SYSTEM: INTRODUCTION,
PROPERTIES AND LINEARITY
SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS By Md. Muhiul Islam Muhiuddin
DEFINITION OF SYSTEMS
Input Processing/ Output Input Processing/ Output
Signal operation Signal Signal operation Signal
DEFINITION OF SYSTEMS
Input Processing/ Output Input Processing/ Output
Signal operation Signal Signal operation Signal
We represent this processing as
a mathematical operation
DEFINITION OF SYSTEMS
DEFINITION OF SYSTEMS
Examples:
▪ In a radar system. It takes in a reflected signal as input and displays
video of the target’s position
▪ For a robot, input is some electrical pulse and output is motion/action.
▪ A filter whose input is a noise-corrupted signal and whose output is a
cleaned signal.
▪ Or a straightforward example of how to increase volume –
Black Box
Mathematical expression?
Examples:
▪ In a radar system. It takes in a reflected signal as input and displays
video of the target’s position
▪ For a robot, input is some electrical pulse and output is motion/action.
▪ A filter whose input is a noise-corrupted signal and whose output is a
cleaned signal.
▪ Or a straightforward example of how to increase volume –
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)
Multiply by 3
System Expression: 𝑦 𝑡 = 3 𝑥(𝑡)
Examples:
This is how we
mathematically model
a system to perform
calculations !!!!!
System Expression:
If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 , then,
1
System Expression: 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡)
2
A system can be conveniently illustrated by a “black box”. The
study of systems consists of three major areas: mathematical
modeling, analysis, and design. Although we shall be dealing
with mathematical modeling, our main concern is with analysis
and design. The major portion of our study will be devoted to
the analysis problem—how to determine the system outputs for
the given inputs and a given mathematical model of the
system (or rules governing the system).
CLASSIFICATION/PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
1. Causality (Causal or non-causal system)
2. Static or Dynamic System
3. BIBO Stability (Stable or unstable system)
4. Linearity (Linear or non-linear system)
5. Time invariance (Time varying or Time invariant signal)
Given a mathematical model of a system. We need to identify these
properties and classify the system based on the findings.
CLASSIFICATION/PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
1. Causality (Causal or non-causal system)
2. Static or Dynamic System
3. BIBO Stability (Stable or unstable system)
4. Linearity (Linear or non-linear system)
5. Time invariance (Time varying or Time invariant signal)
CAUSALITY (CAUSAL OR NON-CAUSAL SYSTEM)
The value of the output at the present instant depends only on the past and
present values of the input x(t), not on its future values. Example –
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥(𝑡 − 2)
Present Past
This is a causal system because it depends on present and past values. But –
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡 + 1)
Future
It means that the system knows the input in the future and acts on this knowledge
before the input is applied. A system that violates the condition of causality is
called a noncausal system.
CAUSALITY (CAUSAL OR NON-CAUSAL SYSTEM)
Graphically
Input Signal Output Signal Output Signal
CAUSALITY (CAUSAL OR NON-CAUSAL SYSTEM)
To put it simply, in a causal system the output
Graphically cannot start before the input is applied.
Input Signal Output Signal Output Signal
CAUSALITY EXAMPLE MATH
a) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 −𝑡
b) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 1
c) 𝑦 𝑡 + 1 = 𝑥(𝑡)
CAUSALITY EXAMPLE MATH
a) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 −𝑡
b) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 1
c) 𝑦 𝑡 + 1 = 𝑥(𝑡)
CLASSIFICATION/PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
1. Causality (Causal or non-causal system)
2. Static or Dynamic System
3. BIBO Stability (Stable or unstable system)
4. Linearity (Linear or non-linear system)
5. Time invariance (Time varying or Time invariant signal)
STATIC OR DYNAMIC SYSTEM
Another name is System with or without memory.
If the system is memoryless, or instantaneous, the input/output relationship can
be written in the form (only have present values)
If the system is with memory/dynamic, then the input/output relationship can be
written in the form (has some past value dependency)
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
CLASSIFICATION/PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
1. Causality (Causal or non-causal system)
2. Static or Dynamic System
3. BIBO Stability (Stable or unstable system)
4. Linearity (Linear or non-linear system)
5. Time invariance (Time varying or Time invariant signal)
BIBO STABILITY (STABLE OR UNSTABLE SYSTEM)
BIBO STABILITY (STABLE OR UNSTABLE SYSTEM)
BIBO STABILITY (STABLE OR UNSTABLE SYSTEM)
BIBO STABILITY (STABLE OR UNSTABLE SYSTEM)
BIBO STABILITY (STABLE OR UNSTABLE SYSTEM)
CLASSIFICATION/PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
1. Causality (Causal or non-causal system)
2. Static or Dynamic System
3. BIBO Stability (Stable or unstable system)
4. Linearity (Linear or non-linear system)
5. Time invariance (Time varying or Time invariant signal)
THE CONCEPT OF LINEARITY
𝒙𝟏 (𝒕) 𝒚𝟏 (𝒕) 𝒙𝟐 (𝒕) 𝒚𝟐 (𝒕)
System System
𝒙𝟏 𝒕 + 𝒙𝟐 (𝒕) 𝒚𝟏 𝒕 + 𝒚𝟐 (𝒕)
System
