PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION: bigger system: Culture, family, or a workplace

shapes how people communicate.

MIDTERMS
[YELLOW- PPT NOTES] • [GREEN- TOPICS] • [TURQUOISE- KEY TERMS]
-​ Communication consists of Symbols
[MAGENTA- COURSE MATERIALs SEQUENCE] • [RED- SKIP] • When people communicate, they rely on
symbols - a concrete representation of
something abstract.
Course Material I: Communication • The use of symbols allows people to
Defined perceive abstract, arbitrary, and ambiguous
representations of things using the senses.
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? Communication is symbolic as it involves
• Communication is the process of exchanging interaction with and through symbols.
information, ideas, feelings, and meanings When people communicate, they use symbols
through verbal and non-verbal methods. to represent ideas or feelings. Symbols can be
words, gestures, or images that stand for
According to Wood (2012): something else.
●​ Process
●​ System Here are some simple drawing ideas to
●​ Symbols represent symbolic communication:
●​ Meanings 1. Heart emoji: A red heart to represent love
Communication is the process of transmitting or affection.
information (opinions); sharing ideas 2. Thumbs-up gesture: A hand with a
(feelings); and, creating or generating thumbs-up sign to symbolize approval.
meaning out of different context and 3. Peace symbol: The classic circle with three
situations. lines inside to symbolize peace.
4. Light bulb: To represent an idea or
-​ Communication as a Process creativity.
• Process implies continuity. In the context of 5. Dove with olive branch: A dove carrying a
communication, one never stops from branch to symbolize peace.
communicating as it is an ongoing activity. 6. Stop sign: To represent a clear instruction
• It is dynamic as it continually changes. or rule.
Communication is never static.
Communication is considered a process -​ Communication as Meaning
because it is an activity in itself. • At the heart of communication is meaning. It
can be viewed as an end in itself.
-​ Communication as a System • This means that when people communicate,
• A system refers to interrelated parts that they attach meaning to the symbols they use
affect one another. (either verbally or nonverbally) with the intent
• It is a collection not of random parts but of that the person/s they are communicating
organized wholes. These parts interplay with with shares the same meaning as intended.
each other as the communication process The goal of communication is to generate
happens. Communication is affected by the common meanings shared by the two or more
larger system within which it operates. conversants or speakers; or to understand
In communication: A speaker, listener, each other.
message, and feedback all work together. In a
 For example: Saying "thank you" with a smile "The message is the stimulus or
shows gratitude both verbally and meaning/information produced by the source
non-verbally. Waving a hand can mean "hello" for the receiver or audience" (McLean, 2005).
or "goodbye," depending on the context. The message brings together words to convey
meaning but is also about how it's conveyed
through nonverbal cues, organization,
grammar, style, and other elements.

Channel
“The channel is the way (medium) in which a
message or messages travel between source
and receiver." (McLean,2005). Spoken
Content Level: It's what is actually said or channels include face-to-face conversations,
written, similar to the denotative meaning speeches, phone conversations, radio, etc.
(the dictionary definition). Written channels include letters,
Relationship Level: It shows the emotional memorandums, purchase orders, invoices,
tone or underlying meaning, similar to the newspaper and magazine articles, blogs,
connotative meaning (the implied or email, text messages, tweets, and so forth.
emotional meaning).
Receiver (Audience)
Message: "Can you pick me up at 5 PM?" "The receiver receives the message from the
Content level: A straightforward request for a source, analyzing and interpreting the
ride. message in ways both intended and
Relationship level: If said with warmth, it unintended by the source."(McLean, 2005).
could show friendship. Decoding is the process of turning
If said with irritation, it might suggest communication into thoughts.
frustration or tension. Feedback
Message:" You should work harder." When you respond to the source, intentionally
Content level: The literal suggestion to work or unintentionally, you are giving feedback.
more diligently. Feedback is composed of messages the
Relationship level: Depending on the context, receiver sends back to the source. Verbal or
it could imply nonverbal, all these feedback signals allow the
concern, criticism, or an authoritative source to see how well, how accurately (or
command. how poorly and inaccurately) the message
was received (Leavitt & Mueller, 1951).
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
Source (Encoder) Environment
The source imagines, creates, and sends the "The environment is the (general)
message. The source encodes the message by atmosphere, physical and psychological,
choosing just the right order or the best words where you send and receive messages"
to convey the intended meaning and presents (McLean, 2005). Surroundings, people,
or sends the information to the audience animals, technology,
(receiver). can all influence your communication.
The environment can include the tables,
Message chairs, lighting, and sound equipment that are
 in the room. The room itself is an example of communication is occurring. Static on a phone
the environment. The environment can also call, conversations during a presentation, not
include factors like formal dress, that may muting your sound while typing during an
indicate whether a discussion is open and online meeting all constitute physical noise
caring or more professional and formal. e.g., fireworks.

Context PHYSIOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE

"The context of the communication It deals with your own abilities to see and
interaction involves the setting, scene, and hear, your state of health, whether you are
expectations of the individuals involved." tired or hungry at the time of the
(McLean, 2005). A professional communication, or any of many different
communication context may involve business physiological issues that can interfere with
suits (environmental cues) that directly or paying attention to a message.
indirectly influence expectations of language
and behavior among the participants. TECHNICAL INTERFERENCE
It can interfere with your audience receiving
Kinds: and understanding your message. Online or
●​ Interpersonal (dyad)- face to face video conferencing equipment may not work
●​ Intercultural- belief for everyone, connectivity may be slow, or
●​ Interorganizational- organization servers may go down.
●​ Mass Communication (media)-
●​ Mass Personal Communication- status ORGANIZATIONAL INTERFERENCE
on chat It can occur if you are unaware of, or
- Hyperpersonal Communication-
​ disregard, expected communication channels
in your organization. Some organizations are
Interference structured so that employees, at certain
Interference, also called noise, can come from levels, only communicate with employees at
any source. "Interference is anything that similar levels. Did not follow the chain of
blocks or changes the source's intended command.
meaning of the message "(McLean, 2005).
Noise interferes with normal encoding and CULTURAL INTERFERENCE
decoding of the message carried by the It occurs when cultural expectations,
channel between source and receiver. etiquette, attitudes, and values differ. Many
For example, if you drove a car to work or different cultures exist based on nationalities,
school, chances are you were surrounded by ages, genders, regions, social positions, work
noise. Car horns, billboards, or perhaps the groups, and more, and individuals belong to
radio in your car interrupted your thoughts, or multiple cultures; tolerance.
your conversation with a passenger.
PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE
Types of Interference It occurs as a result of personal attitudes,
assumptions, and biases. People have
PHYSICAL INTERFERENCE particular perspectives and worldviews;
It is interference that comes from an external communication noise occurs when content,
source, or the environment in which the language, and perceived attitudes of the
communicator and the audience do not mesh.
 Effective communication fosters trust,
SEMANTIC INTERFERENCE empathy, and connection, while poor
It deals with words and language. Is the communication can lead to
language of the communication clear and easy misunderstandings and conflict.
to understand? Is the language free from
grammatical and technical errors? Are the • Communication is guided by culture. How
sentences clear in their structure and easy to messages are
read or listen to? All of these language issues, created and processed in order to foster
however small, can derail focus from the understanding is greatly influenced by the
content of your message. cultural background of the communicators.

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION MODES OF COMMUNICATION

• Communication is transactional. Verbal Communication:
Communication is a two-way process. It • Definition: Using spoken or written words to
involves an exchange. When a message is convey a message.
sent, a reply is expected. Examples: Conversations, speeches, emails,
• Communication is inevitable. It is impossible Morse code, text messages, sign language,
not to communicate. Communication is an written documents.
indispensable part of daily life.
• Communication is goal-oriented. To Non-Verbal Communication:
persuade, to inform, to express one's feelings, • Definition: Communicating through body
etc., and to influence others are some of the language, gestures, facial expressions,
purposes of communication. At the core of all posture, tone of voice, and other physical
these, the ultimate goal of communication is cues.
to understand each other. Examples: Smiling, nodding, eye contact,
• Communication is complex. In crossed arms, tone of voice.
communication, the focus is not just on the
message, but also on the kind of relationship Types of Non-Verbal Communication:
the communicators have. Part of the • Kinesics
complexity lies in that Refers to the study of body movements,
communication is interactive, context-based, gestures, facial expressions, and posture as a
culture-bound, and irreversible. form of communication. It plays a vital role in
• Communication has various levels. There conveying emotions, attitudes, and intentions
are various levels of communication: without using words.
Intrapersonal, interpersonal, small group, and
public or mass. Types of Kinesics:
• Communication can be learned. Despite the ●​ Facial Expressions
complexity of communication, it is a skill ●​ Gestures
which can be learned. ●​ Posture
• Communication is relational. In any ●​ Eye Movements
communication setting, aside from sharing ●​ Body Movements
meaning, the process of how that meaning is
created also echoes two vital aspects of the Examples in Context:
relationships of the communicators:
Immediacy and control.
 In a meeting: Crossing arms might signal The invisible boundary we maintain around
defensiveness, while leaning forward shows ourselves that others shouldn't cross without
engagement. permission.
In a classroom: A teacher raising a hand for
silence conveys a request for attention. Zones of Space (by Edward T. Hall)
In public speaking: Using expansive gestures Intimate Space (0-18 inches): Reserved for
can emphasize key points and keep the close relationships, like family and partners.
audience engaged. Example: Hugging a friend or holding a baby.
Personal Space (18 inches-4 feet): For
• Chronemics conversations with friends or colleagues.
The study of how time is used in Example: Talking to a coworker at arm's
communication. It examines how people length.
perceive, value, and manage time, and how Social Space (4-12 feet): For formal
time influences communication and interactions or group settings.
relationships. It reflects cultural Example: Standing apart during a meeting or
attitudes, personality traits, and social casual gathering.
contexts. Public Space (12+ feet): For public speaking or
Key Aspects of Chronemics: addressing larger audiences.
Punctuality Example: A teacher speaking to students in a
Response Time classroom.
Monochronic vs. Polychronic Cultures:
Monochronic: one task at a time (e.g., the U.S. Cultural Differences in Space Use:
or Germany). Territoriality
Polychronic: multitask more often (e.g., the Environmental Factors
Philippines or Mexico).
Time as a Status Symbol Examples in Daily Life:
Cultural Perceptions of Time In the workplace: Keeping a respectful social
distance from your boss in a meeting.
Examples in Daily Life: In public transport: Avoiding prolonged eye
In an interview: Showing up early contact or touching when seated close to a
demonstrates professionalism and eagerness. stranger.
In relationships: Spending quality time shows At home: Sharing intimate space with family
care and commitment. but expecting guests to remain in common
In business: Meeting deadlines reflects areas.
responsibility and reliability.
• Paralinguistics
• Proxemics Refers to the non-verbal elements of
The study of how people use and perceive communication that accompany spoken
physical space in communication. It examines language and help convey meaning, emotion,
how distance affects interactions, or intent. These elements do not involve the
relationships, and the messages we send and actual words used but rather the way the
receive. It varies widely across cultures, message is delivered.
situations, and personal preferences. Key Aspects of Paralinguistics:
Key Aspects of Proxemics: Tone of Voice
Personal Space Pitch
 Volume Celebrating:
Rate of Speech High-fiving a teammate after scoring a goal.
Pauses and Silence Expressing Romantic Feelings:
Intonation Holding your partner's hand during a date.
Emphasis Cultural Rituals:
Bowing or light touches in certain cultural
Examples in Daily Life: practices to show respect.
Expressing Emotion:
A mother says "I love you" with a soft, warm • Oculesics
tone to comfort her child. Refers to the study of eye behavior and eye
Conveying Urgency: contact in communication. It focuses on how
A coach shouts, "Run faster!" in a loud and people use their eyes to convey messages,
urgent tone to motivate players. express emotions, and regulate conversations.
Questioning: Eye contact plays a significant role in
Saying "Really?" with a rising intonation to non-verbal communication, and its meaning
express doubt or surprise. can vary across cultures, contexts, and
Showing Hesitation: relationships.
Pausing before saying "I think we should Key Aspects of Oculesics:
discuss this further..." to show uncertainty. Eye Contact
Adding Sarcasm: Eye Movement
Saying, "Great job," with a flat tone to express Gaze Duration
the opposite of praise. Blinking
Pupil Dilation
• Haptics
Refers to the study of touch in Examples in Daily Life:
communication. It involves the use of physical Expressing Confidence:
contact to express emotions, convey A job applicant maintains steady eye contact
messages, or establish relationships. Haptics is during an interview to appear self-assured.
a powerful form of non-verbal communication Showing Attraction:
and varies greatly across cultures and Prolonged and soft eye contact with a
personal preferences. romantic interest conveys affection.
Key Aspects of Haptics: Displaying Discomfort:
Functional/Professional Touch Avoiding eye contact when confronted about
Social/Polite Touch a mistake.
Friendship/Warmth Touch Cultural Variations:
Love/Intimacy Touch In some cultures, direct eye contact is seen as
Aggressive/Negative Touch respect, while in others, it may be considered
rude.
Examples in Daily Life: Managing Conversations:
Comforting Someone: Looking at someone to signal that it's their
A mother gently rubs her child's back to turn to speak during a group discussion.
comfort them.
Greeting: • Olfactics
Shaking hands with someone as a sign of Refers to the study of smell and how it
respect or agreement. influences communication. It involves how
individuals perceive and interpret scents in A journalist verifies facts thoroughly before
various contexts, which can evoke emotions, publishing a news story to ensure credibility.
trigger memories, or influence social In Relationships:
interactions. Smells often carry symbolic Partners resolve conflicts by expressing their
meanings and play a significant role in cultural feelings honestly and listening without
and personal experiences. interrupting.
Key Aspects of Olfactics: In Education:
Personal Scents A teacher ensures fairness by grading all
Environmental Scents students based on merit, not favoritism.
Cultural Associations In Social Media:
Memories and Emotions A user avoids posting harmful or fake
Signaling Health or Hygiene information and engages in respectful online
discussions.
Examples in Daily Life:
Attraction and Relationships: Ethical Communicators:
A partner may be drawn to a specific perfume • are honest
or the natural scent of the other person. • are aware of the consequences of their
Professional Impressions: thoughts and actions
Wearing subtle cologne or perfume during a • value diversity and respect others opinions
meeting to create a positive impression. • are just and fair
Food and Dining: Key Principles of Ethics in Communication:
The aroma of a dish at a restaurant can ●​ Truthfulness and Honesty
influence the appetite and dining experience. ●​ Respect for Others
Cultural Practices: ●​ Fairness
Using scented oils in meditation or rituals to ●​ Clarity and Transparency
create a calm and focused environment. ●​ Responsibility
Reactions to Unpleasant Smells: ●​ Confidentiality
People may avoid someone with body odor, ●​ Avoiding Harm
affecting social interactions.
_____________________________________
ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION
Ethics in Communication Course Material II: Communication &
Refers to the principles and standards that Globalization
guide individuals in conveying messages
responsibly, honestly, and respectfully. It WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
ensures that communication promotes In the context of communication, globalization
understanding, fairness, and trust while refers to the seamless exchange of
avoiding harm to others. information and ideas across geographical and
Examples of Ethical Communication in Daily cultural boundaries. It is driven by
Life: advancements in technology, such as the
In the Workplace: internet, social media, and real-time
A manager provides constructive feedback to communication tools, which make global
an employee while maintaining interaction faster, easier, and more accessible.
professionalism and respect. Key aspects:
In Media: Global Connectivity
 Cultural Exchange Knowledge Sharing: Different viewpoints and
Media Globalization innovations enrich global learning and
Digital Transformation creativity.

Globalization implies: GLOBALIZATION EXPLAINED:

1. economic growth; In Globalization: With the advent of
2. political growth; technology, the means by which people
3. cultural assimilation; and communicate have enormously changed.
All of which result in the integration of people Globalization has brought in its wake a
across the globe. profound change in the technologies used to
Globalization means: communicate and its effects have been felt
Economies growing stronger through global across the planet.
trade and investment. Example:
Political systems becoming more connected The rise of video conferencing tools like Zoom
and influenced by each other. and Microsoft Teams. These technologies
Cultures blending and sharing ideas, allow people from different countries to hold
traditions, and lifestyles. virtual meetings, collaborate in real-time, and
Together, these lead to people and nations maintain connections despite being far apart,
becoming more interconnected worldwide. making communication faster and more
global.
WHAT IS DIVERSITY?
Closely related to GLOBALIZATION IS EFFECTS OF CULTURAL AND GLOBAL ISSUES
DIVERSITY. IN COMMUNICATION

Diversity ON LANGUAGE AND DIALECTS:

The concept that endures respect, Not all people speak the same language as
acceptance, and understanding. It recognizes you. This issue arises when people try to
that people are unique from each other with express in their own dialect and sociolect that
respect to their age, gender, race, ethnicity, many misunderstandings arise.
culture, socio-economic status, educational
background, and ideologies. DIRECT VS. INDIRECT COMMUNICATION
Globalization is closely related to diversity STYLE
because it connects people, cultures, and Cultures that value getting to the point quickly
ideas from all over the world. This interaction without redundancies, nor mincing words, are
brings different languages, traditions, and direct communicators.
perspectives into shared spaces, creating a Direct Communication Style:
more diverse and multicultural environment. Cultures that value direct communication
prefer clear, straightforward, and concise
Examples: language. Speakers get to the point quickly,
Cultural Diversity: Foods, music, and festivals avoiding unnecessary details or subtle
from one country become popular globally. implications. This style prioritizes efficiency
Workforce Diversity: Businesses employ and transparency, often placing importance
people from various cultural and national on facts over feelings. Examples include
backgrounds. countries like the United States, Germany, and
Australia.
 • In Northern European cultures, more
Indirect Communication Style: personal space is often preferred, and
In contrast, cultures that use indirect standing too close might feel intrusive.
communication rely on context, nonverbal Gestures:
cues, and subtle hints to convey messages. • In India, a head wobble can mean
This style often values harmony, politeness, agreement or acknowledgment.
and maintaining relationships over • In Bulgaria, nodding might mean "no," and
bluntness. The message may be implied shaking the head might mean "yes," which
rather than stated outright, and listeners are can confuse people from other cultures.
expected to interpret meaning beyond the Use of Silence:
words spoken. Examples include countries like • In Japanese culture, silence can signify
Japan, China, and India. The choice between thoughtfulness or respect during
these styles depends on cultural norms, the conversations.
situation, and the relationship between • In Western cultures, silence might be
speakers. uncomfortable or interpreted as a lack of
engagement.
CULTURAL NORMS AND VALUES
What might be considered appropriate or SIGNS AND SYMBOLS (SEMANTICS)
respectful communication in one culture This varies depending on and across cultures.
could be interpreted differently in another. This variation often stems from differences in
Cultural sensitivity and understanding are cultural norms, traditions, and historical
essential to avoid unintended offense and contexts.
ensure effective cross-cultural Non-verbal communication cannot be relied
communication. upon in communication between people from
different cultures as that is also different like
Examples of Cultural Norms and Values in language. Signs, symbols, body language, and
Communication: gestures vary in different cultures. For
Eye Contact: example in some cultures eye contact is
• In Western cultures (e.g., the U.S., important whereas in some it is rude and
Germany), maintaining eye contact is often disrespectful.
seen as a sign of confidence and respect. Misinterpreting these cues can lead to
• In Asian cultures (e.g., Japan, South Korea), misunderstandings. For example, a gesture
prolonged eye contact may be considered that is innocuous in one culture might carry a
disrespectful or confrontational. different meaning in another culture.
Tone of Voice:
• In Mediterranean cultures (e.g., Italy, Examples of Variations in Signs and Symbols:
Greece), a loud and expressive tone might be Colors:
seen as enthusiasm or passion. • In Western cultures, white often symbolizes
• In Nordic cultures (e.g., Sweden, Finland), purity or weddings.
the same tone might be perceived as • In China, white is associated with mourning
aggressive or overly emotional. and funerals.
Personal Space:
• In Latin American cultures, people may Hand Gestures:
stand closer during conversations as a sign of
friendliness or trust.
• The "thumbs-up" gesture means approval in ●​ Bias: An inclination to a person and
many Western cultures but can be offensive in sometimes unreasoned judgement
countries like Iran. (tendency, favoritism)
• The "OK" sign (forming a circle with the ●​ Prejudice: An irrational attitude of
thumb and index finger) signifies agreement hostility directed against an
in the U.S. but is considered vulgar in Brazil individual, a group, a race, or their
and Turkey. supposed characteristics (facial
Animals: features) influenced by your
• In India, the cow is a sacred symbol in surroundings and personal
Hinduism. experiences.
• In Western cultures, cows may simply ●​ Stereotypes: An instance of
represent farming or dairy production without standardizing mental picture that is
spiritual significance. held in common by members of a
Numbers: group and that represents an
• The number 4 is considered unlucky in oversimplified opinion, prejudiced
China, as it sounds like the word for "death." attitude, or uncritical judgement
• The number 7 is seen as lucky in many ●​ Discrimination: Unfair treatment;
Western cultures. negative action toward an individual
Symbols: as a result of one’s membership in a
• The cross is a sacred symbol in Christianity particular group (physical
but may hold no religious significance in appearance).
non-Christian cultures.
• The crescent moon is widely recognized as a IMPACTS OF COMMUNICATION CHANGES AS
symbol of Islam but may not carry meaning in BROUGHT BY GLOBALIZATION IN THE WORLD
other contexts. 1.​ CREATES INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE
-​ Understanding these variations is Communication changes have brought
critical for effective intercultural increased transparency and fairness to
communication and avoiding workplaces.
misunderstandings.
1. More open communication from leadership
STEREOTYPES AND PREJUDICES 2. Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI)
Stereotyping is the process of creating a initiatives to make underrepresented voices
picture of a whole culture, overgeneralizing all heard
people belonging to the culture in question as 3. Prioritization of ethics in the workplace
having similar characteristics, and categorizing
people accordingly. 2.​ UNCOVERS NEEDS AND BUILDS
Stereotyping can be done on the basis of TRUST
many things like nationality, gender, race, Successful communication can reveal
religion, ethnicity, age, and others. It is worth undiscovered needs that help move an
mentioning that Media is a tool of mass organization or movement forward and let
communication which sometimes promotes stakeholders know that their voices are heard.
stereotypes and prejudices thereby creating In both one-on-one relationships and
more communication barriers. large-scale movements, quality
communication can uncover needs and build
trust. When people lack the tools, methods
 and power to have their voices heard, their related to actively fostering growth," De Rossi
needs can be - either purposefully or through said.
unintended negligence - ignored.
• Culture is often defined as the learned
3.​ SPURS LARGE-SCALE CULTURAL patterns and attitudes shared by a group of
SHIFTS people. (Martin & Nakayama, 2010).
Our society is a work in progress. Over time, • "Culture encompasses religion, food, what
large-scale cultural movements have we wear, how we wear it, our language,
successfully shifted how groups of people live. marriage, music, what we believe is right or
Although there's plenty of work left to be wrong, how we sit at the table, how we greet
done, many groups and organizations have visitors, how we behave with loved ones and a
become more equitable because million other things," Cristina De Rossi, an
forward-thinking groups have used anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate
communication skills and tactics to change the College in London, told Live Science.
world.
• "It is a system of attitudes, values, and
4.​ EDUCATES AND INSPIRES OTHERS knowledge that is widely shared within a
Information sharing moves faster today than society." (Inglehart, 1997).
ever before. Examples of Cultural Attitudes, Values, and
Knowledge:
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? Attitudes:
Globalization refers to the process of • Respect for elders in Asian cultures.
increased interconnectedness, • Individualism and self-expression in Western
interrelatedness, and interdependence among cultures.
countries, cultures, economies, and people Values:
around the world. It involves the exchange of • The importance of family in Latin American
goods, services, ideas, information, and cultures.
culture across borders. Globalization has been • Equality and fairness in Scandinavian
facilitated by advancements in technology, cultures.
transportation, and communication, making Knowledge:
the world more interconnected than ever • Traditional herbal medicine in African
before. cultures.
• Scientific advancements valued in
_____________________________________ industrialized nations.
- These shared elements influence daily life,
Course Material III: Local & Global social interactions, and decision-making.
Communication
PROGRAMMING OF THE MIND
WHAT IS CULTURE? • It is the process of consciously influencing
The word "culture" derives from a French our thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors to
term, which in turn derives from the Latin achieve specific goals or improve our overall
"colere", which means to tend to the earth well-being. (Michael James, 2023)
and grow, or cultivation and nurture,
according to Arthur Asa Berger. "It shares its • Every person carries within him or herself
etymology with a number of other words patterns of thinking, feeling, and potential
acting which were learned throughout [his or communicate effectively and build
her] lifetime. Much of these patterns are relationships.
acquired in early childhood because at that Example:
time a person is most susceptible to learning International Business meeting: A team from
and assimilating. the U.S. (direct communication style)
Hofstede (1984) describes how patterns are collaborates with a team from Japan (indirect
learned and developed through one's communication style). The U.S. team learns to
day-to-day interactions with his surroundings - interpret subtle hints and nonverbal cues,
with his family, community, school, work, and while the Japanese team adapts to more
so on. (Hofstede & Nakayama, 2010). Culture explicit expressions of ideas.
shapes one's perceptions and ideas, which in
turn, would also shape how one interacts,
gives meaning to, and draws meaning from
the signs, symbols, and messages he or she
may encounter every day.

What is cross cultural and intercultural

communication?

CROSS CULTURAL COMMUNICATION HIGH-CONTEXT VS. LOW-CONTEXT CULTURES

(KNOWING) • According to scholars, high-context and
This is comparing two or more different low-context cultures rely on the verbal and
cultures; so cross-cultural communication nonverbal cues present in the interaction to
examines the varying communication styles of draw meaning from the message.
different cultural groups.
HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURE
Example: • Consider sender and receiver backgrounds
Business Communication: A German when interpreting messages.
businessperson prefers a direct, • Nonverbal cues often have a greater impact
straightforward approach, while a Japanese on message comprehension than indirect
business partner values politeness and avoids verbal cues (Halverson & Tirmizi, 2008).
saying "no" explicitly. They must adapt their • These cultures depend heavily on nonverbal
communication styles to understand each cues, shared experiences, and implicit
other. understanding. The message often lies in the
context rather than in the words spoken.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION • Example: In Japan or Arab cultures, silence,
(APPLICATION) tone of voice, or body language can convey
This relates to interactions among people more meaning than the actual words.
from different cultures.
LOW-CONTEXT CULTURE
Intercultural Communication refers to the • Low-context cultures prioritize direct
exchange of information, ideas, and feelings communication and may downplay non-verbal
between individuals from different cultural cues.
backgrounds. It emphasizes understanding • Relationships have a limited influence on
and adapting to cultural differences to communication.
• Explicit exchange of ideas and information is speaking and value active participation in
emphasized (Halverson & Tirmizi, 2008). discussions.
• These cultures prioritize explicit, clear, and Listening-Centric Cultures:
direct verbal communication. People rely on China: In Chinese culture, there is an emphasis
the literal meaning of words rather than the on listening before responding. Silence is
surrounding context. often seen as a sign of wisdom, and
• Example: In the U.S. or Germany, clear immediate responses may be perceived as
instructions or agreements are often impulsive.
communicated through detailed verbal Immediate Response vs. Delayed Response:
messages to avoid misunderstandings. Spain: Spanish culture generally values
immediate and passionate responses in
Potential Areas for Misinterpretation in conversations. People may interrupt each
Intercultural Communication other to express their thoughts, and it's
• According to AJ Schuler (2003), considered a sign of engagement.
miscommunication in a cross-cultural setting
can be minimized if one is aware of the 3. Interrupting
different areas wherein misinterpretation can In some cultures, interruption during a
occur. conversation can be acceptable especially
when it is within the context of the
1. Opening and Closing Conversations interaction. However, in other cultures
Cultural norms dictate who is addressed first, interrupting in the middle of a conversation,
how to address them, and when to do so. regardless of the point being made, can be
These customs also influence the order of viewed as impolite.
speaking and concluding a conversation, and Examples:
not adhering to them can be considered rude Cultures Where Interruption Can Be
and disrespectful. Acceptable within Context:
Examples: Italy: In Italian culture, interruptions during
Japan: In Japanese culture, it is common to conversations are relatively common, and
address the most senior or highest-status they are often seen as signs of enthusiasm
person first as a sign of respect. Age and and engagement. People may interrupt to
hierarchy play a significant role in determining express agreement, disagreement, or
the order of addressing individuals. excitement about the topic being discussed.
Cultures Where Interruption Is Generally
2. Taking Turns During Conversations Viewed as Impolite:
In various cultures, there are distinct norms Japan: In Japanese culture, interrupting
for interaction. Some favor turn-taking, while someone while they are speaking is generally
others prioritize listening before responding. considered disrespectful. There is a strong
Immediate responses can be viewed emphasis on active listening and allowing the
differently, with some cultures perceiving speaker to finish their thoughts before
them as confrontational or disrespectful. responding.
Examples:
Turn-Taking Cultures: 4. Using Silence
United States: In American culture, there is a Silence in communication varies by culture. It
strong emphasis on turn-taking in can convey thoughtfulness or be seen as
conversations. People generally take turns
indifference or hostility. depending on the when to bring up topics, negotiate, or seek
context and culture. information. Knowing when to shift the
Examples: conversation or ask questions can be
India: In India, the interpretation of silence challenging.
can vary by region and context. In some parts
of India, silence may be seen as a sign of CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE TERMS,
respect, especially in the presence of elders or EXPRESSIONS, AND IMAGES (SENSITIVITY TO
authority figures. In other contexts, silence GENDER, RACE, CLASS, ETC.)
could signify discomfort or a lack of
enthusiasm. WHAT IS CULTURAL AWARENESS?
Cultural awareness is knowing that there are
5. Using appropriate topics of conversation multiple different cultures based on religion,
Topic appropriateness depends on culture, ethnicity, nationality, and other factors that
situation, and individual factors. For instance, have different attitudes and outlooks.
money talk varies across cultures, and in Asian It involves understanding that these
cultures, family matters are usually private differences exist and respecting them, even if
due to factors like religion and education. they are not the same as our own.
Examples:
Money Talk Across Cultures: Example:
Openness about Income & Splitting Bills An employer who understands that an
Privacy of Family Matters: employee celebrates religious holidays not
Dating and Relationships & Marriage and observed in the local culture can
Family Planning accommodate their needs, showing respect
and fostering a positive relationship.
6. Using humor
In Western culture, humor is an icebreaker to WHAT IS CULTURAL SENSITIVITY?
build rapport and ease tension. But in some Cultural sensitivity:
cultures, humor can be seen as disrespectful. • refers to a set of skills that allows you to
Examples: learn about and understand people whose
Using Humor in Western Culture: cultural background is not the same as yours.
Jokes and Puns & Self-Deprecating Humor • seeing difference as a positive thing
Using Humor in Other Cultures: • does not consider one culture better or
Respect for Authority & Sacred Topics worse, right or wrong

7. Knowing how much to say Cultural Sensitivity refers to the ability to

The success of communication depends on understand and respect people's cultural
knowing what and when to say. Western differences without judgment. It goes beyond
cultures often prefer direct communication, simply being aware of cultural diversity; it
while Asian cultures tend to use a more involves adapting your attitudes and
indirect, less confrontational approach. behaviors to ensure respectful interactions.
Examples:
8. Sequencing elements during a • In a workplace, a manager ensures dietary
conversation accommodations for employees observing
Timing matters as much as content and Ramadan without singling them out.
delivery. Speakers should carefully choose
 • A teacher incorporates stories from various 1. Have a clear sense of your own ethnic,
cultures into the curriculum to reflect diverse cultural, and racial identity.
perspectives and experiences. 2. Be aware of your stereotypes.
• During travel, a person learns basic phrases 3. Understand that you will likely be perceived
in the local language to show respect for the as a person with power and racial privilege.
local culture. 4. Take any opportunity to put yourself in
places where you can learn about differences.
Cultural sensitivity promotes harmony,
inclusiveness, and effective collaboration GENDER SENSITIVITY
across diverse groups. Refers to the awareness and consideration of
how individuals experience and interact with
GOING BACK TO CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE the world based on their gender. It involves
TERMS, EXPRESSIONS, AND IMAGES recognizing and addressing gender-based
GESTURES differences, inequalities, and biases to ensure
Can convey different meanings across fair and respectful treatment for everyone,
cultures, highlighting the importance of regardless of their gender identity.
cultural sensitivity. A gesture that is perfectly
acceptable in one culture may be meaningless WHY GENDER SENSITIVITY MATTERS
or even offensive in another. 1. Reduces Discrimination: Helps prevent
gender-based biases and fosters equality.
Examples: 2. Encourages Inclusion: Creates a more
• Thumbs-Up: welcoming environment for diverse
In Western cultures, it often means "good job" individuals.
or "okay." 3. Promotes Understanding: Bridges gaps in
In some Middle Eastern and Asian countries, it communication and strengthens relationships
can be seen as offensive or dismissive. across genders.
• Beckoning Gesture (Waving Fingers):
In the United States, this gesture means GENDER SENSITIVE LANGUAGE
"come here. Gender equality in language is attained when
In the Philippines, it is used only for calling women and men and those who do not
dogs and can be offensive if used for people. conform to the binary gender system are
• "OK" Sign (Thumb and Forefinger Circle): made visible and addressed in language as
In the U.S., it signifies agreement or that persons of equal value, dignity, integrity and
something is good. respect.
In Brazil or Turkey, it can be considered a rude
or vulgar gesture.
• Nodding/Shaking Head:
In most countries, nodding means "yes, and
shaking the head means "no."
In Bulgaria and parts of India, these gestures
are reversed.

GUIDELINES TO HELP EXHIBIT CULTURAL

AWARENESS
 ___________________________________

Course Material IV: Varieties and

Registers of Spoken & Written Language

Languages
The principal method of human
communication, either written or spoken
words, is through the use of language. It may
POLITICALLY CORRECT LANGUAGE
be in written or in spoken mode or means.
These are used to describe language, policies,
or measures that are intended to avoid
Building Blocks of Language
offense or disadvantage to members of
1. Phonetics- sound and speech production
particular groups in society. Political
and recognition.
correctness is nothing more than treating
2. Phonology- study of how sounds are
others with respect.
organized and used in natural language.
3. Morphology- word structure and formation
and the relationship between these
structures.
4. Syntax- arrangement of words in
sentences, clauses, and phrases to form
complex sentences.
5. Lexicon- meaning found within the
dictionary; vocabulary or collection of words
used by a certain language.
6. Semantics- study of meaning and
interpretation of words, signs, and sentence
structure.
7. Pragmatics- the practical use of language
structure and form of words or how context
RACE AND ETHNICITY contributes to the intended meaning of an
The concept of race has changed across utterance.
cultures and eras ranging from being based on
ancestral and familial ties to theorists Language (official) vs. Dialect (unofficial)
assigning categories of race based on Language is the general system or device
geographic region, ethnicity, skin color, and a through which humans primarily
wide range of other factors. communicate either verbally or nonverbally;
while a dialect is a variation of that same
RELIGION SENSITIVITY system or language.
Fear or apprehension of the unknown is a
large contributor to inadvertently creating Spoken VS. Written
communication barriers. This is especially
common when faced with new or different Spoken Communication
spiritual beliefs and practices. ●​ aka Oral Communication.
 ●​ one of the forms of verbal WC- absent; relies on punctuation and writing
communication. style.
●​ the fastest and easiest way to express
our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and 7. Context Dependency
opinions with others. SC- heavily influenced by the context,
including the setting, participants, and cultural
Written Communication factors
●​ utilize written words. WC- context is set by the writer but may be
●​ one of the forms of verbal less dependent on real-time factors.
communication.
●​ the most common forms of business 8. Listening Skills
communication. SC- requires active listening skills for
●​ can take place traditionally or comprehension.
modernly. WC- not required. Requires strong reading and
comprehension skills.
What are their obvious differences? What are
their salient features? 9. Spontaneity
1. Medium SC- often spontaneous and unscripted.
SC- oral, using spoken words and vocal tone. WC- generally planned and scripted, allowing
WC- using text, symbols, and visual elements. for revision.

2. Temporal Nature 10. Feedback

SC- transitory; occurs in real-time. SC- immediate feedback from the decoder.
WC- permanent; can be revised and reviewed. WC- typically provided after the reader has
(already) processed the content.
3. Immediacy
SC- immediate; instant interaction with the 11. Audience Engagement
audience. SC- Relies on engaging the audience through
WC- delayed; typically, not synchronous with tone, emotion, and interaction.
the reader. WC- Relies on engaging the reader through
content, style, and structure.
4. Non-Verbal Cues
SC- includes gestures, facial expressions, and 12. Formality
body language. WC- lacks non-verbal cues; SC- can be informal or formal depending on
solely on text and formatting. the context.
WC- can range from informal to highly formal,
5. Interactivity depending on the purpose.
SC- interactive, allowing real-time feedback
and responses. 13. Presentation
WC- less interactive; responses may be SC- often involves vocal delivery, body
delayed. language, and visual aids.
WC- presented through written text, with the
6. Prosody (intonation, stress, rhythm) structure and formatting conveying
SC- crucial for conveying emotions and information.
nuances in speech.
 Varieties of Language variety of language as used in a particular
refers to the unique form of a certain social setting or context.
language. For instance, two of the most
common varieties of English are British and • Frozen
American English. refers to historic language or communication
May be brought about by social, historical, that is intended to remain unchanged, like a
spatial variations, or a combination of these. constitution or a prayer.

• Pidgin • Formal
a simplified speech used for communication used in professional, academic, or legal
between people with different languages e.g., settings where communication is expected to
Barok. be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained.
When the Spanish and the natives of the Slang is never used and contractions are rare.
Philippines first conversed, they used this
variety. • Consultative
used in conversation when they are speaking
• Creole with someone who has specialized knowledge
a pidgin that becomes the first language of or who is offering advice.
the children and the mother tongue of a
community e.g., Chavacano. • Casual
used when talking with friends, close
• Regional Dialect acquaintances, and co-workers, family.
not a distinct language but a variety of
languages spoken in a particular area of a • Intimate
country e.g., Batangueño Tagalog. reserved for special occasions, usually
between only two people and often in private.
• Minority Dialect
a variety used as a marker of identity, usually
alongside a standard variety, by the members _____________________________________
of a particular minority ethnic group e.g.,
AAVE. QUIZZES

• Indigenized Varieties QUIZ 01

spoken mainly as second languages in 1. What is communication?
ex-colonies with multilingual populations e.g.,
Singlish. A. The process of storing information for future use
B. The process of transmitting information,
sharing ideas, and creating meanings from
Language Registers
different contexts and situations
is defined as the way a speaker uses language
C. The ability to create language rules and
differently in different circumstances,
grammar systems
determined by factors such as social occasion, D. The study of relationships between individuals
context, and audience. and societies
The perceived attitude and level of formality
associated with a variety of language; a 2. Communication is a continuous activity. It is
dynamic and never static. By this definition,
communication is considered to be which of the 7. Which type of interference is it, when one could
following? not concentrate on comprehending a message at
hand due to issues or challenges related to bodily
A. Process function, say, having a fever; or feeling dizzy at the
B. Symbols moment?
C. System
D. Meaning A. Semantic
B. Psychological
3. When people communicate, they rely on these C. Physical
specific and concrete representations of what they D. Physiological
want to convey. These may either be in the form of
letters or characters; words or images; etc. Which 8. At exactly midnight, Joe confessed his romantic
of the following are these? feelings towards Daniella, but the fireworks and
the loud cheers and shouts around them made it
A. Process hard for him to be heard clearly. In fact, Daniella
B. Symbols asked him to repeat what he said because she
C. System didn't quite hear it because of the noise around
D. Meaning them. Which type of interference is exemplified in
this scenario?
4. Which of the following terms refers to that of
interrelated parts working together to constitute a A. Psychological interference
whole? Communication, as a process, for example, B. Physical interference
has these elements that work together in order for C. Cultural interference
it to make sense. D. Semantic interference

A. Process 9. When Denise was just 12 years old, she

B. Symbols accompanied her sick mother to the hospital,
C. System during which she was able to interact with doctors
D. Meaning and nurses a few times. One time, one of her
mother's nurses tried to explain to the various
5. Which of the following is considered to be the medicines that her mother needed to take. No
"heart of communication"? matter how much the nurses explained, Denise
found it very difficult to understand them. Which
A. Process type of interference is exemplified in such a
B. Symbols scenario?
C. System
D. Meaning A. Psychological interference
B. Physiological Interference
6. If a speaker is interested in finding out whether C. Cultural interference
they are understood or if their way of speaking D. Semantic interference
should be Improved or otherwise, which element
of the communication process could be a helpful 10. Grace is a freshman in , and she plans to make
source of insight? new friends on her first week at school. To do this,
she always tries her best to interact well with her
A. Feedback fellow classmates and schoolmates. However,
B. Channel Grace has clinically diagnosed social anxiety. Which
C. Media type of interference might transpire during her
D. Interference attempt to converse or talk to her new classmates
and schoolmates?
 5. At her school, Joy stands out differently from
A. Psychological interference among her classmates because in their section, she
B. Physiological interference is the only one belonging to the indigenous group
C. Physical interference of people or tribe of Aetas. Her skin color, in
D. Semantic interference particular, is browner or darker than her
classmates'; and she has a head full of curls as
••••••• well. It is because of these that people around her
usually deliberately avoid making friends or
acquaintance with her. Which of the following
QUIZ 02
concepts is being exemplified by such a scenario?
1. Which of the following terms refers to the
"integration of people across the globe"?
A. Bias
B. Stereotypes
A. Global Communication
C. Prejudice
B. Globalization
D. Discrimination
C. Intercultural Communication
D. Culture
6. Because of both the present technology and the
phenomenon of globalization, the way we
2. Which of the following correctly aligns with
communicate has drastically been changing or
globalization implying economic growth?
evolving. One of the impacts or effects of which is
that, for instance, through social media platforms
A. Exposure and adoption of varied cultures
we are now more free and able to share our stories
B. Political ideas are shared and developed
and inspire others. Which of the following is being
C. States and nations forming international
described?
alliances together
D. More employment opportunities abroad and
A. Communication in the globalized world creates
otherwise are created
institutional change
B. Communication in the globalized world uncovers
3. This concept refers to the characteristic of being
needs and builds trust
varied, or a description of a group of people
C. Communication in the globalized world spurs
consisting of widely different cultures, etc. Which
large-scale cultural shifts
of the following is this?
D. Communication in the globalized world
educates and inspires people
A. Unity
B. Alliances
7. Unlike before the advent of the internet and
C. Diversity
mobile, issues related to mental health and
D. Assimilation
gender, for instance, are topics that are not being
discussed as much as they are today. Which impact
4. In ABS-CBN's Batang Quiapo that stars, among
of communication in a globalized world explains
others, actor Coco Martin, this construct or
this?
concept is exemplified or shown because most, if
not all of Tangol's (the main character in the series)
A. in the globalized world creates institutional
leading ladies are usually portrayed as objects of
change
sexual desire or attraction. Which is this?
B. Communication in the globalized world uncovers
needs and builds trust
A. Bias
C. Communication in the globalized world spurs
B. Stereotypes
large-scale cultural shifts
C. Prejudice
D. Communication in the globalized world
D. Discrimination
educates and inspires people
8. In cultures valuing direct communication, which
of the following is the primary focus during
conversations?

A. Elaborate greetings
B. Extensive use of metaphors
C. Quick and concise exchanges
D. Detailed storytelling

9. Which of the following is to be expected among

people or cultural groups with a generally indirect
communication style?

A. Straightforward and honest conversations

B. Sentimental ceremonies and personal
attachments
C. Does not prioritize familial relations in the
workplace
D. Brief or short emails

10. How has communication in a globalized world

contributed to large-scale cultural shifts in society?

A. By challenging and transforming cultural

practices
B. By reinforcing traditional cultural norms,
practices, and beliefs.
C. By maintaining the status quo
D. By promoting stereotypes and prejudices