4.

DETERMINANTS
SYNOPSIS
Deterninants: To every square matrix A=4, of order n, aunique number (real or
complex) can be associatcd which is called deteminant of the square matrix given by |4|
Determinant of natrices of order 1, 2 and 3:
IH A=(.then |4=|a|=a.
then |4="u an

If A= a1 ,then

Area of atriangle: Area of atriangle having vertices (%:)(5-) and (*,9) is

2 V2 I| square units.

Collinearity for three points: Three points(,, ).(x,, y, )and(X,,y,)are collinear if

1=0,

Equation of aline joining two points: Equation of aline joining the points(K,y,) and
y 1
(x,,),) is , 1=0.
Minor of an element 4, : The determinant obtained by excluding the row and

column is called minor of 4, and is given by M:

Cofactor: If M, is the minor of 4,, then cofactor of ay is given by C =(-1)" M,
If cofactors and elements are chosen from same row or column then their sum of
products denotes the determinant but if they are chosen from different rows or columns
then their sum of products will be zero.
Singular matrix: Asquare matrix Ais called singular if |A =0.
Adjoint of amatrix: The adjoint of asquare matrix A=a Jnxn is defined as the
transpose of the matrix formed by the cofactors of the elements a,,.

It is denoted by adj(A).
28
Propcrties of adjoint: Let A and Barc two non-singular matrices of same order n. Then,
aj(A)=(«d(4))
aj (ka) =*"aj( 4)[Pense nutr:lkl =*"4]
aj(AB) =ad(B)ad(4)
lad(4)) =|4

exists
Inverseof a matrix: Let, A be a non-singular square matrix of order n and there
inverse of A.
matrix B of same order n such that AB = BA= 1,. thenmatrix B is called

it is denoted by and is given by 4" -adi(4).

Properties of Inverse: Let, A and B be two square invertible matrices of order n. Then,

(AB)" = B
(4)" =(+)'
AA' =AA=I
(a4)"=
Consistent and Inconsistent system: A system of equations is said to be consistent, if
its solution (one or more) exists and it is inconsistent if its solution does not exist.
System solving by Matrix method: Let, the system of linear equations be
4,x+6,y+cz=d,, 4,x+b,y +c,z=d, and 4,* +b,y+c,z=d,.
d,
A=| 4, b, C; B=|a, ’AX =B. If |4|z0,then
d,
X=A'B gives the unique solution of the system.
IfA is a singular matrix, i.e. A=0, then two cases arise
> If (adj (A) B+0,thesolution does not exist and system is inconsistent.
> If (adj ((A)) B=0, the system is consistent as it has infinite solutions.

29
 MCQ
Choose the correct optlon.
The value of afor which the matrix A i ssingular, is
a. I b, 0 C. -1 d 2

2 ,then |4' -24=

a. 5 b. 25 c. -5 d. - 25
(0 1 -2
3. In the matrix A=-1 0 3 ,the ratio of the co-factor to minor of the element - 3 is
2 -3 0

a. - 1 b. 1 c. 2
2

4. IfA and Baresquare matrices of order 3such that AB =6l.Ir|A=12, then |B=
a. b. 2 c. 18 d. 54

5. IfAand Bare square matrices of order 2, then A+ B=0 is possible only when
a. |4=0 or |B=0 b. |4+|B=0
c. |4=0 and B=0 d. A+ B=0

6. If A=,! and C, is factor of 4, inA, then the value of is given by

4,,C t4,Cy t4,Cy b. 4,,C, t 4C t4,Cy

c. 4,C,, ta,C ta,Cg d. 4,,C, +a,C, ta,Cy
7. Let Abe a non-singular square matrix of order3and |A =5, then adj A=
a. 25 b. 5 c. 125 d. 62

8 Let Abe an invertible matrix of order 2and |A=5, thenA=

a. 1 b. 5
25

9. Ifarea of atriangle is 35 sq. units with vertices (2,-6), (5,4), and (k,4), then k =
a. 12 b.-2 C. -12,-2

30
10. Let, .A be a square matrix of' order 3, then 54
d. Nonc
b. l4 C.

|1. The type ofthe system given by x+3y=5, 2x+ 6y =85

a.consistent b. inconsislent
c. consistent or inconsistent d. none of these

12. la isan invertible matrix, then which of the following is not truc?
a.
(4) = 4 b. |a|=|4 d. |420

,then (4+ B)
a. is a skew symmetric matrix b. A' + B-!
c. does not exist d. none of these

14. IfA is a singular matrix, then adi( A) is

a. non-singular b. not defined c. symmetric d. singular
(a 0 0
15. If A
=|0 a 0,then value ofadj(A) is
00 a,
a. a27 b. a C. a d. a'

16. IfB is a non-singular matrix and Ais a square matrix, then BAB is equal to
a. 4 b. B c. J4| d. A

17. For any 2x 2 matrix, if

10
then | is equal to
a. 20 b. 100 c. 10 d. 0

18. If for the matrixA,A =1, then A- =

a. A b. A C. A d. none

(2 3\
19. If A=| be such that A = kA, then k equals
5 2)
b 1
a. 19 C. -19 d.
19 19

20. IfA is an invertible matrix, then |4= A

1
a. J4| c. 1 d. none

31
21. Given that 4 -4, ] is asquaro matrix of order 3x 3und A=-7, then the value of
, where d denotes the co factor of element a,, is
a. 7 b.-7 c. 0 d. 49
22. lIfAisasquare matrix of order 3x 3nnd |A=5, then the value of (24| is
a, - 10 b, 10 C. -40 d. 40

(2 k 3)
23. lf A=|0 2 5,then A cxists if
(1 1 3
a. k= 2 b. k 2 c. k #-2 d. nonc

24. Ais asquare matrix of order 3x3 such that adjA =7. Which ofthese could be |4|?
a. 7 b. 7 d. /7
2.r-1 x
25. The value of 4, if A=| 1-2x 2x and xe , is
-Vr -2
a. (2x-1) b. (2r +1)' (2x+1) d. 0
C.

26. IfA is asquare matrix of order 3x 3 such that adjA =64, then the value of |4|is
a. t8 b. t4 C. t64 d. t2
3
27. Let, ,find the number of possible ordered pairs (X,y) where x, ye 18

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

(3 0 0
28. If Aad(4)=|o 3 0 ,then the value of |4 +adj(4) =
0 0 3)
a. 12 b.9 c. 3 d. 27

29. For asquare matrix A, A-34+I=0.Now A" =xA+yl. The value of (x+y) is
a. -2 b. 2 C. 3 d. -3

30. Given, Ais asquare matrix of order 3x3 such that |4 =2,then adj(24)=
a. -2° b. 4 C. -28 d. 28
ANSWER KEY
1 3 4 5 6 8 10 11 12 13 14 15
b a C d a d a b a d C

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
C C b b b d C d d a b

32
 ASSERTION REASON BASED QUESTIONS
ln the tollowing qucstios, astatenent of Asscrtivn (A)is lollowed by astatement of
Reason (R).C'hoose the conect answer outol the lollowing choiceN.
Both (A) and (R) are trnue and (R)is the corect explanation of(A).
b, Both (A) and (R) are tue but (R) is not the conect explanation of (A).
(A)is true but (R) is lalse.
(A) is talse but (R) is tnue.
(2 1 -)
1. (A: lfA =0 3 2 then |A=-24.
00 -
(R): The deterninant of an upper riangular matrix is cqual to the productof itsdiagonal
clements.

6 2 are
2. (A): The values of xsatisfying |18 6
±6.

,then |A =ad - be.

3. (A): The determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.

(R): All diagonal elements ofa skew-symmetric matrix are zero.
4. (A): Points A(a, b+c),B(b, c+a) and C(c, a+b) are colinear.
(R): Three points A(4,.),B(*,»)and C(*;»}s) are collinear iff x, y 1=0.

5. (A): The determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of even order is a perfect square.

(R): IfAis square matrix of order n, then |k4 =k"A where ke
(a 0 0
6. (A): If A=| 2 b 0then ladj (adi (4) =a'b'e'.
3 4 c)

(R): 1f4 is asquare matrix of order n, then (adi(adj( 4) =|4

7. (A):IfA and Bare square matrices of order 3such that|A=2, B|=-3,then
24B|=-48.
(R):For any square matrix 4, A(adj (4) =\4/ =(adj (4).4.

33
8. (Ak: LetA and Bbe inetible matriees of' thesanne order such that|=2and |B =3,

then .«8)"|
(R): It4 and B be invertible matrices of the sanme order then AB is also invertible matrix.
9. (A): Askew synmmetric matrix of odd order is not invertible.
(R): Askew symmetric matrix of odd order is singular.
10. (AF The system ofequations 2.x+ y= 3,x+ 3y=4 is consistent with unique solution.
(R): The system AX= Bof equations is consistent if A|#0.
ANSWER KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6 10
a b b b b a a

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

1. Mr. Nitesh has written three linear equations involving three variables while teaching.
Those equations are -ay +bz =0, ar-=0, - be +y=0. His student Koyel
suddenly starts to arrange the coefficients of the variables in the form of a determinant.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
i. Koyel wants to check whether the determinant is symmetric or not. What can you say
about the symmetricity of the determinant?
i. Koyel wants to evaluate the value of the determinant without expanding. Calculate the
value of the determinant without expanding it.
2. Area of atriangle whose vertices are A(*»).B(*»)and C(5) is given by

the determinantX 1 sq.units. Since, area is a positive quantity, so we always

2

take the absolute value of the determinant A. Also, the area of the triangle formed by
three collinear points is zero.
i. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are(-2,6),(3,-6) and (1,5).
ii. Find the equation of the line joining the points A(1,2) and B(3,6).
iii. If the points (2,-3). (k,-1) and(0,4)are collinecar, then find the value of k.
OR
If the area of AABC with vertices (1,3).(0,0) and(k,0) is 3, then find value of k.
ANSWER KEY

1. i. Not symmetric as 4y =-l, a,y =4 ap #ayy. ii. Det - 0 as it is skew symmetric.

10
2. i. 15.5 sq. units ii. y = 2x ii, 7
OR +2
34
 SUBJECTIVEQUESTIONS
S 3 8
I. If A=2 0 1|, write the minor and co lactor of the clemcnt 4.
|| 2 3

2. Evaluate: cos 15 sin 15°|

cos 75° sin 75°
3. 1f e x+3 -2 =8, find the value ofx.
and
-3x 2.r
4 Find the equation of theline joining the points (3,1) and (9,3) using determinants.
S. If thepoints(1,3), (2,k)and(6,8) are collinear, then find the value of k.
6. Find value of kif theanea of the triangle with vertices(k,0),(4,0).(0,2) is 10 sq, units.
7. If thepoints (a,0), (0,5) and (1,1) are collinear, prove that a+b= ab.
(1 2 2
8. Show that the matrix A= 2 1 2| satisfies the equation 4² -44-5/ = 0. Hence
(2 2
find A'.
(2 2 0)
9. Find the matrix Asuch that| =2 and adj( A)=| 2 5 1
0 1 1
(-1 2 0
10. If A
=-1 1 1 show that A =1.Hence find the value of kfor which A = A.
0 1 0)
(1 1
11. Show that for matrix A=|1 2 -3 show that 4 -64 +54+11/ =0. Hence
2 -1 3
find 4'.
12. IfA is asquare matrix of order 3and | =2, then find the value of -5A4"|.
13. Check the consistency of the following system of equation using matrix method:
4x+2y +3z= 60, x+2y+ 3z=45, 6x+ 2y +3z=70.
14. Determine the value of 2 for which the following system of linear equations fail to have
aunique solution: Ax+3y -z=1, x+ 2y +z= 2, -Ax+y+2z =-1
15. Solve the following system of equationusing matrix method:
x+2y +z=7, x+ 3z=11, 2x-3y = 1
2 -3 5
16. 2 -4 find A.Hence solve the system of equations
1 -2)
2x-3y +5z = 11, 3x+ 2y -4z =5, x+y-2z =-3.

35
 42404. ,.L._20
-2
17. Solve the systen using matrix method:+-4
I8. The sunm of three nunbers is 6. If we multiply the third number by 2and add the first
nunmber to the result, we get7. By adding the second and third numbers to the three times
the first number, we get 12. Find the numbers using natrix method.
19. Two schools PandQwant to award their school students on the valucs of discipline,
politeness and punctuality. The school Pwants to award x cach, ? ycach and z each
for the thrce rospective valucs to its 3, 2 and Istudents with atotal award money of
1000. SchoolQwants to spend to its 4, I and 3students on the respective values (by
giving the same award money for three values as belore). If the total amount of awards
for one prize on each valuc is 600, find the award money for each value by matrix
method.
20. Riya, Saira, and Avantika go to ajewellery store. Riya buys 3necklaces, Iring, and 2
bracelets and spends 17000.Saira buys I necklace, 4rings, and 5bracelets and spends
31000. Avantika buys 6necklaces, 2rings, and Ibracelet and spends 19000. Using
Matrix Method, find how much does each type of jewellery cost?
21. The community college theatre department sold three kinds of tickets to its latest play
production. The adult tickets sold for 15,the student tickets for 10 and the child
tickets for 8.The theatre department was thrilled to have sold 250 tickets and brought
in 2,825 in one night. The number of student tickets sold is twice the number of adult
tickets sold. Using matrix method find how many of each type did the department sell?
22. The equation of the path traversed by the ball headed by a footballer is y= ax + bx+c:
(where 0sxs14 and a,b,ce and a + 0) with respectto a XY-coordinate system
in the vertical plane. The ballpasses through the points (2,15),(4,25) and (14,15).
Determine the values of a, b and c by solving the system of linear equations in a, b and c,
using matrix method. Also find the equation of the path traversed by the ball.
(3 2 1
23. If A=4 -1 find A,Hence solve the system
7 3 -3
3x+4y +7z=14, 2x-y+3z=4, x+ 2y -3z =0.
1 2 3
24. If A= 2 3 -3,find A'.Hence solve the system
-3 2 -4
x+2y-3z =4, 2x+3y+ 2z = 14, 3x-3y -4z=-15.
(2 -3
25. If A=3 2 -4 find A.Hence solve the system of equations
1 1 2

2x+3y+z=6, -3x+ 2y+ z=0, 5x-4y+ 2z =3

2 -4 (1 -1 0)
26. Given, A=-4 3 4 find BA, Use this to solve the system
2 -1 5 2

y+2% =7, x-y=3, 2x+3y+4z =17.

36
27. Use product-7 3||| -2 -2 to solve the system of cqualions
3
*-+4, -2y - 2z 9, 2.x+ y + 3z=1.
-3 -2 4 2
28. Given, = 2 1 2.B= -2 -1 -2. find AB. Use this tosolve the system
1 3
2 0 -1
N-2,y 3, 2x-y-z=2, -2,y +z=3.
(1 -1 2 \(-2 0 1
29. Use product0 2 -3 9 2 -3 to solve the system of equations
3 -2 4 6 1 -2
x+3z=9, - x+2y-2z =4, 2x-3y +4z =-3.

ANSWER KEY

V3 3. x= 2 4. x=3y 5. k= 4
1. Minor =7,cofactor = -7 2
2

-3 2 2 2 -1 1

6. k = -6 or 13 8.
5
2 -3 2 9-1 1 -1 10. k = 2
2 2 -3 1 -1 3

-3 4 5
7
11. -1 -4 12, -500 13. Consistent, infinite solutions 14. A =
5 3 -1)
15. x= 2, y= 1,z = 3 16. x= 1,y=2,z=3 17. x= 2, y=3,z=5
18. 3,1,2 19. Discipline = 100, Politeness = 200, Punctuality = 300
20. Necklace =2000, Ring= 1000, Bracelet =7 5000
21. Adult ticket 75,Student ticket 150, child ticket 25
1 1
22. a=-b= 8,c= 1,y=-*+8*+
2
23. x=y==1

24. x= 1,y =2,z =3 25. x= y=z=1 26. x =2, y=-1,z=4

27. x=3,y = -2, z=-1 28. AB =1, x=1, y=-1,z=1
29. AB =I, x= 0,y= 5,z=3

37