SSP - JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.

18, Issue 1, 2023

DOI: 10.2478/sspjce-2023-0006

Use of Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Joint Geophysical

and Geotechnical Landslide Characterization: A Case Study

Hassiba Kherrouba 1, Mohammed Lamara 2, Riad Benzaid 3*

1,3
Geological Engineering Research Laboratory (LGG), Jijel University, Algeria
2
Laboratory of Civil Engineering and Environment, Jijel University, Algeria
*e-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]

Abstract
Slope movement processes include complex soil and rock failure mechanisms. Their study benefits from a
multidisciplinary approach based on a wide range of information including geological and geomorphological
mapping, and geotechnical and geophysical investigations. This research paper focuses on the characterization of
the Tamentout landslide that occurs in the southeast of Jijel province. The study area belongs to the Tellian domain
in which the geological outcrops are dominated by Senonian formations, composed of marl deposits overlain by
Numidian flysch of Aquitano-Burdigalian age, with a sloping topography ranging from 20° to 30°. The
geophysical approach consists of processing the available geophysical data of resistivity, obtained by the Electrical
Resistivity Tomography (ERT). This study aims to characterize the internal structure, and the changes in water
saturation within the unstable mass and locate the depth of slip surface associated with this landslide. Through this
work, we combined geological and geotechnical investigations with electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). This
combination gave a more detailed image of the substrate geology and structure of the landslide zone. The 2D
resistivity results show that the basement consists of two main formations. The first one is a highly conductive
formation with a resistivity range between 2 and 25 Ωm, a depth of 0-8 m, and is interpreted as a saturated marl-
clay overlaying. The second, a hard and compact formation with a resistivity range between 50 and 200 Ωm and a
depth range of 8 to 40 m, was interpreted as a substrate of tellian marls. The presence of boulders of Numidian
sandstone within the two formations is materialized by a very high resistivity value ranging from 500 to 1000 Ωm.
The slip surface was located on the layer with low resistivity (2-25 Ωm). The precise determination of the depth
of the shear zone is of vital use in implementing mitigation measures and carrying out the stabilization work of
this unstable zone. Through this work, we will highlight the advantage of the combination of available results of
the geological, geotechnical investigations and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) carried out in the study
area.

Keywords: Tamentout, landslide, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), resistivity, slip surface.

1 Introduction

Landslides are complex geological phenomena that can have disastrous consequences [1, 2].
The study of this damaging phenomenon involves the application of a combined approach based
on a wide range of data including geological and topographical investigations combined with
geotechnical and geophysical measurements [3, 4]. In recent years, the application of

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geophysical methods to landslide studies has evolved considerably [5, 6]. Due to the rugged
terrain and abrupt topographic changes in the landslide areas, it was difficult to conduct such
investigations. Recently, some geophysical imaging techniques based on tomography are
commonly used in shallow surveys [5, 7, 8], the purpose of geophysical prospecting applied to
ground movements is mainly to identify the lateral limits of the mass in motion, the slip surface
in depth, as well as the imaging of the internal structure of the moving body [6, 9].
Landslides are among the most, widespread and damaging natural hazards in northern Algeria.
They represent a major threat to the population, buildings, and various infrastructures in most
mountainous regions [1, 10, 11]. These phenomena are frequent in the Jijel region, due to the
high relief and the lithological complexity of its soils, as well as climatic conditions, which it
is considered among the rainiest areas in Algeria. Among landslides in the Jijel region, there
are those of Tamentout.
This study aims to the contribution of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) for the
Tamentout landslide (located between the PK 42 + 260 and 43 + 050) characterization, and how
geophysical information can improve our knowledge about the geometry of this sliding zone
portion. This work highlights the advantage of using geological, geotechnical investigations,
and those acquired from the use of electrical resistivity tomography at the study area.
2 Geographic Location and Geological Context
Djimla is a mountainous region covering an area of 65.28 km² located 45 km southeast of Jijel
province (northeast Algeria). With its elongated shape, it is characterized by a steep topography,
and altitudes vary from 209 m to 1548 m (Figure 1). Tamentout region is a mountain group
belonging to the reliefs of Djimla. The geological, topographical, and climatological features
of the region are particularly favorable for ground movements.

Figure 1: Geographic location map of the Tamentout landslide (Northeast Algeria)

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The landslide targeted by our study is located at 5.5 km southwest of Djimla village, and 2 km
northwest of the Tamentout col. Its geographical coordinates are: 5 ° 49 '26 "East and 36 ° 33'
51" North (Figure 1).
The study region had long attracted the attention of geologists. Indeed, this mountainous region
is characterized by an important geological contrast (Figure 2), which became a subject of
research conducted by several geologists. The Djimla region, which includes the study area, is
located in the contact zone between internal and outer domain formations “crystallophyllian
basement, tellian formations” [12, 13, 14].

Figure 2: Geological map showing the alpine units of Petite Kabylie-Jijel region, slightly modified
[13]. AB: Cross-section
The geological formations that are outcropping in the study region (Figure 3 and 4) are mainly
characterized from top to bottom as follows:
- The Numidian flysch occupies the highest structural position in the Alpine structure. It is
composed of three terms that are in stratigraphic continuity from top to bottom: (1) A higher
term with selexites, the upper part of which reaches basal Burdigalian [12, 13]; (2) A median
term formed by Numidian sandstones in thick benches, with heterometric grains and a quartz
dragees, dated Aquitanian to lower Burdigalian [13, 14]; (3) A basic term consisting sub-
Numidian clays, sometimes varicolored, green, red or purplish to Tubotomaculum. The
Numidian formations lie in discordance on tellian formations (Figure 3) [12, 13].

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Figure 3: Geological cross-section NE-SW shows the structural feature of the Tamentout region where
the landslide occurred [6]
The Tellian formations are represented in Tamentout by a group (about 100 m) of the
Campanian- Maestrichtian (term1), a term from the Paleocene (term2), (term3) admitting to
their summit of "Suessonian" facies limestones with flint (term4). The terms 2, 3, and 4 are
between 250 and 300 m thick. On the term (4) that is attached to the Ypresian finally arrive
about 80 to 100 m of black marl is observed (term 5) past lime, locally shaped yellow balls are
observed and the Lutetian terminates this lithological series [13, 14].

Figure 4: Geological map of the study area (Extracted from "Tamesguida" geological map at the scale
1/50.000, slightly modified [28]. 1-Quaternary: slope scree consisting, 2-Numidian formations
(Aquitano-Burdigalien): clays and sandstones, 3-4-5 and 6-Tellian formations (Maastrichtian-Danian
to Eocene): schistose marls and clays, schistose marls, marls, and limestone with flint

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3 Causes and Landslide-Related Disorders

This slope extends in the direction of N-NE. Disorders observed in the study area are induced
by the combination of several geological, hydrogeological, and geotechnical dynamics. Among
the degradations observed on-site, we can cite:
• The presence of instability indices materialized by slumping bulges and cracks, also the
lining trees and electrical poles down the slope.
• Very significant damage to the pavement with fissures and ground breaks, especially at
the level of tectonic weakness zones.
Landslides do not usually occur as a result of a single cause. They are often observed after the
occurrence of several harmful factors that initiate instabilities. This combination is at the origin
of the triggering ground movement such as:
• Slope: the stability conditions of terrain being directly linked to its slope; in the study
site we observed moderate to steep slopes.
• Lithology: marl-clay nature of the grounds and their permeability rate and sensitivity in
the presence of water.
• Hydroclimatological and hydrological characteristics of the study region: The region of
Tamentout is characterized by a mild and rainy Mediterranean climate in winter with
hot and dry summer. It receives a height of rainfall ranging from 1000 to 1200 mm/year;
during the cold season, hail and snow are observed mainly on reliefs exceeding 800 m
altitude. The study area is well watered; due to the frequency and intensity of these
precipitations, and the occasional occurrence of hail and snow on the Djimla Mountains,
which is feedings potential landslide areas [6, 10, 15].
• Geologic structures: Main axes of unstable zones (presence of regional faults).
• Anthropogenic factors: Following earthworks (overload at the head of the already
unstable slope, discharge in the foot removing a stabilizing stop, etc.).
• Earthquakes: According to the Algerian seismic regulation, the region of Jijel is
characterized by medium seismicity (Zone IIa) with acceleration in order of 0.25 g [16].

4 Methodology

4.1 Geotechnical Investigation

In order to obtain more complete interpretation and to analyze the correlation between the
lithology of the landslides and determined the distribution of electrical resistivity on the
profiles; results of geotechnical tests carried out in 2016 were used [17]. The description of soil
lithology is presented in Table 1 and Figure 5. These boreholes were accompanied by
piezometric measurements.
Table 1: Lithological description of borehole’s and piezometric measurements
Borehole Depth in Lithology Water level in meter
N° meter
0.00 – 08.30 marl-clay
SC1
08.30– 20.50 Sand-gravel clay with sandstone blocks

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Kherrouba H., Lamara M., and Benzaid R.

PK 42+200 16.87
20.50– 40.00 marl compact

0.00 – 04.20 marl-clay

SC2
PK 42+560 04.20 – 30.00 Marl compact 18.77

0.00 – 7.50 Sand-gravel clay with sandstone blocks

SC3
PK 43+020 6.00 – 30.00 Marl compact 02.80

Figure 5: Location of boreholes and piezometric surveys carried out in the study area

4.2 Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Landslide Investigation

Electrical Resistivity Tomography or Electrical Resistivity Imaging is a geophysical technique

derived from conventional resistivity methods used to identify subsurface soil [18, 19, 20, 21].
Electrical tomography provides high-resolution 2D, 3D, and 4D images of the basement [6, 22],
[23, 24].
A set of electrical resistivity tomography profiles was carried out in the study area by the
company GEOEXPLO in 2018 [25], four (4) lines of 2D resistivity surveys called RL1 to RL4
because are considered representative of the field in question was chosen for this study. These
profiles were produced using a Saris / Scintrex instrument with a Wenner-Schlumberger
measuring device composed of 30 steel electrodes with an electrode spacing of about 5 (m)
(RL1-RL2) and 2.5 meters (RL3 and RL4) [25]. The lines RL1-RL3 were positioned northwest-
southeast, while the lines RL3-RL4 were oriented northeast-southwest. The total length of
profiles was varying between 130 m and 450 m and reaching around 25 m in depth (Figure 6).

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Figure 6: Locations of resistivity lines (RL) and vertical electrical soundings (VES) at the study area

5 Results and Discussion

5.1 Geotechnical Characteristics

Based on the results obtained from boreholes (Table 1 and Figure 7) show that the soil of the
study area is mainly composed of a first layer represented by a friable marl-clay and/or a second
layer marked by a clay with blocks of sandstone. The ensemble overlaying bedrock composed
by tellian compact marls.
Table 2 lists the values of basic parameters of soils. For the type of soil encountered, the values
of dry and wet densities range between 1.89-2.20 g/cm3 and 2.18-2.42 g/cm3, which gives
dense-state formations, the water content (W) range between 6.85% and 15.20% which is
characteristic of slightly wet to moist soils. The piezometric readings carried out indicated the
presence of water at varying levels (Table 1). Understanding the hydrological functioning of an
unstable mass is a major objective in the study of ground movements. The infiltration and
circulation of water within an unstable ground can generate a progressive deterioration of the
materials which will decrease the mechanical characteristics and increase the risk of triggering
the phenomena of landslides.
The results of Atterberg limits tests are grouped in Table 3.

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Figure 7: Lithological cross-section of the study area.1- Marl-clay, 2- gravel-clay with blocks
sandstone, 3- compact marls "bedrock"
Table 2: Values on the physical parameters of soils
Borehole N° Depth in Water content Dry bulk Wet bulk
meter in % density density
ρd in g/cm3 ρh in g/cm3
35.1-35.38 6.85 2.18 2.33
SC 35.6-36 10.78 2.07 2.30
PK 42+200 36.44-36.75 8.86 2.12 2.30
39.5-39.77 15.20 1.89 2.18
SC 1.30-1.57 12.20 2.16 2.42
PK 42+560 6.30-6.50 11.63 2.20 2.38
Table 3: Results of Atterberg limits
Borehole N° Depth in meter Liquid Plastic Plasticity Consistency
Limit Limit Index Index (CI)
(WL) in (WP) in (PI)
% %
SC 35.1-35.38 36 19 17 1.71
PK 42+200
35.6-36 32 18 14 1.52
39.5-39.77 27 13 14 0.80
SC 1.30-1.57 33.81 22.06 11.75 1.84
PK 42+560
6.30-6.50 34.18 21.29 12.89 1.75

The liquid limits (WL) range between 27 and 36 percent, while the plastic limits (WP) range
between 13 and 22 percent (Table 3). The plasticity index (PI) ranged from 11 to 17 and the

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consistency index (CI) ranged from 0.80 to 1.84 percent. These results indicate that we are
dealing with plastic low clay (CL) and very hard consistency.
Geotechnical tests revealed dense, slightly moist, moderately plastic and consistent soils. Marls
and clays are the impermeable rocks; In other part, we note that the value of water content is
very variable with depth which indicates the presence of pockets accumulation of underground
water formed by gravelly-clays with boulders of sandstones which condition the setting in
motion of the unstable mass. The landslide occurs in marl-clay when their water content
increases significantly. Among the predominant factors for the occurrence of landslides are: 1)
The low cohesion of soil, 2) The high degree of reworking, 3) Increased water content and pore
pressures.

5.2 Geophysical Results

The pseudo-sections are represented at the same resistivity scale (Figure 8). The interpretation
of the results was done based on resistivity ranges.
All pseudo-sections that we have selected as a part of our study show us the following:
• A change in the resistivity value indicates the change in facies; This is practically visible
in all pseudo-sections.
• The appearance of saturated zones shows that the ground is very permeable in some
places and shows that these areas present a preferential water circulation path.
• A line that distinguishes the boundary between two different resistivity environments.
From a geological point of view, this boundary may also be a boundary between the
Bed-Rock and the formations that have been displaced. The distribution of the resistivity
on the different lines is as follows:
The pseudo-section ERT1 of the first profile RL1 (Figure 8a), shows the distribution of
electrical resistivity at a depth of 25 meters. It shows good resistivity contrast, allowing better
identification of the underground horizons and their state of stability. In this pseudo-section,
the conductive formations are dominant with a high concentration in the center of the profile.
These formations are characterized by a resistivity ranging between 5 and 30 Ωm, which can
be attributed to saturated marl-clay, while the moderately resistant formations are scattered and
located more at limits of the profile, whose resistivity values range between 50 and 100 Ωm.
These resistant formations can be attributed to compact marls. The moderately resistant range
located 750 m to the NW could correspond to a boulder of sandstone according to the borehole
(SC01) carried out near the electrical panel.
In the pseudo-section ERT2 of the profile RL2 (Figure 8b), two lithological horizons are
distinguished. A superficial horizon located at SW of the profile, and which shows a more
resistant trend than the previous profile. The resistivity falls in a range between 75 Ωm and
500Ωm. This layer superimposes a second less resistant layer with a low resistivity (5-25 Ωm)
on the side NE. In the center of RL2, a boulder of sandstone seems to come off and move from
the SW towards NE, which can represent a slip surface on which the resistant formation outcrop
in the surface can be slid.
Pseudo-section ERT3 of the profile RL3 (Figure 8c) corresponds to a conductive horizon with
electrical resistivity ranging between 5 and 30 Ωm, which can be attributed to saturate marl-
clay. This horizon is interspersed with moderately resistant formations, which electrical
resistivity range between 50 and 250 Ωm and corresponds to compact marl. The configuration

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of this resistant formation has a sliding potential on the conductive formation given the slope
and shape of these two formations.

Figure 8: Pseudo-sections of RL1-RL4 lines

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The pseudo-section ERT4 of the profile RL4 (Figure 8d), illustrates a large conductive horizon,
its electrical resistivity ranging between 5 and 30 Ωm, which corresponds to saturate marl-clay.
The resistant formation located in the SW part with electrical resistivity moderately oscillate
between 50 to 100 Ωm can be attributed to compact marls, while in the NE part of the profile
where the slope is presenting, a resistant formation can be attributed to compact marl-clay is
highlighted with two sub-vertical intercalations separating the conductive formation, present a
sliding potential of the conductive layer.
Electrical imaging made it possible to reach certain conclusions on the geometric configuration
of the terrains as well as their resistivity values. In general, the sections show alternation of
conductive ground interspersed with low resistant to resistant terrains with irregular shapes.
Electrical resistivity values obtained were calibrated with logs of core drillings. The first
resistivity range presents a conductive formation whose values of resistivity range between 5
to 20 Ωm, which can be attributed to saturate marl-clay. The second resistivity range is
characterized by a resistivity ranging between 20 and 1000 Ωm. The weak resistance formations
(20 to 100 Ωm) are attributed to compact marls, while the resistant formations (100 to 1000
Ωm) are attributed to boulder of Numidian sandstone. Fine soils such as clays and marls are
very sensitive in the presence of water, and they are characterized by the possibility of flow due
to the increase in water content. The consistency of soil varies on the water content when it
increases, the soil passes successively from the solid to the plastic state, and then to the liquid
state. The layer with resistivity values varying between 2-25 Ωm, is represented by clays.
Layers in low values of resistivity, approximately 2 Ωm are related to higher water content.
Based on data from core drill holes located near the tomography profiles, subnumidian clays
are present; their thickness can reach 20 m at the level of SC1 and 7.5 m at the level of SC3.
This formation covers compact tellian marl.
In particular, the active landslide material is characterized by electrical resistivity values
ranging between 5 and 25 Ωm, which can be attributed to saturate zone. The slip surface is
located in a depth range between 4meters (ERT3 and ERT4) and 7 m (ERT1 and ERT2).
Despite varied resistivity contrasts, the ERT allowed us to define the geometry of the landslide
object of our study, to identify the sub-vertical discontinuities, often corresponding to the failure
surface, and to locate the zones characterized by a higher water content (saturated zones)
(Figure 8).
The results obtained are correlated with the results of the research work of Bellanova et al. [26],
Mezerreg et al. [20], and Pasierb [24]. We notice that the resistivity values obtained are similar,
namely: the saturated zones, the values were between 3 and 20 Ωm and gradually increased in
the unsaturated zones to reach values between20 and 100 Ωm. For sandstone blocks (boulder),
resistivity values reach 1000 Ωm.

5.2.1 Identification of Shear (Slip) Surfaces

Generally, landslides that affect homogeneous formations can lead to variations in resistivity
with mass movement in clayey layers. This can be explained by the presence of water, which
is an important factor in the reduction of the mechanical characteristics of the soil, combined
with the presence of a large percentage of the clay fraction [27]. For a first interpretation, the
results obtained can be divided into two resistivity ranges: the first varies from 2.0 to 25 Ωm,
the second range above 25 Ωm. Several authors associate this low resistivity (less than 25 Ωm)
with the presence of a slip surface. In the electrical imaging profiles, a resistant formation is

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shown with a resistivity varying from 50 to 200 Ωm near this formation and in places, a
conductive formation is observed with a low resistivity between 2.0 and 25 Ωm, mainly due to
the presence of water (saturated zone). This conductive layer with its curvilinear shape can
represent the slip surface on which resistant formations can slide.
The preliminary results of this geophysical and geotechnical prospecting campaign in the study
area have shown that: Electrical tomography appears to be a viable geophysical method to
locate layers of low resistivity susceptible to trigger landslides. Tomography integrated with
geological information has proven to be a powerful tool for the investigation of landslides.

6 Conclusion

This study is to characterize the internal structure, changes in water saturation, and the location
of the slip surface of the Tamentout landslide. Analysis of the electrical tomography imaging
allowed us to characterize the geometric configuration of the grounds as well as their resistivity
values. The combination of slope with the morphology of conductive and resistant formations
shows that the slip surface may be located at the surface of the layer with a resistivity ranging
between 5 and 20 Ωm, corresponding to saturate formations.
The pseudo-section shows that the main cause of the instability is due to the presence of a
saturated zone; hence drainage systems and evacuation of groundwater can be recommended
as a remedy technique to stabilize this landslide. Finally, to follow the movement and its
evolution, it is recommended to regularly conduct geophysical prospecting of the unstable sites.
Electrical tomography should be combined with other geotechnical and geophysical methods
to better identify the depth of the slip surface.
The resistivity of the 2D inversion model has been well correlated with the Tamesguida
geological map. Thus, the 2D resistivity survey provided valuable information about the subsoil
characteristics, in particular on slope instability.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions. They are
grateful to the Algerian National Highway Authority (ANA, Jijel) for providing the necessary data for
this study.
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