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Midterm 09 Solution

The document contains solutions to midterm exam problems in aerodynamics, specifically addressing the superposition of uniform flow with sources and sinks, the NACA 4412 airfoil, and a rectangular airfoil with specified parameters. It provides mathematical formulations for stagnation points, center of pressure, lift coefficients, and induced drag coefficients. Each problem is solved step-by-step, detailing the necessary calculations and conditions for the results.

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Alex Pellicane
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6 views10 pages

Midterm 09 Solution

The document contains solutions to midterm exam problems in aerodynamics, specifically addressing the superposition of uniform flow with sources and sinks, the NACA 4412 airfoil, and a rectangular airfoil with specified parameters. It provides mathematical formulations for stagnation points, center of pressure, lift coefficients, and induced drag coefficients. Each problem is solved step-by-step, detailing the necessary calculations and conditions for the results.

Uploaded by

Alex Pellicane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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650:460 Aerodynamics

Solution to Midterm Exam

Prof. Doyle Knight


Tel: 732 445 4464, Email: [email protected]
Office hours: Tues and Thur, 4:30 pm - 6:00 pm and by
appointment

Fall 2009

1
Problem No. 1

Consider the superposition of uniform flow with velocity U∞ in the


x−direction, a source of strength K (where K > 0) located at
(x, y ) = (a, 0), and a sink of strength −K located at
(x, y ) = (−a, 0). Find the location of all stagnation points, and
the conditions (if any) under which they exist.
Solution
The velocity potential is
K K
q q
φ = U∞ x − 2 2
log (x + a) + y + log (x − a)2 + y 2
2π 2π
where the second term is the sink at (x, y ) = (−a, 0) and the third
term is the source at (x, y ) = (a, 0).

2
Problem No. 1

At the stagnation points both u = 0 and v = 0.


The x−component of velocity is
 
∂φ K (x + a) (x − a)
= U∞ − −
∂x 2π (x + a)2 + y 2 (x − a)2 + y 2

The y −component of velocity is


∂φ 2Ka xy
=
∂y π [(x + a) + y ] [(x − a)2 + y 2 ]
2 2

Thus, v = 0 at either x = 0 or y = 0

3
Problem No. 1

Case No. 1: x = 0
Setting u = 0 yields
r
K
y = ±a −1
πU∞ a
and thus stagnation points exist at
r
K K
(x, y ) = (0, ±a − 1) provided >1
πU∞ a πU∞ a

4
Problem No. 1

Case No. 2: y = 0
Setting u = 0 yields
r
K
x = ±a 1−
πU∞ a
and thus stagnation points exist at
r
K K
(x, y ) = (±a 1 − , 0) provided <1
πU∞ a πU∞ a

5
Problem No. 2

The NACA 4412 airfoil has a mean camber line z/c given by
 h  i
 0.25 0.8 x − x 2 for 0 ≤ xc ≤ 0.4
 
z c c
= h  i
c  0.111 0.2 + 0.8 x − x 2 for 0.4 ≤ x ≤ 1
 
c c c

Using incompressible thin airfoil theory, find the expression for the
center of pressure xcp /c.
Solution
Differentiating
d(z/c)   x  x
= 0.250 0.8 − 2 0< < 0.4
d(x/c) c c
  x  x
= 0.110 0.8 − 2 0.4 < < 0.1
c c

6
Problem No. 2

The angle corresponding to x/c = 0.4 is


1
0.4 = (1 − cos θo ) and θo = 1.3694 radians
2
and the camber line slope in terms of θ is
dz
= 0.250 cos θ − 0.050 0 < θ < θo
dx
= 0.111 cos θ − 0.022 θo < θ < π
Thus
1 π dz
Z
Ao = α− dθ
π o dx
= α − 0.009034

7
Problem No. 2

Also
2 π dz
Z
A1 = cos θ dθ
π o dx
= 0.1629
2 π dz
Z
A2 = cos 2θ dθ
π o dx
= 0.02774
Hence
 
xcp 12Ao + 2A1 − A2
=
c 4 2Ao + A1
0.016895
= 0.25 +
(α + 0.0724)

8
Problem No. 3

Consider a rectangular airfoil with aspect ratio AR = 6 at an angle


of attack of 4◦ . The wing has no aerodynamic or geometric twist.
The wing section is NACA 652 − 415 whose angle of zero lift
αo,l = −2.5◦ . Using two terms in the Fourier series expansion for
the spanwise circulation distribution and φ = 45◦ and 90◦ ,
compute the lift coefficient CL and induced drag coefficient CDv .
Solution
The coefficient µ is
cao 2πc 2π π
µ= = = = = 0.2618
8s 4b 4AR 12
The monoplane equation is
µ (α − αo,l ) = A1 sin φ (µ + sin φ) + A3 sin 3φ (3µ + sin φ)

9
Problem No. 3

The quantity α − αo,l = 0.11345 radians.


Applying the monoplane equation at φ = 45◦ and 90◦ yields

0.2100 = 0.6851A1 + 1.0553A3


0.0297 = 1.2618A1 − 1.7854A3

The solution is A1 = 0.02694 and A3 = 0.002407. The lift


coefficient is
CL = πARA1 = 0.5078
and the induced drag coefficient is
X
nA2n = πAR A21 + 3A23 = 0.01401

CDv = πAR

10

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