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You said:
1. JavaScript Basics What is JavaScript? How JS works (Interpreter,
Engine – V8) Linking JavaScript to HTML Comments (//, /* */) Strict
Mode ("use strict") give me all of above for my interview
ChatGPT said:
Here is clean, interview-focused, point-wise notes on:
1️⃣ JavaScript Basics
✅ What is JavaScript?
JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted programming language
used to create dynamic and interactive web pages.
It is lightweight, object-based, event-driven.
Runs in the browser (client-side) but can also run on servers
using Node.js.
Developed by Brendan Eich in 1995, initially called LiveScript.
✅ How JS Works (Interpreter, Engine – V8)
JavaScript Engine: Converts JS code to machine code so the
computer can execute it.
Examples:
V8 (Chrome, Node.js),
SpiderMonkey (Firefox),
JavaScriptCore (Safari).
How it works:
1. Parsing: JS code is converted into an Abstract Syntax Tree
(AST).
2. Compilation: Modern engines use Just-In-Time (JIT)
compilation to compile JS into machine code while
interpreting.
3. Execution: Machine code is executed in the CPU.
Interpreter: Reads and executes code line-by-line.
Modern engines (like V8) use a combination of interpreter +
JIT compilation for speed.
✅ Linking JavaScript to HTML
Three ways:
1. Inline:
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<button onclick="alert('Hello')">Click
Me</button>
2. Internal:
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<script> alert('Hello World'); </script>
3. External (Recommended):
Create script.js:
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alert('Hello from external file');
Link in HTML:
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<script src="script.js"></script>
Place <script> tag at the end of <body> for better
performance or use defer:
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<script src="script.js" defer></script>
✅ Comments in JavaScript
1. Single-line Comment:
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// This is a single-line comment let x = 10; //
This can also be used at end of a line
2. Multi-line Comment:
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/* This is a multi-line comment used for longer
explanations */
Comments are ignored by the JS engine during execution and are
used for code clarity.
✅ Strict Mode ("use strict")
What it is: A way to opt-in to a restricted variant of JavaScript,
introduced in ES5.
It helps in:
Catching common coding mistakes.
Preventing the use of undeclared variables.
Making debugging easier.
Restricting certain error-prone features.
How to use:
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"use strict"; let x = 10; // Works fine y = 20;
// Error: y is not defined
Can be applied:
Globally (at the top of the file).
Function-scoped:
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function test() { "use strict"; // code
here is strict }
Best practice to use in all modern JS projects to ensure cleaner
and safer code.
If you want, I can prepare interview flashcards / quiz questions for
these concepts for your daily revision before your interviews. Let me
know if you need those.
You said:
2. Variables & Data Types var, let, const Primitive Data Types: String,
Number, Boolean, Null, Undefined, Symbol, BigInt Non-primitive Data
Types: Object, Array, Function for interview
ChatGPT said:
Here is clean, interview-ready, structured notes for:
2️⃣ Variables & Data Types in JavaScript
✅ var, let, const
1️⃣ var
Function-scoped.
Can be redeclared and updated.
Hoisted (moved to the top) with initialization as undefined.
Example:
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var a = 10; var a = 20; // allowed
2️⃣ let
Block-scoped (limited to { }).
Can be updated but not redeclared in the same scope.
Hoisted but not initialized (temporal dead zone).
Example:
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let b = 10; b = 20; // allowed // let b = 30; //
Error
3️⃣ const
Block-scoped.
Cannot be updated or redeclared.
Must be initialized at the time of declaration.
For objects/arrays, the reference cannot change, but values inside
can be modified.
Example:
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const c = 10; // c = 20; // Error const obj = {
name: "A" }; obj.name = "B"; // allowed
✅ Primitive Data Types
Immutable, stored in stack, compared by value.
1️⃣ String – Sequence of characters.
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let name = "John";
2️⃣ Number – Integer or floating-point.
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let age = 25; let price = 99.99;
3️⃣ Boolean – true or false.
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let isStudent = true;
4️⃣ Null – Explicitly no value (typeof null returns object).
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let data = null;
5️⃣ Undefined – Declared but not initialized.
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let x; console.log(x); // undefined
6️⃣ Symbol (ES6) – Unique and immutable value, used for object
property keys.
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let sym = Symbol("id");
7️⃣ BigInt (ES11) – For large integers beyond
Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER.
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let big = 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890n;
✅ Non-primitive Data Types
Mutable, stored in heap, compared by reference.
1️⃣ Object
Collection of key-value pairs.
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let person = { name: "Alice", age: 25 };
2️⃣ Array
Ordered list of values, technically an object.
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let colors = ["red", "green", "blue"];
3️⃣ Function
Reusable block of code, also treated as an object.
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function greet() { console.log("Hello"); }
✅ Summary Table
Category Data Types
Primitive String, Number, Boolean, Null, Undefined,
(Immutable) Symbol, BigInt
Non-primitive
Object, Array, Function
(Mutable)
✅ Interview Points:
✅ Use let and const in modern JS; avoid var unless needed for
function scope.
✅ Primitive types are compared by value; non-primitive types by
reference.
✅ typeof null returns object (interview favorite).
✅ const does not make objects immutable, only the binding is
constant.
✅ Arrays and functions are special objects.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, short quiz cards, or a revision
cheat sheet for daily quick recall before your interviews for this topic.
Let me know if you need those next for structured practice.
You said:
3. Operators Arithmetic Operators Assignment Operators Comparison
Operators Logical Operators Bitwise Operators Ternary Operator
Nullish Coalescing (??) Optional Chaining (?.)
ChatGPT said:
Here are clear, structured, interview-focused notes for:
3️⃣ Operators in JavaScript
✅ 1. Arithmetic Operators
Used for mathematical calculations:
Operator Description Example (a=10, b=3) Result
+ Addition a + b 13
- Subtraction a - b 7
* Multiplication a * b 30
/ Division a / b 3.333
% Modulus (remainder)a % b 1
** Exponentiation a ** b 1000
++ Increment a++ 10 (then 11)
-- Decrement b-- 3 (then 2)
✅ 2. Assignment Operators
Used to assign values to variables:
Operator Description Example
= Assign x = 5
+= Add and assign x += 2 (x = x + 2)
-= Subtract and assign x -= 2
*= Multiply and assign x *= 2
/= Divide and assign x /= 2
%= Modulus and assign x %= 2
**= Exponentiation and assignx **= 2
✅ 3. Comparison Operators
Used to compare two values, returning true or false:
Operator Description Example
== Equal to (type conversion) 5 == "5" → true
=== Strict equal to (no type conversion) 5 === "5" → false
!= Not equal to 5 != "5" → false
!== Strict not equal to 5 !== "5" → true
> Greater than 5 > 3 → true
< Less than 5 < 3 → false
>= Greater than or equal to 5 >= 5 → true
<= Less than or equal to 3 <= 5 → true
✅ 4. Logical Operators
Used to combine or invert boolean expressions:
Operator Description Example
&& Logical AND (both true)(a > 5 && b < 5)
` `
! Logical NOT (invert) !(a > 5)
✅ 5. Bitwise Operators
Work on the binary representation:
Operator Description
& AND
` `
^ XOR
~ NOT
<< Left shift
>> Right shift
>>> Zero-fill right shift
Example:
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let a = 5; // 0101 let b = 3; // 0011 console.log(a
& b); // 1 (0001)
✅ 6. Ternary Operator
Shorthand for if-else, syntax:
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condition ? expr1 : expr2;
Example:
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let age = 18; let status = (age >= 18) ? "Adult" :
"Minor";
✅ 7. Nullish Coalescing Operator (??)
Returns the right-hand side operand only if the left-hand side is
null or undefined.
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let user; console.log(user ?? "Guest"); // "Guest"
let value = 0; console.log(value ?? 10); // 0
(because 0 is not null/undefined)
✅ 8. Optional Chaining (?.)
Allows safe access to nested object properties, avoiding TypeError if
the value is null or undefined.
Example:
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let user = { address: { city: "Surat" } };
console.log(user.address?.city); // "Surat"
console.log(user.contact?.phone); // undefined (no
error)
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ Use === instead of == to avoid type coercion issues.
✅ && and || can be used for short-circuit evaluation.
✅ Ternary is useful for conditional assignment in one line.
✅ ?? is different from ||, as || checks for falsy values while ?? only
checks null/undefined.
✅ Optional chaining avoids errors when accessing deep nested
properties safely.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, flashcards, or revision questions on
operators for your daily interview revision next to solidify your
preparation systematically. Let me know if you need them.
You said:
4. Control Flow if, else if, else switch statement for, while, do...while
break and continue
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
4️⃣ Control Flow in JavaScript
✅ 1. if, else if, else
Used for conditional branching based on boolean conditions.
Syntax:
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if (condition) { // code if condition is true } else
if (anotherCondition) { // code if anotherCondition
is true } else { // code if none are true }
Example:
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let marks = 85; if (marks >= 90) {
console.log("Excellent"); } else if (marks >= 70) {
console.log("Good"); } else { console.log("Needs
Improvement"); }
✅ 2. switch Statement
Used to replace multiple if-else statements when comparing the
same variable with different values.
Syntax:
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switch(expression) { case value1: // code block
break; case value2: // code block break; default: //
default code block }
Example:
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let day = 3; switch(day) { case 1:
console.log("Monday"); break; case 2:
console.log("Tuesday"); break; case 3:
console.log("Wednesday"); break; default:
console.log("Other day"); }
✅ Always use break to prevent fall-through to the next case unless
intentional.
✅ 3. Loops (for, while, do...while)
Used for repetitive execution of a block of code.
a) for Loop
Used when the number of iterations is known.
Syntax:
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for (initialization; condition; increment) { // code
block }
Example:
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for (let i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { console.log(i); }
b) while Loop
Used when the number of iterations is unknown, and the condition
is checked before each iteration.
Syntax:
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while (condition) { // code block }
Example:
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let i = 1; while (i <= 5) { console.log(i); i++; }
c) do...while Loop
Executes the block at least once before checking the condition.
Syntax:
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do { // code block } while (condition);
Example:
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let i = 1; do { console.log(i); i++; } while (i <=
5);
✅ 4. break and continue
break
Exits the loop or switch immediately.
Used to stop execution when a condition is met.
Example:
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for (let i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { if (i === 3) { break;
} console.log(i); // 1, 2 }
continue
Skips the current iteration and moves to the next iteration of the
loop.
Example:
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for (let i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { if (i === 3) {
continue; } console.log(i); // 1, 2, 4, 5 }
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ Use if-else for conditional branching when conditions differ.
✅ Use switch when checking the same variable against multiple
values for cleaner syntax.
✅ Use for when you know how many times to loop, while for
unknown iterations, and do...while when at least one execution is
required.
✅ break exits loops or switches, while continue skips the current
iteration.
✅ Always ensure conditions are designed to avoid infinite loops.
If you want, I can now prepare short practice MCQs, code snippets
for dry-run practice, or flashcards for this Control Flow section for
your interview preparation and recall. Let me know if you need that
next.
You said:
🧱 5. Functions Function declaration & expression Arrow functions
Parameters vs Arguments Return keyword Callback functions
Immediately Invoked Function Expression (IIFE) Rest & Spread
operators (...)
ChatGPT said:
Here is a clean, interview-focused, point-wise summary for:
🧱 5️⃣ Functions in JavaScript
✅ 1. Function Declaration vs Function Expression
Function Declaration
Declared with function keyword and a name.
Hoisted (can be called before declaration).
Syntax:
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function add(a, b) { return a + b; }
console.log(add(2, 3)); // 5
Function Expression
Function assigned to a variable.
Not hoisted (cannot be called before definition).
Syntax:
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const add = function(a, b) { return a + b; };
console.log(add(2, 3)); // 5
✅ 2. Arrow Functions
Introduced in ES6 for shorter syntax and lexical this binding.
Syntax:
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const add = (a, b) => { return a + b; };
If only one expression, it can be simplified:
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const add = (a, b) => a + b;
✅ Note: Arrow functions do not have their own this, arguments,
or prototype.
✅ 3. Parameters vs Arguments
Parameters: Variables listed in the function definition.
Arguments: Actual values passed when calling the function.
Example:
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function greet(name) { // name = parameter
console.log("Hello " + name); } greet("Alice"); //
"Alice" = argument
✅ 4. return Keyword
Ends function execution.
Returns a value to the caller.
If omitted, the function returns undefined.
Example:
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function multiply(a, b) { return a * b; } let result
= multiply(3, 4); // 12
✅ 5. Callback Functions
A function passed as an argument to another function, executed after
the outer function completes.
Example:
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function greet(name, callback) { console.log("Hello
" + name); callback(); } function done() {
console.log("Greeting completed."); } greet("Alice",
done); // Output: // Hello Alice // Greeting
completed.
✅ Widely used in asynchronous operations (e.g., setTimeout, API
calls).
✅ 6. Immediately Invoked Function Expression (IIFE)
A function that runs immediately after its declaration.
Syntax:
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(function() { console.log("IIFE executed"); })();
✅ Used to:
Create a private scope.
Avoid polluting the global namespace.
✅ 7. Rest & Spread Operators (...)
Rest Operator:
Used in function parameters to collect all remaining
arguments into an array.
Syntax:
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function sum(...numbers) { return
numbers.reduce((total, num) => total + num); }
console.log(sum(1, 2, 3, 4)); // 10
Spread Operator:
Used to expand an iterable (array, string, object) into
individual elements.
Examples:
Copying Arrays:
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let arr = [1, 2, 3]; let copy = [...arr];
Combining Arrays:
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let a = [1, 2]; let b = [3, 4]; let combined =
[...a, ...b]; // [1, 2, 3, 4]
Expanding in Function Calls:
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let nums = [5, 6, 7];
console.log(Math.max(...nums)); // 7
Copying Objects:
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let obj = { a: 1, b: 2 }; let copyObj = { ...obj
};
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ Use function declarations for hoisting and function expressions for
more controlled scoping.
✅ Use arrow functions for concise syntax and lexical this.
✅ Remember parameters vs arguments distinction.
✅ return is essential to output values from functions.
✅ Callbacks are core to asynchronous JS patterns.
✅ IIFE is useful for encapsulation and immediate execution.
✅ Rest (...) for collecting multiple arguments, Spread (...) for
expanding iterables.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, dry-run code exercises, or
flashcards on this Functions section for your interview revision and
memory reinforcement. Let me know if you want these next.
You said:
6. Arrays Declaration & Access Array Methods: push(), pop(), shift(),
unshift() forEach(), map(), filter(), reduce() find(), includes(), some(),
every() concat(), slice(), splice(), sort(), reverse(), flat()
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, interview-focused, point-wise notes for:
🧱 6️⃣ Arrays in JavaScript
✅ 1. Declaration & Access
Declaration:
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let fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]; let
numbers = new Array(1, 2, 3);
Access:
Indexing starts at 0.
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console.log(fruits[0]); // "apple" fruits[1] =
"blueberry"; // Update value
console.log(fruits.length); // 3
✅ 2. Array Methods
🍎 push(), pop(), shift(), unshift()
Method Description Example
push() Adds element at the end arr.push(4)
pop() Removes element from the end arr.pop()
unshift() Adds element at the start arr.unshift(0)
shift() Removes element from the startarr.shift()
Example:
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let arr = [1, 2, 3]; arr.push(4); // [1, 2, 3, 4]
arr.pop(); // [1, 2, 3] arr.unshift(0); // [0, 1, 2,
3] arr.shift(); // [1, 2, 3]
🍎 forEach(), map(), filter(), reduce()
forEach()
Iterates over array, no return value, used for side effects.
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arr.forEach((item) => console.log(item));
map()
Returns a new array with transformed elements.
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let squares = arr.map(x => x * x);
filter()
Returns a new array with elements that pass the condition.
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let even = arr.filter(x => x % 2 === 0);
reduce()
Reduces array to a single value.
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let sum = arr.reduce((acc, curr) => acc + curr, 0);
🍎 find(), includes(), some(), every()
find()
Returns first matching element or undefined.
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let found = arr.find(x => x > 1);
includes()
Checks if an element exists in the array (true/false).
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arr.includes(2); // true
some()
Checks if at least one element passes the test.
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arr.some(x => x > 2); // true
every()
Checks if all elements pass the test.
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arr.every(x => x > 0); // true
🍎 concat(), slice(), splice(), sort(), reverse(), flat()
concat()
Merges arrays and returns a new array.
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let merged = arr.concat([4, 5]);
slice()
Returns shallow copy of a portion of the array.
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let part = arr.slice(1, 3); // elements at 1 and 2
splice()
Changes the array by removing, replacing, or adding elements.
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arr.splice(1, 1, 10, 20); // removes 1 element at
index 1 and adds 10, 20
sort()
Sorts the array in-place (default lexicographically).
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arr.sort((a, b) => a - b); // numeric sort
reverse()
Reverses the array in-place.
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arr.reverse();
flat()
Flattens nested arrays into a single array.
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let nested = [1, [2, [3]]]; let flatArr =
nested.flat(2); // [1, 2, 3]
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ Arrays are mutable, zero-indexed, dynamic in size.
✅ Use forEach for iteration with side effects, map for transformations,
filter for conditions, reduce for aggregation.
✅ find for the first match, includes for existence check, some for
partial checks, every for all checks.
✅ concat, slice, and flat do not mutate the original array.
✅ push, pop, shift, unshift, splice, sort, reverse mutate the
original array.
If you want, I can prepare interview MCQs, dry-run practice arrays
questions, and coding challenges on arrays for your daily interview
revision next. Let me know if you would like them for structured
practice.
You said:
7. Strings String declaration Template literals (Hello ${name}) String
methods: length, charAt(), indexOf(), lastIndexOf() slice(), substring(),
substr() replace(), replaceAll() toUpperCase(), toLowerCase() trim(),
split(), includes() for interviw i dont say again because i dont have time
so, understand please i give for my interview
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, interview-focused, point-wise notes for:
🧱 7️⃣ Strings in JavaScript
✅ 1. String Declaration
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let str1 = "Hello"; let str2 = 'World'; let str3 =
`Hi`; // ES6 template literals
✅ Strings are immutable (cannot change individual characters).
✅ 2. Template Literals
Introduced in ES6 for multi-line strings and interpolation:
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let name = "Alice"; let greeting = `Hello,
${name}!`; console.log(greeting); // "Hello, Alice!"
✅ Use backticks (``) for easy variable embedding and multiline strings.
✅ 3. String Methods
🔹 length
Returns the number of characters in the string.
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let str = "Hello"; console.log(str.length); // 5
🔹 charAt(index)
Returns the character at the specified index.
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console.log(str.charAt(1)); // "e"
✅ str[1] can also be used.
🔹 indexOf(substring)
Returns the first index of the substring or -1 if not found.
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console.log(str.indexOf("l")); // 2
🔹 lastIndexOf(substring)
Returns the last index of the substring.
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console.log(str.lastIndexOf("l")); // 3
🔹 slice(start, end)
Extracts a section of the string and returns a new string.
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console.log(str.slice(1, 4)); // "ell"
✅ Supports negative indices.
🔹 substring(start, end)
Similar to slice, but does not support negative indices.
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console.log(str.substring(1, 4)); // "ell"
🔹 substr(start, length)
Returns part of the string from start with the specified length.
(Deprecated in modern code, but still asked in interviews)
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console.log(str.substr(1, 3)); // "ell"
🔹 replace(search, replaceValue)
Replaces the first occurrence of search with replaceValue.
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let text = "Hello World";
console.log(text.replace("World", "JavaScript")); //
"Hello JavaScript"
🔹 replaceAll(search, replaceValue)
Replaces all occurrences of search with replaceValue. (ES2021)
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let msg = "Hello Hello";
console.log(msg.replaceAll("Hello", "Hi")); // "Hi
Hi"
🔹 toUpperCase(), toLowerCase()
Convert to upper or lower case.
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console.log(str.toUpperCase()); // "HELLO"
console.log(str.toLowerCase()); // "hello"
🔹 trim()
Removes whitespace from both ends of the string.
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let s = " Hi "; console.log(s.trim()); // "Hi"
🔹 split(separator)
Splits the string into an array based on the separator.
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let data = "a,b,c"; let arr = data.split(",");
console.log(arr); // ["a", "b", "c"]
🔹 includes(substring)
Checks if the string contains the substring (true/false).
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console.log(str.includes("ell")); // true
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ Strings are immutable; methods return new strings.
✅ Use template literals for clean interpolation and multiline support.
✅ slice, substring, and substr help extract substrings.
✅ replace vs replaceAll: first occurrence vs all occurrences.
✅ split is useful for converting CSV strings into arrays.
✅ trim cleans unnecessary whitespace before validation or storage.
✅ includes is better for readability compared to indexOf for
presence checks.
If you want, I can prepare short MCQs, dry-run practice string
questions, and coding challenges for fast revision before your
interviews next. Let me know if you need them to master Strings
quickly.
You said:
8. Numbers Number methods: toFixed(), parseInt(), parseFloat(),
isNaN(), isFinite() Math object: Math.floor(), ceil(), round(), max(),
min(), random(), pow(), sqrt()
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 8️⃣ Numbers in JavaScript
✅ JavaScript Number Basics
JS has only one number type (floating-point, 64-bit, IEEE-754).
Handles integers and decimals, but precision issues may occur
(e.g., 0.1 + 0.2 !== 0.3).
✅ 1. Number Methods
🔹 toFixed()
Formats a number to fixed decimal places (returns a string).
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let num = 3.14159; console.log(num.toFixed(2)); //
"3.14"
🔹 parseInt()
Parses a string to an integer.
Ignores non-numeric characters after valid numbers.
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console.log(parseInt("42px")); // 42
console.log(parseInt("101", 2)); // 5 (binary)
🔹 parseFloat()
Parses a string to a floating-point number.
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console.log(parseFloat("3.14")); // 3.14
🔹 isNaN()
Checks if a value is NaN (Not-a-Number).
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console.log(isNaN("Hello")); // true
console.log(isNaN(42)); // false
✅ Note: NaN is a special number indicating an invalid number result.
🔹 isFinite()
Checks if a value is a finite number.
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console.log(isFinite(100)); // true
console.log(isFinite(Infinity)); // false
✅ 2. Math Object
Math is a built-in object providing mathematical operations.
🔹 Math.floor()
Rounds down to the nearest integer.
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console.log(Math.floor(3.9)); // 3
🔹 Math.ceil()
Rounds up to the nearest integer.
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console.log(Math.ceil(3.1)); // 4
🔹 Math.round()
Rounds to the nearest integer.
js
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console.log(Math.round(3.5)); // 4
console.log(Math.round(3.4)); // 3
🔹 Math.max(), Math.min()
Returns the maximum or minimum value among arguments.
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console.log(Math.max(1, 5, 3)); // 5
console.log(Math.min(1, 5, 3)); // 1
🔹 Math.random()
Generates a random number between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive).
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console.log(Math.random()); // e.g., 0.567
✅ To get a random integer within a range:
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let randomInt = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10) + 1;
// 1 to 10
🔹 Math.pow()
Calculates base to the power of exponent.
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console.log(Math.pow(2, 3)); // 8
✅ 2 ** 3 can also be used (exponentiation operator, ES6).
🔹 Math.sqrt()
Calculates the square root.
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console.log(Math.sqrt(16)); // 4
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ Use toFixed() to format decimals for display.
✅ Use parseInt and parseFloat for type conversion from strings
to numbers.
✅ isNaN checks invalid numbers; isFinite checks for finite values.
✅ Math.floor, ceil, round are essential for rounding needs.
✅ Math.max, min are useful for comparisons.
✅ Math.random is essential for randomization; remember how to
scale for ranges.
✅ Math.pow, sqrt are used for exponents and square roots.
If you want, I can prepare quick interview MCQs, short coding tasks
for Number methods and Math usage for your systematic interview
preparation. Let me know if you want them next.
You said:
9. Type Conversion & Coercion Implicit vs Explicit conversion
String(), Number(), Boolean() +, - operators for coercion
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 9️⃣ Type Conversion & Coercion in
JavaScript
✅ What is Type Conversion & Coercion?
Type Conversion: Changing data from one type to another.
Coercion: Automatic (implicit) conversion by JavaScript
during operations.
✅ 1. Implicit vs Explicit Conversion
🔹 Implicit Conversion (Type Coercion)
JS automatically converts data types when required.
Examples:
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console.log('5' + 2); // "52" (number 2 coerced to
string) console.log('5' - 2); // 3 (string '5'
coerced to number) console.log('5' * '2'); // 10
(both strings coerced to numbers) console.log(true +
1); // 2 (true coerced to 1) console.log(false +
'test'); // "falsetest" (false coerced to string)
✅ Addition with + often converts to string, while -, *, / convert to
numbers.
🔹 Explicit Conversion
Done manually using functions or operators.
Examples:
String()
Converts value to a string.
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String(123); // "123" String(true); // "true"
Number()
Converts value to a number.
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Number("123"); // 123 Number("abc"); // NaN
Number(true); // 1 Number(false); // 0
Boolean()
Converts value to a boolean.
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Boolean(1); // true Boolean(0); // false
Boolean(""); // false Boolean("text"); // true
✅ 2. Using +, - Operators for Coercion
Using + for Coercion:
Unary + converts values to numbers.
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let str = "123"; console.log(+str); // 123 (string
to number) console.log(+true); // 1
console.log(+false); // 0 console.log(+""); // 0
✅ When using + between a string and a number, it performs
concatenation:
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console.log("5" + 1); // "51"
Using - for Coercion:
Forces string to number conversion when subtraction occurs.
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console.log("5" - 1); // 4 console.log("5" - "2");
// 3 console.log("abc" - 2); // NaN
✅ Falsy and Truthy Values
Falsy Values (converted to false in boolean context):
0
"" (empty string)
null
undefined
NaN
false
Truthy Values:
All other values, including "0", [], {}, "false"
✅ Interview Quick Recap
✅ Implicit coercion is automatic; explicit conversion uses String(),
Number(), Boolean().
✅ + with strings causes concatenation, but unary + coerces to number.
✅ -, *, / operations convert strings to numbers automatically.
✅ Understand truthy/falsy values for conditional checks in JS.
✅ Number("abc") → NaN, but Boolean("abc") → true.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, dry-run coding snippets, and quick
flashcards on type coercion for your interview speed recall next. Let
me know if you would like these for systematic revision.
You said:
11. Objects Object creation and access Dot vs Bracket notation Object
methods & this Object destructuring Object shorthand Object.keys(),
Object.values(), Object.entries() Spread operator with objects Optional
chaining (obj?.key)
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 1️⃣1️⃣ Objects in JavaScript
✅ 1. Object Creation and Access
Creation:
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let person = { name: "Alice", age: 25, greet:
function() { console.log("Hello"); } };
Access:
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console.log(person.name); // "Alice"
console.log(person["age"]); // 25 person.greet(); //
"Hello"
✅ Objects store key-value pairs, where keys are strings (or Symbols).
✅ 2. Dot vs Bracket Notation
Dot Notation Bracket Notation
obj.key obj["key"]
Cleaner, readable Needed for dynamic keys
Key must be a valid identifierAllows spaces/special characters
Example:
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let obj = { name: "Bob", "user age": 30 };
console.log(obj.name); // "Bob"
console.log(obj["user age"]); // 30 let key =
"name"; console.log(obj[key]); // "Bob"
✅ 3. Object Methods & this
Objects can have methods (functions inside objects).
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let user = { name: "Charlie", greet() {
console.log("Hello, " + this.name); } };
user.greet(); // "Hello, Charlie"
✅ this refers to the object calling the method.
✅ 4. Object Destructuring
Extract values directly from objects into variables.
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let student = { name: "David", age: 22 }; let {
name, age } = student; console.log(name); // "David"
console.log(age); // 22
✅ Allows renaming:
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let { name: studentName } = student;
console.log(studentName); // "David"
✅ 5. Object Shorthand
When the key and variable name are the same:
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let x = 10, y = 20; let point = { x, y };
console.log(point); // { x: 10, y: 20 }
✅ 6. Object.keys(), Object.values(),
Object.entries()
Method Returns
Object.keys(obj) Array of keys
Object.values(obj) Array of values
Object.entries(obj) Array of [key, value] pairs
Example:
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let car = { brand: "Toyota", year: 2020 };
console.log(Object.keys(car)); // ["brand", "year"]
console.log(Object.values(car)); // ["Toyota", 2020]
console.log(Object.entries(car)); // [["brand",
"Toyota"], ["year", 2020]]
✅ Useful for loops and iteration.
✅ 7. Spread Operator with Objects
Creates shallow copies or merges objects.
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let obj1 = { a: 1, b: 2 }; let obj2 = { c: 3, d: 4
}; let merged = { ...obj1, ...obj2 };
console.log(merged); // { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4 }
✅ Useful for immutability in React/Redux.
✅ 8. Optional Chaining (obj?.key)
Safely access nested object properties without error if intermediate is
null or undefined.
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let user = { profile: { email: "[email protected]" } };
console.log(user.profile?.email); // "[email protected]"
console.log(user.contact?.phone); // undefined (no
error)
✅ Prevents TypeError: Cannot read property 'x' of undefined in
deep access.
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ Objects are key-value stores; keys are strings or symbols.
✅ Use dot notation for direct keys, bracket for dynamic/complex keys.
✅ this inside object methods refers to the calling object.
✅ Destructuring extracts properties easily.
✅ Object shorthand reduces redundancy when variable names match
keys.
✅ Object.keys, values, entries are essential for iterating over
objects.
✅ Spread (...) allows merging and copying objects cleanly.
✅ Optional chaining (?.) safely accesses deeply nested properties.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, short coding snippets, and revision
flashcards on Objects for your interview speed recall and last-
moment practice. Let me know if you need these next.
You said:
12. Loops with Objects & Arrays for...of for...in Object.entries(),
Object.keys(), Object.values()
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 1️⃣2️⃣ Loops with Objects & Arrays
✅ 1. for...of Loop
Used to iterate over iterable objects like arrays, strings, Maps,
Sets.
Does not work directly on plain objects.
Syntax:
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for (let element of iterable) { // code }
Example with Array:
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let arr = [10, 20, 30]; for (let num of arr) {
console.log(num); } // 10, 20, 30
Example with String:
js
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for (let char of "Hello") { console.log(char); } //
H, e, l, l, o
✅ Not used for objects because objects are not iterable directly.
✅ 2. for...in Loop
Used to iterate over enumerable property keys of an object.
Can also be used on arrays, but not recommended (keys as
strings).
Syntax:
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for (let key in object) { // code }
Example with Object:
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let user = { name: "Alice", age: 25 }; for (let key
in user) { console.log(key, user[key]); } // name
Alice // age 25
Example with Array (not recommended for index-based iteration):
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let arr = [1, 2, 3]; for (let index in arr) {
console.log(index, arr[index]); } // 0 1 // 1 2 // 2
3
✅ 3. Object.entries(), Object.keys(),
Object.values()
Used for looping over objects safely with for...of.
Object.keys(object)
Returns an array of keys.
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let user = { name: "Bob", age: 30 }; for (let key of
Object.keys(user)) { console.log(key); } // name //
age
Object.values(object)
Returns an array of values.
js
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for (let value of Object.values(user)) {
console.log(value); } // Bob // 30
Object.entries(object)
Returns an array of [key, value] pairs, allowing destructuring
while looping.
js
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for (let [key, value] of Object.entries(user)) {
console.log(key, value); } // name Bob // age 30
✅ Using Object.entries with for...of is clean and interview-
friendly for iterating key-value pairs.
✅ Summary Table:
Loop Use Case Works On
Iterates over
for...of Arrays, Strings, Maps, Sets
values
Objects (also Arrays, but
for...in Iterates over keys
avoid)
Object.keys() Array of keys Objects
Object.values() Array of values Objects
Array of [key,
Object.entries() Objects
value]
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ Use for...of for arrays and strings.
✅ Use for...in for objects (to get keys).
✅ Use Object.keys, Object.values, Object.entries with
for...of for clean iteration over objects.
✅ Prefer Object.entries with destructuring for readable key-value
loops.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, dry-run code tasks, or short
structured coding challenges on loops with objects and arrays for
your interview practice and speed recall next. Let me know if you
need them for systematic mastery.
You said:
13. Scope Global Scope Function Scope Block Scope Shadowing
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 1️⃣3️⃣ Scope in JavaScript
✅ What is Scope?
Scope determines where variables are accessible in your code.
✅ 1. Global Scope
Variables declared outside of any function or block are in the
global scope.
Accessible anywhere in the program.
Example:
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let a = 10; // global function show() {
console.log(a); // can access } show();
console.log(a); // can access
✅ 2. Function Scope
Variables declared with var inside a function are only
accessible within that function.
Functions create their own scope.
Example:
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function demo() { var x = 5; // function scoped
console.log(x); // 5 } demo(); console.log(x); //
Error: x is not defined
✅ var is function-scoped, not block-scoped.
✅ 3. Block Scope
Blocks ({ } in if, for, etc.) create block scope with let and
const.
Variables declared with let or const inside a block are
accessible only within that block.
Example:
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{ let y = 20; const z = 30; console.log(y, z); // 20
30 } console.log(y); // Error: y is not defined
✅ var does not respect block scope:
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{ var m = 50; } console.log(m); // 50
✅ 4. Shadowing
When a variable in an inner scope has the same name as a variable
in an outer scope, it shadows (overrides) the outer variable within
its scope.
Example:
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let value = 100; // outer variable function test() {
let value = 200; // shadows outer 'value' inside
this function console.log(value); // 200 } test();
console.log(value); // 100
✅ Works with block scope:
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let a = 10; { let a = 20; // shadows outer 'a'
console.log(a); // 20 } console.log(a); // 10
✅ var can cause unintended shadowing, which may lead to bugs.
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ Global Scope: Accessible everywhere.
✅ Function Scope: Created by functions; var respects function scope.
✅ Block Scope: Created by { } blocks; let and const respect block
scope.
✅ Shadowing: Inner scope variables with the same name override
outer variables within that scope.
✅ Avoid using var in modern JS to prevent scope issues.
If you want, I can prepare short MCQs, scope tracing dry-run
exercises, or fast coding challenges on scope for your interview
practice and strong recall next. Let me know whenever you need
them.
You said:
14. Hoisting Hoisting of variables and functions Temporal Dead Zone
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 1️⃣4️⃣ Hoisting in JavaScript
✅ What is Hoisting?
Hoisting is JavaScript's default behavior of moving declarations to the
top of their scope (global/function) before code execution.
✅ It applies to:
Variable declarations (var, let, const)
Function declarations
✅ 1. Hoisting of Variables
Using var:
The declaration is hoisted, but initialization is not.
Variables are initialized as undefined until the assignment line.
Example:
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console.log(a); // undefined (declaration hoisted,
not value) var a = 5; console.log(a); // 5
Using let and const:
Declarations are hoisted, but not initialized.
They remain in the Temporal Dead Zone (TDZ) from the start
of the block until the declaration line, causing a ReferenceError
if accessed before declaration.
Example:
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console.log(b); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'b'
before initialization let b = 10;
✅ 2. Hoisting of Functions
Function Declarations:
Entire function declarations are hoisted with their definitions.
Can be called before their definition in the code.
Example:
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greet(); // "Hello" function greet() {
console.log("Hello"); }
Function Expressions:
The variable (using var, let, const) is hoisted, but the
function assignment is not.
Using var results in undefined; using let/const results in a
ReferenceError.
Example with var:
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console.log(func); // undefined var func =
function() { console.log("Hi"); };
Example with let:
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console.log(func); // ReferenceError let func =
function() { console.log("Hi"); };
✅ Arrow functions behave like function expressions.
✅ 3. Temporal Dead Zone (TDZ)
The time between hoisting and initialization where let and const
variables exist but cannot be accessed.
Key Points:
Begins at the start of the scope.
Ends when the variable is declared.
Accessing the variable during TDZ gives a ReferenceError.
Example:
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{ console.log(x); // ReferenceError (TDZ) let x =
20; }
✅ const also has a TDZ and must be initialized at the time of
declaration.
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ Hoisting moves declarations to the top, not initializations.
✅ var is hoisted and initialized as undefined.
✅ let and const are hoisted but remain in TDZ until declared.
✅ Function declarations are fully hoisted (can call before declaration).
✅ Function expressions and arrow functions follow variable hoisting
rules (var, let, const).
✅ TDZ helps prevent the use of variables before their declaration,
enforcing cleaner code.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, trace-the-output hoisting
questions, or fast code quizzes for hoisting and TDZ mastery before
your interviews. Let me know whenever you need them.
You said:
15. Closures Lexical environment Closure definition and examples Use
cases (e.g., data privacy)
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 1️⃣5️⃣ Closures in JavaScript
✅ 1. Lexical Environment
Lexical Environment = the environment in which the code was
written (its “lexical” placement in the code).
Each function remembers the scope where it was created.
Composed of:
The local environment (function’s own variables).
A reference to the outer environment (parent scope).
✅ 2. Closure: Definition
A closure is:
A function that has access to its own scope, the outer (enclosing)
scope, and the global scope, even after the outer function has
finished executing.
✅ It remembers variables from the outer scope due to the lexical
environment.
✅ 3. Closure Examples
Basic Example:
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function outer() { let count = 0; function inner() {
count++; console.log(count); } return inner; } const
counter = outer(); counter(); // 1 counter(); // 2
counter(); // 3
✅ Here:
inner() forms a closure over count.
Even after outer() finishes, count is remembered by
inner().
Example with Data Privacy:
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function createCounter() { let count = 0; return {
increment: function() { count++; console.log(count);
}, decrement: function() { count--;
console.log(count); } }; } let counter =
createCounter(); counter.increment(); // 1
counter.increment(); // 2 counter.decrement(); // 1
✅ count is private inside createCounter and accessible only via
increment and decrement.
✅ 4. Use Cases of Closures
✅ 1️⃣ Data Privacy / Encapsulation:
Closures allow private variables in JS modules.
Variables inside the outer function are not accessible globally.
✅ 2️⃣ Function Factories:
Create specialized functions dynamically.
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function multiplyBy(factor) { return function(num) {
return num * factor; }; } const double =
multiplyBy(2); console.log(double(5)); // 10
✅ 3️⃣ Maintaining State:
Useful for counters, memoization, caching, and once-only
functions.
✅ 4️⃣ Event Handlers:
Closures can preserve data across event calls.
✅ Key Points to Remember:
✅ Closures are created every time a function is created.
✅ They allow functions to access outer scope variables even after the
outer function has finished executing.
✅ Useful for data privacy and state management in JS applications.
✅ Common interview areas:
Output prediction questions with nested functions.
Explaining closures in event handlers and callbacks.
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ Closure = function + its lexical scope.
✅ Created during function creation, preserved during function calls.
✅ Enables data encapsulation and state management.
✅ Use in factory functions, counters, modules, event handlers.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, dry-run closure output tracing,
and mini closure challenges for interview speed mastery and strong
recall next. Let me know if you need them.
You said:
16. Error Handling try...catch...finally throw statement Custom Errors
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 1️⃣6️⃣ Error Handling in JavaScript
✅ 1. Why Error Handling?
Helps manage runtime errors gracefully without crashing the
application.
Provides control over what to do when an error occurs.
Allows custom error messaging for debugging or user
notifications.
✅ 2. try...catch...finally
Structure:
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try { // Code that may throw an error } catch
(error) { // Code to handle the error } finally { //
Code that runs regardless of error }
✅ try:
Executes code that may potentially throw errors.
✅ catch:
Executes if an error occurs in try.
Receives the error object with properties:
name (Error type, e.g., ReferenceError)
message (description)
stack (stack trace)
✅ finally:
Executes regardless of whether an error occurred.
Useful for cleanup tasks (closing connections, clearing loaders).
Example:
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try { let x = y + 1; // y is not defined,
ReferenceError } catch (error) { console.log("Error
caught:", error.message); } finally {
console.log("Finally block executed"); }
Output:
vbnet
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Error caught: y is not defined
Finally block executed
✅ 3. throw Statement
Used to manually throw custom errors when certain conditions are
not met.
Syntax:
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throw expression;
Example:
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function divide(a, b) { if (b === 0) { throw new
Error("Cannot divide by zero"); } return a / b; }
try { console.log(divide(10, 0)); } catch (error) {
console.log("Error:", error.message); }
Output:
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Error: Cannot divide by zero
✅ 4. Custom Errors
You can define custom error classes by extending the built-in Error
class.
Example:
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class ValidationError extends Error {
constructor(message) { super(message); this.name =
"ValidationError"; } } function checkAge(age) { if
(age < 18) { throw new ValidationError("Age must be
at least 18."); } console.log("Access granted."); }
try { checkAge(15); } catch (error) {
console.log(error.name); // ValidationError
console.log(error.message); // Age must be at least
18. }
✅ Benefits of custom errors:
Easier error categorization.
Custom error messages.
Clean, structured error handling in large applications.
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ Use try...catch to handle runtime errors gracefully.
✅ finally executes regardless of errors for cleanup.
✅ Use throw to manually raise errors when input/conditions are
invalid.
✅ Create custom error classes by extending Error for clear,
structured error handling in scalable applications.
✅ Understand error.name, error.message, error.stack for
debugging.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, dry-run error prediction
challenges, and custom error implementation exercises for your
interview speed mastery next. Let me know if you need them for
systematic practice.
You said:
17. Asynchronous JavaScript Callback functions Promises .then() &
.catch() Promise.all(), Promise.race() async / await
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 1️⃣7️⃣ Asynchronous JavaScript
✅ What is Asynchronous JavaScript?
JavaScript is single-threaded but can handle asynchronous operations
(like API calls, timers) without blocking the main thread using:
Callbacks
Promises
async/await
✅ 1. Callback Functions
A callback is a function passed as an argument to another function
to be executed after an operation completes.
Example:
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function fetchData(callback) { setTimeout(() => {
console.log("Data fetched"); callback(); }, 1000); }
fetchData(() => { console.log("Callback executed");
});
Output:
nginx
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Data fetched
Callback executed
✅ Drawback: Callback Hell (nested callbacks) making code hard to
read and maintain.
✅ 2. Promises
A Promise represents the future result of an asynchronous operation.
States:
Pending: Initial state.
Fulfilled: Operation completed successfully.
Rejected: Operation failed.
Basic Syntax:
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let promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { //
async task if (success) { resolve(result); } else {
reject(error); } });
✅ 3. .then() & .catch()
Used to handle fulfilled and rejected states of a Promise.
Example:
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let promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => resolve("Data received"), 1000);
}); promise .then(result => { console.log(result);
// "Data received" }) .catch(error => {
console.log("Error:", error); });
✅ .then() can be chained for sequential operations.
✅ 4. Promise.all(), Promise.race()
Promise.all()
Runs multiple promises in parallel and waits for all to fulfill.
If any promise rejects, it returns that rejection immediately.
js
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Promise.all([promise1, promise2]) .then(results => {
console.log(results); // array of results })
.catch(error => { console.log("Error:", error); });
✅ Useful for waiting for multiple API calls to complete before
proceeding.
Promise.race()
Runs multiple promises and returns the result of the first settled
promise (fulfilled or rejected).
js
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Promise.race([promise1, promise2]) .then(result => {
console.log(result); // result of first settled
promise }) .catch(error => { console.log("Error:",
error); });
✅ Useful for timeout handling in requests.
✅ 5. async / await
Introduced in ES2017 for clean, readable async code without
chaining .then().
async functions return a Promise.
await pauses execution until the Promise resolves.
Example:
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async function fetchData() { try { let response =
await fetch('https://api.example.com/data'); let
data = await response.json(); console.log(data); }
catch (error) { console.log("Error:", error); } }
fetchData();
✅ Makes asynchronous code look like synchronous code, improving
readability.
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ Callbacks: Simple async handling, but leads to callback hell.
✅ Promises: Handle async operations with .then()/.catch().
✅ Promise.all(): Waits for all promises; fails fast if one fails.
✅ Promise.race(): Resolves/rejects with the first settled promise.
✅ async/await: Cleaner syntax for promises, with try/catch for
error handling.
✅ Always handle errors in promises to avoid unhandled rejections.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, async dry-run tracing challenges,
and mini async/await coding drills for interview mastery next. Let
me know whenever you are ready.
You said:
18. Web APIs (Browser APIs) setTimeout, setInterval, clearTimeout,
clearInterval alert, confirm, prompt console.log, console.error, etc.
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 1️⃣8️⃣ Web APIs (Browser APIs)
Web APIs are features provided by the browser (not JavaScript
itself), allowing us to interact with the browser and the environment.
✅ 1. Timers
setTimeout()
Executes a function once after a specified delay (ms).
Returns a timer ID for possible cancellation.
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let timerId = setTimeout(() => {
console.log("Executed after 2 seconds"); }, 2000);
clearTimeout()
Cancels a timer set by setTimeout().
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clearTimeout(timerId);
setInterval()
Executes a function repeatedly at specified intervals (ms).
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let intervalId = setInterval(() => {
console.log("Repeating every 1 second"); }, 1000);
clearInterval()
Cancels a timer set by setInterval().
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clearInterval(intervalId);
✅ Useful for polling, timers, animations, and repeated checks.
✅ 2. Dialog Boxes
Browser-provided popups for interaction with the user.
alert()
Shows a message box with an OK button.
Used for informing the user.
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alert("Operation completed successfully!");
confirm()
Shows a message box with OK and Cancel buttons.
Returns true if OK is pressed, false if Cancel is pressed.
js
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let userConfirmed = confirm("Are you sure you want
to delete?"); if (userConfirmed) { console.log("User
confirmed deletion"); } else { console.log("User
canceled deletion"); }
prompt()
Shows a message box with input, OK, and Cancel buttons.
Returns the entered string if OK is pressed, null if Cancel is
pressed.
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let name = prompt("What is your name?", "Guest");
console.log(name); // e.g., "Alice" or "Guest" or
null
✅ Useful for quick user inputs (though not recommended for
modern UX).
✅ 3. Console Methods
Browser console methods for debugging and development:
console.log()
Logs general messages.
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console.log("App started");
console.error()
Logs error messages (often in red).
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console.error("Something went wrong!");
console.warn()
Logs warning messages (often in yellow).
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console.warn("Deprecated method used");
console.table()
Displays tabular data in table format for arrays or objects.
js
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console.table([{ name: "Alice", age: 25 }, { name:
"Bob", age: 30 }]);
console.clear()
Clears the console.
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console.clear();
✅ Usage in development:
Track execution flow.
Debug values and structures.
Log errors for easier troubleshooting.
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ setTimeout (delay once), setInterval (repeat at intervals), clear
with clearTimeout and clearInterval.
✅ alert for info, confirm for true/false confirmation, prompt for
user input.
✅ console.log for general logs, console.error for errors,
console.warn for warnings, console.table for tabular data.
✅ These are browser APIs, not part of JavaScript core.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, dry-run exercises (predict timer
outputs), and debugging drills for browser APIs for your interview
speed mastery next. Let me know whenever you need them.
You said:
19. DOM (Document Object Model) Selecting Elements:
getElementById, querySelector, getElementsByClassName Modifying
elements: textContent, innerHTML, style, setAttribute Creating
elements: createElement, appendChild, removeChild Event Handling:
addEventListener
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 1️⃣9️⃣ DOM (Document Object Model)
✅ What is the DOM?
The DOM represents the HTML structure as a tree of objects.
JavaScript can access, modify, create, and remove elements
dynamically in the DOM.
Browser API, not part of core JavaScript.
✅ 1. Selecting Elements
🔹 getElementById
Selects a single element by its ID.
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let heading = document.getElementById("main-title");
🔹 getElementsByClassName
Selects all elements with a class, returns HTMLCollection (array-
like, live collection).
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let items = document.getElementsByClassName("list-
item"); console.log(items[0]);
🔹 querySelector
Selects the first element matching a CSS selector.
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let firstParagraph = document.querySelector("p");
let container =
document.querySelector("#container"); let button =
document.querySelector(".btn");
🔹 querySelectorAll
Selects all elements matching a CSS selector, returns a NodeList.
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let allButtons = document.querySelectorAll(".btn");
allButtons.forEach(btn =>
console.log(btn.textContent));
✅ 2. Modifying Elements
🔹 textContent
Sets or gets the text inside an element.
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let para = document.querySelector("p");
para.textContent = "Updated text here.";
✅ Safer than innerHTML if you do not need HTML parsing.
🔹 innerHTML
Sets or gets HTML content inside an element.
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para.innerHTML = "<strong>Bold text</strong> inside
paragraph.";
✅ Use carefully to avoid XSS security issues.
🔹 style
Directly modify the inline styles of an element.
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para.style.color = "blue"; para.style.fontSize =
"18px";
🔹 setAttribute
Sets or updates an attribute on an element.
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let link = document.querySelector("a");
link.setAttribute("href", "https://example.com");
link.setAttribute("target", "_blank");
✅ Use getAttribute() to retrieve an attribute.
✅ 3. Creating Elements
🔹 createElement
Creates a new DOM element.
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let newDiv = document.createElement("div");
newDiv.textContent = "I am a new div";
🔹 appendChild
Adds a child element to a parent element.
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document.body.appendChild(newDiv);
✅ Use append() to add multiple nodes or text nodes.
🔹 removeChild
Removes a child element from a parent.
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let parent = document.getElementById("container");
let child = document.getElementById("to-remove");
parent.removeChild(child);
✅ Modern alternative: element.remove() directly.
✅ 4. Event Handling: addEventListener
Used to attach event handlers to elements without overwriting existing
handlers.
Syntax:
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element.addEventListener(event, callback);
Example:
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let button = document.querySelector("#myButton");
button.addEventListener("click", function() {
console.log("Button clicked!"); });
✅ Benefits:
Multiple listeners for the same event.
Cleaner separation of structure and behavior.
✅ Common events:
"click"
"mouseover"
"keydown"
"submit"
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ DOM = tree structure of HTML accessible via JavaScript.
✅ Selection: getElementById, getElementsByClassName,
querySelector, querySelectorAll.
✅ Modification: textContent, innerHTML, style,
setAttribute.
✅ Creation & Removal: createElement, appendChild,
removeChild.
✅ Event Handling: addEventListener for adding events cleanly.
✅ DOM manipulation is essential for interactivity in web
development.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, DOM output tracing, and mini
DOM manipulation coding challenges for interview practice and
last-moment mastery. Let me know whenever ready.
You said:
20. BOM (Browser Object Model) window, document location,
navigator, history Working with popups and tabs
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 2️⃣0️⃣ BOM (Browser Object Model)
✅ What is the BOM?
The Browser Object Model (BOM) allows JavaScript to interact with
the browser outside the document content.
✅ Includes:
Browser windows
Tabs
Navigation
Screen info
URL handling
Unlike the DOM, BOM has no formal specification, but is supported
by all browsers.
✅ 1. window and document
🔹 window
Represents the browser window/tab.
The global object in the browser; variables declared with var are
its properties.
Examples:
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console.log(window.innerWidth); // viewport width
console.log(window.innerHeight); // viewport height
window.alert("Hello!");
✅ Methods like alert(), confirm(), prompt(), setTimeout(),
setInterval() are part of window.
🔹 document
Part of the BOM, provides access to the DOM (HTML content).
Example:
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console.log(document.title); // Gets the page title
document.title = "New Title"; // Sets the page title
✅ All DOM selections (getElementById, querySelector) use
document.
✅ 2. location, navigator, history
🔹 location
Provides information about the current URL and allows URL
redirection.
Properties:
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console.log(location.href); // Full URL
console.log(location.hostname); // Hostname
console.log(location.pathname); // Path
console.log(location.search); // Query string
console.log(location.hash); // Fragment identifier
Methods:
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location.reload(); // Reloads the page
location.assign("https://google.com"); // Redirects
to a new URL
✅ Useful for redirects and reloading pages.
🔹 navigator
Provides information about the browser and device.
Examples:
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console.log(navigator.userAgent); // Browser user
agent console.log(navigator.language); // Language
setting console.log(navigator.onLine); // true if
online
✅ Used in feature detection and device/browser checks.
🔹 history
Gives access to browser session history.
Properties:
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console.log(history.length); // Number of entries in
the session history
Methods:
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history.back(); // Go back one page
history.forward(); // Go forward one page
history.go(-2); // Go back two pages
✅ Useful for navigating user history in single-page applications.
✅ 3. Working with Popups and Tabs
✅ Controlled via window methods:
🔹 alert(), confirm(), prompt()
Part of BOM for user interaction.
🔹 window.open()
Opens a new browser window or tab.
Syntax:
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let newWindow = window.open( "https://example.com",
// URL "_blank", // target: _blank, _self, etc.
"width=500,height=500" // window features );
✅ Can be used to open child windows or tabs programmatically.
🔹 window.close()
Closes the current window or a window opened using
window.open.
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newWindow.close();
✅ Windows opened via script can be closed by the script.
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ BOM allows interaction with the browser outside the DOM.
✅ window = global object in browsers.
✅ document = entry point for DOM manipulation.
✅ location = URL management and redirects.
✅ navigator = browser and device information.
✅ history = navigation through session history.
✅ window.open() and window.close() for popups and tabs.
✅ Popups like alert, confirm, and prompt are part of the BOM.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, BOM scenario-based dry-run
questions, or quick code challenges for interview revision and
mastery next. Let me know when you are ready.
You said:
21. Events Event listeners Event object Event bubbling & capturing
event.preventDefault() Debouncing & Throttling
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 2️⃣1️⃣ Events in JavaScript
✅ What are Events?
Events are actions or occurrences (clicks, key presses, form
submissions, etc.) that can be detected and handled using JavaScript to
make web pages interactive.
✅ 1. Event Listeners
Used to attach functions to handle events on elements.
Syntax:
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element.addEventListener(event, handler,
useCapture);
✅ Example:
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let button = document.querySelector("#myButton");
button.addEventListener("click", function() {
console.log("Button clicked!"); });
✅ Multiple event listeners can be attached to the same element and
event.
✅ To remove:
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function handleClick() { console.log("Clicked!"); }
button.addEventListener("click", handleClick);
button.removeEventListener("click", handleClick);
✅ 2. Event Object
When an event occurs, an event object is automatically passed to the
handler, containing information about the event.
✅ Common properties:
event.type → type of event (e.g., "click")
event.target → the element that triggered the event
event.currentTarget → the element the handler is attached
to
event.clientX, event.clientY → mouse coordinates
✅ Example:
js
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button.addEventListener("click", function(event) {
console.log(event.type); // "click"
console.log(event.target); // the button element });
✅ 3. Event Bubbling & Capturing
Event Propagation:
When an event occurs, it propagates in two phases:
Capturing phase: from window down to the target
element.
Bubbling phase: from the target element back up to
window.
✅ By default, addEventListener uses bubbling (useCapture =
false).
✅ To use capturing:
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element.addEventListener("click", handler, true);
Stopping Propagation:
event.stopPropagation() → stops the event from bubbling
or capturing further.
event.stopImmediatePropagation() → stops other
listeners on the same element from running.
✅ 4. event.preventDefault()
Prevents the default behavior of an element.
✅ Common uses:
Prevent form submission:
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form.addEventListener("submit", function(event)
{ event.preventDefault(); console.log("Form
submission prevented"); });
Prevent link navigation:
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link.addEventListener("click", function(event) {
event.preventDefault(); });
✅ 5. Debouncing & Throttling
Used for performance optimization during rapid event firing (scroll,
resize, input).
🔹 Debouncing
Delays execution until after a certain time has passed since the
last event.
Useful for search boxes, resize handlers.
Example:
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function debounce(func, delay) { let timeout; return
function(...args) { clearTimeout(timeout); timeout =
setTimeout(() => func.apply(this, args), delay); };
} window.addEventListener("resize", debounce(() => {
console.log("Resized!"); }, 300));
✅ Prevents multiple executions during rapid firing.
🔹 Throttling
Allows a function to be executed at most once in a specified
time interval.
Useful for scroll and resize events where you want periodic
checks.
Example:
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function throttle(func, limit) { let inThrottle;
return function(...args) { if (!inThrottle) {
func.apply(this, args); inThrottle = true;
setTimeout(() => inThrottle = false, limit); } }; }
window.addEventListener("scroll", throttle(() => {
console.log("Scrolling!"); }, 300));
✅ Ensures regular execution at controlled intervals.
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ Events allow interactivity in web pages.
✅ Use addEventListener to attach handlers.
✅ The event object provides event details (type, target,
currentTarget).
✅ Event propagation has capturing and bubbling phases.
✅ event.preventDefault() cancels default behavior.
✅ Use debouncing to delay execution until inactivity.
✅ Use throttling to execute at regular intervals under rapid events.
✅ Common interview topic for code tracing, implementation, and
optimization.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, event bubbling dry-run challenges,
and mini debounce/throttle coding drills for interview mastery next.
Let me know when ready.
You said:
22. JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) JSON.stringify() JSON.parse()
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 2️⃣2️⃣ JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
✅ What is JSON?
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-
interchange format.
Used to store and exchange data between client and server.
Text format that is language-independent but uses syntax similar
to JavaScript objects.
✅ Commonly used in APIs and data storage.
✅ JSON Structure:
Data is in key-value pairs.
Keys must be strings (in double quotes " ").
Values can be:
String
Number
Boolean
Array
Object
null
Example:
json
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{ "name": "Alice", "age": 25, "isStudent": false,
"skills": ["JS", "React", "Node"], "address": {
"city": "Ahmedabad", "pincode": 380001 } }
✅ 1. JSON.stringify()
Converts a JavaScript object/array into a JSON string.
Syntax:
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JSON.stringify(value, replacer, space);
value → Object/Array to convert.
replacer (optional) → Array or function to filter/select
properties.
space (optional) → Adds indentation for readability.
Example:
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let user = { name: "Bob", age: 30 }; let jsonString
= JSON.stringify(user); console.log(jsonString); //
'{"name":"Bob","age":30}'
With indentation:
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let prettyString = JSON.stringify(user, null, 2);
console.log(prettyString); /* { "name": "Bob",
"age": 30 } */
✅ Useful for:
Sending data to a server.
Storing structured data in localStorage.
✅ 2. JSON.parse()
Converts a JSON string back into a JavaScript object/array.
Syntax:
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JSON.parse(text, reviver);
text → JSON string.
reviver (optional) → Function to transform values during
parsing.
Example:
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let jsonString = '{"name":"Charlie","age":28}'; let
user = JSON.parse(jsonString);
console.log(user.name); // "Charlie"
✅ Example: stringify + parse
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let student = { name: "Priya", marks: [85, 90, 92]
}; let str = JSON.stringify(student);
console.log(str); // '{"name":"Priya","marks":
[85,90,92]}' let obj = JSON.parse(str);
console.log(obj.marks[1]); // 90
✅ Key Points:
✅ JSON keys must be in double quotes.
✅ JSON.stringify() → JS Object ➔ JSON String.
✅ JSON.parse() → JSON String ➔ JS Object.
✅ Used in API data transfer, localStorage, and config files.
✅ Cannot serialize functions, undefined, or symbol values.
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ JSON is text-based, lightweight, language-independent.
✅ Used for data exchange between client and server.
✅ JSON.stringify() serializes objects to JSON strings.
✅ JSON.parse() deserializes JSON strings to JavaScript objects.
✅ Essential for working with REST APIs and localStorage.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, JSON parsing output prediction,
and API simulation practice for interview mastery next. Let me
know whenever ready.
You said:
23. Fetch API & AJAX fetch() and .then() Using async/await with fetch
HTTP methods: GET, POST, PUT, DELETE Handling API responses
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 2️⃣3️⃣ Fetch API & AJAX
✅ What is AJAX?
AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) allows web pages
to request and receive data from a server asynchronously
without reloading the page.
Modern AJAX commonly uses JSON instead of XML.
Fetch API is the modern way to perform AJAX requests.
✅ 1. Fetch API
The Fetch API provides a modern, promise-based way to make HTTP
requests.
Basic Syntax:
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fetch(url, options) .then(response => { // handle
response }) .catch(error => { // handle error });
✅ By default, fetch uses the GET method.
✅ Example:
js
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fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1')
.then(response => response.json()) .then(data =>
console.log(data)) .catch(error =>
console.error("Error:", error));
✅ response.json() returns a promise to parse the JSON body.
✅ 2. Using async/await with Fetch
async/await makes asynchronous fetch code cleaner.
Example:
js
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async function fetchData() { try { let response =
await
fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1');
let data = await response.json(); console.log(data);
} catch (error) { console.error("Error:", error); }
} fetchData();
✅ Always use try/catch with async/await to handle errors.
✅ 3. HTTP Methods
🔹 GET
Retrieve data from the server.
Default method for fetch.
🔹 POST
Send data to the server to create a resource.
Example:
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fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts',
{ method: 'POST', headers: { 'Content-Type':
'application/json' }, body: JSON.stringify({ title:
'foo', body: 'bar', userId: 1 }) }) .then(response
=> response.json()) .then(data =>
console.log(data));
🔹 PUT
Update a resource on the server.
🔹 DELETE
Delete a resource from the server.
✅ All methods require the method option in fetch.
✅ 4. Handling API Responses
Checking for success:
The fetch API does not reject on HTTP errors (like 404, 500), it
only rejects on network failures.
You should check response.ok and response.status.
Example:
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async function fetchData() { try { let response =
await
fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1000
if (!response.ok) { throw new Error(`HTTP error!
Status: ${response.status}`); } let data = await
response.json(); console.log(data); } catch (error)
{ console.error("Error:", error); } } fetchData();
✅ This ensures proper error handling for failed HTTP requests.
✅ Common Response Methods:
response.json() – parse JSON data.
response.text() – parse plain text.
response.blob() – for binary data.
response.status – HTTP status code.
response.ok – true if status is 200-299.
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ AJAX allows async server requests without page reload.
✅ Fetch API is the modern, promise-based method for AJAX.
✅ Supports HTTP methods: GET, POST, PUT, DELETE with
options.
✅ Use .then() chaining or async/await for handling fetch.
✅ Always handle:
response.ok to check status.
response.json() to parse JSON data.
.catch or try/catch for error handling.
✅ Essential for API integration, dynamic web applications, and
React/Vue API fetching.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, fetch dry-run tracing, or mini API
fetch coding challenges for interview practice and last-moment
mastery. Let me know whenever you are ready.
You said:
📚 24. ES6+ Features let, const Arrow functions Template literals
Destructuring Default parameters Spread/rest operator for...of Map, Set
Modules: import, export
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 2️⃣4️⃣ ES6+ Features
✅ 1. let, const
let: Block-scoped variable, can be reassigned.
const: Block-scoped constant, cannot be reassigned (but
objects/arrays can be mutated).
✅ Avoids hoisting issues of var and improves scoping control.
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let name = "Alice"; name = "Bob"; const pi = 3.14;
// pi = 3.15; ❌ Error
✅ 2. Arrow Functions
Shorter syntax for function expressions.
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// Traditional function add(a, b) { return a + b; }
// Arrow const add = (a, b) => a + b;
✅ Benefits:
Short syntax.
No this binding (lexical this).
✅ 3. Template Literals
Allows interpolation and multi-line strings using backticks (``).
js
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let name = "Alice"; console.log(`Hello, ${name}!`);
// Multi-line let msg = `Line 1 Line 2`;
✅ 4. Destructuring
Extract values from arrays or objects into variables.
Array destructuring:
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let [a, b] = [1, 2]; console.log(a); // 1
Object destructuring:
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let user = { name: "Alice", age: 25 }; let { name,
age } = user;
✅ Can rename:
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let { name: userName } = user;
✅ 5. Default Parameters
Assign default values to function parameters.
js
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function greet(name = "Guest") { console.log(`Hello,
${name}`); } greet(); // Hello, Guest
greet("Alice"); // Hello, Alice
✅ 6. Spread / Rest Operator (...)
Spread:
Expands iterable values into individual elements.
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let arr1 = [1, 2, 3]; let arr2 = [...arr1, 4, 5]; //
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] let obj1 = { a: 1, b: 2 }; let obj2
= { ...obj1, c: 3 }; // { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }
Rest:
Collects remaining elements into an array.
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function sum(...nums) { return nums.reduce((a, b) =>
a + b, 0); } console.log(sum(1, 2, 3)); // 6
✅ Also used in destructuring:
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let [first, ...rest] = [1, 2, 3, 4];
console.log(rest); // [2, 3, 4]
✅ 7. for...of
Loop over iterable objects (arrays, strings).
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let arr = [10, 20, 30]; for (let value of arr) {
console.log(value); }
✅ Different from for...in (which loops over keys/indexes).
✅ 8. Map and Set
Map:
Key-value pairs with any data type as key.
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let map = new Map(); map.set("name", "Alice");
map.set(1, "one"); console.log(map.get("name")); //
Alice console.log(map.size); // 2
Set:
Stores unique values.
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let set = new Set([1, 2, 2, 3]); console.log(set);
// Set { 1, 2, 3 } set.add(4); set.delete(2);
console.log(set.has(1)); // true
✅ 9. Modules: import / export
Used to organize code across multiple files.
Exporting:
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// utils.js export const pi = 3.14; export function
add(a, b) { return a + b; } // or default export
export default function greet() {
console.log("Hello"); }
Importing:
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// main.js import { pi, add } from "./utils.js";
import greet from "./utils.js"; console.log(pi);
console.log(add(2, 3)); greet();
✅ Helps maintain clean, modular code structure in projects.
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ let, const: Block scope, avoid hoisting issues.
✅ Arrow functions: Short syntax, lexical this.
✅ Template literals: Interpolation, multi-line strings.
✅ Destructuring: Extract values from arrays/objects.
✅ Default parameters: Set defaults in functions.
✅ Spread/rest: Expand or collect values.
✅ for...of: Iterate over iterables.
✅ Map, Set: Advanced data structures.
✅ Modules: import, export for modularity.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, syntax tracing, ES6 code
challenges, or “fix the code” snippets for interview speed mastery
next. Let me know whenever ready.
You said:
25. Advanced JavaScript call(), apply(), bind() Currying Pure Functions
ChatGPT said:
Here are clean, structured, interview-focused notes for:
🧱 2️⃣5️⃣ Advanced JavaScript
✅ 1. call(), apply(), bind()
These methods allow explicit control of this context when calling
functions.
🔹 call()
Calls a function with a specified this value and arguments provided
individually.
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function greet() { console.log(`Hello,
${this.name}`); } const user = { name: "Alice" };
greet.call(user); // Hello, Alice
🔹 apply()
Calls a function with a specified this value and arguments provided
as an array.
js
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function add(a, b) { console.log(a + b); }
add.apply(null, [2, 3]); // 5
✅ Useful when arguments are already in an array.
🔹 bind()
Returns a new function permanently bound to a specified this
value.
js
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const person = { name: "Bob" }; function sayHi() {
console.log(`Hi, ${this.name}`); } const sayHiToBob
= sayHi.bind(person); sayHiToBob(); // Hi, Bob
✅ Useful for callbacks and event handlers where you need a fixed
this.
✅ 2. Currying
Currying transforms a function with multiple arguments into a series
of functions that take one argument at a time.
✅ Helps:
Reuse functions with preset arguments.
Improves readability and functional composition.
Example:
Normal:
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function add(a, b) { return a + b; }
console.log(add(2, 3)); // 5
Curried:
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function curryAdd(a) { return function(b) { return a
+ b; }; } console.log(curryAdd(2)(3)); // 5
Using ES6 arrow functions:
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const curryAdd = a => b => a + b;
console.log(curryAdd(5)(7)); // 12
✅ 3. Pure Functions
A pure function:
Given the same input, always returns the same output.
Does not cause side effects (does not modify external variables,
state, DOM, etc).
✅ Benefits:
Predictable behavior.
Easy to test.
Supports functional programming.
Example: Pure Function
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function multiply(a, b) { return a * b; }
✅ Same output for the same inputs, no external dependency.
Example: Impure Function
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let count = 0; function increment() { count++; }
❌ Depends on and modifies external state (count), hence impure.
✅ Why are Pure Functions important?
✅ Used in Redux reducers, React functional components.
✅ Easier debugging and testing.
✅ Improves maintainability of code.
✅ Interview Quick Recap:
✅ call() – invoke with this + arguments separately.
✅ apply() – invoke with this + arguments as array.
✅ bind() – returns a new function with bound this.
✅ Currying – converts multi-argument functions into chained single-
argument functions.
✅ Pure Functions – no side effects, same output for same input,
improves code reliability.
If you want, I can prepare MCQs, dry-run tracing challenges, or
short “implement curry” and “bind use case” coding drills for
interview mastery next. Let me know whenever you are ready.
You said:
26. Classes & OOP in JavaScript ES6 class syntax Constructor
Inheritance using extends super() keyword Static methods & properties
Private fields (#privateVar) Getters and Setters clarity for this and als
giv eme in local english with easy to understand for quick revison for
my interview
ChatGPT said:
Here is a clean, easy-to-understand + local English + quick revision
note for your interview last-moment revision:
🧱 2️⃣6️⃣ Classes & OOP in JavaScript
✅ What is OOP?
OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) helps manage complex code
by using:
Classes (blueprint)
Objects (instances)
Inheritance
Encapsulation
✅ 1. ES6 Class Syntax
In ES6, we can create classes using class keyword.
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class Person { // properties and methods }
✅ 2. Constructor
constructor() is a special method called when creating an object
using new.
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class Person { constructor(name, age) { this.name =
name; this.age = age; } } let p1 = new Person("Raj",
22); console.log(p1.name); // Raj
✅ 3. Inheritance using extends
extends keyword allows one class to inherit properties & methods
from another class.
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class Student extends Person { constructor(name,
age, grade) { super(name, age); // calls parent
constructor this.grade = grade; } } let s1 = new
Student("Meena", 20, "A"); console.log(s1.name); //
Meena console.log(s1.grade); // A
✅ 4. super() Keyword
Used inside the child class constructor to call the parent class
constructor.
Must be called before using this in a child constructor.
✅ 5. Static Methods & Properties
static methods/properties are called on the class itself, not on
instances.
Useful for utility functions.
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class MathUtil { static add(a, b) { return a + b; }
} console.log(MathUtil.add(2, 3)); // 5
✅ 6. Private Fields (#privateVar)
To create private variables inside classes, use # prefix.
They cannot be accessed outside the class.
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class BankAccount { #balance = 0; deposit(amount) {
this.#balance += amount; } getBalance() { return
this.#balance; } } let acc = new BankAccount();
acc.deposit(500); console.log(acc.getBalance()); //
500 // console.log(acc.#balance); ❌ Error
✅ Helps in encapsulation and protecting data.
✅ 7. Getters and Setters
Used to control property access and validation.
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class Product { constructor(name, price) { this.name
= name; this._price = price; } get price() { return
this._price; } set price(value) { if (value < 0) {
console.log("Price cannot be negative"); } else {
this._price = value; } } } let p = new
Product("Laptop", 50000); console.log(p.price); //
50000 p.price = 45000; console.log(p.price); //
45000 p.price = -1000; // Price cannot be negative
✅ get → when you want to read property with logic.
✅ set → when you want to set property with validation.
✅ Quick Local English Recap
🔹 Class → Blueprint, we can create objects using it.
🔹 constructor() → Runs when we create object, used to initialize
values.
🔹 extends → Use for inheritance (child inherits from parent).
🔹 super() → Calls parent constructor, must call before using this.
🔹 static → Used for utility methods, called with class name, not object.
🔹 #private → Private variable, cannot be accessed outside class.
🔹 get, set → Used to control read/write of properties with validation.
✅ Interview Keywords
✅ Class, constructor, inheritance, encapsulation.
✅ extends, super(), static.
✅ Private fields with #.
✅ Getter/Setter for validation.
✅ Real-world analogy: Class = Plan, Object = House, Inheritance =
Parent-Child, Encapsulation = Keeping data safe inside.
If you want next:
✅ MCQs,
✅ class inheritance tracing challenges, or
✅ simple OOP dry-run interview questions
for mastering revision, let me know anytime!
You said:
27. Data Structures in JS Arrays Objects Sets Maps Stack (using array)
Queue (using array) Linked List (custom implementation)
ChatGPT said:
Here is a clean, structured, local English + easy-to-understand
interview revision note for:
🧱 2️⃣7️⃣ Data Structures in JavaScript
✅ 1. Arrays
Ordered collection of indexed elements.
Can store mixed data types.
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let arr = [10, 20, 30]; console.log(arr[0]); // 10
arr.push(40); // add to end arr.pop(); // remove
from end arr.shift(); // remove from start
arr.unshift(5); // add to start
✅ Useful for lists, stacks, queues, and iterating data.
✅ 2. Objects
Collection of key-value pairs.
Keys are strings/symbols, values can be any data.
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let user = { name: "Meena", age: 22 };
console.log(user.name); // Meena user.email =
"[email protected]"; delete user.age;
✅ Useful for structured data, configurations, and representing real-
world entities.
✅ 3. Sets
Collection of unique values, no duplicates allowed.
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let set = new Set([1, 2, 2, 3]); console.log(set);
// Set { 1, 2, 3 } set.add(4); set.delete(2);
console.log(set.has(1)); // true
✅ Useful for:
Removing duplicates
Checking existence quickly
✅ 4. Maps
Collection of key-value pairs, keys can be any data type.
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let map = new Map(); map.set("name", "Amit");
map.set(1, "One"); console.log(map.get("name")); //
Amit console.log(map.size); // 2
✅ Useful for:
Key-value storage where keys are not only strings.
Maintaining insertion order.
✅ 5. Stack (Using Array)
LIFO (Last In First Out) structure.
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let stack = []; stack.push(1); stack.push(2);
console.log(stack.pop()); // 2
console.log(stack.pop()); // 1
✅ Useful for:
Browser back navigation
Undo operations
Expression evaluation
✅ 6. Queue (Using Array)
FIFO (First In First Out) structure.
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let queue = []; queue.push(1); // enqueue
queue.push(2); console.log(queue.shift()); // 1
(dequeue) console.log(queue.shift()); // 2
✅ Useful for:
Task scheduling
Printing tasks
Managing asynchronous operations
✅ 7. Linked List (Custom Implementation)
A Linked List is a data structure where each element (node) points to
the next node.
✅ Useful when:
Frequent insertion/deletion in middle.
Dynamic size without reallocation.
Simple implementation:
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class Node { constructor(data) { this.data = data;
this.next = null; } } class LinkedList {
constructor() { this.head = null; } append(data) {
let newNode = new Node(data); if (!this.head) {
this.head = newNode; return; } let current =
this.head; while (current.next) { current =
current.next; } current.next = newNode; } print() {
let current = this.head; while (current) {
console.log(current.data); current = current.next; }
} } // Usage let list = new LinkedList();
list.append(10); list.append(20); list.append(30);
list.print(); // 10 // 20 // 30
✅ Core concepts:
Node contains data and next.
LinkedList manages nodes using head.
Traverse using while (current).
✅ Quick Local English Recap
✅ Array: For ordered list, easy to add/remove at end.
✅ Object: For key-value structured data.
✅ Set: For unique values, no duplicates.
✅ Map: For key-value pairs with any type as key.
✅ Stack: Last in first out (push/pop).
✅ Queue: First in first out (push/shift).
✅ Linked List: Nodes connected by next, dynamic insertion/removal.
✅ Interview One-Liners
✅ Array – ordered, indexed, versatile.
✅ Object – structured, key-value, real-world data.
✅ Set – uniqueness.
✅ Map – flexible key-value pairs.
✅ Stack – LIFO, last comes out first.
✅ Queue – FIFO, first comes out first.
✅ Linked List – nodes linked dynamically, efficient insertions.
If you want next:
✅ MCQs,
✅ Array vs Linked List tracing,
✅ Small Linked List coding drill, or
✅ Stacks & Queues practical implementation for API / React
interview prep,
let me know anytime for your focused, speed revision before
interview.
You said:
29. Modules in JavaScript ES6 Modules: import, export CommonJS:
require, module.exports (Node.js)
ChatGPT said:
Here is your clean, structured, easy-to-understand + local English +
quick revision for:
🧱 2️⃣9️⃣ Modules in JavaScript
✅ What are Modules?
Modules allow us to split code into separate reusable files and
manage dependencies cleanly.
✅ Benefits:
Clean project structure
Code reusability
Avoids global variable pollution
Easy maintenance
✅ 1. ES6 Modules
✅ Introduced in ES6, supported in modern browsers and Node.js
(with .mjs or "type": "module").
Exporting
Named Export:
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// math.js export const pi = 3.14; export function
add(a, b) { return a + b; }
✅ Can export multiple things.
Default Export:
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// greet.js export default function greet() {
console.log("Hello!"); }
✅ Only one default export per file.
Importing
Named Import:
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import { pi, add } from './math.js';
console.log(pi); console.log(add(2, 3));
✅ Names must match exported names.
Default Import:
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import greet from './greet.js'; greet(); // Hello!
✅ Can rename:
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import { add as sum } from './math.js';
✅ Features:
✅ Static analysis (tree-shaking).
✅ Synchronous at import time (hoisted to top).
✅ Better for frontend projects and modular Node.js projects.
✅ 2. CommonJS (Node.js)
Used in Node.js before ES6 modules.
Exporting:
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// math.js const pi = 3.14; function add(a, b) {
return a + b; } module.exports = { pi, add };
Importing:
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const { pi, add } = require('./math');
console.log(pi); console.log(add(5, 7));
✅ Can export functions, objects, classes, or values.
✅ require is synchronous, loads modules at runtime.
✅ File extension (.js) can be omitted.
✅ Key Differences: ES6 Modules vs CommonJS
Feature ES6 Modules CommonJS
Import Syntaximport require
Export Syntaxexport, export defaultmodule.exports
Loading Static (compile-time) Dynamic (runtime)
Support Browser, Node (modern) Node.js
Hoisting Yes No
✅ ES6 Modules preferred for frontend and modern Node.js.
✅ CommonJS still heavily used in existing Node.js projects.
✅ Quick Local English Recap
✅ Modules = Break big code into small reusable files.
✅ ES6 Modules:
export to share
import to use
Default export for single main export.
✅ CommonJS (Node.js):
module.exports to share
require to use
✅ Helps keep projects clean, organized, and manageable.
✅ Interview One-Liners
✅ Modules help in code splitting and reusability.
✅ ES6 uses import/export, CommonJS uses
require/module.exports.
✅ ES6 is statically loaded, CommonJS is dynamically loaded.
✅ Default exports vs named exports in ES6.
✅ Helps in clean architecture in React, Node.js, or frontend
projects.
If you want next:
✅ MCQs,
✅ “Spot the error” practice on import/export,
✅ Small hands-on module wiring exercises for your interview
mastery,
let me know anytime.
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