RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

CLASS X SOCIAL SCIENCE

RESOURCE:
Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs can
be termed as Resource
It is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable
 Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions
to accelerate their economic development.
 Resources are a function of human activities.
 Human beings themselves are essential components of resources.
 They transform material available in our environment into resources and use
them.
TYPES OF RESOURCES
On the Basis of Origin
Biotic Resources:
The resources obtained from biosphere are called as biotic resources
ex: - flora and fauna
Abiotic Resources:
All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic
resources.
For example, rocks and metals.
On the Basis of Exhaustibility
Renewable Resources:
The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or
mechanical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources
The renewable resource may further be divided into
a) continuous or flow and
b) biological
ex: -
1) Renewable biological resources: tree, animals
2) Renewable continuous or flow resources: solar, water
Non-Renewable Resources:
These occur over a very long geological time
Non-renewable resources could be classified into
a) recyclable and
b) non-recyclable
ex: non-renewable recyclable resources: iron
ex: - non-renewable, non-recyclable resources: petroleum
On the Basis of Ownership
Individual Resources:
These are owned privately by individuals
ex: - farmers own land which is allotted to them by government against the payment
of revenue
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Community Owned Resources:
The resources which are accessible to all the members of the community is called a
community resource.
ex: - grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, public parks, picnic spots,
playgrounds
National Resources:
 Technically, all the resources belong to the nation.
 The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good
 All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political
boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast
belong to the nation
 oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast termed as
territorial water
International Resources:
 The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone
belong to open ocean (This region is also called international resource)
 This region is regulated by international institutions
 No individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international
institutions.
 The exclusive economic zone of India is an area beyond and adjacent to the
territorial waters, and the limit of such zone is two hundred nautical miles from
the baseline
 India has got the right to mine manganese nodules from the bed of the Indian
ocean from that area which lies beyond exclusive economic zone
ON THE BASIS OF THE STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT
POTENTIAL RESOURCES:
 Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised
 They have not been developed properly
 Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind
and solar energy
DEVELOPED RESOURCES:
 Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been
determined for utilization
STOCK:
 Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs
but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these, are
included among stock
 Water is a compound of two inflammable gases; hydrogen and oxygen, which
can be used as a rich source of energy
RESERVES
 Reserves are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the help
of existing technical ‘know-how’ but their use has not been started.
These can be used for meeting future requirements
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Question:
1. Discuss the problems which have been caused due to over-utilisation of
resources. Suggest any two ways to save the resources.
Or
“Indiscriminate use of resources has led to numerous problems”. Justify the
statement in three points.
(I) DEPLETION OF RESOURCES: Over-utilisation has led to the depletion of
the resources for meeting the greed of a few individuals.
 For example, over-utilisation of petroleum products has led to a situation
where most of the countries of the world are facing energy crisis.
(II) CONCENTRATION OF RESOURCES: This has divided the society into
‘haves’ and ‘have nots’ or the rich and the poor.
(III) GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL CRISIS: Over utilisation of resources has led to the
global ecological crisis such as global warming, depletion of ozone layer,
pollution and land degradation.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Sustainable economic development means ‘development should take place
without damaging the environment, and development in the present
should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.’
 An equitable distribution of resources has become essential for a sustained
quality of life and global peace.
 Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.
RIO DE JANEIRO EARTH SUMMIT, 1992
• The first International Earth Summit took place in June 1992 at Rio de Janeiro in
Brazil
• The summit discussed the problems such as Environmental protection and
socioeconomic development
• The assembled leaders signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and
Biological Diversity
• The objective or aim of Rio de Janeiro summit is sustainable development through
agenda 21
QUESTION
2. How the countries could achieve sustainable development through
agenda 21?
 AGENDA 21 is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), to achieve
sustainable development
 It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through
global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared
responsibilities
 One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should
draw its own local Agenda 21
Question:
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3. What is resource planning? Why is it essential? Explain with 3 examples.
 Resource planning refers to the strategy for planned & Judicious utilization of
Resources. It is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.
 Resource planning is essential for India as it has enormous diversity in the
availability of resources. They are limited in Nature.
 Example 1: Rajasthan has vast potentiality for the development of solar and
wind energy but is deficient in water resource.
 Example 2: The cold desert of Ladakh has rich cultural heritage but deficient
in water & some strategic minerals.
 Example 3: Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks
infrastructure.

It clearly indicates that availability of resource in the absence of technology

and institutes hinders development.
Question:
4. What is resource? What is resource planning?
Natural Endowments which are technologically accessible, economically
feasible and culturally acceptable are called Natural resources.
Resource planning is a technique or skill of proper utilization of resources.
This consist of 3 stages.
Preparation of inventory resources: this stage includes surveying, mapping
and measurement of characteristics and properties of resources.
Evaluation in terms of availability for development: This stage includes the
examination of resources from the point of view of technology, economy and
need.
Planning of Exploitation of resources:
 This stage is related with systematic planning which emphasizes the use
and reuse of the resources.
 Resource planning helps to reduce wastage and keeps the environment
pollution free.

Question:
5. ‘The availability of resources is the only condition for the development of
any region’. What is your opinion on the statement? Explain.
Or
Mention any three necessary conditions for the development of resources.
 Resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by
appropriate technological development and institutional changes.
 There is need for quality of human resources i.e., skilled workers who can
convert natural resources into more useable form.

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  There is also a need for capital (investment) which is required to develop
technology

6. What is the need for conservation of resources? Explain it in the light of

Gandhiji's view.
 Resources are vital for any developmental activity.
 But irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources may lead to socio-
economic and environmental problems.
 To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is
important.
 Gandhiji's view
 According to Gandhiji“There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any
body’s greed.”
 He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern
technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level.
 He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production
by the masses.
LAND RESOURCES
Land is a natural resource of utmost importance.
It supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life, economic activities, transport and
communication systems
RELIEF FEATURES OF LAND IN INDIA
Mountains: 30 per cent of the total surface area of the country
Plains: 43 per cent of the total surface area of the country
Plateaus: 27 per cent of the total surface area of the country
LAND UTILISATION
Land resources are used for the following purposes:

1. Forests
2. Land not available for cultivation
(a) Barren and waste land
(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses,
e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc.
3. Other uncultivated land
(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land,
(b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves
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 (c) Cultruable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
4. Fallow lands
(a) Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural
year),
(b) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural
years).
5. Net sown area
Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as
gross cropped area
The use of land is determined both by physical Factors and human factors
PHYSICAL FACTORS
 Topography
 Climate
 Soil types
HUMAN FACTORS
 Population density
 technological capability and
 cultureand traditions
Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km
Land use data available only for 93 per cent of the total area
 because the land in the north-east states except Assam has not been
surveyed
 Some areas of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have not
been surveyed.
NET SOWN AREA IN INDIA
 If other than the current fallow lands are included in the net sown area then
the percentage of NSA in India comes to about 54 per cent of the total
reporting area
 The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another.
 It is over 80 per cent of the total area in Punjab and Haryana and less than 10
per cent in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman Nicobar
Islands
 The desired Forest area according to National Forest policy 1952 is 33 percent
but the forest in India is 21.54
FORESTS
 Forests play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance on the earth
 Forests provide livelihood to millions of people who depend on it
LAND DEGRADATION
 The process by which the quality of the soil is destroyed or spoilt is called land
degradation
 Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and
quarrying, over irrigation, mineral processing, and industrial effluents too have
contributed significantly in land degradation.

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MINING
 Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep
scars and traces of over-burdening
 In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa,
deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation
OVER GRAZING
In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is
one of the main reasons for land degradation
OVER IRRIGATION
 In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is
responsible for land degradation
 It is due to water logging. leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil
MINERAL PROCESSING
 The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and
grinding of calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity
of dust in the atmosphere
 Dust retards (stops) the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it
settles down on the land
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS
Industrial effluent is a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the
country.
REMEDIAL MEASURES TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF LAND DEGARDATION
There are many ways to solve the problems of land degradation.
 Afforestation and proper management of grazing
 Planting of shelter belts of plants
 stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes
 Proper management of waste lands
 control of mining activities
 proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after
treatment
DEGRADED LAND
 At present, there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India.
 28 per cent of it belongs to the category of forest degraded area,
 56 per cent of it is water eroded area and
 The rest is affected by saline and alkaline deposits.
SOIL
 Soil is the most important renewable natural resource.
 It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living
organisms on the earth.
 It takes millions of years to form soil up to a few cms in depth.
 The important factors that led to the formation of soil are
o Parent rock or bedrock
o climate
o vegetation

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 o other forms of life
o time
 Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soil play an important
role.
 Soil also consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS
The soils of India could be classified based on
 Factors responsible for soil formation (Parent rock or bedrock, climate,
vegetation, other forms of life, time)
 Colour
 Thickness
 Texture
 Age
 Chemical and physical properties
Alluvial soil:
Formation: it is formed due to the deposition of sediments by running water.
Features:
i) Based on the fertility of the soil, the soil is classifiedinto khadar and Bangar
Khadar soil is new alluvial soil and it is more fertile soil.
Bangar (old alluvium) consists of kankar nodules and comparatively less fertile.
iii) They contain potash, lime, phosphoric acid etc…
iv) They are very good for crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane etc….
v) these soils are finer in texture.
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, assam, west Bengal
Black Soils:
Formation: These soils have been formed due to the weathering of rock (basalt
rock) made up of lava spread over large areas during volcanic activity in the
Deccan plateau under different climatic conditions
Features:
i) The black soil is made of extremely fine material i.e., clayey material.
ii) Black soil is also called as Regur
ii) These soils are rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium
carbonate, potash and lime.
iii) These soils are generally poor in phosphoric content.
iv) The soil is well known for its capacity to hold moisture.
v) During dry conditions deep cracks develop in the soil which helps in the proper
aeration of the soil.
vi) When wet, the soil becomes sticky and is difficult to work with.
So, the soil needs to be tilled after the shower or during the pre-monsoon period.

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 vii) These are very good to grow cotton. So, they are also called black cotton soil.
These soils are found in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
Red and Yellow Soils:
Formation: Most of the red soils have come into existence due to weathering of
ancient crystalline igneous rocks.
Features:i) Soils are loam in deep depressions and in uplands.
They consist of loose gravels and highly coarse material.
iii) The colour of these soils is generally red, often grading into brown,
chocolate or yellow.
iv) These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline
and metamorphic rocks.
v) It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.
iii) Soils are deficient in phosphoric acid, organic matter and nitrogenous material
but are fairly rich in potash. But crops are cultivated with the use of fertilizers.
iv) Crops like cotton, wheat, rice, pulses, millets, tobacco, etc…. are grown.
Orissa, Chhattisgarh
Laterite soils:
Formation: It develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall.
The laterite soil is a result of intense leaching owing to heavy tropical rains.
Features: i) The soils are acidic in nature, coarse and crumbly in texture.
ii) Due to lack of nitrogen, potassium and organic elements laterite soils lack
fertility
They are not suitable for cultivation. But when the soils are manured and irrigated
some crops can be cultivated
iii) As the soils are indefinitely durable, they provide valuable building material
iv) The soils are suitable for growing plantation crops like tea, coffee, rubber
cinchona, coconut etc…
Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for
crops like cashew nut.
These soils are mainly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh,
and the hilly areas of Orissa and Assam
Arid soils.
Formation: These are formed in those regions which receive less than 50cm. of
annual rainfall
Features:
i) The soil range red to brown in colour.
ii) The soil contains considerable number of soluble salts.
iii) They contain a low percentage of organic matter due to dry climate and
absence of vegetation.
iv) The soil is alkaline in nature as there is no rainfall to wash the soluble salts.
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 v) The lower horizon of the soils is occupied by ‘kankar’ because of the
increasing calcium content downwards. The ‘kankar’ layer formation in the bottom
horizons restrict the infiltration of water
vi) The soils are infertile but with irrigation and fertilizers, the drought resistant
and salt tolerant dry crops such as barley, cotton, wheat, millets, maize, and
pulses are grown.
Found in western Rajasthan.
Mountain soil:
Formation: The soils are formed due to mechanical weathering caused by snow,
rain, temperature variation, etc…
Features: i) these soils are heterogenous in nature and their character change
with mountain environment and altitude.
ii) These soils are very rich in humus but are deficient in potash, phosphorus and
lime.
iii) The soils are especially suitable for plantation of tea, coffee, spices etc
iv) The soil is loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper
slopes. It is with low humus content in the snow-covered areas. It is fertile in the
lower parts of the valleys.
Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttar Khand, parts of Assam
SOIL EROSION
The removal of soil from one place to another by some natural agents is called soil
erosion. Different types of soil erosion are as follows.
i) Sheet erosion: When top layer of the soil removed over a large area by
running water it is called sheet erosion.
ii) Rill erosion: If erosion continues unchecked for a certain time, small finger
shaped grooves of few centimetres’ depth may develop on the landscape.This
is called Rill erosion.
iii) Gully erosion:
 The rills may deepen and become enlarge and are ultimately turned into
gullies.
 The main cause of gully erosion is the removal of vegetation.
 Gullies cut up agricultural land and the entire area may be turned into
bad land.
 Gully erosion is responsible for the formation of ravines.
 Ex. Chambal Ravines
iv) Wind is powerful agent of erosion in Arid & Semiarid regions.
vi) Human activities are also responsible for soil erosion.
REMEDIAL MEASURES TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF SOIL EROSION

CONTOUR PLOUGHING: - Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the
flow of water down the slopes. This is called contour ploughing.
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TERRACE CULTIVATION: -
 Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation
restricts erosion.
 Western and central Himalayas have well developed terrace farming.
STRIP CULTIVATION: -
 Large fields can be divided into strips.
 Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops.
 This breaks up the force of the wind.
 This method is known as strip cropping.
SHELTER BELTS
 Planting lines of trees to create shelter breaks up the force of the wind.
 Rows of such trees are called shelter belts.
 These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilisation of sand
dunes and in stabilising the desert in western India.
GROWING OF THORNY BUSHES
 Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes also could stop soil
erosion

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