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1.What do you understand about JavaScript?

JavaScript is a popular web scripting language and is used for client-side and server-
side development. The JavaScript code can be inserted into HTML pages that can be
understood and executed by web browsers while also supporting object-oriented
programming abilities.

2. What’s the difference between JavaScript and Java?

JavaScript Java

Java is an object-oriented
JavaScript is an object-oriented scripting language.
programming language.

Java applications are generally

JavaScript applications are meant to run inside a web
made for use in operating
browser.
systems and virtual machines.

JavaScript does not need compilation before running Java source code needs a
the application code. compiler before it can be
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ready to run in realtime.

3. What are the various data types that exist in JavaScript?

These are the different types of data that JavaScript supports:

 Boolean - For true and false values

 Null - For empty or unknown values

 Undefined - For variables that are only declared and not defined or initialized

 Number - For integer and floating-point numbers

 String - For characters and alphanumeric values

 Object - For collections or complex values

 Symbols - For unique identifiers for objects

4. What are the features of JavaScript?

These are the features of JavaScript:

 Lightweight, interpreted programming language

 Cross-platform compatible

 Open-source

 Object-oriented

 Integration with other backend and frontend technologies

 Used especially for the development of network-based applications

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5. What are the advantages of JavaScript over other web technologies?

These are the advantages of JavaScript:

Enhanced Interaction

JavaScript adds interaction to otherwise static web pages and makes them react to users’ inputs.

Quick Feedback

There is no need for a web page to reload when running JavaScript. For example, form input
validation.

Rich User Interface

JavaScript helps in making the UI of web applications look and feel much better.

Frameworks

6. How do you create an object in JavaScript?

Since JavaScript is essentially an object-oriented scripting language, it supports and encourages

the usage of objects while developing web applications.

const student = {

name: 'John',

age: 17

7. How do you create an array in JavaScript?

Here is a very simple way of creating arrays in JavaScript using the array literal:

var a = [];
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var b = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’];

8. What are some of the built-in methods in JavaScript?

Built-in Method Values

Returns the present date and

Date()
time

Joins two strings and returns

concat()
the new string

push() Adds an item to an array

Removes and also returns the

pop()
last element of an array
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Rounds of the value to the

round() nearest integer and then returns
it

length() Returns the length of a string

9. What are the scopes of a variable in JavaScript?

The scope of a variable implies where the variable has been declared or defined in a JavaScript
program. There are two scopes of a variable:

Global Scope

Global variables, having global scope are available everywhere in a JavaScript code.

Local Scope

Local variables are accessible only within a function in which they are defined.

10. What is the ‘this’ keyword in JavaScript?

The ‘this’ keyword in JavaScript refers to the currently calling object. It is commonly used in
constructors to assign values to object properties.

11. What are the conventions of naming a variable in JavaScript?

Following are the naming conventions for a variable in JavaScript:

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 Variable names cannot be similar to that of reserved keywords. For example, var, let, const,
etc.

 Variable names cannot begin with a numeric value. They must only begin with a letter or an
underscore character.

 Variable names are case-sensitive.

12. What is Callback in JavaScript?

In JavaScript, functions are objects and therefore, functions can take other functions as
arguments and can also be returned by other functions.

A callback is a JavaScript function that is passed to another function as an argument or a

parameter. This function is to be executed whenever the function that it is passed to gets
executed.

13. How do you debug a JavaScript code?

All modern web browsers like Chrome, Firefox, etc. have an inbuilt debugger that can be
accessed anytime by pressing the relevant key, usually the F12 key. There are several features
available to users in the debugging tools.

We can also debug a JavaScript code inside a code editor that we use to develop a JavaScript
application—for example, Visual Studio Code, Atom, Sublime Text, etc.

14. What is the difference between Function declaration and Function expression?

Function declaration Function expression

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Declared as a separate statement within the main Created inside an expression or

JavaScript code some other construct

Created when the execution

Can be called before the function is defined point reaches it; can be used
only after that

Used when there is a need for a

Offers better code readability and better code
conditional declaration of a
organization
function

Example: Example:

function abc() { var a = function abc() {

return 5; return 5;

} }

15. What are the ways of adding JavaScript code in an HTML file?
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There are primarily two ways of embedding JavaScript code:

 We can write JavaScript code within the script tag in the same HTML file; this is suitable
when we need just a few lines of scripting within a web page.

 We can import a JavaScript source file into an HTML document; this adds all scripting
capabilities to a web page without cluttering the code.

Intermediate JavaScript Interview Questions and Answers

Here are some intermediate level JavaScript interview questions and answers for you to prepare
during your interviews.

16. What do you understand about cookies?

A cookie is generally a small data that is sent from a website and stored on the user’s machine by
a web browser that was used to access the website. Cookies are used to remember information
for later use and also to record the browsing activity on a website.

17. How would you create a cookie?

The simplest way of creating a cookie using JavaScript is as below:

document.cookie = "key1 = value1; key2 = value2; expires = date";

18. How would you read a cookie?

Reading a cookie using JavaScript is also very simple. We can use the document.cookie string
that contains the cookies that we just created using that string.

The document.cookie string keeps a list of name-value pairs separated by semicolons, where
‘name’ is the name of the cookie, and ‘value’ is its value. We can also use the split() method to
break the cookie value into keys and values.
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19. How would you delete a cookie?

To delete a cookie, we can just set an expiration date and time. Specifying the correct path of the
cookie that we want to delete is a good practice since some browsers won’t allow the deletion of
cookies unless there is a clear path that tells which cookie to delete from the user’s machine.

function delete_cookie(name) {

document.cookie = name + "=; Path=/; Expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT;";

20. What’s the difference between let and var?

Both let and var are used for variable and method declarations in JavaScript. So there isn’t much
of a difference between these two besides that while var keyword is scoped by function, the let
keyword is scoped by a block.

21. What are Closures in JavaScript?

Closures provide a better, and concise way of writing JavaScript code for the developers and
programmers. Closures are created whenever a variable that is defined outside the current scope
is accessed within the current scope.

function hello(name) {

var message = "hello " + name;

return function hello() {

console.log(message);

};
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//generate closure

var helloWorld = hello("World");

//use closure

helloWorld();

22. What are the arrow functions in JavaScript?

Arrow functions are a short and concise way of writing functions in JavaScript. The general
syntax of an arrow function is as below:

const helloWorld = () => {

console.log("hello world!");

};

23. What are the different ways an HTML element can be accessed in a JavaScript
code?

Here are the ways an HTML element can be accessed in a JavaScript code:

 getElementByClass(‘classname’): Gets all the HTML elements that have the specified
classname.

 getElementById(‘idname’): Gets an HTML element by its ID name.

 getElementbyTagName(‘tagname’): Gets all the HTML elements that have the specified
tagname.

 querySelector(): Takes CSS style selector and returns the first selected HTML element.

24. What are the ways of defining a variable in JavaScript?

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There are three ways of defining a variable in JavaScript:

Var

This is used to declare a variable and the value can be changed at a later time within the
JavaScript code.

Const

We can also use this to declare/define a variable but the value, as the name implies, is constant
throughout the JavaScript program and cannot be modified at a later time.

Let

This mostly implies that the values can be changed at a later time within the JavaScript code.

25. What are Imports and Exports in JavaScript?

Imports and exports help in writing modular code for our JavaScript applications. With the help
of imports and exports, we can split a JavaScript code into multiple files in a project. This greatly
simplifies the application source code and encourages code readability.

calc.js

export const sqrt = Math.sqrt;

export function square(x) {

return x * x;

export function diag(x, y) {

return sqrt(square(x) + square(y));

}
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This file exports two functions that calculate the squares and diagonal of the input respectively.

main.js

import { square, diag } from "calc";

console.log(square(4)); // 16

console.log(diag(4, 3)); // 5

Therefore, here we import those functions and pass input to those functions to calculate square
and diagonal.

26. What is the difference between Document and Window in JavaScript?

Document Window

Window in JavaScript is a global

The document comes under the windows object and can object that holds the structure like
also be considered as its property. variables, functions, location,
history, etc.

27. What are some of the JavaScript frameworks and their uses?

JavaScript has a collection of many frameworks that aim towards fulfilling the different aspects
of the web application development process. Some of the prominent frameworks are:

 React - Frontend development of a web application

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 Angular - Frontend development of a web application

 Node - Backend or server-side development of a web application

28. What is the difference between Undefined and Undeclared in JavaScript?

Undefined Undeclared

Variables that are not declared or

Undefined means a variable has been declared but a value
that do not exist in a program or
has not yet been assigned to that variable.
application.

29. What is the difference between Undefined and Null in JavaScript?

Undefined Null

Null is an assignment value

Undefined means a variable has been declared but that we can assign to any
a value has not yet been assigned to that variable. variable that is meant to
contain no value.
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30. What is the difference between Session storage and Local storage?

Session storage Local storage

Websites store some data in

local machine to reduce loading
The data stored in session storage gets expired or
time; this data does not get
deleted when a page session ends.
deleted at the end of a browsing
session.

31. What are the various data types that exist in JavaScript?

Javascript consists of two data types, primitive data types, and non-primitive data types.

 Primitive Data types: These data types are used to store a single value. Following are the sub-
data types in the Primitive data type.

 Boolean Data Types: It stores true and false values.

Example:

var a = 3;

var b = 4;

var c = 3;

(a == b) // returns false
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(a == c) //returns true

 Null data Types: It stores either empty or unknown values.

Example:

var z = null;

 Undefined data Types: It stores variables that are only declared, but not defined or initialized.

Example:

var a; // a is undefined

var b = undefined; // we can also set the value of b variable as undefined

 Number Data Types: It stores integer as well as floating-point numbers.

Example:

var x = 4; //without decimal

var y = 5.6; //with decimal

 String data Types: It stores characters and alphanumeric values.

Example:

var str = "Raja Ram Mohan"; //using double quotes

var str2 = 'Raja Rani'; //using single quotes

 Symbols Data Types: It stores unique identifiers for objects.

Example:

var symbol1 = Symbol('symbol');

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 BigInt Data Types: It stores the Number data types that are large integers and are above the
limitations of number data types.

Example:

var bigInteger = 234567890123456789012345678901234567890;

 Non-Primitive Data Types

Non-Primitive data types are used to store multiple as well as complex values.

Example:

// Collection of data in key-value pairs

var obj1 = {

x: 43,

y: "Hello world!",

z: function(){

return this.x;

// Data collection with an ordered list

var array1 = [5, "Hello", true, 4.1];

32. What is the ‘this’ keyword in JavaScript?

The Keyword ‘this’ in JavaScript is used to call the current object as a constructor to assign
values to object properties.
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33. What is the difference between Call and Apply? (explain in detail with examples)

 Call

Call uses arguments separately.

Example:

function sayHello()

return "Hello " + this.name;

var obj = {name: "Sandy"};

sayHello.call(obj);

// Returns "Hello Sandy"

 Apply

Apply uses an argument as an array.

Example:

function saySomething(message)

return this.name + " is " + message;

}
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var person4 = {name: "John"};

saySomething.apply(person4, ["awesome"]);

34. What are the scopes of a variable in JavaScript?

The scope of variables in JavaScript is used to determine the accessibility of variables and
functions at various parts of one’s code. There are three types of scopes of a variable, global
scope, function scope, block scope

 Global Scope: It is used to access the variables and functions from anywhere inside the code.

Example:

var globalVariable = "Hello world";

function sendMessage(){

return globalVariable; // globalVariable is accessible as it's written in global space

function sendMessage2(){

return sendMessage(); // sendMessage function is accessible as it's written in global space

sendMessage2(); // Returns “Hello world”

 Function scope: It is used to declare the function and variables inside the function itself and
not outside.

Example:

function awesomeFunction()
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var a = 3;

var multiplyBy3 = function()

console.log(a*3); // Can access variable "a" since a and multiplyBy3 both are written inside
the same function

console.log(a); // a is written in local scope and can't be accessed outside and throws a reference
error

multiplyBy3(); // MultiplyBy3 is written in local scope thus it throws a reference error

 Block Scope: It uses let and const to declare the variables.

Example:

let x = 45;

console.log(x); // Gives reference error since x cannot be accessed outside of the block

for(let i=0; i<2; i++){

// do something
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console.log(i); // Gives reference error since i cannot be accessed outside of the for loop block

35. What are the arrow functions in JavaScript?

Arrow functions are used to write functions with a short and concise syntax. Also, it does not
require a function keyword for declaration. An arrow function can be omitted with curly braces {
} when we have one line of code.

syntax of an arrow function:

const helloWorld = () => {

console.log("hello world!");

};

Example:

// Traditional Function Expression

var add = function(a,b)

return a + b;

// Arrow Function Expression

var arrowAdd = (a,b) => a + b;

36. Explain Hoisting in javascript. (with examples)

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Hoisting in javascript is the default process behavior of moving declaration of all the variables
and functions on top of the scope where scope can be either local or global.

Example 1:

hoistedFunction(); // " Hi There! " is an output that is declared as function even after it is called

function hoistedFunction(){

console.log(" Hi There! ");

Example 2:

hoistedVariable = 5;

console.log(hoistedVariable); // outputs 5 though the variable is declared after it is initialized

var hoistedVariable;

37. Difference between “ == “ and “ === “ operators (with examples)

1. “==” operator is a comparison operator that used to compare the values

2. “===” operator is also a comparison operator that is used to compare the values as well as
types.

Example:

var x = 3;

var y = "3";

(x == y) // it returns true as the value of both x and y is the same

(x === y) // it returns false as the typeof x is "number" and typeof y is "string"

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38. Difference between var and let keyword

 Keyword “var”

 In JavaScript programming, the “var” keyword has been used from the very initial stages of
JavaScript.

 We can perform functions with the help of the keyword “var’ by accessing various variables.

 Keyword “let”

 The Keyword “let” was added later in ECMAScript 2015 in JavaScript Programming.

 Variable declaration is very limited with the help of the “let” keyword that is declared in
Block. Also, it might result in a ReferenceError as the variable was declared in the “temporal
dead zone” at the beginning of the block.

39. Implicit Type Coercion in javascript (in detail with examples)

When the value of one data type is automatically converted into another data type, it is called
Implicit type coercion in javascript.

 String coercion

Example:

var x = 4;

var y = "4";

x + y // Returns "44"

 Boolean coercion

Example:

var a = 0;

var b = 32;
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if(a) { console.log(a) } // This code will run inside the block as the value of x is 0(Falsy)

if(b) { console.log(b) } // This code will run inside the block as the value of y is 32 (Truthy)

40. Is javascript a statically typed or a dynamically typed language?

Yes, JavaScript is a dynamically typed language and not statically.

41. NaN property in JavaScript

NaN property in JavaScript is the “Not-a-Number” value that is not a legal number.

42. Passed by value and passed by reference

 Passed By Values Are Primitive Data Types.

Consider the following example:

Here, the a=432 is a primitive data type i.e. a number type that has an assigned value by the
operator. When the var b=a code gets executed, the value of ‘var a’ returns a new address for
‘var b’ by allocating a new space in the memory, so that ‘var b’ will be operated at a new
location.

Example:

var a = 432;

var b = a;

 Passed by References Are Non-primitive Data Types.

Consider the following example:

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The reference of the 1st variable object i.e. ‘var obj’ is passed through the location of another
variable i.e. ‘var obj2’ with the help of an assigned operator.

Example:

var obj = { name: "Raj", surname: "Sharma" };

var obj2 = obj;

43. Immediately Invoked Function in JavaScript

An Immediately Invoked Function also abbreviated as IIFE or IIFY runs as soon as it is defined.
To run the function, it needs to be invoked otherwise the declaration of the function is returned.

Syntax

(function()

// Do something;

})

();

44. Characteristics of javascript strict-mode

 Strict mode does not allow duplicate arguments and global variables.

 One cannot use JavaScript keywords as a parameter or function name in strict mode.

 All browsers support strict mode.

 Strict mode can be defined at the start of the script with the help of the keyword ‘use strict’.
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45. Higher Order Functions (with examples)

Higher-order functions are the functions that take functions as arguments and return them by
operating on other functions

Example:

function higherOrder(fn)

fn();

higherOrder(function() { console.log("Hello world") });

46. Self Invoking Functions

Self Invoking Functions is an automatically invoked function expression followed by (), where it
does not need to be requested. Nevertheless, the declaration of the function is not able to be
invoked by itself.

47. difference between exec () and test () methods

 exec()

 It is an expression method in JavaScript that is used to search a string with a specific pattern.

 Once it has been found, the pattern will be returned directly, otherwise, it returns an “empty”
result.

 test ()

 It is an expression method in JavaScript that is also used to search a string with a specific
pattern or text.

 Once it has been found, the pattern will return the Boolean value 'true', else it returns ‘false’.
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48. currying in JavaScript (with examples)

In JavaScript, when a function of an argument is transformed into functions of one or more

arguments is called Currying.

Example:

function add (a) {

return function(b){

return a + b;

add(3)(4)

49. Advantages of using External JavaScript

 External Javascript allows web designers and developers to collaborate on HTML and
javascript files.

 It also enables you to reuse the code.

 External javascript makes Code readability simple.

50. What are object prototypes?

Following are the different object prototypes in javascript that are used to inherit particular
properties and methods from the Object.prototype.

1. Date objects are used to inherit properties from the Date prototype

2. Math objects are used to inherit properties from the Math prototype

3. Array objects are used to inherit properties from the Array prototype.
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51. Types of errors in javascript

Javascript has two types of errors, Syntax error, and Logical error.

52. What is memoization?

In JavaScript, when we want to cache the return value of a function concerning its parameters, it
is called memoization. It is used to speed up the application especially in case of complex, time
consuming functions.

53. Recursion in a programming language

Recursion is a technique in a programming language that is used to iterate over an operation

whereas a function calls itself repeatedly until we get the result.

54. Use of a constructor function (with examples)

Constructor functions are used to create single objects or multiple objects with similar properties
and methods.

Example:

function Person(name,age,gender)

this.name = name;

this.age = age;

this.gender = gender;

var person1 = new Person("Vivek", 76, "male");

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console.log(person1);

var person2 = new Person("Courtney", 34, "female");

console.log(person2);

55. Which method is used to retrieve a character from a certain index?

We can retrieve a character from a certain index with the help of charAt() function method.

56. What is BOM?

BOM is the Browser Object Model where users can interact with browsers that is a window, an
initial object of the browser. The window object consists of a document, history, screen,
navigator, location, and other attributes. Nevertheless, the window’s function can be called
directly as well as by referencing the window.

57. Difference between client-side and server-side

 Client-side JavaScript

 Client-side JavaScript is made up of fundamental language and predefined objects that

perform JavaScript in a browser.

 Also, it is automatically included in the HTML pages where the browser understands the
script.

 Server-side Javascript

 Server-side JavaScript is quite similar to Client-side javascript.

 Server-side JavaScript can be executed on a server.

 The server-side JavaScript is deployed once the server processing is done.

58. What is the prototype design pattern?

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The Prototype design Pattern is also known as a property or prototype pattern that is used to
produce different objects as well as prototypes that are replicated from a template with a specific
value.

59. Differences between declaring variables using var, let and const.

var let const

There is a global scope as There is neither a global scope nor There is neither a global
well as a function scope. a function scope. scope nor a function scope.

1. There is no block
scope. There is no block scope. There is no block scope.

It can be reassigned. cIt cannot be reassigned. It cannot be reassigned.

Example 1: Using ‘var’ and ‘let’ variable

var variable1 = 31;

let variable2 = 89;

function catchValues()

console.log(variable1);
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console.log(variable2);

// Both the variables are accessible from anywhere as their declaration is in the global scope

window.variable1; // Returns the value 31

window.variable2; // Returns undefined

Example 2: Using ‘const’ variable

const x = {name:"Vijay"};

x = {address: "Mumbai"}; // Throws an error

x.name = "Radha"; // No error is thrown

const y = 31;

y = 44; // Throws an error

60. Rest parameter and spread operator

 Rest Parameter(...)

 Rest parameter is used to declare the function with improved handling of parameters.

 Rest parameter syntax can be used to create functions to perform functions on the variable
number of arguments.

 It also helps to convert any number of arguments into an array as well as helps in extracting
some or all parts of the arguments.

 Spread Operator(...)

 In a function call, we use the spread operator.

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 It's also to spread one or more arguments that are expected in a function call.

 The spread operator is used to take an array or an object and spread them.

61. Promises in JavaScript

Promises in JavaScript have four different states. They are as follows:

Pending Fulfilled Rejected Settled

Pending is an initial
state of promise. It is It is the state
It is the state
the initial state of where the
where the
promise where it is It is the state where the promise promise is
promise is
in the pending state has been fulfilled that assures that rejected and the
rejected or
that neither is the async operation is done. async operation
fulfilled.
fulfilled nor has failed.
rejected.

Example:

function sumOfThreeElements(...elements)

return new Promise((resolve,reject)=>{

if(elements.length > 3 )

{
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reject("Just 3 elements or less are allowed");

else

let sum = 0;

let i = 0;

while(i < elements.length)

sum += elements[i];

i++;

resolve("Sum has been calculated: "+sum);

})

62. Classes in JavaScript

classes are syntactic sugars for constructor functions mentioned in the ES6 version of JavaScript.
Classes are not hoisted-like Functions and can’t be used before it is declared. Also, it can inherit
properties and methods from other classes with the help of extended keywords. If the strict mode
(‘use strict’) is not followed, an error will be shown.
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63. What are generator functions?

Generator functions are declared with a special class of functions and keywords using function*.
It does not execute the code, however, it returns a generator object and handles the execution.

64. What is WeakSet?

WeakSet is a collection of unique and ordered elements that contain only objects which are
referenced weakly.

65. What is the use of callbacks?

 A callback function is used to send input into another function and is performed inside
another function.

 It also ensures that a particular code does not run until another code has completed its
execution.

66. What is a WeakMap?

Weakmap is referred to as an object having keys and values, if the object is without reference, it
is collected as garbage.

67. What is Object Destructuring? (with examples)

Object destructuring is a method to extract elements from an array or an object.

Example 1: Array Destructuring

const arr = [1, 2, 3];

const first = arr[0];

const second = arr[1];

const third = arr[2];

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Example 2: Object Destructuring

const arr = [1, 2, 3];

const [first,second,third,fourth] = arr;

console.log(first); // Outputs 1

console.log(second); // Outputs 2

console.log(third); // Outputs 3

68. Prototypal vs Classical Inheritance

 Prototypal Inheritance

 Prototypal inheritance allows any object to be cloned via an object linking method and it
serves as a template for those other objects, whether they extend the parent object or not.

 Classical Inheritance

 Classical inheritance is a class that inherits from the other remaining classes.

69. What is a Temporal Dead Zone?

Temporal Dead Zone is a behavior that occurs with variables declared using let and const
keywords before they are initialized.

70. JavaScript Design Patterns

When we build JavaScript browser applications, there might be chances to occur errors where
JavaScript approaches it in a repetitive manner. This repetitive approach pattern is called
JavaScript design patterns. JavaScript design patterns consist of Creational Design Pattern,
Structural Design Pattern, and Behavioral Design patterns.

71. Difference between Async/Await and Generators

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 Async/Await

 Async-await functions are executed sequentially one after another in an easier way.

 Async/Await function might throw an error when the value is returned.

 Generators

 Generator functions are executed with one output at a time by the generator’s yield by yield.

 The ‘value: X, done: Boolean’ is the output result of the Generator function.

72. Primitive data types

The primitive data types are capable of displaying one value at a time. It consists of Boolean,
Undefined, Null, Number, and String data types.

73. Role of deferred scripts

The Deferred scripts are used for the HTML parser to finish before executing it.

74. What is Lexical Scoping?

Lexical Scoping in JavaScript can be performed when the internal state of the JavaScript
function object consists of the function’s code as well as references concerning the current scope
chain.

75. What is this [[[]]]?

This ‘[[[]]]’ is a three-dimensional array.

76. Are Java and JavaScript the same?

Yes, Java and JavaScript are the same.

77. How to detect the OS of the client machine using JavaScript?

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The OS on the client machine can be detected with the help of navigator.appVersion string

78. Requirement of debugging in JavaScript

 To debug the code, we can use web browsers such as Google Chrome, and Mozilla Firefox.

 We can debug in JavaScript with the help of two methods, console.log() and debugger
keyword.

79. What are the pop-up boxes available in JavaScript?

Pop-up boxes available in JavaScript are Alert Box, Confirm Box, and Prompt Box.

Advanced JS Interview Questions and Answers

Here are some advanced level JavaScript interview questions and answers for you to prepare
during your interviews.

80. How do you empty an array in JavaScript?

There are a few ways in which we can empty an array in JavaScript:

 By assigning array length to 0:

var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4];

arr.length = 0;

 By assigning an empty array:

var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4];

arr = [];
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 By popping the elements of the array:

var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4];

while (arr.length > 0) {

arr.pop();

 By using the splice array function:

var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4];

arr.splice(0, arr.length);

81. What is the difference between Event Capturing and Event Bubbling?

Event Capturing Event Bubbling

This process starts with

This process starts with capturing the event of the capturing the event of the
outermost element and then propagating it to the innermost element and then
innermost element. propagating it to the outermost
element.

82. What is the Strict mode in JavaScript?

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Strict mode in JavaScript introduces more stringent error-checking in a JavaScript code.

 While in Strict mode, all variables have to be declared explicitly, values cannot be assigned to
a read-only property, etc.

 We can enable strict mode by adding ‘use strict’ at the beginning of a JavaScript code, or
within a certain segment of code.

83. What would be the output of the below JavaScript code?

var a = 10;

if (function abc(){})

a += typeof abc;

console.log(a);

The output of this JavaScript code will be 10undefined. The if condition statement in the code
evaluates using eval. Hence, eval(function abc(){}) will return function abc(){}.

Inside the if statement, executing typeof abc returns undefined because the if statement code
executes at run time while the statement inside the if the condition is being evaluated.

84. Can you write a JavaScript code for adding new elements in a dynamic manner?

<script type="text/javascript">

function addNode() {

var newP = document.createElement("p");

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var textNode = document.createTextNode(" This is a new text node");

newP.appendChild(textNode); document.getElementById("firstP").appendChild(newP);

</script>

85. What is the difference between Call and Apply?

Call Apply

In the apply() method, arguments

In the call() method, arguments are provided individually
are provided in the form of an
along with a ‘this’ value.
array along with a ‘this’ value.

86. What will be the output of the following code?

var Bar = Function Foo()

return 11;

};

typeof Foo();
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The output would be a reference error since a function definition can only have a single reference
variable as its name.

87. What will be the output of the following code?

var Student = {

college: "abc",

};

var stud1 = Object.create(Student);

delete stud1.college;

console.log(stud1.company);

This is essentially a simple example of object-oriented programming. Therefore, the output will
be ‘abc’ as we are accessing the property of the student object.

88. How do you remove duplicates from a JavaScript array?

There are two ways in which we can remove duplicates from a JavaScript array:

By Using the Filter Method

To call the filter() method, three arguments are required. These are namely array, current
element, and index of the current element.

By Using the For Loop

An empty array is used for storing all the repeating elements.