All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society’s Polytechnic, Pune.

“MULTIPURPOSE DRONE”

Sr.No. Name
1 Ameya Lanjewar
2 Prajwal Dobole
3 Pranav Bhapkar
4 Sarvesh Deshpande

Guided By: - Swapnil Sir & Vivek Sir

Introduction:
A drone, in a technological context, is an unmanned aircraft. Drones are more
formally known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft
systems. Essentially, a drone is a flying robot.

The drone may be remotely controlled or can fly autonomously through

software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems working in
conjunction with onboard sensors and GPS.

Drones are now also used in a wide range of civilian roles ranging from search
and rescue, surveillance, traffic monitoring, weather monitoring and fire
fighting to personal drones and business drone-based photography, as well as
videography, agriculture and even delivery services.

Origin of a drone can be traced with special techniques to provide relevant

information to the military. The very first aircraft with reusable type radio
control mechanism was designed in the 30s and it worked like a base model for
all new advancements of today’s world.

As per a recent new update, Google and Amazon are developing their drones so
that parcels can be delivered by air with ease. One more interesting concept is
presented by Facebook as they are thinking to develop some giant drones that
can carry the signal to remote locations for direct internet access.

A typical unmanned aircraft is made of light composite materials to reduce

weight and increase manoeuvrability. This composite material strength allows
military drones to cruise at extremely high altitudes.

UAV drones are equipped with a different state of the art technology such as
infrared cameras, GPS and laser (consumer, commercial and military UAV).
Drones are controlled by remote ground control systems (GSC) and also
referred to as a ground cockpit.

The engineering materials used to build the drone are highly complex
composites designed to absorb vibration, which decrease the sound produced.
These materials are very lightweight.
 Acknowledgments

I am thankful to the Owner Mr. Swapnil Shende Sir and whole

team of Aeronica Advance Techonologies Pvt Ltd. for their
constant guidance, using which I could complete my training
successfully.

I am also thankful to all those respected persons of this industry

who have helped me directly or indirectly and specially thanks to Mr.
Vivek Sir in my earnest efforts to accomplish this project.

Simply put, I could not have done this work without the lots of
help I’ve received cheerfully. The work culture really motivates
everybody is such a friendly and cheerful companion here that
work stress never comes in way.

Project Proposal
 “Multipurpose Drone”

1.0 Aims/Benefit of the Project

It used for anti-aircraft target practice, intelligence gathering and, more
controversially, as weapons platforms. Drones are now also used in a range of civilian
roles, including the following: search and rescue.
Quality Aerial Imaging. Drones are excellent for taking high-quality aerial
photographs and video, and collecting vast amounts of imaging data.

2.0 Proposed Methodology

1. Finalize the topic

2. Search for different companies.
3. Find and Collect information
4. Evaluation of processes and current structure
5. Application design
6. Application construction
7. Edit project as per the suggestions of the client
8. Proofread and finalize the project
9. Final submission of project

Materials Used:
SR NO Material used
Expenses

1. • Qudacopter frame 859/-

2. • A2212/10T/13T 1000kv Brushless Motor With Soldered 924/-

Connector
3. • Orange HD Propeller Pairs 1045(10X4.5) ABS DJI Black 288/-
(1CW+1CCW)
4. • SimonK 30A BLDC ESC Electronic Speed Controller 465/-

5. • APM 2.8 Multicopter Flight Controller 2.5 2.6 Upgraded 3,199/-

Built-in Compass for FPV RC Drone Aircraft
6. • CT6B FlySky 2.4Ghz 6CH Transmitter w/FS-R6B 2,690/-
Receiver Mode 2
7. • Orange 3000mAh 3S 30C/60C Lithium polymer battery 2,199/-
Pack (LiPo)
8. • Lipo Voltage Checker 2-8S 179/-

9. • 10CM Male to Male Servo Lead and silicon wire (JR) 148/-
26AWG (1pc)
10. • NEO 7M GPS With Compass for APM 2.6/2.8 and 1,399/-
Pixhawk 2.4.6/2.4.8
Total expenditure 12,350/-

Frame
The structure that holds all the components together. One of the most important part of
quadcopter is its frame because it supports motors and other electronics and prevents them from
vibrations. You have to be very precise while making it. They need to be designed to be strong but
also lightweight

Specifications
This Q450 QUADCOPTER FRAME is a well thought out 450mm quad frame built from quality materials.
The main frame is glass fiber while the arms are constructed of ultra-durable polyamide nylon. This
version 3 of the Q450 QUADCOPTER FRAME features integrated PCB connections for direct soldering
of your ESCs.

Model Q450
Material Glass Fiber + Polyamide Nylon
Wheelbase (mm) 450
Height (mm) 50
Weight (gm) 330
Arm Size (L x W) mm 220 x 40
Motor Mounting Hole Dia. (mm) 3
Shipment Weight 0.4 kg
Shipment Dimensions 22 × 9 × 4 cm

Motor
If you are wandering to build a drone and don’t know what will be the best motor for you then worry no
more, we have got your back. This motor provides a Motor kV of 1000.
In the field of Multirotors, there are so many brands that are making drone motors but Ready to Sky is
giving us the best quality of drone motor at an affordable price.

Model A2212 10T 13T

Motor KV (RPM/V) 1000
Compatible LiPO Batteries 2S ~ 3S
Shaft Diameter (mm) 3.17
Current Handling Capacity (A) 12
No-Load Current (mA) 500
Max. Efficiency Current (A) 4 ~ 10
Maximum Efficiency 80%
Length (mm) 27.5
Weight (gm.) 72
Width (mm) 27
Shipment Weight 0.078 kg
Shipment Dimensions 12 × 6 × 5 cm

ESC (Electronic speed controller)

Simonk 30A BLDC ESC Electronic Speed Controller is specifically made for quadcopters and multi-
rotors. Which provides faster and better motor speed control giving better flight performance compared to
other available ESCs.
Simonk 30A BLDC ESC Electronic Speed Controller can drive motors that consume current up to 30A.
It works on 2-3S LiPo batteries. This electronic speed controller offers a battery eliminator circuit (BEC)
that provides 5V and 2A to the receiver so we don’t need an extra receiver battery.
This version of the ESC also includes backward-polarity protection and protection on the 5V receiver line,
this means that if you accidentally attach a battery backward it won’t destroy your motor controller and
other BEC won’t affect the ESC.

Model SIMONK 30A

Burst Current (A) 40
Constant Current (A) 30
BEC Yes (5V/2A)
Suitable Lipo Batteries 2 ~ 3S
Color Red
Application BLDC Motors, Multirotors, Rc Planes etc.
Length (mm) 34
Width (mm) 24
Height (mm) 9
Weight (gm) 23
Shipment Weight 0.027 kg
Shipment Dimensions 10 × 10 × 5 cm
Flight Controller

The flight controller uses the data gathered by the sensors to calculate the desired speed for each of
the four motors. The flight controller sends this desired speed to the Electronic Speed Controllers
(ESC’s), which translates this desired speed into a signal that the motors can understand. This flight
controller
This Pixhawk flight controller from RadioLink has optimized the PCB layout and the barometer height
hold, providing more stable flight performance even at high speed. It integrated the newest 32-bit chip
technology and high-end sensors, this is absolutely one of the best flight controllers for quadcopters.

RAM 128KB
Flash Memory 2mb
Processor 32bit STM32F427 Cortex M4 core with FPU
Frequency(Hz) 168
Shipment Weight 0.163 kg
Shipment Dimensions 20 × 11 × 6 cm
Transmitter with Receiver

Using a drone is easy but controlling a drone is a tough job that’s why a transmitter is needed. You can’t
fly a multirotor without it because it uses radio signals to send commands wirelessly to a Radio Receiver.
And Flysky is one of the popular brands that only manufactures a Diverse Range of high-quality
Transmitters and Receivers at an affordable price.
FlySky Transmitter and Receiver is gaining so much popularity due to its originality and compatibility in
high-end drone projects and Industrial people are interested in this type of Transmitter.

Model Type Digital Radio Transreceiver

Modulation Type GFSK
Sensitivity (dBm) 1024
Code Type Digital
Band-Range (GHz) 2.40 ~ 2.48
Bandwidth (KHz) 500
DSC Port Yes (3.5mm:output:PPM)
Charging Port Yes
Default Operating Mode Mode 2 (Left-Hand Throttle)
Color Black
Low Voltage Warning Yes(at less than 9V)
No. of Channels 6
Operating Voltage (VDC) 12
RF Power Less Than 20 dbm
Dimensions (mm) LxWxH 189 x 97 x 295
Weight (gm) 511
Certificate CE0678, FCC
Shipment Weight 0.95 kg
Shipment Dimensions 24 × 22 × 9 cm

Lithium polymer battery

Orange 3000mAh 3S 30C/60C Lithium polymer battery Pack (LiPo) batteries are known for performance,
reliability and price. Orange batteries deliver the full rated capacity at a price everyone can afford.
The Orange 3000mAh 3S 30C/60C Lithium polymer battery Pack (LiPo) batteries are available with
heavy-duty discharge leads to minimize resistance and sustain high current loads. Orange batteries stand
up to the punishing extremes of aerobatic flight and RC vehicles. Each pack is having with gold coat
connectors and JST-XH style balance connectors. All Orange Lithium Polymer batteries packs are
assembled using IR matched cells.

Model No. ORANGE 3000/3S-30C

Capacity (mAh) 3000
Weight (gm) 215
Output Voltage (VDC) 11.1
Charge Rate (C) 1~3
Discharge Plug XT-60
Balance Plug JST-XH
Length (mm) 136
Width (mm) 43
Height (mm) 17
Max. Burst Discharge (C) 30C (10Sec)
Max. Charge Rate 5C
Max. Continuous Discharge 60C(180.0A)
Shipment Weight 0.25 kg
Shipment Dimensions 13 × 6 × 5 cm

Lipo Voltage Checker

The LiPo Battery Voltage Checker 1S-8S with Buzzer is a quality product available and a
special design to measure and display the voltage of LiPo battery packs. This voltage checker
can measure the voltage of the battery pack as well as the voltage of every single cell of the
battery pack.

Alarm set range (V) 2.7-3.8

Battery Input 1S-8S Battery
Battery Type LiPO/LiFe/Li-Ion/LiMn
Cell Voltage Display Range (V) 0.5-4.5
Height (mm) 12
Length (mm) 40
Pack voltage display range(V) 3.7-36
Weight (gm) 10
Width (mm) 25
Shipment Weight 0.015 kg
Shipment Dimensions 5 × 4 × 3 cm

Delivery Box
It is used for carrying small packages to speedily deliver to customers in their backyards and
driveways. The drones can fly over congested streets and take the fastest routes over
buildings and other obstacles. They can deliver to remote areas that cars can't reach
efficiently.

Working
The propulsion system (motors, electronic speed controllers and propellers) are
the drone technology, which move the UAV into the air and to fly in any
direction or hover. On a quadcopter, the motors and propellers work in pairs
with 2 motors / propellers rotating clockwise (CW Propellers) and 2 motors
rotating Counter Clockwise (CCW Propellers). They receive data from the
flight controller and the electronic speed controllers (ESC) on the drone motor
direction to either fly or hover.

HOW THE DELIVERY IS DONE BY DRONE?

Wing’s drones are custom-designed to deliver packages safely, reliably and

very quickly. Once a customer submits an order, our drone picks up the package
at our delivery facility. The drone then climbs to a cruise height on average of
about 45 meters above ground, flying to the designated delivery destination
typically in several minutes.

Once at the customer destination, the drone slows down, hovers, descends to a
delivery height approximately seven meters above the ground, and then lowers
the tether and automatically releases the package in the desired delivery area.
There is no need to unclip or assist with the delivery of the package. Needless to
say, the whole process is fully Covid-19 friendly, allowing customers, notably
the most vulnerable ones, to shop safely from their homes.

Lightweight delivery drones are among the safest ways to transport goods; they
are safer for the community than having goods delivered by truck or car or
driving yourself to pick up an item from the store

Motors
Without motors your quadcopter isn’t flying anywhere and it is vital that you
select the correct ones. Unfortunately motor specifications can sometimes be
confusing. Most quadcopters use brushless DC motors although the motors in
cheaper quadcopters and micro-copters often do have brushes.

Brushless motors have three wires, these wires control the motors three phrases.
By changing the connections on these wires you can have the motor spin
clockwise or counterclockwise.

Propellers

Diameter and pitch are the two basic specifications of a propeller. Propellers are
generally sold in sets with 2 clockwise and 2 counterclockwise propellers.

The diameter of the propeller refers to its size. Increasing the diameter increases
the propeller efficiency but will also consume more current from the motor.

Matching the motor to the propeller is also a factor for stability, this can be
important when carrying a camera. For a large quadcopter to carry big payloads
large propellers and low KV motors tend to work best.

Electronic Speed Controllers (ESC)

The device that controls the Brushless DC motors is called an Electronic Speed
Controller or ESC. You will need one of these for each motor.

The ESC will have three sets of wires. There are three heavy-gauge wires that
connect to the three wires on your brushless motor. Two other heavy-gauge
wires connect to your power distribution board, this supplies voltage to the ESC
and motors. There will also be three smaller wires that connect to your flight
controller.

Flight Controllers
The Flight Controller is the brains of your quadcopter. This is the device that
controls the speed of your motors by sending signals to your ESCs.

The flight controller will accept the signals from the onboard radio receiver so
that you can control your quadcopter remotely. It then does its magic and sends
signals to the ESC’s to control the motor speeds.

Advanced flight controllers has more features and are coupled with sensors such
as gyros, accelerometers, sonar, GPS and magnetometers. Simple flight
controllers contain only gyros and these are quite sufficient for most beginners.

Radio Transmitters & Receivers

Your quadcopter will have an on-board radio receiver and you will control the
device with a handheld radio transmitter. Both the receiver and transmitter are
specified by the number of channels that they support and by the frequency
upon which they operate.

Each channel in the radio system controls a single function or device in the
quadcopter. At minimum you will need for channels to control a quad, although
most people start with at least six. Extra channels can be used to control lighting
or a gimbal motor to position a camera.

The four basic channels are used as follows – one channel for throttle, one
channel for turning right and left, one channel for pitching forward and
backwards and one for rolling left and right – in other words throttle, yaw, pitch
and roll. A channel can also be used to switch between different flying modes.

Batteries
Without a battery your quadcopter isn’t going anywhere. The selection of the
battery is one of the most important decisions you will make when designing
and building your quadcopter.

The principal battery specification is its current capacity, which is rated in

milliamps per hour or “mAh”. A 2200 mAh battery can supply 2.2 amperes of
current for 1 hour.

Frame

Finally we come to the frame, this holds your quadcopter together. Frames can
be made of a number of materials such as wood, plastic or carbon fiber. Carbon
fiber can be very strong for its weight but can also be brittle, a factor that should
be considered as undoubtedly you will crash your quadcopter at one point.

The frame size of a quadcopter is specified in millimeters, this is the distance

between the motors on your quad. Common sizes are 180, 250 and 400
millimeters. Racing quadcopters are usually the 250 millimeter variety.
Forces and Moments Acting on a Drone

When a drone moves in the air, various forces act on it. The resultant force will decide
its movement. There are major forces acting on a drone

 Weight
 Due to the mass of the drone, the body mass force always acts in the
direction of gravity
 Higher the weight of the drone, more power is required to lift and move the
drone
 Weight of drone = mass of drone × acceleration due to gravity

 Lift:
 The vertical force acting on the drone is called lift
 This force is due to pressure differences across the drone (in the vertical
direction). Hence, the speed, size, and shape of the propeller blade decide
the amount of lift force
 Lift is essential to lift the body against the gravity
 To create this force, all four propellers run at high speed to lift the drone
  Thrust
 The force acting on the drone in the direction of motion is called thrust.
However, for drone dynamics, it is normal to the rotor plane.
 During hovering, the thrust is purely vertical. If thrust is inclined then the
drone will tilt forward or backward.
 This force is essential to move the drone in the desired direction at equal
speed
 To get desired motion, two propellers have been given high speed

 Drag
 The force acting on the drone in the opposite direction of motion due to air
resistance is called drag
 This may be because of pressure difference and viscosity of air
 To reduce the drag, the aerodynamic shape of the drone is selected

Kinematic for Quad-copter

 The thrust produced by each propeller is perpendicular to the plane of rotation

of propellers. It is directly proportional to the square of the angular velocity of
the propeller
Fi = kf ×ωi2
  If L is defined as the distance between two motors or propellers for any
diagonal of drone, then the reaction moments about the X-axis and Y-axis
Mx = (F3 – F4) × L
My = (F1 – F2) × L
 Newton’s second law of motion
 For linear motion: Force = mass × linear acceleration
 For rotational motion: Torque = inertia × angular acceleration

Hovering Motion

 Equilibrium Conditions for hovering
mg = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
All moments = 0


 Equation of motion
m = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 – mg
m=0

Rise or Fall Motion (Throttle up)


 Conditions for hovering (rise)
mg < F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
All moments = 0


 Conditions for Fall
mg > F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
All moments = 0


 Equation of motion
m = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 – mg
m>0
Yaw Motion

 Conditions for hovering
mg = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
All moments ≠ 0

 Equation of motion
mass* linear acceleration = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 – mg
Izz *angular acceleration@ Z-axis = M1+ M2+M3+ M4

Pitch and Roll Motion


 Conditions for hovering
mg < F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
All moments ≠ 0


 Equation of motion
mass* linear acceleration = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 – mg
Ixx * angular acceleration @ x-axis = (F3 – F4)×L

1. Thrust calculations:
 (T/W) ratio- 2:1
 Total weight of drone -1015g
 Thrust capacity of motor- 500g X 4
- 2000g
2. Flight Time:
Battery Cap .
Flight time: Drone comp . X 60
2.2
: 10 X 60
: 13.2 X 0.8
: 10.56

3. RPM: Kv X Volts
: 1000 X 11.1
: 11,100
Block Diagram
Why Qudacopter is best than hexacopter??
Quadcopter

The quadcopter uses four arms to fly. They have motorized propellers at the tips.
You can think of a quadcopter as a helicopter with four propellers. Quadcopters
have a smaller tail rotor for stability. Helicopters do not need one. Their four
propellers allow them to fly and hover in the air. Two propellers failing will result
in the device not being able to fly but it will still be stable enough to land safely.

Quadcopters are popular among drone enthusiasts looking to fly drones for
recreational purposes. It is easy to assemble, and it flies well even when used by
amateurs. Many users attach videophones, walkie-talkies, and cameras to the
quadcopter’s body.

The quadcopter design is a powerful variant of the helicopter. Because it is more

powerful than traditional helicopters, quadcopters can carry heavier loads than
other helicopters of the same size. Quadcopters are widely used by the military for
transporting smaller items between dangerous locations. Quadcopters are able to
fly and hover, making them very maneuverable in the air.

In addition, there are also Octocopters. This drone design features eight propellers,
as the name implies. You’ll enjoy incredible stability with eight motors.
Hexacopter
A hexacopter, which is a drone equipped with six propellers and six motors, is the
prefix “hex.” The propellers are placed in a circular arrangement around the main
body. They are spaced 120 degrees apart. Hexacopters are powerful, lightweight
fliers and can carry heavy payloads. These drones can still stay in flight even at
high altitudes and in thin air. Their rotors can still cut through the air in high winds
and keep it under your command.

Hexacopters may not be for everyone. Hexacopters are large and heavy, making it
difficult to fly in urban areas with many obstacles or wooded areas. Because of
their many moving parts, they can be difficult to assemble for beginners. If you
don’t mind putting your drone together yourself, there are many pre-assembled
options.

They are also more expensive than smaller drones. A hexacopter is not the best
choice if you want to just fly around for fun. They offer a great compromise
between price and performance. These devices can be weighed down to be lighter
than larger drones such as octocopters. You can also build your own hexacopter.
What are the Difference of Hexacopter vs Quadcopter

Quadcopters are undoubtedly the most versatile drone. Quadcopters are a great
choice for beginners because of their low price. These can be assembled and flown
quickly by novices, as opposed to their six rotors counterparts. Start with a small
quadcopter if you’re a beginner. Then, move on to bigger models. A quadcopter
can also be a great choice for intermediate pilots. Due to their speed, power, and
versatility, these models are most commonly used in drone racing.

Quadcopters are a smaller option for those who want to fly in dense forests or
areas with many obstacles. A larger drone is more difficult to fly in an area with
many obstacles, such as a forest or an abandoned building. However, a quadcopter
can navigate small rooms and even hallways with ease.
Flight time
Hexacopters aren’t good for battery life, but heavy payloads can make it difficult to
balance, stable flight is crucial for maintaining level flight. The quadcopter can
help you balance heavier loads to make your flight safer and more confident.

Stability
Quadcopters are more stable than hexacopters. This is because the motors of
quadcopters are more squared and spread out in a more circular arrangement.

Price
Hexacopters are generally more expensive than quadcopter equivalents. This is
because they require stronger ESCs, have additional motors, and have two extra
arms. Hexacopters are also used primarily for industrial purposes, which makes
them expensive machines.

Size difference
Hexacopters are generally larger than quadcopters and more compact than
quadcopters of the same size. Quadcopters can also be folded in a much simpler
design that is easier to transport.

Battery Life
Many people believe quadcopters fly faster than hex/octocopters. This was true in
the early days. Quadcopters can fly as long as quadcopters today.

The current quadcopter model is more popular than the YuneecH520, which takes
28 minutes to fly. Users may experience slight variations in their experience due to
the fact that the payload and battery life are affected by the environment.

The technology advancements in motor efficiency and electronic efficiency have

effectively leveled the playing field for flight time/battery time.

Speed
This is where quadcopters win the majority of the time. Modern quadcopters can
fly at speeds of up to 100 mph. This is much faster than hexacopters. They can also
fly faster than an octocopter.
Applications of drones
Aerial Photography & Videography

Mapping & Surveying

Asset Inspection

Payload carrying

Agriculture

Bird Control

Crop spraying and monitoring

Multispectral/thermal/NIR cameras

Live streaming events

Roof inspections

Marine Rescue

Disaster zone mapping

Forensics

Mining

Firefighting

Product Delivery
ADVANTAGES

1. Monitoring and Surveillance

2. Affordability is one of the main advantages of drones

3. Aerial Photography

4. Drone Delivery System

5. Drones will help farmers

DISADVANTAGES.

1. Legal Issues

2. Short Flight Time is one of the major disadvantages of Drones

3. Technical Glitches

4. Weather Dependency

5. Drone technology can be hacked

CONCLUSION

The working principle of drone is similar to the flying of aero-planes.

The vertical lift force is created due to pressure difference across the rotating
blades. The drag and gravity forces acts against its vertical motions
By controlling the speed and directions of different rotor we can control the
motion of the drone or UAV.
Drone consist of mechanical, electrical and electronics components
Given their uses, these small aerial vehicles will find their applications in
different areas apart from the ones mentioned here. But the society has to
deal with the pros and cons of drones and determine how to best use these
technological marvels. Besides reaping the most out of this technology, it’s
also considerable to work on the limitations of drones.