WELCOME TO THE WORLD

OF AEROROBOTICS
 INTRODUCTION
ON Since 2012

DRONES AND UAVs

TECHNOLOGY

Speaker
Ayush Awasthi
History and Evolution of Flying Machines Technology
The Historyof Flying Machines can be traced back to
the invention of kites in china around 1000 BCE .
The Airplane was invented by Orville and Wilbur
Wright known as the Wright Brothers. They Made the
first successful Powered flight on December 17 1903
in kitty Hawk North Carolina.Their Plane ,The Wright
Flyer ,Flew for 12 Sec and covered 120 feet.
Their work revolutionized transportation and led to
rapid advancements in aviation, including military
aircraft in World War I, commercial air travel in the
1920s, and jet engines in the 1940s. Today, aviation
continues to evolve with modern technologies like
electric and supersonic aircraft.
 Table of contents
1. Definition ,History and Evolution of Drones
2. Classification of Drones (based on Deign and
Functionality)
3. Application and Components of Drones and
UAVs
4. Drone industry overview
5. Roles of Drones in Cybercrime & Investigations
6. Challenges in Drone Forensics
 So,What is a Drone?
Drones ,Also known as Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles (UAVs),are aircraft that operate
without a human pilot on Board.These
systems can be remotely controlled by
an operator or Fly autonomously using
pre-programmed flight plans and AI.
History And Evolution Of DRONES and UAVs
Person behind Drones?

NIKOLA TESLA(1898)- Demonstrated a remote

-controlled boat,inspiring UAV technology.

ABRAHAM KAREM - An Israeli-American

aerospace engineer called the “Father of
Modern Drones” Developed the predator
Drone used by the U.S Military.
 Father of
Drones and
UAVs
Karem’s designs revolutionized
modern drones ,making
them Cheaper,
more efficient
and highly Effective for
military and commercial use .
CLASSIFICATION OF DRONES
Drones AND UAVs can be classified such as
Size,Range,Application ,And operational capabilities.

BY SIZE -

NANO DRONES
Smallest category often used for
indoor and or personal use .
Ex- DJI Tello ,Parrot Mambo.
 Micro Drones
Used for short range photography,
Racing and hobby purposes.
Ex- DJI Mini series

Small Drones
Typically used for aerial
photography ,mapping and
agriculture.
Ex-DJI Mavic Series etc.
 Medium drones
Used for advanced applications like
surveillance ,Cargo delivery and industrial
use.
Ex- Boeing insituscantagle

Large Drones
Primarily used for military
applications ,long Range
surveillance and cargo
transport.
Ex- MQ-9 REAPER
Classification by Design & Structure
FIXED WING DRONES
Fixed-wing drones are unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs) that resemble conventional airplanes,
using a single rigid wing to generate lift.
Unlike rotary-wing drones (quadcopters),
they do not hover but instead rely on
continuous forward motion to stay in the air.
Key Features
Disadvantages
Longer Flight time
Requires Runway or Launcher
Efficient Power usage
No Hovering Capability
 Rotary-wing or Multi rotar Drones
Rotary-wing drones are unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
that use rotating blades (rotors) to
generate lift, allowing them to hover,
take off, and land vertically. Unlike fixed-wing
drones, they do not require a runway and can perform
precise maneuvers in tight spaces.
Key Features:
Can hover in one place
Vertical Takeoff and Landing
Disadvantages
Shorter Flight time
Limited Range
 Hybrid VTOL(Vertical take off and
Landing) Drones
Hybrid VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) drones
combine the benefits of fixed-wing and rotary-wing
UAVs, allowing them to take off and land like helicopters
but fly like airplanes. This design provides longer range,
higher speed, and better efficiency than standard
multirotor drones while eliminating the need for a
runway.
These drones are widely used in military, mapping,
surveillance, cargo transport, and emergency response
applications
 Key Features:-
1. Vertical Takeoff & Landing
2. Longer Flight time
3. Higher Speed
4. Stable Hovering
Applications :-
1. Military & Defence
2. Mapping And surveillance
3. Cargo & Delivery
4. Environmental & Scientific
Research
 Underwater Drones & Autonomous UAVs
Underwater Drones and Autonomous UAVs Play a critical role in Naval operations ,
Search & Rescue Missions and Other Specialized Applications .
Underwater Drones can Be categorized Into Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
(AUVs) and Remotely Operated Vehicles ( ROVs).

Military & Naval Applications

Search & Rescue (SAR)
Mine Countermeasures (MCM)
Locating Wreckage
Surveillance & Reconaissance
Survivor Detection
Submarine Tracking
Emergency Supplies Delivery
Underwater Infrastructure Inspection
Payload Components
Popular Underwater Drones
Boeing Echo Voyager ( Long Endurance AUV)
Bluefin-21
Remus 6000 (Deep sea)
KEY COMPONENTS OF A DRONE
A Drone consists of several essential
componentsthat work together to
achieve flight andcontrol.The Basic
components are:

PROPELLERS:-These are a critical

component of a drone as they
generate the necessary thrust and lift to
keep it airborne.
 Primary Functions include:-
Generating Lift and Thrust
Controlling Movement and
stability

Material Required:-
Plastic Propellors :Lightweight
and inexpensive
Carbon fiber Propellors:
Stronger more durable and
more efficient but expensive.
FRAME:-
The Structural body that
holds all components
together.
Usually made of plastic,
Aluminium or carbon fibre
for strength and light weight
Design.
MOTOR OF DRONE:-
The Motor is one of the most crucial
component ofa drone as,it Directly
Influences flight Performances ,stability
and efficiency .
Primary functions -
Generating Thrust and Lift
Controlling speed and stability
Enabling Directional Movement
Maintaining Balance and Movement
Supporting Payloads
Efficiency and Power Management
 TYPES OF MOTORS USED IN
DRONES :-
Drones primarily Use Two types of
motors:Brushed DC motors
And Brushless DC Motors (BLDC).

Example- T- Motor MN501-S : used in

aerial Photography
Hobbywing x9 Plus :Found in industrial
drones .
Electronic Speed controller (ESCs)
Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs) are essential
components in Drones ,as they regulate the speed of
the brushless motors based on input from the flight
controller. ESCs ensure smooth and efficient motor
operation, enabling stable flight,maneuverability and
precise throttle control.

Functions of ESCs :-
Receives Signal
Processes input
Regulates Motor speed
Ensures synchronization
How you Will choose the Right ESCs for the Drone?
Match With Motor KV Rating and Battery voltage.
Ensure Current Rating Handles Peak motor draw.
Use High speed protocols for Racing or FPV Drones .
Chech capability with flight controller.

Manufacturing Companies of ESCs:-

DTPC Technologies
Reflex Drive
Zerodrag Technologies
Darkmatter
XC ESC
 FLIGHT CONTROLLER
A FLIGHT CONTROLLER (FC) is the brain of drone
Responsible for Stabilizing Flight ,Processing Sensor data,
Executing User commands . It Interprets Inputs from the
remote control,GPS ,and Onboard sensors to adjust
motor speeds through the Electronic Speed Controller
(ESCs) for smooth and controlled flight.

Key Functions of a Flight Controller

Stabilization
Navigation
Motor Control
Failsafe & safety Features
Autonomous Flight
Data Processing
Main Components of Flight Controller
Microcontroller (MCU): The Processor (eg.
STM32)That Handles Flight Calculations.
IMU(Inertial Measurement Unit):Gyroscope
and Accelerometer for motion sensing .
GPS Module (optional):Enables Autonomous
Navigation and position Hold.
Ports & Connectivity: UART,I2C,SPI for
sensors ,GPS,Telemetry and Peripherals.
Popular Flight Controller Brands
Pixhawk
Holybro
Matek Systems
DJI NAZA /A3/N3
Omnibus
Battery and Power Distribution Board
(PDB)
The Battery of a drone is a crucial component that
determines its flight time,power , and overall
Performance. Most drones use Lithium Polymer (LiPo)
batteries due to their high energy density,light weight
and Ability to discharge power efficiently. Some
industrial Drones Use Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) or Lithium
metal Batteries for Longer Endurance.
Common Drone Battery capacities range from 1000
mAh(small drones ) to 20,000mAh + (industrial drones).
LiPo batteries typically last 200-500 Charge
cycles before degradation
Performance declines over time,Requiring
Replacements.
 A POWER DISTRIBUTION BOARD (PDB)
is a crucial component in drones that distributes Power
from the main Components ,such as Electronic Speed
controllers (ESCs), Flight controllers ,Cameras, and other
peripherals.

Common PDB Brands ; Types of PDBs:

Matek systems Basic PDB
Holybro Advanced PDB
Diatone Integrated PDB
T-Motor Custom PDBs
Hobbywing
 Sensors (Optional But Important):-
Drones rely on Multiple sensors to Navigate,Stabilize and
gather data.Sensors Plays a vital role in enhancing drone
performance ,Making them Suitable for various Applications
like Agriculture,Surveillance,Mapping And Delivary.
 The most common Use of sensors
in Drones And UAVs
Navigation & Positioning Sensors
Ex- GPS ,IMU ,Compass,Barometer
Stabilization & Flight control sensors
Ex- Accelerometer,Gyroscope
Obstacle Detection & Avoidance Sensors
Ex- Ultrasonic sensors,LIDAR sensors
Environmental Monitoring
Ex- Temperature sensors ,Humidity Sensors,Gas
sensors
Imaging And Data collection Sensors
Ex- RGB Cameras ,Thermal Cameras
Communication & Transmission Sensors
Ex- Radio Transceivers,Telemetry Sensors
 Camera And Gimbal (For Camera Drones)
Cameras and gimbals are essential components of
drones used for photography, videography, surveying,
mapping, and inspections Purposes.
Types of Drone Cameras:
Fixed cameras-Mounted directly to the drone .
Gimbal Stabilized Cameras - Offer smooth footage
by compensating for Drone Movement.

Thermal Cameras - Used for night

vision,rescue and search and industrial
Applications.
Multispectral & LIDAR Cameras-Used for
Precision
 Types of Gimbals :
2-Axis Gimbals- Stabilizes pitch and roll but not yaw

3-Axis Gimbals- Stablizes pitch,roll,and Yaw for the

smoothest footage.
 Choosing the Right camera &Gimbal?
Resolution & Sensor Size :Higher resolution (4K &8K)
Stabilization : A 3 Axis Gimbal is best for Professional grade
Footage
Zoom Capability : Optical zoom is essential for
inspections and surveillance
Modular vs Built -in
Payload capacity

Top brands Manufacturer

DJI
GoPro
Sony
Canon and Nikon
 Radio Transmitter and Receiver
A drone's radio transmitter and receiver system is responsible
for communication between the pilot (ground station) and the
drone. It ensures control signals are sent to the drone and
telemetry data is sent back to the pilot

The transmitter is the Remote

controller used by the pilot to
send commands to the drone

Functions of Transmitter:-
Control Sticjks and switches -For Movement ,Throttle, Yaw ,pitch,roll etc
RF Module- Transmits signals wirelessly to the drone .
Antenna - For extended range and Signal Strength.
Telemetry Display (optional)- Shows real time ,data like battery level
,GPS,altitude,etc.
Radio Receiver (RX)- On the Drone
The Receiver is mounted on the drone and receives
signals from the transmitter .
WHAT IT DOES ?
The receiver allows the pilot to control the drone’s
altitude rotation ,Tilt and side to side movement . It
consists of:

Antenna (s): captures signals from the

transmitter.
Decoder circuit : processes signals and forward
them to the flight controller .
Telemetry module (if Bidirectional):
Sends drone status back to the transmitter.