UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE

Laboratory Manual
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CONTENTS
Sl. No. Experiments Page No.
Introduction 1- 4
Safe Procedure 5-6

1. Estimation the thrust of motor for different propellers using 07-10

thrust rig
2. Study of thrust-to-weight ratio of a drone / uav for suitable 11-13
application
3. Study of effect of throttle on motor rpm 14-15
4. Motor rpm analysis during rolling, pitching and yawing 16-18
moments
5. Study of dynamics and task performance through drone 19-20
simulator
6. Estimation of endurence for drones 21-23
7. Part (a) Preflight-checks 24-25
8. Part (b) Post flight-checks 25-28
9. Study of flight dynamics through manual flying 29-31
10. Designing the mechanism of payload dropping for a drone 32-33
11. Study of flight dynamics through autonomous flying 34-36
12. Study of varied flight modes for drone operation 35-39
13. Analysis of flight logs to evaluate drone performance and 40-43
flight characteristics

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INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction to Drones and Their Various Types:
Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have gained immense popularity in
recent years due to their wide range of applications and capabilities. In this section, we will
explore what drones are and the various types available, each with its unique characteristics
and advantages.
1. Define what a drone is: A drone is an aircraft that operates without a human pilot on
board. Instead, it can be controlled remotely by a human operator or autonomously
through pre-programmed instructions. Drones are equipped with sensors, flight control
systems, and propulsion systems to enable controlled flight and perform a variety of
tasks.
2. Discuss the various types of drones:
a. Multirotor Drones:

• Quadcopters: Quadcopters are the most common type of multirotor drone,

equipped with four rotors. They provide excellent stability, maneuverability,
and hovering capabilities, making them popular for aerial photography,
videography, and recreational flying.
• Hexacopters: Hexacopters have six rotors and offer increased redundancy and
lifting capacity compared to quadcopters. They are often used for heavier
payloads or in scenarios where redundancy is critical, such as professional
filmmaking or industrial inspections.
• Octocopters: Octocopters feature eight rotors, providing even more lifting
capacity and redundancy. They are commonly employed in professional
cinematography, industrial applications, or tasks requiring precise control and
stability.
b. Fixed-Wing Drones:

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• Fixed-wing drones resemble traditional airplanes and feature wings that

generate lift as the drone moves through the air. They can cover longer distances
and stay airborne for extended periods, making them suitable for applications
like aerial mapping, surveying, or long-range surveillance.
• Fixed-wing drones require a runway for takeoff and landing, and they typically
operate in a forward motion. They are more efficient in terms of power
consumption, allowing for extended endurances compared to multirotor drones.
c. Hybrid Drones:

• Hybrid drones combine the advantages of both fixed-wing and multirotor

designs. They can take off and land vertically like a multirotor but transition to
a fixed-wing configuration for efficient forward flight. Hybrid drones offer
flexibility and versatility, making them useful for tasks like long-range
inspections or aerial monitoring.
d. Single-Rotor Helicopters:

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• Single-rotor helicopters, often referred to as traditional RC helicopters, have a

large main rotor and a tail rotor for stabilization. They provide more complex
control and maneuverability options but require significant piloting skills.
Single-rotor helicopters are commonly used in professional photography,
aerobatics, or specialized applications that demand precise control and
maneuverability.
Each type of drone has its own advantages and limitations, making them suitable for specific
applications. Understanding the characteristics and capabilities of each type allows operators
to select the appropriate drone for their desired tasks, ensuring optimal performance and
successful mission outcomes.

3. Components of a Drone:
• Explain the main components of a drone: Provide a detailed description of the
essential components that make up a drone, including:
1. Frame: The structural body of the drone that houses all other
components.
2. Motors: Electric motors that generate the thrust necessary for flight.
3. Propellers: Blades attached to the motors that create the lift and
propulsion.
4. Flight Controller: The electronic brain of the drone that processes sensor
data and sends commands to control the drone's stability, movement,
and navigation.
5. Power Distribution Board (PDB): Distributes power from the battery to
various components of the drone.
6. Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs): Control the speed of the motors
and translate the signals from the flight controller to adjust the propeller
speeds.

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7. Battery: Provides the electrical power to drive the motors and other
electronic components.
8. Sensors: Various sensors (e.g., gyroscopes, accelerometers, compass,
GPS) that provide data to the flight controller for stabilization,
orientation, altitude control, and navigation.
9. Optional Features: Discuss additional features that drones may have,
such as cameras, gimbals, obstacle avoidance systems, or specialized
sensors for specific applications.
4. Drone Terminology and Common Abbreviations:
• Provide a glossary of common terms: Compile a list of key terms and their
definitions to familiarize users with the specific terminology used in the drone
industry. Include terms such as UAV, GPS, FPV (First Person View), LOS
(Line of Sight), GPS (Global Positioning System), IMU (Inertial Measurement
Unit), and others. Explain their meanings and how they relate to drone
operations.
• Explain common abbreviations: Highlight common abbreviations used in the
drone industry, such as UAV, ESC, PDB, GPS, LOS, and FPV. Clarify what
each abbreviation stands for and its relevance to drone technology.
5. Overview of Drone Flight Dynamics and Control:
• Explain the basics of drone flight: Introduce the principles of flight dynamics,
including lift, thrust, weight, and drag. Describe how these forces interact to
enable drones to achieve controlled flight.
• Discuss the concept of stability and control: Explain how drones achieve
stability in flight through sensor feedback and control algorithms. Describe the
role of the flight controller in continuously adjusting the motor speeds and
controlling the drone's attitude and orientation.
• Touch on drone control modes: Briefly discuss the different control modes, such
as manual mode, stabilized mode, altitude hold, or autonomous flight. Explain
how these modes affect the drone's flight characteristics and control inputs.
• Mention flight maneuvers: Provide an overview of basic flight maneuvers such
as hovering, ascending, descending, rolling, pitching, and yawing. Explain how
control inputs and adjustments are used to execute these maneuvers.

SAFETY PROCEDURES

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1. General Safety Guidelines for Operating Drones in the Lab:

• Familiarize yourself with the lab's safety policies and guidelines specific to
drone operations.
• Always operate drones within designated flight areas and follow local
regulations and airspace restrictions.
• Conduct a thorough pre-flight check before each flight, ensuring that all
components are in proper working order.
• Maintain visual line-of-sight with the drone during flight operations.
• Avoid flying drones over people, vehicles, or sensitive areas unless explicitly
permitted and authorized.
• Be aware of weather conditions and avoid flying in high winds, rain, or adverse
weather that may affect the drone's stability.
• Keep a safe distance from other drones or aircraft to prevent collisions.
• Never fly a drone while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
• Respect the privacy of others and avoid capturing images or videos without
proper consent.
2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Requirements:
• Wear safety glasses or goggles to protect your eyes from debris or potential
propeller strikes.
• Use gloves to protect your hands when handling drones, batteries, or other
equipment.
• Consider wearing appropriate footwear to protect your feet in case of accidental
landing or propeller contact.
• Depending on the lab's specific requirements, additional PPE such as a helmet
or high-visibility vest may be necessary in certain situations.
3. Emergency Procedures and Contact Information:
• Establish clear emergency procedures for drone-related incidents, accidents, or
malfunctions.
• Designate specific emergency contacts and ensure that all lab members are
aware of the contact information.
• Include information on how to handle emergencies such as drone crashes,
battery fires, or injuries caused by propellers.
• Keep a first aid kit readily available in the lab and ensure that lab members are
trained in basic first aid procedures.
• Regularly review and practice emergency procedures to ensure preparedness in
case of an actual emergency.

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4. Fire Safety Precautions:

• Store and handle lithium-polymer (LiPo) batteries properly, following
manufacturer guidelines for charging, storage, and transportation.
• Use only approved and undamaged batteries in your drones and do not
overcharge them.
• Keep a fire extinguisher nearby, specifically suitable for extinguishing lithium
battery fires.
• Establish a designated area for charging batteries, away from flammable
materials or liquids.
• In case of a battery fire, do not use water to extinguish it. Instead, use a fire
extinguisher specifically designed for lithium battery fires or a Class D fire
extinguisher if available.
• Regularly inspect and maintain charging equipment and cables to prevent short
circuits or electrical hazards.
These safety procedures are general guidelines, and it is essential to adapt them to the specific
requirements of your lab and local regulations. Prioritize safety at all times, and encourage all
lab members to be vigilant and responsible when operating drones.

EXPERIMENT NO.: 01
ESTIMATION THE THRUST OF MOTOR FOR DIFFERENT
PROPELLERS USING THRUST RIG

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Aim: Estimate the thrust generated by a single motor with various propellers and motors
using a thrust rig.
Apparatus: Motor with appropriate specifications, thrust rig, propellers (varying in size,
pitch, or design), radio controller and receiver, lipo battery, installations tools.
Theory:
Propeller size and RPM play important roles in generating thrust. A larger propeller typically
has a larger surface area, allowing it to interact with more air. This increased surface area
enables the propeller to displace a greater volume of air, resulting in a higher potential for
generating thrust. On the other hand, the RPM of the propeller determines the speed at which
the blades rotate. Higher RPMs mean that the blades cover a larger distance in a given time,
moving or accelerating more air.

As the propeller accelerates the air, it imparts a force on the air particles, resulting in the
production of thrust. Generally, larger propellers and higher RPMs contribute to increased
thrust by moving more air and accelerating it at a higher velocity. However, it is important to
consider factors such as the motor's power output and torque, propeller and drone design
limitations, and overall safety when determining the optimal propeller size and RPM for
achieving the desired thrust output and drone performance.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up a well-ventilated area for the experiment and ensure the thrust rig is securely
positioned and levelled.
2. Select a motor with appropriate specifications for the experiment.
3. Choose different propellers with varying sizes, pitches, or designs to test their impact
on motor performance.
4. Mount the motor securely on the thrust rig and securely install the first propeller onto
the motor shaft.
5. Tear the load of thrust rig to get accurate thrust measurements.
6. Connect the motor to electronic speed controller to the power supply.

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7. Turn on the power supply while connecting the esc to throttle channel usually channel
No. 3 on the radio receiver when the radio controller is in mode 2.
8. Listen to the motor beep to verify the health and wait patiently until the motor beep
turns off, if the beep doesn’t off by itself reverse the connection of the ESC to receiver.
9. Give 10% or less throttle to check the direction of the air flow. If the direction of the
air is upwards the readings show in positive and for downwards its negative
10. Gradually increasing the throttle to the desired level for the test.
11. Start recording thrust data.
12. Activate the motor to a specified throttle setting and maintain it for a consistent duration
(e.g., 5 seconds).
13. Record the thrust reading displayed on the thrust rig during the experimentation.
14. Repeat steps for each propeller, making sure to replace the propeller before each test
and maintaining consistent throttle settings and recording duration.

Formula
Motor RPM = Kilovolt (KV) of motor X voltage provided
Thrust = (π/4) * (Diameter^2) * (RPM^2) * Thrust Coefficient (CT)
Where:
• Thrust: The thrust generated by the propeller, typically measured in Newtons (N) or
pounds (lbs).
• π: Pi, approximately equal to 3.14159.
• Diameter: The diameter of the propeller, usually measured in meters (m) or inches (in).
• RPM: The revolutions per minute of the propeller.
• Thrust Coefficient: 4.392*10-8

CALCULATION:
Thrust = (π/4) * (Diameter^2) * (RPM^2) * Thrust Coefficient (CT)

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl. No. Propeller Propeller Throttle RPM Thrust

Specification Size Setting Reading (N)

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25%
50%
75%
25%
50%
75%

Result:
The experiment demonstrated a direct relationship between RPM and thrust, as increasing the
RPM led to a proportional increase in thrust.
The graph below illustrates this relationship for the tested propellers:

The graph clearly indicates that higher RPM values resulted in higher thrust output.

Viva Questions
1. How does a thrust stand apparatus assist in determining motor thrust accurately?
2. Explain the importance of properly balancing and tightening propellers during the
experiment.

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3. What factors can contribute to variations in thrust values produced by different

propellers?
4. Discuss the potential implications of propeller design on drone performance based on
the experiment results.
5. How can accurate estimation of motor thrust contribute to optimizing drone efficiency
and performance?
6. Describe the safety precautions that should be followed when handling propellers and
operating the motor.
7. How would you ensure consistent motor speed throughout the experiment, and why is
it important?
8. What challenges or limitations did you encounter during the experiment, and how did
you address them?
9. How would you present and report the findings of this experiment, including the data
and conclusions?
10. What further research or experiments could be conducted to expand the understanding
of propeller performance?

EXPERIMENT NO.: 02
STUDY OF THRUST-TO-WEIGHT RATIO OF A DRONE / UAV FOR
SUITABLE APPLICATION

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Aim: Estimation of thrust to weight ratio of a drone for suitable application .

Apparatus: Thrust rig, Drone, Radio transmitter
Theory:
The thrust-to-weight ratio is a fundamental concept in drone operation that relates to the power
and performance of a drone. It represents the ratio between the thrust generated by all the drone
motors and the weight of the drone itself, including any additional payload.
A higher thrust-to-weight ratio indicates that the drone can generate more thrust relative to its
weight, resulting in improved acceleration, manoeuvrability, and overall performance. It allows
the drone to overcome the force of gravity more effectively and perform agile movements such
as quick ascents, descents, and rapid changes in direction.
Understanding the thrust-to-weight ratio is crucial for optimizing flight characteristics and
determining the suitability of a drone for specific applications. It helps drone operators assess
the drone's ability to carry payloads, handle different weather conditions, and perform tasks
that require high manoeuvrability or endurance.
By studying and experimenting with the thrust-to-weight ratio, operators can gain insights into
the drone's flight capabilities, make informed decisions about payload capacities, and
maximize performance while ensuring safe and stable flight operations.

Application Ideal Thrust-to-Weight Ratio Range

Photography and Videography 2:1 to 4:1

Racing 5:1 to 8:1

Industrial and Payload 3:1 to 6:1

Agricultural 3:1 to 5:1

Search and Rescue 2:1 to 4:1

TWR = Thrust :Weight

Where:
• Thrust is the total upwards force generated by the drone's propulsion system, typically
measured in Newtons (N).
• Weight is the total weight of the drone, including its components and any payload it
carries, measured in kilograms (kg).
PROCEDURE:

1. Using a weighing scale, measure the weight of the drone including the battery.

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2. Set up the thrust rig and perform a pre-flight check on the drone according to the lab's
pre-flight checklist.
3. Confirm that the drone's batteries are fully charged, and the flight controller is
calibrated correctly.
4. Position the drone in thrust rig and ensure it is securely placed and balanced.
5. Connect the power source and turn on the drone and stabilize it at a 50% of throttle.
6. Note thrust generated by the drone shown in rig.
7. Calculate the thrust-to-weight ratio.
8. Repeat the measurements multiple times for accuracy and consistency.
9. Analyse the thrust-to-weight ratio and assess the drone's performance based on ideal
ranges for the specific application.
10. Summarize the findings and conclusions based on the measured thrust-to-weight ratio
and performance assessment.
CALCULATION:
TWR = Thrust : Weight
TABULAR COLUMN:

Measurement Thrust (N) Weight (N) Thrust-to-Weight Ratio (TWR)

Result:
The estimated thrust-to-weight ratio (TWR) of the drone suggests it is suitable for the intended
application, demonstrating sufficient thrust relative to its weight for optimal performance and
manoeuvrability.

Viva questions
1. Whats the effect of thrust-to-weight ratio on drone's ability?
2. Discuss the potential trade-offs between a higher thrust-to-weight ratio and a longer
endurance.
3. What are some potential factors that could affect the accuracy of the measured thrust
and weight values?

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4. How might different weight distributions or payload placements impact the thrust-to-
weight ratio and flight performance?
5. Can you explain how changes in the thrust-to-weight ratio might affect a drone's ability
to maintain stable flight in windy conditions?
6. Discuss the potential implications of a low thrust-to-weight ratio on a drone's ability to
carry a heavy payload.
7. Explain how the knowledge gained from this experiment can help in optimizing a
drone's performance for specific applications.
8. What safety precautions should be taken when increasing the weight or altering the
thrust-to-weight ratio during the experiment?
9. How might the results of this experiment contribute to the design and development of
more efficient drone propulsion systems?

EXPERIMENT NO.: 03

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STUDY OF EFFECT OF THROTTLE ON MOTOR RPM

Aim: To investigate the RPM (rotations per minute) thrust characteristics of individual motor
in a drone.
Apparatus: Thrust rig, Drone, Radio Controller.
Theory:
The theory behind Experiment centres around investigating the relationship between RPM
(rotations per minute) and thrust movement of a drone. RPM represents the rotational speed of
the drone's motors, indicating how many complete rotations they make in one minute. This
parameter directly impacts the power output of the motors and consequently influences the
thrust they generate.
Higher RPM values typically signify faster motor rotation, which can result in increased thrust
production. The rotational speed of the motors is crucial during upward movement, as they
need to generate enough thrust to overcome the force of gravity and lift the drone off the
ground.
The relationship between RPM and thrust is influenced by several factors, including motor
design, propeller efficiency, and the voltage input. Generally, increasing the RPM leads to
higher thrust output as it augments the speed at which the propellers rotate and move air.
However, the specific relationship between RPM and thrust may vary depending on the motor
and propeller configuration.

PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the thrust rig and ensure the safety.
2. Cross verify that all the components and instruments are functioning properly.
3. Place the drone in trust rig to measure the thrust generated by the drone.
4. Ensuring proper alignment of motor to tachometer for accurate RPM readings.
5. Follow the precheck flights procedure and connect the fully charged battery and turn
on the drone.
6. Arm the drone, take baseline measurements of RPM and thrust with the drone in a
stationary position.
7. Gradually increase the throttle and increase the upward movement of the drone and
record the RPM of motors and thrust values for each motor during this ascent.
8. Note down the values.
9. Allow the drone to stabilize in the upward position and record the RPM and thrust
values for each motor during this stable phase.
10. Note down the throttle, rpm and thrust produced

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11. Analyse the recorded data to observe any variations in RPM and thrust among the
motors during upward.
12. Compare the RPM and thrust values for each motor during different flight scenarios,
noting any trends or patterns observed.

TABULAR COLUMN:
1.Upward Moment
Sl. No. Throttle % Motor RPM Thrust
Number

Result:
The analysis of RPM and thrust during upward and yawing movements of the drone revealed
valuable insights into motor performance. The recorded data demonstrated variations in RPM
and thrust among the motors during different flight scenarios.

Viva
1. How does analyzing motor RPM and thrust during upward and yawing movements
contribute to understanding drone performance?
2. Explain the role of the RPM sensor or tachometer in this experiment.
3. Discuss any observed patterns or trends in the motor RPM and thrust values during
upward and yawing movements.
4. How does the relationship between motor RPM and thrust differ between upward and
yawing movements?
5. Explain the implications of the findings on drone maneuverability and performance.
6. How can optimizing motor RPM contribute to achieving desired flight characteristics?
7. What safety precautions should be followed during the experiment to ensure safe flight
operations?

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EXPERIMENT NO.:04
MOTOR RPM ANALYSIS DURING ROLLING, PITCHING AND
YAWING MOMENTS
Aim: To investigate the RPM (rotations per minute) and thrust characteristics of each motor
in a drone during rolling, pitching and yawing moments .
Apparatus: Gyro rig, Drone, Radio Controller.
Theory:
Experiment focuses on understanding the relationship between motor RPM, thrust, and the
drone's rolling and pitching movements. Motor RPM represents the rotational speed of the
drone's motors, typically measured in rotations per minute (RPM). During normal flight, the
motor RPM is influenced by the throttle input and the load on the motor. However, when the
drone performs moments, the motor RPM can fluctuate. Due to this there is changes in the
motor's load and the aerodynamic forces acting on the drone. Additionally, during yawing
movement, the motors produce thrust imbalances across the drone's vertical axis, enabling it to
rotate around its center point.
As the drone executes rolling and pitching movements, the distribution of thrust among the
motors can alter this results the drone to tilts and changes its orientation. Rolling movement
involves the drone rotating along its longitudinal axis, causing it to tilt sideways. Pitching
movement, on the other hand, entails the drone rotating along its lateral axis, resulting in
forward or backward tilting. These movements introduce variations in the aerodynamic forces
acting on the drone, which in turn impact the load and thrust requirements on each motor.
By analyzing the motor RPM and thrust characteristics during these moments, valuable insights
can be gained regarding how the motors respond to changes in load and aerodynamic forces.
This analysis helps evaluate their capacity to maintain stable RPM and generate adequate thrust
to ensure stable flight and manoeuvrability. The collected data provides valuable information
about motor performance under dynamic flight conditions, contributing to the optimization of
motor control and stability during various flight manoeuvres.

PROCEDURE:
1. Set up a safe and open area for the experiment, ensuring compliance with local
regulations and guidelines for drone flight.
2. Prepare the drone for flight in gyro rig , ensuring it is in good working condition and
properly calibrated.
3. Position the gyro rig to measure the thrust generated by each motor.
4. Perform necessary pre-flight checks to ensure its readiness power on the drone with
fully charged battery.
5. Execute controlled rolling, pitching and yaw movements by applying lateral rotations
to the drone from the radio controller while giving 50% of throttle.

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6. Note the reading and angle also the rpm from the tachometer from a safe distance
7. Measure and record the thrust generated by each motor using the Thrust rig, during the
rolling movements.
8. Repeat steps 6-8 for controlled moments, applying forward or backward rotations to
the drone.
9. Analyse the collected data to observe the relationship between motor RPM and thrust
during rolling and pitching movements.
10. Draw conclusions based on the data analysis, evaluating each motor's ability to
maintain stable RPM and generate thrust during dynamic flight manoeuvres.

TABULAR COLUMN:
1.Rolling Moment
Rolling Motor RPM Thrust
Angle Number

2.Pitching Moment
Pitching Motor RPM Thrust
Angle Number

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3. Yawing Moment
Yawing Motor RPM Thrust
direction Number

Result:
The analysis of motor RPM and thrust during rolling and pitching movements revealed a
consistent relationship between the two parameters. The motors maintained stable RPM while
generating sufficient thrust, indicating their effectiveness in supporting dynamic flight
manoeuvres.

Viva
1. How does analyzing motor RPM and thrust during moments contribute to
understanding drone performance?
2. Explain the implications of the findings on drone maneuverability and performance.
3. How can optimizing motor RPM contribute to achieving desired flight characteristics?
4. What safety precautions should be followed during the experiment to ensure safe flight
operations?

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EXPERIMENT NO.: 05
STUDY OF DYNAMICS AND TASK PERFORMANCE THROUGH
DRONE SIMULATOR
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to utilize a drone simulator to study flight dynamics,
evaluate task performance, and gain practical experience in a controlled and simulated
environment
Apparatus: Simulator software, Radio Transmitter and Simulator cable.
Theory:

The drone simulator experiment revolves around the use of a computer-based simulation to
replicate the flight dynamics and characteristics of a real drone. This allows participants to
explore and understand the principles of flight, evaluate task performance, and gain practical
experience in a controlled and safe environment. The drone simulator utilizes advanced
algorithms and physics models to recreate realistic flight dynamics. These models take into
account factors such as aerodynamics, wind effects, gravity, and control inputs to accurately
mimic the behavior of a real drone. By simulating these flight dynamics, participants can gain
insights into how various parameters and environmental conditions affect the drone's
performance. They can manipulate flight parameters, including throttle, pitch, roll, and yaw, to
observe their effects on the drone's stability, manoeuvrability, and responsiveness.
The simulator also allows participants to engage in task-based scenarios, such as obstacle
avoidance, search and rescue missions, or aerial photography. These tasks provide practical
challenges that require participants to apply their piloting skills, decision-making abilities, and
situational awareness to accomplish the objectives effectively and efficiently. By practicing in
the simulator, participants can develop and refine their flight control techniques, enhance their
ability to handle different flight situations, and improve their task performance. The simulator
provides a risk-free environment where participants can make mistakes, learn from them, and
iterate their strategies to optimize their performance.
The simulator offers a range of performance metrics and data logging capabilities, allowing
participants to analyse and evaluate their flight performance. Metrics such as completion time,
task success rate, accuracy, and efficiency can be measured and recorded, enabling participants
to track their progress, identify areas for improvement, and set goals for future simulations or
real-world flights. The drone simulator experiment provides a valuable platform for training,
skill development, and experimentation in a controlled and cost-effective manner. It allows
participants to gain practical experience in various flight scenarios, assess their capabilities,
and enhance their overall understanding of drone operations. The insights gained from the
simulator can be applied to real-world drone flying, ensuring safe and efficient flight practices.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the remote controller via simulator cable.
2. Launch the simulator and configure the settings as per the recommended specifications.
3. Familiarize yourself with the simulator interface, controls, and available features by
following the tutorial or user manual.

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4. Understand the simulator's flight physics and settings, including wind speed,
environmental conditions, and flight mode options.
5. Start with basic flight manoeuvres, such as take-off, landing, hovering, and controlling
altitude.
6. Practice controlling the drone's pitch, roll, and yaw movements to understand the impact
on flight dynamics.
7. Experiment with different flight modes and adjust the drone's parameters to observe
their effect on stability and manoeuvrability.
8. Execute the assigned tasks, focusing on accuracy, efficiency, and adherence to the given
instructions.
9. Measure and record key performance metrics, including completion time, task success
rate, and any specific requirements or constraints.
10. Analyse the recorded data and performance metrics to evaluate your performance in
each task.
Results: The experiment demonstrated that utilizing a drone simulator provides valuable
insights into flight dynamics, enables evaluation of task performance, and enhances practical
experience in a controlled and simulated environment.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of the experiment on studying flight dynamics and task
performance through drone simulator experimentation?
2. How does a drone simulator provide a controlled and simulated environment for
studying flight dynamics?
3. What are some key parameters and metrics that can be measured and analyzed during
drone simulator experimentation?
4. How does the simulator replicate real-world flight conditions and dynamics?
5. What are some advantages of using a drone simulator for studying flight dynamics
compared to real-world flight testing?
6. How can the simulator be used to evaluate task performance and assess the
effectiveness of different flight maneuvers?
7. What are some considerations and limitations when interpreting the results obtained
from drone simulator experimentation?
8. How can the data collected during the simulator experiment be analyzed to gain insights
into flight dynamics and task performance?
9. What are some potential applications or benefits of studying flight dynamics and task
performance through drone simulator experimentation?
10. How can the findings from the experiment contribute to the understanding and
improvement of drone flight operations and training?

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EXPERIMENT NO.: 06
ESTIMATION OF ENDURENCE FOR DRONES

Aim: The aim of this experiment is to estimate the Endurance / fight time of a drone and
analyse factors that may affect its duration.
Apparatus: Drone, Stopwatch, Thrust rig
Theory: The endurance of a drone is influenced by various factors that affect its energy
consumption and overall performance. Understanding these factors is crucial for estimating
endurance accurately. The key factors that impact endurance include battery capacity, drone
weight, flight speed, wind conditions, and payload.
1. Battery Capacity: The battery capacity determines the amount of energy available for
the drone's motors, propellers, and other electronic components. Drones are typically
equipped with lithium-polymer (LiPo) batteries, which provide high energy density and
lightweight characteristics. The battery capacity is usually measured in milliampere-
hours (Mah) and represents the amount of current the battery can deliver over a specific
duration. As the drone operates, it draws power from the battery to keep the motors
running and maintain flight.
2. Drone Weight: The weight of the drone plays a significant role in endurance. A heavier
drone requires more energy to stay airborne compared to a lighter one. The additional
weight increases the power consumption of the motors and propellers, shortening the
endurance. When estimating endurance, it is important to consider the weight of the
drone and its components, including the battery, frame, payload, and any additional
equipment.
3. Flight Speed: The flight speed of a drone affects its energy consumption. Higher speeds
require more power to maintain stability and overcome air resistance. As the drone
moves faster through the air, the motors need to exert more force to propel the drone
forward, resulting in increased energy consumption. Therefore, flying at higher speeds
can reduce the overall endurance of a drone.
4. Wind Conditions: Wind conditions have a significant impact on endurance. Flying
against strong headwinds requires the drone to exert more power to maintain its position
or move forward, resulting in increased energy consumption and reduced endurance.
Conversely, flying with tailwinds can provide a boost to the drone's speed and
efficiency, potentially increasing endurance. Therefore, wind conditions must be
considered when estimating endurance, as stronger winds can significantly affect the
drone's energy consumption.
5. Payload: The presence of a payload, such as a camera or additional equipment, affects
endurance. Adding a payload increases the overall weight of the drone, resulting in
higher energy consumption and reduced endurance. The specific characteristics of the
payload, such as its weight and power requirements, should be taken into account when
estimating endurance.

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To estimate the endurance of a drone, these factors need to be considered collectively. By

monitoring the time, it takes for the battery to deplete during flight, it is possible to estimate
the endurance based on the drone's energy consumption rate. However, it is important to note
that endurance estimates may vary due to factors like battery efficiency, flight conditions, and
the complexity of manoeuvres performed during flight.

PROCEDURE

1) Set up a safe flying area and perform a pre-flight check on the drone according to the
lab's pre-flight checklist.
2) Confirm that the drone's batteries are fully charged, and the flight controller is
calibrated correctly.
3) Position the drone in Thrust rig and ensure it is securely placed and balanced.
4) Power on the drone and stabilize it at a 50% of throttle.
5) Observe the drone's performance, stability, and any deviations from the intended flight.
6) Cease the stopwatch or timer when the drone's battery reaches a critical level.
7) Compute the endurance utilizing the provided formulas, and conduct the experiment
multiple times to collect data for analysis.
8) Evaluate the endurance data, taking into account factors such as drone weight, flight
speed, wind conditions, and payload.
9) Determine the average endurance and identify any observed variations or patterns.

TABULAR COLUMN
SL Average Current Theoretical Practical Error%
NO Draw (ACD) Endurance (T) Endurance (T)

CALCULATIONS
1) Average Current Draw,

ACD = (TFW) x (P/V)

Once the average current calculated, divide the battery’s total available capacity ( C) by that
current, and we will have the endurance in hours.

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2) Endurance/ flight time

Time = (C x BDM) / ACD

When Mah as a Capacity unit and Kg as unit of weight then time will be in Hours, convert it
to Minutes.
3) Error Percentage

Theoretical Endurance (T)

× 100
Practical Endurance (T)

Where;
Total Flight Weight (TFW)
Average Current Draw (ACD
Power to Weight ratio (P)
Battery Pack Voltage (V)
Battery Capacity (C)
Battery Discharge Margin (BDM)

Result: The experiment estimated the endurance of the drone and error percentage of practical
endurance and theoretical endurance is calculated.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the significance of estimating endurance for drones?
2. How does endurance estimation contribute to the planning and operation of drone
missions?
3. What are the factors that affect the endurance of a drone?
4. What are the key parameters used in the formula for estimating endurance?
5. How does the weight of the drone and its payload impact the endurance?
6. What role does the battery capacity play in the estimation of endurance?
7. How can the average current draw be calculated to estimate the endurance?
8. How does the drone's power and voltage affect the endurance estimation?
9. What are some limitations or challenges in accurately estimating the endurance for
drones?
10. How can the findings from the endurance estimation experiment be applied to real-
world drone operations and mission planning?

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EXPERIMENT NO.: 07
PART (A)
PRE FLIGHT-CHECKS
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to emphasize the importance of pre-flight checks in
ensuring the safety and optimal performance of a drone before each flight.
Apparatus: Drone, Radio Transmitter
Theory: The pre-flight checks in drone operations is centred on ensuring the safety and
optimal performance of the drone before each flight. These checks are essential to identify and
address any potential issues or malfunctions that may arise during flight, which could
compromise the safety of people, property, and the drone itself-flight checks cover various
aspects of the drone, including its hardware, software, battery, sensors, and control systems.
Each component plays a vital role in the proper functioning of the drone and contributes to its
overall flight performance. By thoroughly examining these components before take-off,
operators can detect any abnormalities or potential problems that may affect the drone's ability
to fly or navigate.
The pre-flight checks begin with a visual inspection of the physical condition of the drone. This
involves examining the frame, propellers, landing gear, and any attached payloads for any signs
of damage, wear, or loose parts. It is crucial to ensure that the drone is structurally sound and
that all components are securely attached. Next, the battery is checked to ensure it is adequately
charged. A low battery can lead to a sudden loss of power during flight, which can result in a
crash or an emergency landing. It is important to verify that the battery is properly connected
and in good condition. The electronic connections and wiring of the drone are inspected to
confirm that they are secure and intact. Loose connections or damaged wiring can lead to signal
loss or unreliable communication between the drone and the remote controller.
Calibrating the drone's sensors, such as the compass and gyroscope, is a critical step to ensure
accurate flight control and navigation. This calibration process helps the drone establish its
orientation and stability in the surrounding environment. The remote controller is checked to
ensure it is properly connected and functioning correctly. The control sticks, switches, and
buttons are tested to verify their responsiveness and functionality. Software and firmware
updates are checked for and applied if necessary. Keeping the drone's software up to date helps
ensure compatibility with the latest features and improvements, as well as addressing any
known bugs or vulnerabilities. The GPS signal strength is verified, as GPS plays a crucial role
in providing accurate positioning information to the drone. Adequate GPS signal acquisition is
important for flight stability, accurate navigation, and the functioning of features such as return-
to-home. Finally, the emergency failsafe features are tested, such as return-to-home or low
battery warnings. These features are designed to mitigate risks and provide safety measures in
case of unexpected events during flight. Following a systematic pre-flight check procedure not
only enhances flight safety but also contributes to the overall reliability and performance of the
drone. Regularly conducting these checks helps maintain the drone in optimal condition,
prolong its lifespan, and build confidence in its operation. By emphasizing the importance of
pre-flight checks, drone operators can establish a safety-oriented mindset and promote
responsible and conscientious drone operations.

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PROCEDURE:
1. Before each flight, ensure that the drone is placed on a stable and level surface to
prevent accidental movement during the pre-flight checks.
2. Follow the pre-flight checklist systematically, going through each item one by one to
ensure a comprehensive inspection.
3. Inspect the physical condition of the drone, including the frame, propellers, landing
gear, and any attached payloads, checking for any signs of damage, wear, or loose
components.
4. Check the battery status and ensure it is adequately charged, as low battery levels can
lead to unexpected power loss during flight.
5. Verify that all electronic connections and wiring are securely connected and properly
fastened, minimizing the risk of signal loss or connectivity issues.
6. Calibrate the drone's sensors, such as the compass and gyroscope, according to the
manufacturer's instructions, to ensure accurate flight control and navigation.
7. Confirm that the remote controller is properly connected to the drone and functioning
correctly, with responsive control inputs and reliable communication.
8. Check for any available software or firmware updates and apply them if necessary, as
updates often include improvements, bug fixes, and enhanced performance.
9. Verify the GPS signal strength and ensure that the drone has acquired a sufficient
number of satellites for accurate positioning and navigation.
10. Double-check that emergency failsafe features, such as return-to-home or low battery
warnings, are enabled and functioning properly to provide additional safety measures
during flight.
11. Once all the pre-flight checks are completed, mark the checklist as passed or note any
identified issues that need to be addressed before flying, ensuring that all necessary
precautions have been taken for a safe and successful flight.
Results: The experiment demonstrated that conducting pre-flight checks is crucial for
ensuring the safety and optimal performance of a drone before each flight.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of conducting pre-flight checks before operating a drone?
2. Why is it important to follow a pre-flight checklist specific to the drone model being
used?
3. What are some key components or aspects that should be inspected during pre-flight
checks?
4. How does checking the battery status contribute to the safety and success of a drone
flight?
5. Why is it important to ensure all electronic connections and wiring are secure before
flying a drone?

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6. How does calibrating the drone's sensors, such as the compass and gyroscope, affect its
performance?
7. What role does the remote controller play in pre-flight checks, and why is it important
to verify its proper connection?
8. How can software or firmware updates impact the pre-flight check process and flight
performance?
9. Why is it necessary to confirm the GPS signal strength and the drone's ability to acquire
satellites before flying?
10. What are some emergency failsafe features that should be checked during pre-flight
checks, and why are they important for safe drone operations?

EXPERIMENT NO.: 08
PART (B)
POST FLIGHT-CHECKS
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to emphasize the importance of post-flight checks in
assessing the condition of a drone after each flight, identifying any potential issues, and
ensuring readiness for subsequent flights.
Apparatus: Drone, Radio Transmitter
Theory: Post-flight checks play a critical role in assessing the condition of a drone after a
flight. These checks are essential to identify and address any potential damage, wear, or
malfunctions that may have occurred during the flight. By conducting thorough post-flight
checks, operators can ensure the drone's continued airworthiness and readiness for future
flights. During the post-flight checks, operators carefully inspect the physical condition of the
drone, including its frame, propellers, landing gear, and any attached payloads. The aim is to
detect any signs of damage such as cracks, bends, or dents, as well as wear and tear on
components that may require maintenance or replacement. Identifying and addressing these
issues promptly ensures that the drone remains in optimal working condition and reduces the
risk of in-flight failures or accidents.
Furthermore, post-flight checks involve examining the battery to ensure it is disconnected from
the drone and in a safe state. Operators look for any swelling, leaks, or other indications of
damage that may affect the battery's performance or safety. Addressing battery-related issues
is crucial as it ensures reliable power supply for future flights and minimizes the risk of battery
failure during operation. Electronic connections and wiring are also inspected during post-
flight checks to ensure they are secure and undamaged. Loose connections or damaged wiring
can compromise the drone's functionality and may lead to issues such as loss of control or
signal interruption. By verifying the integrity of these connections, operators can mitigate the
risk of electrical problems and ensure reliable communication between the drone and its
components. Reviewing flight logs and captured data from sensors or onboard recording
devices is another important aspect of post-flight checks. This analysis allows operators to
assess the drone's performance during the flight, detect any anomalies or irregularities, and
gain insights into areas for improvement or troubleshooting. By analysing flight data, operators
can identify patterns, optimize flight parameters, and enhance the overall performance of the
drone. The results of conducting thorough post-flight checks ensure the continued

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airworthiness of the drone and its readiness for future flights. By addressing any identified
issues, performing necessary maintenance tasks, and taking corrective actions, operators can
maximize the drone's reliability, minimize the risk of malfunctions or accidents, and ensure
safe and efficient operations.
PROCEDURE:
1. Obtain the post-flight checklist specific to the drone model being used.
2. After each flight, land the drone in a safe area and power it off.
3. Begin the post-flight checks by systematically going through each item on the checklist.
4. Inspect the physical condition of the drone, including the frame, propellers, landing
gear, and any attached payloads, checking for any signs of damage, loose components,
or wear.
5. Examine the battery, ensuring it is disconnected from the drone and in a safe state.
Check for any swelling, leaks, or signs of damage.
6. Inspect the electronic connections and wiring, ensuring they are secure and undamaged.
7. Review the flight logs and data captured during the flight, if available, to assess any
anomalies or irregularities.
8. Verify the storage condition of the drone, ensuring it is stored in a suitable environment,
protected from extreme temperatures, moisture, and other potentially damaging factors.
9. Record any identified issues, maintenance requirements, or recommendations for future
flights.
Results: The experiment underscored the significance of post-flight checks in evaluating
the drone's condition, identifying possible issues, and ensuring its preparedness for future
flights.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why is it important to conduct post-flight checks after operating a drone?
2. What are the key components or aspects that should be inspected during post-flight
checks?
3. How does inspecting the physical condition of the drone contribute to its maintenance
and airworthiness?
4. Why is it necessary to examine the battery and ensure it is disconnected and in a safe
state after flight?
5. What are the reasons for inspecting electronic connections and wiring during post-flight
checks?
6. How can reviewing flight logs and captured data help in assessing the performance and
behavior of the drone?
7. What considerations should be made when storing the drone after flight, and why is it
important?

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8. How do post-flight checks contribute to the overall safety and reliability of drone
operations?
9. What are some potential issues or anomalies that could be identified during post-flight
checks, and how can they be addressed?
10. How can the findings from post-flight checks be used to improve future drone
operations and maintenance practices

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EXPERIMENT NO.:09
STUDY OF FLIGHT DYNAMICS THROUGH MANUAL FLYING
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to practice and improve manual flying skills, enhance
piloting techniques, and gain a better understanding of drone control through hands-on
experience.
Apparatus: Drone, Radio Transmitter, Ground Station.
Theory: Manual flying in the context of drone operation involves direct control of the drone's
movement using a remote controller. It requires the pilot to manipulate the control sticks to
manoeuvres the drone in different directions, control its altitude, and perform various flight
manoeuvres. Understanding the theory of drone flight dynamics is crucial for successful
manual flying.
1. Flight Controls: The remote controller consists of control sticks that are responsible for
pitch, roll, yaw, and throttle control. Pitch refers to the forward and backward
movement of the drone, roll represents its sideways movement, yaw corresponds to its
rotation, and throttle controls the drone's altitude.
2. Flight Dynamics: The flight dynamics of a drone involve the interaction between
various forces acting on it during flight. Lift, generated by the propellers, counteracts
the force of gravity, allowing the drone to stay airborne. Control surfaces such as the
ailerons, elevators, and rudder enable the pilot to control the drone's movement in
different axes.
3. Control Inputs: Manipulating the control sticks on the remote controller produces
corresponding control inputs that govern the drone's behavior. Adjusting the throttle
controls the speed of the propellers and, consequently, the drone's altitude. Moving the
pitch and roll control sticks results in changes in the drone's orientation and movement
in the respective directions. Rotating the yaw control stick rotates the drone around its
vertical axis.
4. Flight Manoeuvres: Manual flying allows for the execution of various flight
manoeuvres to enhance piloting skills. These manoeuvres include take-off and landing,
hovering, straight flight, banking turns, ascending and descending, figure-eight
patterns, and controlled landings. Each manoeuvre requires precise control inputs and
coordinated actions to achieve desired flight characteristics.
5. Flight Characteristics: During manual flying, pilots observe and analyse the flight
characteristics of the drone, including stability, responsiveness, agility, and
manoeuvrability. Understanding these characteristics helps pilots anticipate and
respond to changes in flight conditions, enabling smoother and controlled flights.
6. Safety Considerations: Safety is of utmost importance during manual flying. Pilots
should maintain a safe distance from people, objects, and aircraft, and operate within
legal and regulatory guidelines. They should also be aware of environmental factors
such as wind speed and weather conditions that can affect flight performance.
PROCEDURE:
1. Conduct a pre-flight check on the drone following the guidelines to ensure it is in
proper working condition.

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2. Choose an open and safe flying area, away from obstacles and people, and suitable
weather condition to perform the manual flying experiment.
3. Power on the drone and the remote controller, ensuring they are properly paired.
4. Familiarize yourself with the control sticks on the remote controller, understanding
their functions for throttle, pitch, roll, and yaw control.
5. Start with basic manoeuvres such as take-off, hovering, and landing to get comfortable
with the controls and responsiveness of the drone.
6. Practice flying in different directions, maintaining a steady altitude and controlling the
drone's orientation.
7. Observe and analyse the flight characteristics of the drone during manual flying, noting
any challenges, limitations, or areas requiring improvement.
8. Take note of the flight duration, battery consumption, and overall flight performance
during the manual flying session.

Results: The experiment yielded significant improvement in manual flying skills, enhanced
piloting techniques, and a comprehensive understanding of drone control through hands-on
experience.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of the experiment on studying drone flight dynamics through
manual flying?
2. How does manual flying differ from autonomous flying in terms of drone control?
3. What are some key factors that can influence drone flight dynamics during manual
flying?
4. How does the pilot's control inputs affect the flight behavior and manoeuvrability of
the drone?
5. What are some challenges or considerations when it comes to achieving stable and
precise flight during manual flying?
6. How can the pilot adjust the flight characteristics of the drone during manual flying to
optimize performance?
7. How does wind conditions or external factors impact the flight dynamics of the drone
during manual flying?
8. What are some safety measures and best practices that should be followed during
manual flying experiments?
9. How can the data collected during manual flying be analysed to evaluate drone flight
dynamics?
10. What are some potential insights or findings that can be gained from studying drone
flight dynamics through manual flying?

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EXPERIMENT NO.: 10

DESIGNING THE MECHANISM OF PAYLOAD DROPPING FOR A

DRONE

Aim: To design and test a reliable mechanism for payload dropping using a drone, ensuring
accurate and safe delivery of the payload to a designated target.

Apparatus / Equipment:

• Drone with payload capacity

• Payload (e.g., small package or weight)
• Servo motor
• Payload release mechanism (e.g., hook or latch)
• Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino or Raspberry Pi)
• Remote control or ground control station (GCS) with software
• GPS module
• Altimeter
• Batteries and power supply
• Safety gear (e.g., gloves, safety glasses)
• Measuring tape or laser rangefinder
• Target area (marked landing zone)
• Data recording tools (notebook, pen, camera)

Theory:

The payload dropping mechanism involves integrating a servo motor with a latch or hook
system controlled by a microcontroller. The servo motor, activated by a remote signal, will
release the payload at the desired location. The accuracy and reliability of the system depend
on the precise control of the drone's position using GPS and altimeter data. The experiment
aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the designed mechanism in terms of payload release
accuracy, response time, and operational safety.

Procedure:

1. Design and Assembly:

o Attach the servo motor to the drone securely, ensuring it can handle the
payload's weight.
o Connect the payload to the servo motor using the release mechanism (hook or
latch).
o Integrate the microcontroller with the servo motor and set up the control
signals.
2. Programming:
o Write a program for the microcontroller to control the servo motor.
o Configure the program to receive commands from the remote control or GCS
for payload release.
o Incorporate safety checks to prevent accidental release.

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3. Pre-Flight Checks:
o Conduct a thorough inspection of the drone and payload mechanism.
o Ensure all connections are secure, and the battery is fully charged.
o Test the servo motor and release mechanism on the ground.
4. Flight and Payload Release:
o Choose a clear and safe area for the experiment with a marked target zone.
o Launch the drone and navigate to the target zone using GPS and altimeter
data.
o Hover the drone at the desired altitude above the target zone.
o Activate the payload release mechanism via remote control or GCS.
o Observe and record the payload's descent and landing accuracy.
5. Data Collection:
o Measure the distance between the landing point and the center of the target
zone.
o Record the response time of the payload release mechanism.
o Note any deviations or issues during the payload release process.
6. Post-Flight Analysis:
o Analyse the data collected to determine the accuracy and reliability of the
payload dropping mechanism.
o Identify any factors affecting performance, such as wind conditions or
mechanical delays.
o Suggest improvements based on the analysis.

Results:

• Accuracy: Measure the average distance between the landing point and the target
zone center across multiple trials.
• Response Time: Calculate the average time taken for the payload to be released after
the command is given.
• Reliability: Evaluate the consistency of the payload release mechanism in different
conditions (e.g., varying altitudes, wind speeds).
• Operational Safety: Assess the safety of the mechanism, ensuring no accidental
releases or failures during the experiment.

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EXPERIMENT NO.:11
STUDY OF FLIGHT DYNAMICS THROUGH AUTONOMOUS FLYING
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to explore and analyse the autonomous flying capabilities
of a drone, understand the underlying principles of autonomous flight, and evaluate its
performance in executing predefined tasks or missions.

Apparatus: Drone, Radio Transmitter, Ground Station.

Theory: Autonomous flying is a cutting-edge technology that enables drones to perform flight
operations and tasks without direct human control. It relies on sophisticated flight control
systems, sensors, and algorithms to navigate, make decisions, and execute predefined missions
or flight paths. The theory behind autonomous flying encompasses several key concepts.
Firstly, autonomous drones are equipped with advanced flight control systems that incorporate
GPS, gyroscopes, accelerometers, and other sensors. These systems collect and analyse data
on the drone's position, orientation, and motion, allowing for precise control and navigation.
Secondly, mission planning and execution are crucial for autonomous flight. Operators use
mission planning software to define flight paths, waypoints, and tasks. These instructions are
then programmed into the drone, which autonomously follows the predefined missions,
carrying out actions such as waypoint navigation, object tracking, or payload delivery. Sensor
fusion and data processing play a vital role in autonomous flight. Drones integrate data from
various sensors, including GPS, cameras, lidar, and more, to build a comprehensive
understanding of the surrounding environment. This allows the drone to perceive obstacles,
detect landmarks, and make informed decisions during flight.
Flight path algorithms are essential for autonomous flight. These algorithms enable the drone
to calculate optimal flight paths and trajectories based on mission objectives and environmental
conditions. Factors such as obstacle avoidance, wind conditions, energy efficiency, and
mission-specific requirements are considered to ensure safe and efficient autonomous flight.
Safety measures and fail-safes are incorporated into autonomous drones to mitigate risks.
Features like geofencing limit the drone's flight within designated boundaries, while return-to-
home functions and emergency landing procedures are in place to address signal loss or critical
situations, ensuring the protection of people, property, and the drone itself.
Real-time decision-making is a key aspect of autonomous flight. Drones continuously analyse
sensor data, compare it with mission objectives and environmental conditions, and make real-
time decisions to adjust their flight path or actions. This adaptive capability allows the drone
to respond to changing circumstances and ensure mission success. Monitoring and telemetry
provide operators with real-time data on the drone's position, status, and performance. This
information allows for remote tracking and monitoring of autonomous missions, enabling
operators to detect anomalies and intervene if necessary.

PROCEDURE:
1. Conduct a pre-flight check on the drone following the guidelines to ensure it is in
proper working condition.
2. Prepare the mission planning software and define the autonomous flight paths or tasks
based on the experimental objectives.

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3. Establish communication between the ground control station and the drone.
4. Upload the predefined flight plan or task to the drone's flight control system.
5. Power on the drone and perform necessary calibrations, including GPS and sensor
calibration, as per the manufacturer's instructions.
6. Initiate the autonomous flight mode or engage the predefined mission on the ground
control station.
7. Observe and monitor the drone's behavior during autonomous flight, ensuring it follows
the predefined flight path or executes the designated tasks accurately.
8. Evaluate the drone's performance in terms of its ability to maintain stable flight,
navigate obstacles, and execute commands autonomously.
9. Assess the accuracy and effectiveness of the drone's autonomous operations, such as
waypoint navigation, object tracking, or payload delivery, based on the predefined
mission objectives.
10. Record and analyse the flight data and any observed deviations or issues during
autonomous flight.
11. Repeat the experiment with different autonomous flight plans or tasks to evaluate the
drone's consistency and adaptability in performing various missions.
12. Take note of any challenges, limitations, or areas requiring improvement in the drone's
autonomous capabilities.

Results: The results of the experiment involve the assessment of the drone's autonomous flying
capabilities and performance.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of the experiment on studying drone flight dynamics through
autonomous flying?
2. How does autonomous flying differ from manual flying in terms of drone control?
3. What are some key components and systems involved in enabling autonomous flight?
4. How does sensor fusion contribute to autonomous flight and understanding drone flight
dynamics?
5. What are some of the challenges or considerations when it comes to achieving accurate
and safe autonomous flight?
6. How can mission planning and execution affect the flight dynamics of a drone during
autonomous flying?
7. How does real-time decision-making play a role in autonomous flight and adapting to
changing circumstances?
8. What are some safety measures and fail-safes that are implemented in autonomous
flying systems?
9. How can monitoring and telemetry data be utilized in analyzing drone flight dynamics
during autonomous flying?
10. What are some potential benefits or applications of studying drone flight dynamics
through autonomous flying?

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EXPERIMENT NO.:12
STUDY OF VARIED FLIGHT MODES FOR DRONE OPERATION

Aim: The aim of this experiment is to explore and analyse different flight modes available in
drones, understand their functionalities, and evaluate their impact on flight performance and
manoeuvrability.
Apparatus: Drone, Radio Transmitter, Ground Station.

Theory: Drones often come equipped with various flight modes that offer different
functionalities and performance characteristics. Understanding the theory behind these flight
modes helps in leveraging their capabilities effectively.
1. Manual Mode: In manual mode, the pilot has complete control over the drone's
movement, including throttle, pitch, roll, and yaw. It offers the highest level of control
but requires skilled piloting to ensure stable flight.
2. GPS Mode: GPS mode utilizes the Global Positioning System to stabilize the drone's
position and maintain a fixed location when the controls are released. It is particularly
useful for aerial photography, videography, and capturing smooth footage.
3. Altitude Hold Mode: Altitude hold mode uses barometric pressure sensors to maintain
a steady altitude automatically. It allows the pilot to focus on manoeuvring the drone
horizontally without worrying about altitude control.
4. Sport Mode: Sport mode is designed for high-performance flying, enabling faster
acceleration, higher maximum speeds, and more agile manoeuvrability. It is ideal for
aerial acrobatics, racing, and dynamic flight manoeuvres.
5. Return-to-Home (RTH) Mode: RTH mode automatically brings the drone back to its
take-off location using GPS coordinates. It is useful in situations such as signal loss,
low battery, or when the pilot initiates the return.
PROCEDURE:
1. Conduct a pre-flight check on the drone following the guidelines to ensure it is in
proper working condition.
2. Choose an open and safe flying area, away from obstacles and people, to perform the
experiment.
3. Put on the necessary safety equipment, such as goggles and gloves, to protect yourself
during the flight.
4. Power on the drone and the remote controller, ensuring they are properly paired.
5. Familiarize yourself with the control sticks on the remote controller and the method to
switch between flight modes.

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6. Begin the flight in manual mode and practice manoeuvring the drone using the full
control range.
7. Switch to GPS mode and observe how the drone maintains its position and stability
when the controls are released.
8. Engage altitude hold mode and explore its functionality by focusing on horizontal
movements while the drone maintains a fixed altitude.
9. Activate sport mode and experience the increased speed, agility, and responsiveness
of the drone.
10. Test the return-to-home (RTH) mode by initiating the command and observing how
the drone autonomously returns to its take off location.
11. Observe and analyse the drone's behavior, stability, manoeuvrability, and response
time in each flight mode.
12. Take note of the differences in flight performance, speed, agility, and ease of control
between the different flight modes.

Results: This experiment revealed the distinct characteristics and functionalities of different
flight modes.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the objective of studying varied flight modes for drone operation?

2. What are the different flight modes commonly available in drones and their respective
functionalities?

3. How do different flight modes affect the performance and behavior of a drone?

4. What are the key parameters or characteristics that can be observed and analysed
when studying varied flight modes?

5. How can the selection of an appropriate flight mode enhance the capabilities and
efficiency of drone operations?

6. What are some safety considerations or limitations associated with specific flight
modes?

7. How can the study of varied flight modes contribute to improving the stability,
manoeuvrability, or specific tasks performed by drones?

8. What are the challenges or trade-offs when switching between different flight modes
during a mission?

9. How can the data collected during the experiment be analysed to assess the
advantages and limitations of different flight modes?

10. How can the findings from the study of varied flight modes be applied to optimize
drone operations and enhance mission success?

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EXPERIMENT NO.:13
ANALYSIS OF FLIGHT LOGS TO EVALUATE DRONE
PERFORMANCE AND FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to study and analyse flight logs to evaluate the
performance, flight characteristics, and operational parameters of a drone during various
flight scenarios.

Apparatus: Drone data storage, Software, Flight controller & Ground Station
Theory: Flight logs play a crucial role in the analysis and evaluation of drone performance
and flight characteristics. They provide a comprehensive record of various parameters and
data collected during the drone's flight, enabling researchers to gain insights into its behavior,
identify areas for improvement, and assess its overall performance. The theory behind the
analysis of flight logs encompasses several key aspects:

1. Flight Data Recording: Flight logs are generated by the drone's onboard flight control
system, which continuously collects data from various sensors and components during
the flight. These sensors may include GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers,
and battery voltage sensors. The flight control system records and logs these data points
at regular intervals, creating a detailed timeline of the drone's flight.
2. Parameters and Metrics: Flight logs contain a wide range of parameters and metrics that
describe the drone's performance and flight characteristics. These parameters include
altitude, speed, position, heading, battery voltage, motor RPM, control inputs, and flight
duration. By analysing these parameters, researchers can gain insights into the drone's
altitude changes, speed variations, flight stability, responsiveness to control inputs, and
other flight characteristics.
3. Flight Behavior Analysis: The analysis of flight logs allows researchers to evaluate the
drone's flight behavior and performance during different flight scenarios. By studying
the logged data, researchers can observe patterns, trends, and anomalies in the flight
behavior. They can assess the drone's ability to maintain stable altitude, follow a desired
flight path, respond to control inputs accurately, and execute manoeuvres effectively.
This analysis provides valuable information for understanding the drone's capabilities
and limitations in various flight conditions.
4. Performance Evaluation: Flight logs serve as a basis for evaluating the drone's
performance in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, and reliability. Researchers can

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assess performance metrics such as flight duration, distance travelled, average speed,
and battery consumption. These metrics help gauge the drone's endurance, energy
efficiency, and overall performance in different flight scenarios. By comparing
performance across multiple flights or benchmarking against manufacturer
specifications, researchers can identify areas for improvement and optimization.
5. Anomaly Detection and Troubleshooting: Flight logs play a critical role in identifying
anomalies or abnormal flight behavior that may require further investigation or
troubleshooting. Researchers can analyse the logged data to detect any sudden altitude
drops, unexpected control inputs, irregular motor RPM, or abnormal battery drain. This
analysis helps pinpoint potential issues or malfunctions and facilitates the process of
diagnosing and resolving them. By correlating logged data with specific events or flight
conditions, researchers can troubleshoot and optimize the drone's performance.
6. Validation and Compliance: Flight logs provide evidence for validating the drone's
performance against regulatory requirements, operational standards, or manufacturer
specifications. By analysing the logged data, researchers can ensure that the drone
operates within the defined parameters and complies with safety regulations. This
validation process contributes to the overall reliability, safety, and compliance of the
drone's operations.

PROCEDURE:

1. Ensure that the drone's logging feature is enabled and configured correctly to record the
desired flight data.
2. Conduct multiple flight sessions, varying flight scenarios and modes, such as hover,
forward flight, manoeuvres, and autonomous flights.
3. Ensure compliance with legal and safe operating conditions during the flights,
following applicable regulations and guidelines.
4. Transfer the recorded flight log files to a computer or designated analysis tool for
further processing.
5. Utilize flight log analysis software (mission planner) to extract and interpret relevant
data from the log files.
6. Analyse key parameters including altitude, speed, battery voltage, and control inputs to
gain insights into the drone's behavior.
7. Identify patterns, trends, or discrepancies in the flight data that may indicate areas for
improvement or potential issues.

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8. Evaluate flight performance based on metrics such as flight duration, distance travelled,
average speed, and battery consumption.
9. Assess flight characteristics, stability, responsiveness, and manoeuvrability based on
the recorded data.
10. Detect and troubleshoot anomalies or abnormal flight behavior, correlating log data
with specific events or flight conditions to pinpoint potential causes.

Results: The results of the experiment involve the analysis of flight logs to evaluate drone
performance and flight characteristics.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of studying flight logs in drone experiments?
2. How are flight logs recorded and accessed in a drone?
3. What type of data can be extracted from flight logs?
4. How can flight logs help in evaluating the performance of a drone during different flight
scenarios?
5. What are some key parameters that can be analyzed from flight logs?
6. How can anomalies or abnormal flight behavior be identified using flight logs?
7. How can flight logs be used for troubleshooting and diagnosing issues with a drone?
8. What are some performance metrics that can be derived from flight logs?
9. How can flight logs help in optimizing and improving the performance of a drone?
10. How important is it to ensure compliance with legal and safety regulations when
analyzing flight logs?

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