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 ETUK ONNO
JINISH. NOT
SHATYAPIR BHITA
The Cruciform Shrine of Paharpur Buddhist Monastery, also known as the Somapura Mahavihara, is an ancient Buddhist monastery
located in present-day Bangladesh. It was built during the 8th century CE, and it represents an important development in the history
of Buddhism in ancient Bengal.

During this time, Buddhism was a prominent religion in the region, and the Pala dynasty, which ruled over Bengal from the 8th to the
12th century CE, was known for its support of Buddhism. The Paharpur monastery was likely built during the reign of the Pala king
Dharmapala, and it is believed to have been an important center for Buddhist learning and pilgrimage.

The Cruciform Shrine of the Paharpur Buddhist Monastery is a unique architectural structure, consisting of a square central
chamber with four projecting apses, arranged in the shape of a cross. The chamber is surrounded by a series of cells and corridors,
which were likely used as living quarters for the monks who resided at the monastery.

The design of the cruciform shrine reflects the influence of both Indian and Southeast Asian architectural styles, which were
prominent in the region during this time. The use of the cross-shaped plan was a popular feature of Buddhist architecture in
Southeast Asia, and it is believed to have been inspired by the shape of the Buddha's footprint.

The Paharpur monastery was an important center for Buddhist learning and scholarship, and it played a significant role in the spread
of Buddhism throughout the region. The monks who resided at the monastery were known for their scholarship and were highly
respected for their knowledge of Buddhist texts and philosophy.

Overall, the Cruciform Shrine of the Paharpur Buddhist Monastery represents an important development in the history of Buddhism
in ancient Bengal. It reflects the influence of both Indian and Southeast Asian architectural styles and was an important center for
Buddhist learning and pilgrimage during a time when Buddhism was a prominent religion in the region.
Nalanda was an ancient centre of higher education not only in India but also in the world. And obviously It should be noticed
that It was the first university of the world.
Establishment:
Nalanda was started its journey since 5 century AD. Nalanda flourished during the era of Sakradritya. It was nurtured by the
Gupta ruler's. And during the time of Harshvardhan it was the most famous university of this region.
Location:
The site is located about 88 km south east of Patna.
Explanation of Plan:
There three parts in this plan. They are:
-Viharas
-Chaityas
-Stupas

Viharas:
(1)These viharas typically have quadrangular plan.It means it had building
in the four sides having a courtyard in the centre.
(2)They have entry portico
(3)In the back side, there were shrines(chapel).
(4)In the interior, These were colonnaded varandas around a courtyard.
(5)Viharas were 3 storied and made of brick and timber.
(6)stairs were provided of the four corners.
(7)Drains were buried beneath courtyard floors to discharge water to the back side of the vihara
(8)Wells and hesith were built in the courtyard
(9)Meditation cells, built in bels and niches were also provided in some of the cells.
(10)Service facilities like Kitchen and refractory were reportedly located in this viharas
Chaityas

(1)They form the central monumental axis.

(2)"Pancharatna" planning concept. It means they had central
shrine and four subsidiary shrine at the corner.
(3)Each temple was elevated on a low plinth connected by a central
stair
(4)Chaitya 3 was built in 7 phases.
(5)The architecture of chaitya 12 is similar to Mahabodhi temple.

Stupas

(1)All stupas congregate tensely around caitya 3 and 12.

(2)Most stupas had square plinth.
(3)Above the plinth, there were super structures like circular drum,
dome, harmiks and a timber or stone yasti chatya.
(4)The dome of the stupa had caitya-arched niches containing
images of sculptures of Buddha.
Library Subjects Education system
According to Tibetan accounts, ancient Nalanda Mainly Buddhism, others were 1. It was basically a post graduate university.
university's library was called "Dharma 1.vedic literature 2. Student from other universities used to
Gunj"(Mountain truth) consisted of three grand 2.Grammer study here with fellowship
building - 3.Law 3. The style of admission test of this university
was of high standard
(1) Ratna Sagara 4.Mathematic
4. Every 3 out 10 got chance to study here.
(2) Ratna Dadhi 5.Medicine
(3) Ratna Ranjaka 6.Astronomy
(As the library is not excavated till now, the library is 7.Astrology
not shown in the pros) 8.Contemporary

-)Ratna Dighi was a nine storied building Vice chancellor

-)The whole establishment was surrounded by a brick Students: First VC was a Bengali scholar
wall 10,000 students studied here. Sheelvadro. Vice chancellor was the
Some of them were from head of the administrative
Books of the library China, Korea, purposes
The library collected not only religious manuscripts Japan, and middle east.
but also had texts on such subjects Some famous students are Professor
as grammar, logic, literature, astrology, - Hiuan Tsang -Dharma Pal
mathematics, and medicine, - I. Ting -Basho Bandho
- Dharma Vamin -Arya Dev
Two famous manuscripts are: -Din mitra
- Prajnaparamita Sutra
- Samaj Gunya And many professors worked here. The
total number of teachers were
The university library was ruined by Bakhtiar Khilji about 2000.
dharmaganja? Dharma Gunj
-Mountain of truth
b)Ratna Dadhi***
The statement "Hut is the machine for dwelling in delta" appears to be a reference to the importance of simple, functional
structures for people living in low-lying, flood-prone regions such as the delta regions of Bengal. The term "machine" here
may refer to the practicality and efficiency of such structures in meeting the needs of the people living in these areas.

In the context of Hindu temple architecture development in Bengal from the 16th to the 19th century, this statement could
be interpreted as emphasizing the importance of practicality and functionality in temple design, particularly in relation to
the specific geographical and environmental conditions of the delta region.

During this period, Bengal saw the development of a distinctive style of temple architecture that incorporated elements of
local traditions and materials, such as the use of brick and terracotta. These temples were often designed to withstand
the region's frequent floods and cyclones, with elevated platforms and sloping roofs to prevent water damage.

Thus, the statement "Hut is the machine for dwelling in delta" could be seen as a reminder that even grand, ornate
structures such as temples must ultimately serve the practical needs of the people who use them. In the case of temple
architecture in Bengal, this meant designing buildings that could withstand the environmental challenges of the delta
region while still embodying the spiritual and cultural values of the community.
kantajeer navaratna temple

Kantajew Temple, also known as the Kantajew Mandir or the Kantaji Temple, is a terracotta Hindu temple located in the Dinajpur district of Bangladesh. It is
considered to be one of the finest examples of Hindu terracotta temple architecture in the Indian subcontinent. The temple was built during the late
medieval period, between the 18th and 19th centuries, by Maharaja Pran Nath of the Dinajpur Raj.

The Kantajew Temple is a nine-spired, three-story temple built on a high platform. The temple's unique feature is its terracotta ornamentation, which covers
the entire exterior surface of the temple. The terracotta panels depict various mythological scenes, such as the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and the ten
incarnations of Lord Vishnu. The panels also depict scenes of daily life, such as farming, hunting, and weaving.

The temple's architecture is a blend of Hindu and Islamic styles. The temple's base and lower portions of the walls are built in the Bengali style of
architecture, while the upper portions of the walls and the spires are built in the Islamic style. The temple's intricate terracotta ornamentation, combined
with its unique blend of architectural styles, makes it a masterpiece of South Asian architecture.
The Harsha Empire, also known as the Harsha era or Harshavardhana
dynasty, was a North Indian kingdom that flourished from the mid-6th
century to the mid-7th century CE. During this period, there was a significant
development of art and architecture, which was influenced by both Gupta
and post-Gupta styles.

Some scholars believe that the architecture of the Harsha era was largely
influenced by the Gupta dynasty, which preceded it. The Harsha period was
marked by the construction of several religious and secular buildings,
including temples, monasteries, stupas, and palaces.

One of the most significant architectural achievements of the Harsha Empire

is the Buddhist monastery complex at Nalanda, which was founded during
the reign of Harshavardhana himself. The complex comprised of several
temples, shrines, lecture halls, and dormitories, and was known to be one of
the greatest centers of learning in ancient India.

Another important architectural achievement of the Harsha Empire was the

construction of the Shiva temple at Sarnath, which was built during the reign
of Harshavardhana's father, Prabhakarvardhana. The temple was adorned
with intricate carvings and sculptures, which were considered to be among
the finest examples of post-Gupta art.

Unfortunately, much of the architectural heritage of the Harsha Empire has

been lost due to the ravages of time and invasions. However, the surviving
monuments bear witness to the rich artistic and cultural legacy of this
ancient Indian empire.
*45
The city of Pataliputra Royal Palace
Justin: capital of Murya Dynasty 1. stood near the modern village of kandahar in Patna.
Plutark: Armed Force with 600000 men. 2. structure: It was a grand version of the familiar rectangular hut.
Megasthenes: A city of striking beauty. 3. Material: Chiefly made of timber.
4. Hypostyle hall: The main portion of the imperial residence consisted
1. Area: Occupying a narrow parallelogram. of series of hypostyle halls.
2. Dimension: 9.5 miles long and 1.5 miles wide. 5. Column:
3. River: It was by the side of great river Ganga. a. The columns of hypostyle hall were made of timber and wood.
4. Boundary wall: A boundary wall was around the city. b. 100 columns were present.
It was a palisade of timbers and hollow arches c. Each was clasped around with vines embossed in gold.
5. Entries: city could be entered in 64 ways. 6. walls: walls were present around the whole palace.
6. Tower: At intervals there were bastions with towers. 7. Roof: A series of parallel vaulted roofs supported over rows of stone
They .570 in number columns instead of brick
7. Moat: There was a protection layer of moat around 8. Window: Brick shoe typed.
the city which was 4' in width 9. Center: Center of the halls formed golden pillared hall.
8. House: timber was the main building material in 10. Garden Park: palace was set within beautiful parks stubbed with:
the city houses and a very small number (1) lakes
of brick house was also built. (2) fountains
9. Fortification: The city was defended by a wooden palisade. (3) sprays
(4) swings
(5) Artificial hillocks
(6) tress
Structure and fortification
Fortification surrounded this city strongly as it still survived at Bulandi-Bag near Patna.

1. Structures existing here are,

a. wooden ramparts- unearthed
b. Horizontal beams- upright posts tend.
2. The actual size of beams were prove that, the megasthenes accounts of its
dimension were by no means exaggerated.
3. Foundation: Consisted of timber laid parallel lines at 2' distance like railway 6 slippers
each 12-13 feet long corresponding thickness of the stockade the base.
4. Upright posts were tenoned to the three upright beams. They were fixed by the tenon-mortier joint.
5. Some of the upright posts were 9' high.
6. Houses were built over these structures .
7. Features were seen pilling.
8. The soil beside the river is soft. So the increase of the strength and to bear the load of the building
pillars are set. Shaal teak is used for the purpose.
9. Later on structures were made of stone to protect flood.
ARCH335_2018-19

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2 1 Tank

ADMINISTRATIVE BLOCK

BURIGANGA RIVER
Na 5 no ta
mughal
only
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From chatgpt
a
 1st and 2nd 6th phase
phase - was formed in a
Shalbon bihar This earlier two phases highly disintegrated
- A massively built self contained buddhist monastery contains massive condition.
- Located in the central areas and lalmai pahar at the eastern side. foundations of former - It was the topmost
- square in plan 550'x550' ruins. As it was in the structure and ruined
- consisted of 115 monastic cells of 12'x12' built around a spacious courtyard lowermost level, so the most.
plan cannot be
with a rectangular temple at the center. It’s only entrance was from the North. understood. It offers no
- A 8' wide inner corridor connected the cells. intelligible plans. It is
- The monastery wall was 16'6" thick and serves as the outer wall of the cells. thought the plan was
- Each wall cell is provided with tree corbelled niches in three walls for lighting lamp. cruciform.
- Deep digging the monastery has revealed six distinct rebuilding phases.
The reason of this changing plan is unknown.
Four phases produced intelligible floor plans.

5th phase Bihar Monastery

3rd phase - temple size reduced again, but slayed a rectangle. - was constructed at the
4th phase - The circumambulatory passage also remained.
- This phase was the most studied - Plan of the central temple wa beginning of the 8th
building period and excavated fully. - Big entrance at north century by Bhava Deva,
changed to rectangle from
- Cruciform plan and each arm 170' - A broad flight of steps in North led up to the entrance the 4th ruler of Deva
cruciform.
long. hall. Dynasty.
- Size was reduced to 168'x110'
- 7' wide ambulatory passage runs - The entrance hall was connected to the newly - had thick walls of 10'
- A 30'x30' pillared hall at the
uninterrupted around the shrine. developed 12 pillared inner mandopa. and 16'
center.
- Entire basement wall was decorated - The main prayer cells were at - This mandopa was the access to the main prayer - Mandopa was basically
with terracotta plaques. chamber further to the south. used as "Samabeta hall"
rear and south.
- A broad staircase on the north gives - During this time the temple faced - A buddha Stupa was installed on an alter inside the or "Gathering hall".
access to the hall. prayer hall.
north and was a 5' wide
- The most intelligible plan. - The visible remains of the temple belongs to this 5th
processional path around it.
period.
Paharpur and Shalban Bihar are two different archaeological sites in Bangladesh, and both are significant examples of
ancient Buddhist architecture in the region. The main conceptual difference between the two sites lies in their architectural
styles and historical contexts.

Paharpur is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is located in the northwestern part of Bangladesh. It is home to the ruins
of an ancient Buddhist monastery complex, dating back to the 8th century AD. The site contains the remains of a massive
temple complex, consisting of several courtyards and terraces, surrounded by a fortified wall with numerous cells and
shrines. The architecture of Paharpur is characterized by its distinctive square shape and the use of elaborate terracotta
ornamentation.

On the other hand, Shalban Bihar is another significant archaeological site in Bangladesh, located in the southeastern part
of the country. It is home to the ruins of an ancient Buddhist monastery, dating back to the 7th century AD. The site
contains the remains of several structures, including a large stupa, a prayer hall, and a number of smaller shrines. The
architecture of Shalban Bihar is characterized by its use of simple, elegant forms, with an emphasis on symmetry and
harmony.

Paharpur details slide 4

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E
B. The Bengal mosque architecture is characterized by the use of hemispherical domes that are supported
by multiple piers. These piers play a crucial role in transferring the load of the dome to the ground, ensuring
the stability and longevity of the structure.

The transfer of loads through the piers in Bengal mosques is achieved through a system of arches and
vaults. The dome sits on a circular drum, which is supported by four arches that rest on the four piers.
These arches distribute the weight of the dome evenly across the four piers, preventing any one pier from
bearing an excessive load.

The arches are further reinforced by a system of vaults that connect the piers to each other. These vaults
are designed to resist lateral forces and provide additional stability to the structure. The vaults are typically
ribbed, with a series of pointed arches that create a series of bays between the piers.

The bays are filled with walls that act as buttresses, transferring any lateral forces to the ground. The walls
are also adorned with intricate decorative motifs, including calligraphy and geometric patterns, which add to
the beauty and elegance of the structure.

Overall, the system of arches, vaults, and buttresses used in Bengal mosque architecture allows for the
efficient transfer of loads from the dome to the ground, ensuring the stability and longevity of the structure.
Additionally, the decorative motifs and intricate designs used in the architecture reflect the rich cultural and
artistic heritage of the region.
Colonial baad
yaaayyy
baad
Baad keno?

https://www.facebook.com/groups/413
256315941893/permalink/1262815854
319264/
ARCH335_2016-17
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ASE??
Ekhane lekha chilo
je kichu naam port
ar city duita ques e
common. Because
oigula port city.

Etar jonno ki kichu

dheke gese ?
ARCH335_2016-17
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 Adina mosque naki?check pls

Next slide ans. From chatgpt

Chat GPT BHUL,

ADINA MOSQUE HOBE,
inshaAllah
- This impressive gateway built of bricks was probably
built by Sultan Barbak Shah(1459-74 AD) in 1465 AD
and served as the main entrance on north into citadel
of gaur

- It was also called 'Salami gate' as salutes were

fired from its side,built as a triumphal arch.

- The gateway represents the height of excellence that

the brick masons of Bengal were capable of achieving.

- The gateway which is 10.35m High up to apex of the

pointed arch is flanked by pylons

- The arch way between the two pylons provides a

deep and wide portico containing the arched opening.

- Intermingling of islamic thoughts and regional

characteristics features.
ARCH335_2019-20
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kantajeer navaratna temple

Kantajew Temple, also known as the Kantajew Mandir or the Kantaji Temple, is a
terracotta Hindu temple located in the Dinajpur district of Bangladesh. It is
considered to be one of the finest examples of Hindu terracotta temple
architecture in the Indian subcontinent. The temple was built during the late
medieval period, between the 18th and 19th centuries, by Maharaja Pran Nath of
the Dinajpur Raj.

The Kantajew Temple is a nine-spired, three-story temple built on a high platform.

The temple's unique feature is its terracotta ornamentation, which covers the
entire exterior surface of the temple. The terracotta panels depict various
mythological scenes, such as the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and the ten
incarnations of Lord Vishnu. The panels also depict scenes of daily life, such as
farming, hunting, and weaving.

The temple's architecture is a blend of Hindu and Islamic styles. The temple's
base and lower portions of the walls are built in the Bengali style of architecture,
while the upper portions of the walls and the spires are built in the Islamic style.
The temple's intricate terracotta ornamentation, combined with its unique blend
of architectural styles, makes it a masterpiece of South Asian architecture.
ARCH335_2019-20
Set B
 Masque etaaa

ETA BHULLL
"The Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque is well-known among the architect community for its aesthetic beauty and its architectural significance.
While those in the tourism sector may label the Tara mosque as the most unique mosque, most architects would label the Khan Mohammad
Mosque as the most unique," said Taimur Islam, an architect and the chief executive of the Urban Study Group, a platform which campaigns for
the preservation of architectural relics in the Old Dhaka.

The Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque is one of the around 30 Mughal-era mosques in the city which the Department of Archaeology took control
of and restored. Established in 1704, the mosque is only 300 meters away from the Lalbagh Fort. However, the architectural and cultural heritage
site has been neglected and decaying in silence for a while.

The three-dome mosque was built on a 17-feet platform. The open space on the platform enabled the wind to breeze through the structure and
cool the devotees. Unlike other Mughal-era mosques in India, the minaret of this mosque is small in size. Architects believe that the people who
constructed the mosque kept the minarets small keeping the frequent earthquakes in the region in mind. To reach the mosque, one must climb a
24-step staircase to the second level.

There is an L-shaped corridor on the ground floor of the southern side of the building. Next to the corridor lies a row of chambers – a line of
shop-like rooms with arched doors. However, nobody knows what lies next to the rooms. On the northern side of the ground floor, there are six
rooms where 14 temporary employees from the department of archaeology reside.

There is a garden of flowers in front of the building where different types of flowers have bloomed. Next to the garden, there is an unknown grave.
Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque is a historic mosque located in Old Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was built in the early 18th
century during the Mughal era by a wealthy merchant named Khan Mohammad Mridha. The mosque is known for its
unique architectural style, which combines elements of Mughal and Bengal styles.

The mosque has a rectangular shape with a single dome in the middle. The dome is supported by four pillars and is
surrounded by four smaller domes at the corners of the mosque. The central dome has a lotus and kalash finial on top.
The mosque has three arched entrances on the eastern facade, each with a small dome and a mihrab niche. The western
facade has three semi-circular mihrab niches, one in the center and two on the sides.

The interior of the mosque is decorated with intricate terracotta ornamentation, including floral motifs and calligraphic
inscriptions. The walls and pillars of the mosque are adorned with colorful tiles and mosaics. The prayer hall has a high
ceiling and is illuminated by natural light that enters through small openings in the dome and walls.

Overall, the Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque is a beautiful example of the fusion of Mughal and Bengali architectural
styles. Its intricate ornamentation and unique dome design make it a popular tourist attraction and a significant cultural
landmark in Bangladesh.