Research Methodology (HM 702)
Module 1: Introduction
1.1. Meaning and Definition
Research is a structured, logical, and systematic process aimed at discovering new knowledge,
solving problems, and making decisions based on data and evidence. It is the process of
systematic inquiry that involves collecting, analysing, and interpreting data to increase our
understanding of a topic or issue. In other words, research is a systematic approach of
collecting, analysing, and interpreting data to increase our understanding of a phenomenon or
problem. In hospitality and tourism management, research plays an important role in
identifying guest preferences, solving service issues, improving operations, and making
informed decisions based on evidence, rather than assumptions. It also helps to solve real-life
business issues, improve service quality, understand customer behaviour, and forecast trends.
Definition of Research:
"Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new
facts in any branch of knowledge." – Clifford Woody
Example (Hospitality Context):
A hotel chain wants to understand why guests prefer competitors. They conduct
a survey and analyse responses to find out key service areas needing
improvement.
1.2. Objectives of Research
Although, objectives of research may vary widely based on its type, application, and purpose,
following are a few common objectives of research:
To explore new areas of knowledge: This includes conducting studies in fields that have
not been previously examined, such as emerging technologies in hospitality services like
AI-powered check-ins.
To solve business or management problems: Research is often undertaken to identify
practical solutions, such as reducing food waste in hotel kitchens or optimizing staff
scheduling.
To describe characteristics of a group or situation: Researchers may want to identify
the demographic patterns of guests visiting a hotel during different seasons.
To analyse relationships between variables: For example, examining how the speed of
room service impacts overall guest satisfaction.
To test hypotheses or predictions: Researchers may propose that “Guests using mobile
check-in are more satisfied than those checking in manually” and design a study to test this.
Hospitality Example:
Analysing whether faster check-in time increases customer satisfaction.
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Research Methodology (HM 702)
Module 1: Introduction
1.3. Importance of Research in Hospitality
Research plays a pivotal role in the hospitality industry for several reasons. Firstly, it supports
informed managerial decision-making, enabling hotels to introduce services that are backed by
actual data and guest needs. Secondly, research improves customer satisfaction by identifying
gaps in service quality and implementing corrective actions. Thirdly, it helps forecast trends,
which is essential for seasonal business planning and product development. Research also
contributes to cost optimization and operational efficiency, especially in departments like
housekeeping and food production. Finally, research fosters strategic growth by allowing
hotels to maintain a competitive edge through innovation and customization.
Research helps in decision-making (e.g., pricing strategies)
Improves customer satisfaction (e.g., service quality)
Drives innovation (e.g., new service concepts)
Enhances competitive advantage (e.g., personalising strategies)
Supports academic and business knowledge creation
1.4. Types of Research
Following are the types frequently used in hospitality-tourism management researches:
Type Description Example
This type of research is theoretical and
Basic A study on customer loyalty
focuses on expanding general
Research theories in the hospitality sector.
knowledge.
Applied research addresses real-world
Applied Research on improving room
problems and seeks immediate
Research turnaround time in hotels.
solutions.
This research uses non-numerical data Conducting guest interviews to
Qualitative
such as interviews, observations, and understand their emotional
Research
open-ended questionnaires. responses to hotel ambience.
Involves numerical data collection and
Quantitative Using surveys to rate customer
statistical analysis to identify patterns
Research satisfaction on a scale of 1–10.
and make generalizations.
Focuses on describing characteristics A study showing the average
Descriptive
or functions of a particular subject, duration of guest stays in
Research
without influencing the environment. business hotels.
Conducted to explore a problem that is Studying the role of Artificial
Exploratory
not clearly defined, usually in the Intelligence in improving guest
Research
initial stages. experiences.
Involves manipulation of variables to Measuring the effect of
Experimental
examine cause-and-effect relationships background music on the
Research
under controlled conditions. duration of customer dining.
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Research Methodology (HM 702)
Module 1: Introduction
1.5. Research Process (Step-by-Step)
The most commonly used step-by-step research process is given below:
I. Identifying the Problem (What issue needs investigation?)
Recognizing and clearly stating the problem or research question forms the foundation of
the entire study.
II. Review of Literature (What has already been researched?)
Reviewing existing academic and industry sources helps understand what research has
already been done and identify research gaps.
III. Setting Objectives & Hypothesis (What is to be achieved or tested?)
Determining the goals of the study and formulating hypotheses - predictions or
assumptions to be tested.
IV. Research Design (Choosing methods and tools for data collection)
Selecting the research method (qualitative/quantitative), sampling techniques, data
sources, and tools like questionnaires or interviews.
V. Data Collection (Gathering primary and secondary data)
Gathering data using the selected tools and methods, either primary or secondary, or both.
VI. Data Analysis (Using statistical tools to interpret data)
Organizing, tabulating, and analysing the collected data using statistical or thematic
techniques.
VII.Findings and Interpretation (What do the results indicate?)
Explaining the meaning of the analysed data in the context of the research objectives and
hypotheses.
VIII. Conclusion and Recommendations (Suggesting solutions or improvements)
Driving conclusions, offering practical suggestions or solutions based on findings.
IX. Report Writing and Presentation (Organizing and presenting the research outcomes)
Documenting the entire study in a comprehensive and structured report for publication or
presentation.
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Research Methodology (HM 702)
Module 1: Introduction
1.6. Characteristics of Good Research
Characteristics of good research can be described as follows:
Systematic and Organized: Research must follow a structured process, from identifying a
problem to reporting findings.
Objective and Unbiased: A good study remains neutral and is not influenced by the
researcher's personal opinions.
Based on Evidence: Research conclusions must be drawn from data and facts, not
assumptions.
Replicable: The research process should be designed so that others can replicate the study
and obtain similar results.
Conducted Ethically: The study must respect participants’ rights, ensure honesty, and
avoid data manipulation or plagiarism.
1.7. Ethical Considerations
Ethical research must follow as mentioned below:
Informed Consent: Participants must voluntarily agree to take part in the research after
being informed about its purpose and their role.
Confidentiality: Researchers must ensure that data collected from participants remains
private and is not disclosed without permission.
Honesty and Accuracy: All findings must be reported truthfully without fabrication or
distortion of data.
Avoidance of Plagiarism: Researchers must give credit to all sources of information and
avoid copying others’ work without acknowledgment.
1.8. Research Applications in Hospitality
Research can be conducted for a range of purposes across deferments of a hotel:
Front Office: Research helps improve processes such as check-in/check-out, customer
greeting protocols, or concierge services.
Food & Beverage: It can guide menu redesign, optimize pricing, or identify popular dishes
through sales analysis.
Housekeeping: Studies can focus on time-motion management, linen usage patterns, or
eco-friendly housekeeping solutions.
Marketing: Research is vital for understanding target segments, designing promotional
campaigns, and evaluating their effectiveness.
Human Resource: Research can assess training effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and
motivation strategies.
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Research Methodology (HM 702)
Module 1: Introduction
1.9. Key Research Terms
Data: Information collected during research, which can be quantitative (numerical) or
qualitative (descriptive).
Hypothesis: A statement that proposes a relationship between two variables, to be tested
through research. E.g., "Higher service speed leads to higher guest satisfaction."
Population: The complete group of individuals or entities under study. For instance, all guests
who stayed in a hotel in 2024.
Sample: A representative subset of the population selected for the study. It should reflect the
population’s characteristics accurately.
Sampling: The process of selecting individuals or items from the population for study.
Techniques include random, stratified, and convenience sampling.
Variable: A measurable characteristic that can vary among participants or over time. For
example, customer satisfaction, age, or waiting time.
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