If the pressure drop in the pipe does not exceed
For the 50 ft, determine the minimum diameter of the duct.
Explain why the friction factor is independent.
from the Reynolds number to higher Reynolds numbers. In fully developed laminar flow in a pipe
circular, the speed at R/2 (halfway between the surface
There is oil availability at 80°F (rϭ 56.8 lbm/ft3 The wall and the central line) is measured at 6 m/s. Determine
ymϭ 0.0278 lbm/ft flowing steadily in a the velocity at the center of the pipe.Response: 8 m/s
0.5 in diameter pipe and 120 ft long. During the flow,
The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow
the pressure at the inlet and outlet of the pipe is measured at 120 and
14 psi, respectively. Determine the flow rate of the oil. rolled in a circular pipe with inner radius Rϭ 2 cm, in
Leo through the pipe, if the pipe is supposed to be a) ho- m/s, is given by u(r)ϭ 4(1Ϫ r2/R2Determine the speeds
horizontal, b) inclined 20° upward and c) inclined 20° downward of average and maximum in the pipe and the volumetric flow.
down.
Oil has a density of 850 kg/m3and sight
2
kinematic viscosity of 0.00062 m2/s that is downloaded through u(r) = 4 a1 – ––r b
of a horizontal pipe with a diameter of 5 mm and a length of 40 m R2
released from an open storage tank into the atmosphere R = 2 cm
The height of the liquid level above the center of the pipe
It is 3 m. Without considering minor losses, determine the ra-
oil flow zone through the pipe.
FIGURE P8-35

Repeat problem 8-35 but with a 7 cm pipe.

interior radio.
Consider an air solar collector that is 1 m long
Tank 3m it is 5 m long and has a constant spacing of 3 cm between
of oil the glass cover and the collector plate. The air flows to a
5 mm average temperature of 45°C at a rate of 0.15 m3/s a tra-
comes from the 1 m wide side of the collector along the passage
5 meters long. Not considering the effects of entry and roughness.
Dad, determine the pressure drop in the collector.Response:
FIGURE P8-30 29 Pa
 388
FLOW IN PIPES
pressure in the atmosphere at 88 kPa. The absolute pressure at 15 m
before the exit it is measured at 135 kPa. Determine the reason for
oil flow through the pipe if the pipe is: a) ho-
horizontal, b) inclined 8° upwards from the horizontal and c) in-
inclined 8° downward from the horizontal
Air
Glass cover 0.15 m3/s
5m 15 m
135 kPa

Oil
1.5 cm
Collector plate

Isolation
FIGURE P8-43
FIGURE P8-37
Glycerin is at 40°C.ϭ 1,252 kg/m3 y
mϭ 0.27 kg/m · s flowing through a 2 cm pipe
8-38 Consider the flow of crude oil ϭ 894 kg/m3 y diameter and 25 m long that discharges into the atmosphere at 100
mϭ 2.33 kg/m · s in a pipeline with a diameter of 40 cm at a kPa. The flow rate through the pipe is 0.035 L/s.
average speed of 0.5 m/s. A section 300 m long Determine the absolute pressure 25 m before the outlet of the tube.
the pipeline runs through the frozen waters of a lake. b) At what angle should the pipe be inclined downwards?
Without considering the input effects, determine the power of go from horizontal so that the pressure throughout the pipe is the
pumping required to overcome pressure losses and for atmospheric pressure and the flow rate remain the same?
maintain the flow of oil in the pipeline.
In an air heating system, the hot air at
8-39 Consider laminar flow of a fluid through a channel 40°C and 105 kPa of absolute pressure is distributed through a
square with smooth surfaces. Now, the average speed rectangular duct of 0.2 mϫ 0.3 m made of steel
the fluid doubles. Determine the change in the loss of car- cial, at a rate of 0.5 m3Determine the pressure drop and the
the fluid flow. Assume that the flow regime remains unchanged. pressure drop through a section 40 m long of
riable. duct
Repeat problem 8-39 for turbulent flow in pipes. Glycerin is at 40°Cϭ 1 252 kg/m3 y
sheets for which the friction factor is given as fϭ m ϭ 0.27 kg/m · s flowing through a horizontal pipe
0.184ReϪ0.2What would your response be for totally turbulent flow?disk of 5 cm in diameter, with an average speed of 3.5
bulento in a rough pipe? m/s. Determine the pressure drop over 10 m of the pipe.
Air enters a section 7 m long should.
a rectangular duct of 15 cmϫ 20 cm in cross-section 8-47 Reconsider problem 8-46. With the Software
manufactured from commercial steel at 1 atm and 35°C at a speed EES (or some other) investigates the effect of the diameter-
average of 7 m/s. Without considering entry effects, deter- three of the pipe on the pressure drop for the same reason
calculate the power of the fan necessary to overcome the losses constant flow. Vary the diameter of the pipe from 1 to 10 cm.
the pressure in this section of the duct.4.9 W in increments of 1 cm. Tabulate and graph the results, draw-
I am conclusions.
Air at 1 atm and 60°F flows through a
square duct of 1 ftϫ 1 ft made of commercial steel, to
7m
a ratio of 1,200 cfm. Determine the pressure drop and the loss-
load drop per foot of the duct.

15 cm

Air
7 m/s 20 cm

FIGURE P8-41 1 ft

Air
There is water at 60°F that passes through pipes of co- 1 ft
1,200 ft3/min
pipe with 0.75 in internal diameter at a rate of 1.2 lbm/s.
Determine the pumping power per foot of pipe length FIGURE P8-48E
What is needed to maintain this flow at the specified rate.
There is crude oil.ϭ 876 kg/m3ymϭ 0.24 kg/m · s 8-49 There is liquid ammonia at Ϫ20°C flowing through
that flows through a pipe with a diameter of 1.5 cm that a 30 m long section of a 5 mm copper tube
 389
CHAPTER 8
of diameter at a rate of 0.15 kg/s. Determine the drop of install director blades in the angled elbows or replace them
pressure, the pressure loss and the required pumping power 90° corner elbows for the flexible elbows. What procedure should I follow?
to overcome the friction losses in the tube.Answers: lie will result in a greater reduction in the needs of
4,792 kPa pumping power?
8-50 Shell and tube heat exchangers Water must be extracted from a 3 m high tank.
with hundreds of pipes housed in a structure a hole of 1.5 cm in diameter is drilled in the surface
they are commonly used in practice to transfer heat between from the background. Without considering the effect of the correction factor
two fluids. One of these heat exchangers used in kinetic energy, determine the flow rate of water through
an active solar water heating system transfers heat of the hole if: a) the entrance of the hole is rounded and b)
lor from a water-antifreeze solution that flows through The entrance has a sharp edge.
from the armor and the solar collector to the fresh water that flows to
through the pipes at an average temperature of 60°C at a 8-59 Consider the flow coming from a water reservoir to
reason of 15 L/s. The heat exchanger contains 80 tubes through a circular hole with a diameter in the side wall
made of brass with an interior diameter of 1 cm and a length of 1.5 m. Without con- at a vertical distance H from the free surface. The reason for
consider the input, output, and load losses, determine the flow through a real orifice with a sharp edge entry
pressure drop through a single tube and the pump power (KLϭ 0.5) will be considerably lower than the flow rate
calculated under the assumption of 'frictionless' flow and, therefore,
be necessary to maintain the flow in the tubes of this inter-
shell and tube heat exchanger zero loss for the orifice. Take into account the loss in orifice-
I do it, but without considering the effect of the correction factor.
After operating for a long time on the surfaces
kinetic energy and obtain a relationship for the "equivalent diameter"
rust accumulates on the tubes with a thickness of 1 mm and a
equivalent roughness of 0.4 mm. For the same entry of po- "valente" of the hole with sharp edge to replace in the rela-
pumping tendency, determine the percentage reduction in the ra- frictionless flow conditions.
water flow zone through the tubes.

80 tubes Dequiv
1.5 m D

Frictionless flow Real flow

1 cm
FIGURE P8-59
Water
8-60 Repeat problem 8-59 for a slightly different input.
FIGURE P8-50
rounded (KLϭ 0.12).
Smaller losses A horizontal pipe has a sudden expansion.
What is the minor loss in pipe flow? fromD1ϭ 8 cm to D2ϭ 16 cm. The speed of water in
the lower loss coefficient K is definedL? the smallest section is 10 m/s and the flow is turbulent.
pressure in the smallest section is P1ϭ 300 kPa. When it
Define the equivalent length for minor loss in consider the kinetic energy correction factor as 1.06
a flow of piping. How is it related to the coefficient of both at the entrance and at the exit, determine the pressure co-
smaller loss? downstream2and estimate the error that would have occurred if one had removed
The effect of rounding the input of a pipe on I would have used Bernoulli's equation.321 kPa
The loss coefficient is: a) negligible, b) of little significance- 28 kPa
very significant.
D1= 8 cm
The effect of rounding the output of a pipe on the
loss coefficient is: a) negligible, b) insignificant Water
D2= 16 cm
very significant?
10 m/s
What has a higher loss coefficient less than 300 kPa
the flow in the pipe: gradual expansion or contraction
Gradual? Why? FIGURE P8-61
A piping system includes sharp bends, and by the
considerable losses of smaller load. A way to re- Piping systems and pump selection
reducing the pressure drop is to replace the sharp turns with co- A piping system has two pipes of different
Two circles. What is another form? diameters (but with identical length, material and roughness) co-
8-57CDuring a feedback project of a system of connected in series. How would you compare: a) the flow rates and
fluid flow to reduce pumping power is proposed b) the pressure drops in these two pipes?
 393
CHAPTER 8
recirculation. Vary the speed from 0 to 3 m/s in increments (rϭ 62.36 lbm/ft3ymϭ 7.536ϫ 10Ϫ4lbm/ft · s) through
mentos of 0.3 m/s. Tabulate and graph the results. a horizontal pipe with a diameter of 4 in. A manometer is used
Repeat problem 8-87, but with plastic pipes. mercury manometer to measure the pressure difference through
the orifice plate. If the differential manometer reading is
from 6 in, determine the volumetric flow of water through the
Speed and flow rate measurements pipe, the average speed and the pressure loss caused
What are the basic considerations when you are through the orifice meter.
choose a flowmeter to measure the flow rate of a fluid
do?
Explain how the flow rate is measured with a tube.
of the static Pitot and indicate its advantages and disadvantages regarding 4 in 2 in
regarding cost, pressure drop, reliability, and accuracy.
Explain how the flow rate is measured with a flowmeter.
type obstruction. Compare the plate meters of
orifice, flow nozzles, and Venturi meters regarding cost,
size, pressure drop and accuracy. 6 in

How do positive displacement flowmeters operate?

tivos? Why are they commonly used to measure gasoline, water, and
natural gas?
8-94C Explain how the flow rate is measured with a flow FIGURE
meter P8-100E
turbine metro and explain how they compare with other types
of flowmeters regarding cost, pressure loss, and accuracy.
What is the operating principle of flowmeters?
Repeat problem 8-100I, but with a reading of
variable area (rotameters)? How do they compare with other types?
9 in. differential manometer
of flowmeters regarding cost, pressure drop, and reliability
dad? The flow rate of water at 20°C (rϭ 998 kg/m3y
mϭ 1.002ϫ 10Ϫ3kg/m · s) through a 50 cm pipe
What is the difference between the operational principles
with a of
diameter measured at 250 L/s using an orifice meter
the thermal and Doppler laser anemometers? 30 cm in diameter. Determine the indicated pressure difference
through the orifice meter and the pressure drop.
What is the difference between laser Doppler velocimetry?
What is laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV)?
An equipped Venturi meter with a differential manometer
The flow rate of ammonia at 10°C (rϭ 624.6 the rental is used to measure the flow rate of water at 15°C (rϭ
kg/m3ymϭ 1.697ϫ 10Ϫ4kg/m · s) through a pipe of 999.1 kg/m3through a horizontal pipe of 5 cm in diameter
3 cm in diameter will be measured with a flow nozzle of 1.5 cm. Metro. The diameter of the Venturi throat is 3 cm, and the drop
with a differential pressure gauge, diameter. The measured pressure is 5 kPa. When the coefficient is considered
If the manometer reads a pressure difference of 4 kPa, determine download coefficient as 0.98, determine the volumetric flow rate
mine the flow rate of ammonia through the pipe and the of the water and the average speed in the pipe.responses
2.35 L/s
average flow velocity.
The water flow rate through must be determined.
a pipe with a diameter of 10 cm when measuring the speed
of the water in various positions along a cross-section
Hi. For the set of measurements given in the table, determine 5 cm 3 cm
the flow rate.

r, cm V, m/s
0 6.4
1 6.1
2 5.2
⌬P
3 4.4
4 2.0
5 0.0
Manometer
differential
A 2-inch diameter hole plate is used.
to measure the mass flow rate of water at 60°F FIGURE P8-103
 394
FLOW IN PIPES
8-104 Reconsider problem 8-103. Vary the drop of to measure the flow rate of liquid propane at 10°C (rϭ
pressure from 1 kPa to 10 kPa, evaluate the flow rate 514.7 kg/m3through a vertical pipe of 8 cm in diameter
at intervals of 1 kPa and plot against the pressure drop. For a discharge coefficient of 0.98, determine the flow.
8-105 The air flow rate at 20°C (r ϭ 1.204 kg/m3) a volumetric of propane through the pipe.
through a duct with a diameter of 15 cm, it is measured with a meter- 8-108 A nozzle equipped with a differential manometer is
dorVenturi equipped with a water manometer. The throat used to measure the water flow rate at 10°C (rϭ 999.7
the Venturi tube has a diameter of 6 cm and the manometer has kg/m3ymϭ 1.307ϫ 10Ϫ3kg/m · s) in a horizontal pipe
a maximum reading of 40 cm. Consider that the coefficient 3 cm in diameter. The diameter of the nozzle outlet is
the download is 0.98 and determine the maximum mass flow of 1.5 cm and the measured pressure drop is 3 kPa. Determine the
air that this Venturi meter can measure.Respuesta:0.273 volumetric flow of water, the average speed through the
kg/s pipeline and pressure loss.

15 cm 6 cm 3 cm 1.5 cm

Pressure gauge
h
of water

⌬3 kPa

FIGURE P8-105
Manometer
differential

Repeat problem 8-105 for a tube throat. FIGURE P8-108

Venturi with a diameter of 7.5 cm.
A vertical Venturi meter equipped with a manometer
a differential pressure transducer like the one in figure P8-107 is used
An 16 L kerosene tank.ϭ 820 kg/m3) se
fill with a 2 cm diameter hose equipped with a
1.5 cm diameter nozzle meter. If it takes 20 seconds to fill-
in the tank, determine the pressure difference indicated by the
nozzle meter.
The water flow rate at 20°C (rϭ 998 kg/m3y
mϭ 1.002ϫ 10Ϫ3kg/m · s) through a 4 cm pipe
diameter is measured with a 2 cm diameter nozzle gauge
equipped with an inverted air-water manometer. If the manometer-

5 cm

⌬P = 7 kPa
32 cm
30 cm

Water
4 cm 2 cm
8 cm

FIGURE P8-107 FIGURE P8-110

 395
CHAPTER 8
meter indicates a water column reading of 32 cm, deter- of a circular stainless steel duct with a diameter of 20 cm
my volumetric flow of water and the head loss cause- passes through the water of the river. The air flows in the summer section
give through the nozzle meter. Flow of the duct at 3 m/s at an average temperature of 15°C.
For a fan efficiency of 62 percent, determine the
The volumetric flow rate of refrigerant liquid 134a to
necessary power to overcome the flow friction in this sec-
10°F (rϭ 83.31 lbm/ft3) will be measured with a Venturi meter. duct installation.
horizontal with a diameter of 5 in at the entrance and 2 in at the gar-
gauge. If a differential pressure gauge indicates a drop of The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow
pressure of 7.4 psi, determine the flow rate of the refrigerant. rolled in a circular pipe, in m/s, is given by, u(r)ϭ
Consider that the discharge coefficient of the Venturi meter is 6(1Ϫ 100r2the radial distance from the cen-
from 0.98 catalog of the piping in m. Determine: a) the radius of the piping, b)
the average speed through the pipe yc) the speed
Review problems maximum in the pipeline.

The compressed air requirements of a facility 8-115 The velocity profile, in ft/s, in a laminar flow to-
Manufacturing is satisfied with a 150 hp compressor that so developed of water at 40°F in a circular pipe
extracts air from the outside through an 8 m long duct and horizontal of 80 ft long, is given by u(r)ϭ 0.8(1Ϫ
20 cm in diameter made with thin sheets of galvanized iron 625r2) measure the radial distance from the centerline of the
The compressor takes in air at a rate of 0.27 m.3/s in the pipe in ft. Determine: a) the volumetric flow rate of water through
external conditions of 15°C and 95 kPa. Without considering any. from the pipe, b) the pressure drop in the pipe and c) the po-
minor loss, determine the useful power used by the compre- useful pumping head needed to overcome this drop in pre-
sor to overcome the losses due to friction in this duct. session.
Response: 9.66 W
Repeat problem 8-115I, but assume that the tube-
The river is inclined 12° from the horizontal and the flow rises.
Air, 0.27 m3/s
15°C, 95 kPa
8-117 Consider the flow coming from a deposit through
a horizontal pipe of length L and diameter D connected to
the side wall of the tank at a vertical distance H from the su-
free surface. The flow rate through a real pipe with
20 a reentrant section (KLϭ 0.8) will be considerably me-
cm nor that the flow rate through the orifice calculated at the supo-
8m "frictionless" flow and therefore zero loss. Obtain
a relationship for the "equivalent diameter" of the pipe re-
translate for use in relationships for frictionless flow through
Compressor from an orifice and determine its value for the friction factor,
of air longitud y diámetro de una tubería de 0.018, 10 m y 0.04 m,
150 hp respectively. Suppose that the friction factor of the pipe
remains constant and the effect of the correction factor of
kinetic energy is negligible.
Water must be extracted from a water tank of 5 m.
FIGURE P8-112 high when a rounded hole of 3 cm in diameter is drilled
metro with negligible loss on the bottom surface and it
a horizontal elbow of 90° with negligible length. How-
A house built by the riverbank cools down in ve- it is considered that the kinetic energy correction factor
in the morning using the cold river water. A section 15 m long it is 1.05, determine the flow rate of water through the co-
a) the elbow is a soft bridled elbow and b) the elbow is a

Air, 3 m/s

5m
Air

River

FIGURE P8-113 FIGURE P8-118

 396
FLOW IN PIPES
elbow without directional vanes.0.00603 at 10 cm in increments of 1 cm. Tabulate and graph the results.
m30.00478 m3/s two.
8-119 In a geothermal heating system of dis- Two pipes of identical diameter and material are connected
third, 10,000 kg/s of water must be delivered so in parallel. The length of pipe A is double that of
Lies at a distance of 10 km, in a horizontal pipeline. length of the pipe B. If it is assumed that the flow is fully
smaller losses are negligible and the only loss considered turbulent in both pipes, and therefore the friction factor
Energy table will arise from the friction of the pipe. The factor of it is independent of the Reynolds number, and does not consider the
friction can be considered as 0.015. Specify a tube- smaller losses, determine the quotient of the flow ratios
a larger diameter would reduce the speed of the water, in the two pipes.Response: 0.707
speed load, the friction of the pipe and therefore the con-
8-123 A pipeline that transports oil at 40°C to a
more power. But a larger pipe would also cost
reason of 3 m3/s branches into two pipes for-
more money initially and for installation. In other words:
commercially manufactured steel straps that are reconnected
There is an optimal pipe diameter that will minimize the sum.
downstream. The pipe is 500 m long and has a
of the cost of piping and the future cost of electrical energy.
a diameter of 30 cm, while the pipe measures 800 m of
Assume that the system will operate 24 hours a day, every day.
long and has a diameter of 45 cm. The smaller losses occur.
for 30 years. During this time, the cost of electricity
it will remain constant at $0.06/kWh. Assume that the yield-
considered negligible. Determine the flow rate through
of each of the parallel pipes.
the system's lie remains constant for decades (this
It may not be true, especially if it passes through the pipe.
highly mineralized water: it can form scale). The bom-
It has an overall efficiency of 80 percent. The cost per A 500 m
Buying, installing, and insulating a 10 km pipe depends on the diameter.
Oil
metroDy is given by Costϭ $106D2, whereItStands in m. 30 cm
If for simplicity you assume inflation and zero interest rate, then
with zero repair value and zero maintenance cost, 3 m3
determine the optimal pipe diameter.
There is water at 15°C that will be discharged from a tank to 45 cm
a flow rate of 18 L/s using two horizontal pipes of
cast iron connected in series and a pump between them. The B 800 m
the first pipe measures 20 m long and 6 cm in diameter, while
after the second pipe measures 35 m in length and 4 cm in diameter FIGURE P8-123
metro. The water level in the tank is 30 m above the line
pipe center. The pipe entrance has sharp edges.
two and the losses related to the pump connection
they are despicable. Ignore the effect of the correction factor of Repeat problem 8-123 for the hot water flow.
kinetic energy and determine the necessary pumping charge and the at 100°C of a district heating system.
minimum pumping power to maintain the inflow rate A water source will be installed at a re-
decade. thick when joining a cast iron pipe directly to a
main pipe through which the water flows at 70°F and 60 psig.
the pipe entry has sharp edges and the piping system
50 ft long has three angled elbows of 90° without vanes
directors, a fully open gate valve and a
angle valve with a loss coefficient of 5 when it is-
it is fully open. If the system must provide water to
a flow rate of 20 gal/min and the difference in elevation between the tu-
Tank the source is negligible, determine the minimum diameter
30 m
of water of the piping system.Response: 0.76 in

20 m Bomb 35 m

6 cm 4 cm

FIGURE P8-120 50 ft 20 gpm

8-121 Reconsider problem 8-120. With the software Main pipe

60 psig
EES (or some other) investigate the effect of the diameter- of water
three of the second pipe on the necessary pumping load
to maintain the indicated flow rate. Vary the diameter of 1 FIGURE P8-125I
 397
CHAPTER 8
Repeat problem 8-125I for plastic pipes. turns or constrictions in the tube are not significant (either
very optimistic) and that the same elevation is maintained,
In a hydropower plant, the turbine is supplied neither the time it takes to fill a glass of water for both ca-
water at 20°C at a rate of 0.8 m3through a pipe sos.
cast iron 200 m long and 0.35 m in diameter. The di-
elevation difference between the free surface of the reservoir and the A circular water pipe has a widening
turbine drop is 70 m, and the combined efficiency sudden from diameter D1ϭ 15 cm until D2ϭ 20 cm. The
The generator is 84 percent. Without considering the losses. pressure and the average speed of water in the pipe more
smaller due to the large ratio of length to diameter, deter- what are they1ϭ 120 kPa and 10 m/s, respectively, and the flow
mine the electric power produced by this plant. it is turbulent. With the application of the continuity equations
dad, momentum and energy, and without considering the
In problem 8-127, the diameter of the pipe is tri- effects of the kinetic energy correction factors and of
pleat in order to reduce pipe losses. flow momentum quantity, demonstrate that the coefficient
the percentage increase in net power is result- the loss for the sudden widening isKLϭ (1Ϫ
of this modification. D12/D22)2, and calculateKLyP2for the given case.
The drinking water needs in an office are
they are made through large water bottles. In the bottle,
that is on a high shelf, one end of
a plastic hose of 0.35 in diameter and 6 ft long,
while the other end, with a type all-in-one valve-
D1 D2
Yes, it remains 3 ft below the bottom of the bottle. If the ni- V1= 10 m/s
the height of the water in the bottle is 1 ft when it is full, determine
how long will it take to fill an 8 oz glassϭ 0.00835
ft3a) when the bottle is opened for the first time and b) when the
bottle is almost empty. Consider that the loss coefficient FIGURE P8-132
smaller, including the on-off valve, is 2.8 when it is to-
so open. Suppose that the water temperature is the
same as the ambient temperature of 70°F.Answers:(a)
The water at 20°C in a pool 10 m in diameter and
2.4 s
2 m high from the bottom must be emptied when the
cap of a horizontal plastic pipe with a diameter of 3 cm and
6 ft 25 m long attached to the bottom of the pool. Determine the ratio.
0.35 in initial water discharge through the pipe and the time
How long will it take for the pool to empty completely, if it is assumed that the
the pipe entrance is rounded with negligible loss.
Consider that the friction factor of the pipe is 0.022.
With the initial download speed, check if this is a value
1 ft reasonable for the friction factor.1.01 L/s, 86.7h

10 m
3 ft

2m swimming pool

FIGURE P8-129I 25 m 3 cm

FIGURE P8-133
8-130I Reconsider problem 8-129I. With the Soft-
whether EES (or any other) investigates the effect of
hose diameter on the time needed to fill
a glass when the bottle is full. Vary the diameter from 0.2 to 8-134 Reconsider problem 8-133. With the Software
2 in, in increments of 0.2 in. Tabulate and graph your results. EES (or some other) investigates the effect of the diameter-
drainage pipe on the time needed to empty
8-131IReconsider the problem 8-129I. The office worker who con-
completely the pool. Vary the diameter from 1 to 10 cm, in
the siphon system featured a 12 ft long section of the
increments of 1 cm. Tabulate and graph your results.
plastic tube and wanted to use it all to avoid cutting it into pieces
Yes, because he thought that the elevation difference is what makes it. Repeat problem 8-133 for a boundary input.
to operate the siphon and that the length of the tube is not important. sharp to the pipe with KLϭ 0.5. Is this 'minor loss' real-
So he used the entire 12 ft long tube. If he assumes that the Is 'lesser' or is it not?
 398
FLOW IN PIPES
A system that consists of two cylindrical tanks in- laminar. Without considering entrance effects and velocity loads.
interconnected, withD1ϭ 30 cm yD2ϭ 12 cm, it will be used for dad, get a relationship for the variation of depth
determine the discharge coefficient of a short section of pipe of the fluid in the tank over time.
with the hole plate of diameter D0ϭ 5 mm installed in it. A student must determine the kinematic viscosity.
At first (tϭ 0 s), the fluid levels in the tanks are of an oil with the system shown in the problem
h1ϭ 50 cm yh2ϭ 15 cm, as shown in figure P8- The initial height of the fluid in the tank is Hϭ 40 cm, the
It takes 170 seconds for the fluid levels in the two tanks. diameter of the esd tubeϭ 6 mm, the length of the tube is Lϭ
equalize and the flow stops, determine the coefficient of des- 0.65 m, and the diameter of the tank is Dϭ 0.63 m. The reader ob-
load of the hole plate. Do not consider some other losses- serves to take 2842 seconds for the fluid level in the tank to drop
associated with this flow. Go to 36 cm. Find the viscosity of the fluid.
Design and testing problems
Electronic boxes, like computers, for the
They cool down with a fan. Write an essay about it.
of the forced air that cools the electronic boxes and about the
selection of the fan for electronic devices.
h1 h
Design an experiment to measure the viscosity of the
liquids using a vertical funnel with a cylindrical tank
high-altitude drainage and a narrow flow section with diameter D
h2 and lengthL. Make appropriate hypotheses, obtain a relationship
for viscosity in terms of easily measurable quantities
bles, such as density and volumetric flow rate. Is there a need to
Do you need to use a correction factor?
Tank 1 Tank 2
A pump must be chosen for a waterfall in a jar.
Orifice The water gathers in a pan at the bottom, and the difference in
elevation between the free surface of the basin and the position where
FIGURE P8-136 the water is discharged at a height of 3 m. The flow rate of the water
it is at least 8 L/s. Select a motor-pump unit a-
For this task, identify three manufacturers and indicate the number.
A highly viscous liquid is discharged from a container.
models and prices. Make a choice and explain why
large net through a small diameter tube in flow what product was selected. Also estimate the cost of the
annual power consumption of this unit if it is assumed to operate
continuous action.

During a trip to a camp, you notice that the

water flows down from an elevated reservoir to a stream
Tube of in the valley through a 30 cm diameter plastic pipe
H download metro. The difference in elevation between the free surface of
d
deposit and the current is 70 m. You conceive the idea of ge-
generate power from this water flow. Design a plant
of power generation that will produce the greatest power
D L possible from this resource. In addition, investigate the effect of the
power generation over the water discharge rate.
FIGURE P8-137 What discharge ratio will maximize power generation?