Title: 20 Fully Solved Z-Transform Questions from DSP Textbooks
1. Problem: Z-transform of a Step Function
Given: x[n]=u[n]x[n] = u[n]
X(z)=∑n=0∞z−n=11−z−1=zz−1,ROC: ∣z∣>1X(z) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} z^{-n} = \frac{1}{1 - z^{-1}}
Solution:
= \frac{z}{z - 1}, \quad \text{ROC: } |z| > 1
2. Problem: Z-transform of an Exponential Signal
Given: x[n]=(0.5)nu[n]x[n] = (0.5)^n u[n]
X(z)=zz−0.5,ROC: ∣z∣>0.5X(z) = \frac{z}{z - 0.5}, \quad \text{ROC: } |z| > 0.5
Solution:
3. Problem: Z-transform of a Ramp Function
Given: x[n]=nu[n]x[n] = n u[n]
X(z)=z(z−1)2,ROC: ∣z∣>1X(z) = \frac{z}{(z - 1)^2}, \quad \text{ROC: } |z| > 1
Solution:
4. Problem: Z-transform of a Delayed Step
Given: x[n]=u[n−3]x[n] = u[n - 3]
X(z)=z−3⋅zz−1,ROC: ∣z∣>1X(z) = z^{-3} \cdot \frac{z}{z - 1}, \quad \text{ROC: } |z| > 1
Solution:
5. Problem: Delayed Ramp
Given: x[n]=(n−2)u[n−2]x[n] = (n - 2) u[n - 2]
Solution:
Let m=n−2m = n - 2, then:
x[n]=mu[m]=mu[n−2]x[n] = m u[m] = m u[n - 2]
X(z)=z−2⋅z(z−1)2,ROC: ∣z∣>1X(z) = z^{-2} \cdot \frac{z}{(z - 1)^2}, \quad \text{ROC: } |z| > 1
So:
6. Problem: Z-transform of a Finite Duration Sequence
Given: x[n]={1,2,3},n=0,1,2x[n] = \{1, 2, 3\}, n = 0, 1, 2
Solution:
X(z)=1+2z−1+3z−2,ROC: z≠0X(z) = 1 + 2z^{-1} + 3z^{-2}, \quad \text{ROC: } z \neq 0
7. Problem: Z-transform of δ[n−5]\delta[n - 5]
Solution:
X(z)=z−5,ROC: Entire z-planeX(z) = z^{-5}, \quad \text{ROC: } \text{Entire z-plane}
8. Problem: Time-Reversed Exponential
Given: x[n]=(−0.5)nu[−n−1]x[n] = (-0.5)^n u[-n - 1]
X(z)=zz+0.5,ROC: ∣z∣<0.5X(z) = \frac{z}{z + 0.5}, \quad \text{ROC: } |z| < 0.5
Solution:
9. Problem: Sinusoidal Signal
Given: x[n]=sin(nπ/3)u[n]x[n] = \sin(n\pi/3) u[n]
X(z)=zsin(π/3)z2−2zcos(π/3)+1,ROC: ∣z∣>1X(z) = \frac{z \sin(\pi/3)}{z^2 - 2z \cos(\pi/3) + 1}, \
Solution:
quad \text{ROC: } |z| > 1
10. Problem: Z-transform Using Derivative Property
Given: x[n]=n(0.5)nu[n]x[n] = n(0.5)^n u[n]
Solution:
Let X0(z)=zz−0.5X_0(z) = \frac{z}{z - 0.5}
X(z)=−z⋅ddzX0(z)=0.5z(z−0.5)2,ROC: ∣z∣>0.5X(z) = -z \cdot \frac{d}{dz} X_0(z) = \frac{0.5z}{(z -
Then:
0.5)^2}, \quad \text{ROC: } |z| > 0.5
11–20: Additional Problems (Stated for Practice)
11. Find the Z-transform of x[n]=(n−4)u[n−4]x[n] = (n - 4) u[n - 4]
12. Compute the Z-transform of x[n]=cos(nπ/4)u[n]x[n] = \cos(n\pi/4) u[n]
13. Given x[n]=δ[n]−δ[n−2]x[n] = \delta[n] - \delta[n - 2], find X(z)X(z)
14. If x[n]=ancos(ωn)u[n]x[n] = a^n \cos(\omega n) u[n], derive X(z)X(z)
15. Determine ROC of x[n]=(1.5)nu[n]x[n] = (1.5)^n u[n]
16. Use time-shifting to find Z{x[n−3]}Z\{x[n - 3]\} for x[n]=u[n]x[n] = u[n]
17. Invert X(z)=z2z−0.5X(z) = \frac{z^2}{z - 0.5} assuming causal system
18. Verify final value theorem for x[n]=1−(0.5)nu[n]x[n] = 1 - (0.5)^n u[n]
19. Determine if x[n]=(−1)nu[n]x[n] = (-1)^n u[n] is absolutely summable
20. Evaluate X(z)=∑n=0∞n2z−nX(z) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} n^2 z^{-n}
Conclusion:
These problems cover a wide range of Z-transform applications including delay, scaling,
sinusoids, and convergence regions. Solving and understanding them strengthens your
foundation in signal analysis and system design.
